406:
366:
597:
2277:
92:
538:
66:
56:
2170:
330:(Anjengo) on the sea coast, about 32 km north of Thiruvananthapuram city, for erecting a factory and fortifying it. The place had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, and later by the British East India Company. It was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Thiruvithamcore, anglicised as Travancore.
573:
was started in 1873, with Dr. Read as its principal. A Law class was opened in
Thiruvananthapuram in 1874, and the main building of the old Kerala Government Secretariat was designed and constructed by the Maharajah's chief engineer, Mr. Barton. Mr. Barton also improved the sanitation of the city. It
529:
who reigned from 1829 to 1847, ushered in an epoch of cultural progress and economic prosperity. The beginning of
English education was marked in 1834 by the opening of an English school at Thiruvananthapuram. An observatory and a charity hospital were also established in 1836. During the reign of
79:
couple who cultivated rice. One day, the wife heard a baby crying as she was weeding. After a search, she found a child so beautiful that she assumed it was divine and was afraid to touch it. She fed the baby some milk and left it in the shade of a tree, whereupon a five headed cobra appeared, moved
608:
A political conference of the
Congress was held in the city under the presidency of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, in 1938. The period of Maharaja Sri Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma who took the reins of administration in 1931, witnessed many-sided progress. The promulgation of the Temple Entry
577:
One of the significant aspects associated with
Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal's reign was the inauguration of the Legislative Council in 1888. This was the first legislative chamber, instituted in an Indian State. The Sri Moolam Assembly came into being in 1904. The activities of the
352:
During the reign of another Aditya Varma (1718–1721), the clashes between the royal officials and the temple trustees became more common. Failing to get redress at the hands of the king, the tenants of the temple lands marched to
Trivandrum to present their grievances to the
574:
was during the reign of Sri Moolam
Thirunal (1885–1924), that the Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College and a second grade College for Women were started here. A department for the preservation and publication of oriental manuscripts was also established.
349:, a prince from the Kottayam royal family, adopted into the Venad royal family. The Rani was brought back in triumph to Trivandrum, but in 1696 AD, Kottayam Kerala Varma was assassinated by the trustees within the precincts of his own palace.
609:
Proclamation (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. In 1937, a separate
University for Travancore was started. That was later redesignated as the University of Kerala, following the formation of the State of Kerala in 1956.
1732:
480:
As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to
Trivandrum, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including
534:, Rev. Mead, an Anglican priest of the London Missionary Society (L.M.S.), was employed by the Maharajah to improve the quality of education. Schools, including one for girls, were started in Thiruvananthapuram.
1918:
1989:
1979:
