631:
116:
646:. Though petroleum extraction had existed in Texas before this strike, Spindletop was by far the most productive well in world history. This event launched an era of economic growth that was unparalleled in the state's history. The subsequent clearing of fields for oil exploration and the related demand for lumber through the first half of the 20th century destroyed much of the remaining forest lands in the state.
658:
2278:
979:
315:
19:
433:
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and G. Bedell Moore came to the town of Orange in 1877 to enter the fledgling Texas lumber industry. They established the first large-scale milling operation in the state, introduced the use of advanced technology, and set quality standards that would be followed by the lumber industry going forward.
134:
flows freely, and west of which the drier air from the
Mexican deserts prevails. The forest lands, of course, mostly lie to the east of this line though pockets of woodland can be found in the mountains to the west. Texas is periodically subjected to extreme droughts that can last several years, even
86:
flourished came to be known as the "bonanza era". Though the growth of the industry provided significant economic benefits to Texas, a lack of regulation allowed business owners to exploit many individuals including appropriating private property and forcing laborers to accept poor working conditions
673:
Efforts to preserve what remained of the forests began to emerge. The East Texas Big
Thicket Association was formed in the 1920s to preserve what little remained of the Big Thicket. Though its impact was limited it demonstrated increasing concern about the woodlands. In 1924 the state forester E. O.
649:
By the end of World War I demand for timber was declining. The Texas timber industry as a whole had, in fact, already peaked in 1907–1908. By the 1920s, the forest lands in Texas had become severely depleted and most of the virgin pine had been cut. The lumber industry slowed substantially as lumber
498:
A significant consequence of the growth of the lumber industry was the taking of land from families that had once owned it. Because of "use and possession" laws in force in Texas at that time, lumber barons flush with cash from
Northern investors were able to seize lands belonging to local families,
602:
By the start of the 20th century agriculture (particularly cotton), timber, and ranching were the leading economic engines of Texas. Lumber production became the largest manufacturing enterprise in the state, and the industry continued to grow in the early years of the century. Production grew from
494:
was introduced to the Texas logging industry. The skidder consisted of a railway car with a crane assembly and long cables that dragged logs from the forest after they were felled. The dragging process was tremendously destructive to the forests in which they were used and dramatically hastened the
38:
have been an important resource since its earliest days and have played a major role in the state's history. The vast woodlands of the region, home to many varieties of wildlife before
Europeans first showed up, provided economic opportunities for early settlers. They continue to play an important
760:
In 1994 the national forests alone in Texas produced 93.8 million board feet (221,000 m) of timber, providing US$ 73.1 million (US$ 150 million in today's terms) in income and 2,098 jobs. In 1992 the timber companies in the state produced more than 1,250 million board feet
626:
policy, harvesting all available resources in an area and then abandoning it completely. Even at the start of the 20th century it was becoming clear that the rate at which the Piney Woods were being harvested was unsustainable. In 1904 a U.S. forester asserted that, given logging practices at that
294:
that lie to the west of the Piney Woods and the coastal areas. For its part the Cross
Timbers region, which straddles Texas and Oklahoma, though relatively narrow, was once dense enough to have been considered a natural barrier. Though these woodland areas have never been a major source of lumber
962:
In 1927 R. E. Jackson, a railroad conductor who traveled through the East Texas forests regularly, formed the East Texas Big
Thicket Association. The group's explicit purpose was to preserve 400,000 acres (1,600 km) of the forest and save it from destruction. The group suffered for lack of
923:
lumber barons of Texas. He is also regarded as the first major industrialist of the state. Beginning his career as a country lawyer in East Texas, Kirby organized investors in Boston and New York in the 1880s to buy timber land in Texas and start numerous lumber operations. In 1901 he took full
738:. Under the sponsorship of various public and private organizations, including the Texas Forest Service and the East Texas Chamber of Commerce, the program established training and certification criteria that encourage sustainable harvesting practices and protect the local wildlife and ecology.
460:
Even as late as 1870 the major forests of East Texas were largely pristine with some trees growing to more than 150 feet (46 m) in height and more than 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. This began to change rapidly in the 1880s as railroad lines were completed across the state. In 1877
123:
The climate in Texas varies greatly across the state. Humid, rain-soaked swamps lie toward the east and desert lands lie in the far west. Woodlands, grasslands, brushland, and other ecological regions can be found in between and around the state. A prominent climatic feature of Texas is a
81:
lumber production increased steadily such that by 1860 there were reportedly 200 saw mills in the state. The construction of railroads throughout the eastern part of the state led to boom in lumber production starting in the 1880s. The following 50-year period in which the Texas
390:
tribes lived at the fringes of the Big
Thicket lands. These predominantly agriculture-based peoples avoided settlement in the forests primarily because the sandy soils of these forest lands were much less fertile than the clay-rich soils outside the dense forests.
752:
of 84,550 acres (342.2 km) was created by
Congress. The preserve actually consists of 12 distinct units of forest land that are protected from lumbering activities. These and other preservation efforts have helped to stabilize parts of the Texas woodlands.
481:, to attract employees. Working conditions for timber workers was harsh and dangerous. Work days averaged 11 hours and pay was typically between US$ 1.50 to US$ 2.50 per day (US$ 55 to US$ 92 in today's terms). In many cases the owners established a nearly
106:
In recent times preservation efforts, such as the creation of the Texas Big
Thicket National Preserve in 1974, have helped to stabilize parts of the Texas woodlands. As of 1999 Texas remains in the top ten timber producing states in the United States.
452:
by the United States, the timber industry in the state continued to develop. By 1860 there were reportedly 200 saw mills in the state. The value of lumber products exceeded US$ 1.75 million annually (US$ 59.3 million in today's terms).
413:, the influx of settlers quickly increased demand for lumber. Sawmills were constructed on the coast in locations such as Galveston, Houston, and Beaumont. As settlement moved further inland new mills were constructed at towns from Nacodoches to
456:
In
Central Texas the forest lands became depleted much faster than in the East. Over the course of the mid-19th century oak lumber was becoming so scarce in many areas that masonry rapidly began to replace wood construction in many communities.
506:
gradually acquired multiple mills eventually consolidating them in 1901 as the Kirby Lumber Company, the state's largest at the turn of the 20th century. Kirby would go on to be referred to as the "Prince of Pines" by the press in Texas.
693:
In 1930 the Angelina County Lumber Company planted 200,000 pine seedlings representing one of the first significant efforts at reforestation in the state. In 1933 the Texas legislature authorized the purchase of specific lands for the
756:
Tree farm certifications grew steadily in the mid-20th century. By 1984 there were 2,510 certified, privately owned farms in the state encompassing more than 4 million acres (16,000 km) of timberland, mostly in East Texas.
469:, creating the largest and most modern operation in the state. The timber industry entered what was known as the "bonanza era" as lumber plants and logging roads criss-crossed the forests. Plant owners built company towns, including
654:, production in Texas had fallen to 350 million board feet (830,000 m). The 50-year bonanza era had come to a close, with approximately 18 million acres (73,000 km) of forest having been cut by lumber interests.
924:
control of all of these operations forming the Kirby Lumber Company, the largest in the state and, arguably, the largest in all of the southern United States. Kirby, in fact, once controlled the largest area of pine in the world.
650:
companies, whose properties were largely exhausted of timber, slowed or halted operations. Long-Bell and other lumber companies abandoned Texas and moved on to the Pacific coast and other areas of the country. By 1932, during the
603:
300 million board feet (710,000 m) annually in 1879 to 2,250 million board feet (5,300,000 m) in 1907, the maximum the state has ever produced. Texas became the third leading lumber-producing state in the U.S.
955:. He went on to establish the Texas Forest Association in 1914, and lobbied the local lumber companies and the state legislature leading to the establishment of the Texas Forest Service in 1915. Jones came to be known as the
139:
that reshaped the state's economy. These drought periods are known to dramatically reduce the forests. The severe drought of 2011, for example, is estimated to have killed between two and ten percent of the state's trees.
665:
In the south, immigration and development in the Rio Grande Valley led to clearing of the palm-tree forests for agriculture. By the 1930s the once extensive forests in the valley had been reduced to small tracts around
761:(2,900,000 m) and in 1997 they produced more than 1,370 million board feet (3,200,000 m). As of 1999 Texas was the tenth largest timber producing state in the nation. The primary wood product is the
98:
and the related demand for lumber through the first half of the 20th century destroyed much of the remaining forest lands in the state. By the 1920s lumber production was in decline and the onset of the
193:
spp.). The Big Thicket is the southern portion of this region, and has historically been the most densely wooded part of the state, acting as a natural divide between Southeast Texas and coastal
58:, has historically been home to the densest woodlands. The Big Thicket was mostly uninhabited until heavy settlement from the U.S. began in the mid-19th century, and was even used as a refuge by
745:, made it possible to use more of each individual tree and thus made them more valuable. By 1982, lumber producers ranked among the top manufacturing businesses in the state.
2558:
90:
By the start of the 20th century timber was one of the leading economic engines of Texas and had become the state's largest manufacturing enterprise. Lumber barons, such as
330:
forest region once covered more than 2 million acres (8,100 km) in east Texas. The Spaniards, who once ruled the region, defined its boundaries in the north as
350:. This thickly wooded area proved to be a natural barrier against settlement. It had remained largely uninhabited even by Native Americans until the 19th century.
2266:
94:, were among the wealthiest people in the state. By 1907 Texas was the third largest lumber producer in the United States. The subsequent clearing of fields for
741:
The timber industry in Texas gradually began to blossom again in the mid-20th century as new technological developments, including log debarkers and pine-based
130:
that runs north-south through its center. This line, though not entirely fixed in its location, represents a point east of which relatively moist air from the
171:
is home to the Piney Woods, a vast region extending from Texas through parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. These woodlands feature many varieties of
2482:
913:
Businessmen including Joseph H. Kurth, Thomas L. L. Temple, and W. T. Carter established lumber dynasties that controlled vast regions of the state.
2492:
394:
During the early 19th century the gradual westward migration of settlers in North America made the forests of east Texas a popular refuge for
295:
they have nevertheless provided firewood as well as wood for poles, railroad construction and other limited uses. Patches of original oak and
119:
Annual precipitation across Texas ranges from more than 50 inches (1,300 mm) in the east to less than 5 inches (130 mm) in the west.
2466:
2403:
2223:
2202:
2181:
2154:
2133:
2094:
2073:
2052:
2016:
1972:
2387:
947:
banker W. Goodrich Jones to conduct a survey of the East Texas forests. Jones had knowledge of forestry techniques from his youth in the
495:
rate at which forests were cleared, both because of its efficiency at extracting logs and because of the incidental damage to the flora.
1007:
347:
2538:
2259:
1570:
1087:
2239:
283:
2553:
2487:
1993:
2326:
2426:
927:
Some lumber barons, including Kirby, transformed themselves into oil barons as the bonanza era of lumber came to a close and the
2244:
2321:
695:
152:
2027:
338:; in the south as La Bahia Road or Atascosito Road, a trail that ran from southwest Louisiana into southeast Texas west of
2543:
2252:
749:
703:
2441:
2367:
2296:
715:
424:
near Bastrop, the westernmost stand of pine trees in the state, became an important source of lumber for Central Texas.
2497:
2446:
2382:
992:
707:
331:
197:. The Texas coastal region has more sparse tree growth but still contains many varieties including Southern Live Oak (
2104:
2352:
1647:
785:
300:
299:
woodland remain in the ranchlands of eastern Texas, west of the Piney Woods, and these have been described as the
2436:
354:
160:
63:
1268:
2416:
2392:
1192:
893:
699:
687:
675:
630:
611:
364:
291:
239:). The lower Rio Grande Valley has historically been home to a large semitropical forest of Mexican Palmetto (
1833:
2548:
181:
95:
363:) extended from the coast to approximately 80 miles (130 km) inland as late as 1852. Spanish explorer
2533:
2510:
2461:
1716:
711:
683:
2362:
1860:
788:
considers the Piney Woods region to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States.
1219:
622:
in 1905 with further expansion thereafter. Other outside companies came as well with many following a
610:
The early 20th century saw the expansion of large lumber companies from outside Texas into the state.
77:
One of the first steam sawmills in Texas was planned in 1829 in what is now modern Houston. After the
1002:
762:
719:
1537:
615:
401:
One of the first steam sawmills in Texas was planned in 1829 by John Richardson Harris, founder of
255:
250:
235:
136:
1769:
1143:
2451:
2421:
1483:
667:
335:
229:
199:
1380:
1574:
1125:
2431:
2311:
2219:
2198:
2177:
2150:
2129:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2012:
1989:
1968:
1947:
1174:
1082:
1077:
679:
474:
437:
421:
402:
287:
261:
1787:
714:. These lands were largely areas that had been cut over and cleared by lumber interests. The
2377:
2347:
2316:
2282:
1514:
1399:
1298:
909:
883:
651:
503:
485:
structure of control exercising near absolute authority over the towns and their residents.
462:
449:
410:
319:
213:
100:
91:
78:
1677:
657:
249:
is mostly grasslands and desert, mountainous areas in the Trans-Pecos portion, such as the
2411:
1330:
778:
774:
643:
223:
156:
55:
1249:
115:
2372:
928:
414:
395:
359:
267:
241:
131:
71:
59:
722:
began efforts to re-establish forests on these and other properties around the state.
2527:
2456:
2306:
2301:
2005:
1961:
1942:
944:
916:
865:
781:
still have large lumber firms that make up a substantial portion of their economies.
619:
478:
470:
466:
441:
339:
275:
218:
83:
1810:
2033:
984:
964:
948:
940:
343:
2146:
Organized German Settlement and Its Effects on the Frontier of South-Central Texas
1742:
1099:
1097:
2213:
2192:
2144:
2123:
2084:
2063:
2042:
1983:
1937:
766:
604:
327:
279:
164:
148:
144:
67:
47:
43:
23:
1651:
974:
639:
314:
246:
168:
1951:
74:
forest when Spaniards first arrived, though today very little of it remains.
731:
661:
Boom periods of the four major industries that built the early Texas economy
482:
303:
194:
734:
program was started in Texas following the model set forth by the state of
2111:
638:
In 1901 the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company struck oil at
2122:
Tunnell, John W. Jr.; Judd, Frank W.; Bartlett, Richard C., eds. (2001).
1144:"Drought may have killed a half-billion trees, Texas Forest Service says"
607:
only increased this demand as pine-built ships were common at this time.
204:
176:
126:
674:
Siecke succeeded in establishing the first state forest in Texas (named
18:
997:
952:
742:
735:
490:
432:
406:
387:
379:
296:
135:
as much as a decade. The most severe example in modern history was the
51:
2110:. Texas Society of American Foresters. 2 February 2002. Archived from
627:
time, the virgin forests would likely not last more than two decades.
334:/ Old San Antonio Road, a trail system that ran from Central Texas to
770:
42:
The densest forest lands lie in the eastern part of the state in the
2007:
Grass Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895-1943
290:
of Central Texas, as well as other areas throughout the savanna and
1985:
Saving the Big Thicket: from exploration to preservation, 1685-2003
1918:
1634:
1103:
2331:
2277:
1963:
The Big Rich: The Rise and Fall of the Greatest Texas Oil Fortunes
629:
431:
383:
313:
114:
678:
in 1951). The forest consisted of 1,702 acres (6.9 km) near
172:
2248:
765:
largely supplying the housing sector in the state. Cities like
1147:
499:
often property that had been in the families for generations.
186:
143:
Texas forest lands can be divided into six major regions: the
2240:
Stephen F. Austin State University: Forest History Collection
682:. By 1925 additional state forest lands had been acquired in
634:
Southern Pine Lumber Company sawmill and millpond, circa 1907
1878:
1876:
1874:
444:, a historic home built near the peak of lumber production
318:
Traditional limits of the Big Thicket region prior to the
253:, contain oases of forest lands featuring Bigtooth Maple (
1618:
1616:
2197:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
1453:
1451:
1449:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
488:
In the late 19th century a new technology known as the
1515:"The Economic History of the Long-Bell Lumber Company"
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1128:. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. October 1999.
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
2194:
Sawdust empire: the Texas lumber industry, 1830-1940
1794:. Texas State Historical Association. 1 April 1995 .
1305:. Texas State Historical Association. 1 August 1995
375:) in 1519 because of the forest that surrounded it.
39:
role economically and environmentally in the state.
2475:
2401:
2340:
2289:
2065:
Field Guide to Rocky Mountain and Southwest Forests
1607:
1565:
1563:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1130:
Texas is the nation's 10th biggest timber producer.
516:
2004:
1960:
322:. Deforestation has dramatically reduced its size.
2128:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University.
1671:
1669:
594:1,370 million board feet (3,200,000 m)
586:1,250 million board feet (2,900,000 m)
578:1,134 million board feet (2,680,000 m)
570:1,000 million board feet (2,400,000 m)
554:2,250 million board feet (5,300,000 m)
398:and fugitives from justice in the United States.
1329:Abernethy, Francis Edward (30 September 2020) .
465:and G. Bedell Moore established a major mill in
1193:"Texas Eco-Regions: Western Gulf Coastal Plain"
378:When Europeans first arrived in east Texas the
274:Additional pockets of forest lands include the
1416:
409:). It operated until at least 1833. After the
2260:
2191:Maxwell, Robert S.; Baker, Robert D. (1983).
919:is considered by some to be the first of the
562:350 million board feet (830,000 m)
546:300 million board feet (710,000 m)
538:100 million board feet (240,000 m)
8:
2218:. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press.
2083:Reavis, Dick J.; Overbeek, Will Van (2004).
2032:. New York. pp. 199–201. Archived from
1988:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas.
1243:
1241:
963:funds, and the demands for resources during
2044:The Big Thicket: an Ecological Reevaluation
939:In 1889 the U.S. Bureau of Forestry chief,
221:contains woodlands featuring Ashe Juniper (
2559:Environmental history of the United States
2483:Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas
2267:
2253:
2245:
2215:Texas natural history: a century of change
1919:Texas Society of American Foresters (2002)
1635:Texas Society of American Foresters (2002)
1398:Marks, Paula Mitchell (20 October 2018) .
1285:
1226:. Texas A&M University: Forest Service
1199:. Texas A&M University: Forest Service
1104:Texas Society of American Foresters (2002)
103:devastated the already flagging industry.
1967:(1st ed.). New York: Penguin Press.
1861:"Temple, Thomas Lewis Latane (1859–1935)"
1648:"Time and Events in Conservation History"
1573:. Jefferson County, Texas. Archived from
1379:Williams, Claire G. (28 November 2007) .
1142:Campbell, Antoinette (20 December 2011).
2125:The Laguna Madre of Texas and Tamaulipas
1906:
1882:
1267:Maliszkiewicz, Mark (27 October 2020) .
1076:Maxwell, Robert S. (15 February 2012) .
800:
656:
175:as well as hardwood varieties including
17:
2174:East Texas Mill Towns & Ghost Towns
2068:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1428:
1160:
1019:
2493:Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas
1805:
1803:
1801:
1702:
1650:. Texas Legacy Project. Archived from
1622:
1554:
1500:
1469:
1366:
1354:
614:, a Kansas-based company (now part of
1894:
1867:. Texas State Historical Association.
1832:Long, Christopher (1 November 1994).
1776:. Texas State Historical Association.
1768:Wooster, Robert (30 November 2019) .
1676:Hufford, Ronald H. (1 August 1995) .
1595:
1544:. Texas State Historical Association.
1536:Olien, Roger M. (21 November 2020) .
1490:. Texas State Historical Association.
1457:
1440:
1406:. Texas State Historical Association.
1387:. Texas State Historical Association.
1337:. Texas State Historical Association.
1275:. Texas State Historical Association.
1256:. Texas State Historical Association.
1181:. Texas State Historical Association.
1173:Biesele, Megan (29 September 2020) .
310:Early Texas and the Republic of Texas
7:
2011:. Louisiana State University Press.
1840:. Texas State Historical Association
1723:. Texas State Historical Association
1684:. Texas State Historical Association
1248:Wright, Carl C. (3 December 2015) .
1220:"Texas Eco-Regions: Edwards Plateau"
357:a large forest of Mexican Palmetto (
2047:. University of North Texas Press.
1608:Tunnell, Judd & Bartlett (2001)
1482:Brown, Norman D. (10 March 2021) .
1269:"Guadalupe Mountains National Park"
1209:Texas State Historical Association.
1008:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
1770:"Lutcher, Henry Jacob (1836–1912)"
1088:Texas State Historical Association
931:took hold in the 1920s and 1930s.
14:
2488:Congress of the Republic of Texas
2176:. Best of East Texas Publishers.
2026:Gregg, Josiah (1844–1845). "10".
1715:Long, Christopher (1 July 1995).
1571:"History of Jefferson County, TX"
967:nullified most of its influence.
217:). The Edwards Plateau region of
2276:
2041:Gunter, Pete Addison Y. (1993).
1834:"Angelina County Lumber Company"
977:
618:), established a subsidiary in
2143:Wilhelm, Hubert G. H. (1981).
2105:"Highlights of Texas Forestry"
1859:Bowman, Bob (4 August 2016) .
1788:"Moore, G. Bedell (1840–1908)"
792:Notable enterprises and people
1:
1717:"Sam Houston National Forest"
750:Big Thicket National Preserve
284:Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex
271:), and similar tree species.
2467:Timelines of cities in Texas
1946:. Vol. 10, no. 8.
1417:Reavis & Overbeek (2004)
716:United States Forest Service
211:spp.), and Texas Persimmon (
2498:Texas Historical Commission
2212:Schmidly, David J. (2002).
1936:Burka, Paul (August 1982).
1513:King, Helen (August 1936).
993:List of Texas state forests
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
511:Oil boom and the world wars
461:Pennsylvania entrepreneurs
428:State of Texas in the 1800s
367:, in fact, named the river
332:El Camino Real de los Tejas
2575:
1517:. McNeese State University
1163:, pp. 311–312, ch. 6.
786:World Wide Fund for Nature
301:East Central Texas forests
46:region. In particular the
2539:Economic history of Texas
2506:
2062:Kricher, John C. (1999).
803:Historical Lumber Empires
676:E. O. Siecke State Forest
346:; and to the east by the
62:and other fugitives. The
2554:Natural history of Texas
2029:Commerce of the Prairies
2003:Green, James R. (1978).
1959:Burrough, Bryan (2009).
1938:"The King of the Forest"
1811:"Hall of Fame Inductees"
612:Long-Bell Lumber Company
365:Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda
1813:. Texas Forestry Museum
1126:"Texas Timber Grows Up"
943:, enlisted the help of
712:Sabine National Forests
282:in the vicinity of the
233:), and Honey Mesquite (
182:Liquidambar styraciflua
1982:Cozine, James (2004).
1747:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1538:"Oil and Gas Industry"
698:system, thus creating
662:
635:
445:
323:
120:
50:region, just north of
27:
2172:Block, W. T. (1998).
1749:. World Wildlife Fund
1743:"Piney Woods forests"
660:
633:
435:
342:; to the west by the
317:
179:, American Sweetgum (
118:
34:in the U.S. state of
21:
2544:Environment of Texas
2036:on 23 November 2002.
1577:on 18 September 2009
1484:"Texas in the 1920s"
1003:Texas Forest Service
763:Southern yellow pine
720:Texas Forest Service
70:was home to a large
2117:on 31 January 2006.
1909:, pp. 128–129.
1419:, pp. 124–125.
1381:"Lost Pines Forest"
870:Thomas L. L. Temple
805:
688:Montgomery Counties
624:cut-out-and-get-out
616:International Paper
523:
521:Production in Texas
450:annexation of Texas
256:Acer grandidentatum
251:Guadalupe Mountains
236:Prosopis glandulosa
227:), Texas Live Oak (
111:Ecological patterns
957:Father of Forestry
900:Enoch Wesley Frost
880:Lumber Corporation
801:
748:In 1974 the Texas
663:
636:
530:Annual production
517:
502:East Texas farmer
446:
324:
292:blackland prairies
230:Quercus fusiformis
200:Quercus virginiana
167:mountain forests.
121:
28:
22:Swamp land in the
2519:
2518:
2476:Government agency
2312:Republic of Texas
2225:978-0-89672-469-3
2204:978-1-58544-059-7
2183:978-1-878096-31-9
2156:978-0-405-13464-7
2135:978-1-58544-133-4
2096:978-0-676-90502-1
2075:978-0-395-92897-4
2054:978-0-929398-52-5
2018:978-0-8071-0773-7
1974:978-1-59420-199-8
1865:Handbook of Texas
1838:Handbook of Texas
1792:Handbook of Texas
1774:Handbook of Texas
1721:Handbook of Texas
1682:Handbook of Texas
1557:, pp. 52–58.
1542:Handbook of Texas
1488:Handbook of Texas
1404:Handbook of Texas
1385:Handbook of Texas
1335:Handbook of Texas
1303:Handbook of Texas
1286:Gregg (1844–1845)
1273:Handbook of Texas
1254:Handbook of Texas
1179:Handbook of Texas
1175:"Angelina County"
1083:Handbook of Texas
1078:"Lumber Industry"
907:
906:
866:Temple Industries
825:Henry J. Lutcher,
598:
597:
519:Historical Timber
438:W. H. Stark House
422:Lost Pines Forest
369:Río de las Palmas
355:Rio Grande Valley
288:Lost Pines Forest
262:Fraxinus velutina
161:Rio Grande Valley
64:Rio Grande Valley
2566:
2317:Texas annexation
2283:History of Texas
2281:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2229:
2208:
2187:
2160:
2149:. Ayer Co. Pub.
2139:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2089:. Random House.
2079:
2058:
2037:
2022:
2010:
1999:
1978:
1966:
1955:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1654:on 15 April 2013
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1625:, pp. x–xi.
1620:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
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1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1400:"Bastrop, Texas"
1395:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1073:
987:
982:
981:
980:
935:Preservationists
910:Henry J. Lutcher
863:Lumber Company /
806:
804:
652:Great Depression
524:
522:
504:John Henry Kirby
463:Henry J. Lutcher
411:Texas Revolution
405:(part of modern
320:Texas Revolution
214:Diospyros texana
101:Great Depression
92:John Henry Kirby
79:Texas Revolution
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2502:
2471:
2397:
2353:Border disputes
2336:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2236:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2168:
2166:Further reading
2163:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1907:Burrough (2009)
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1883:Burrough (2009)
1881:
1872:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1342:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1299:"Cross Timbers"
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1075:
1074:
1021:
1016:
983:
978:
976:
973:
937:
895:
879:
864:
862:
853:Joseph H. Kurth
849:
848:Angelina County
837:Brother Company
836:
835:W.T. Carter and
827:G. Bedell Moore
826:
821:
802:
799:
794:
784:As of 2010 the
728:
696:National Forest
644:Beaumont, Texas
640:Spindletop Hill
520:
518:
513:
430:
312:
259:), Velvet Ash (
224:Juniperus ashei
157:Edwards Plateau
113:
96:oil exploration
87:and low wages.
84:timber industry
12:
11:
5:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Forest history
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2511:Years in Texas
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Corpus Christi
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:Jewish history
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2332:State of Texas
2329:
2327:Reconstruction
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:External links
2232:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1897:, p. 121.
1887:
1885:, p. 128.
1870:
1851:
1824:
1797:
1779:
1760:
1734:
1707:
1705:, p. vii.
1695:
1678:"Tree Farming"
1665:
1639:
1627:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 196.
1588:
1559:
1547:
1528:
1505:
1493:
1474:
1462:
1460:, p. 122.
1445:
1443:, p. 208.
1433:
1429:Wilhelm (1981)
1421:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1359:
1340:
1316:
1290:
1288:, p. 200.
1278:
1259:
1237:
1224:Trees of Texas
1211:
1197:Trees of Texas
1184:
1165:
1161:Kricher (1999)
1153:
1134:
1108:
1093:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
988:
972:
969:
936:
933:
905:
904:
901:
898:
896:Lumber Company
890:
889:
886:
881:
875:
874:
871:
868:
858:
857:
854:
851:
850:Lumber Company
845:
844:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
823:
822:Lumber Company
817:
816:
813:
810:
798:
795:
793:
790:
727:
724:
600:
599:
596:
595:
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588:
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560:
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547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
512:
509:
448:Following the
429:
426:
396:runaway slaves
360:Sabal mexicana
311:
308:
268:Quercus grisea
242:Sabal mexicana
132:Gulf of Mexico
112:
109:
60:runaway slaves
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Texas culture
2532:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
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2491:
2489:
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2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Texas Rangers
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
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2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Civil War era
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Mexican Texas
2305:
2303:
2302:Spanish Texas
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
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2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
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2071:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1995:1-57441-175-6
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:Texas Monthly
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1855:
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1839:
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1828:
1825:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:Cozine (2004)
1699:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:Cozine (2004)
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:, p. 42.
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:Cozine (2004)
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:, p. 52.
1502:
1501:Cozine (2004)
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:Gunter (1993)
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:, p. 71.
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1369:, p. 14.
1368:
1367:Cozine (2004)
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:Cozine (2004)
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:"Big Thicket"
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
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1117:
1115:
1113:
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1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
975:
970:
968:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Temple, Texas
942:
934:
932:
930:
925:
922:
918:
917:John H. Kirby
914:
911:
902:
899:
897:
894:Frost-Johnson
892:
891:
887:
885:
884:John H. Kirby
882:
877:
876:
872:
869:
867:
861:Southern Pine
860:
859:
855:
852:
847:
846:
842:
839:
834:
833:
829:
824:
820:Lutcher-Moore
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
807:
797:Lumber barons
796:
791:
789:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
758:
754:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Davy Crockett
701:
697:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
671:
669:
659:
655:
653:
647:
645:
641:
632:
628:
625:
621:
620:Lufkin, Texas
617:
613:
608:
606:
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
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541:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
515:
514:
510:
508:
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416:
412:
408:
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397:
392:
389:
385:
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376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:Galveston Bay
337:
333:
329:
321:
316:
309:
307:
305:
302:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Cross Timbers
272:
270:
269:
265:), Grey Oak (
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
219:Central Texas
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
138:
137:1950s drought
133:
129:
128:
117:
110:
108:
104:
102:
97:
93:
88:
85:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
2521:
2357:
2297:French Texas
2214:
2193:
2173:
2145:
2124:
2112:the original
2085:
2064:
2043:
2034:the original
2028:
2006:
1984:
1962:
1941:
1921:, p. 3.
1914:
1902:
1895:Burka (1982)
1890:
1864:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1642:
1637:, p. 5.
1630:
1603:
1596:Burka (1982)
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1550:
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1508:
1496:
1487:
1477:
1472:, p. 7.
1465:
1458:Burka (1982)
1441:Green (1978)
1436:
1424:
1412:
1403:
1393:
1384:
1374:
1362:
1357:, p. x.
1334:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1253:
1250:"Texas Palm"
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1137:
1129:
1106:, p. 2.
1081:
985:Texas portal
965:World War II
961:
956:
949:Black Forest
941:B. E. Fernow
938:
926:
920:
915:
908:
840:W. T. Carter
783:
759:
755:
747:
740:
729:
726:Recent times
692:
672:
664:
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344:Brazos River
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2462:San Antonio
2422:Brownsville
2363:Indian Wars
767:Nacogdoches
708:Sam Houston
668:Brownsville
605:World War I
336:Nacogdoches
328:Big Thicket
280:North Texas
165:Trans-Pecos
149:Piney Woods
145:Big Thicket
68:South Texas
48:Big Thicket
44:Piney Woods
24:Big Thicket
2528:Categories
2442:Fort Worth
2378:Revolution
2348:Annexation
1929:References
1581:20 October
959:in Texas.
812:Founder(s)
730:In 1944 a
680:Kirbyville
475:Kirbyville
403:Harrisburg
373:Palm River
247:West Texas
245:). Though
169:East Texas
163:, and the
153:Gulf Coast
2447:Galveston
2290:By period
1952:0148-7736
732:tree farm
304:ecoregion
278:areas of
195:Louisiana
72:palm tree
2412:Amarillo
2373:Oil boom
2341:By topic
1844:21 April
1817:21 April
1727:27 March
1688:19 April
1658:22 April
1521:21 April
1309:18 April
1230:29 March
1203:19 April
971:See also
929:oil boom
815:Founded
779:Marshall
775:Beaumont
718:and the
700:Angelina
684:Cherokee
209:Prosopis
205:mesquite
177:magnolia
127:dry line
56:Beaumont
2452:Houston
2437:El Paso
2383:Slavery
2358:Forests
1753:14 June
998:Logging
953:Germany
809:Company
743:plywood
736:Alabama
642:, near
491:skidder
415:Bastrop
407:Houston
388:Akokisa
380:Hasinai
353:In the
297:hickory
185:), and
52:Houston
32:forests
26:forests
2457:Laredo
2432:Dallas
2417:Austin
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777:, and
771:Lufkin
710:, and
483:feudal
479:Diboll
471:Camden
467:Orange
442:Orange
386:, and
286:, the
155:, the
151:, the
147:, the
2115:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
2086:Texas
1014:Notes
921:great
903:1902
888:1901
878:Kirby
873:1893
856:1890
843:1897
830:1842
384:Bidai
191:Ulmus
36:Texas
2404:city
2393:Vice
2220:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1948:ISSN
1846:2010
1819:2010
1755:2009
1729:2010
1690:2010
1660:2010
1583:2009
1523:2010
1311:2010
1232:2010
1205:2010
686:and
591:1997
583:1992
575:1991
567:1940
559:1932
551:1907
543:1879
535:1869
527:Year
477:and
436:The
420:The
326:The
187:elms
173:pine
54:and
30:The
2402:By
1148:CNN
951:of
440:in
203:),
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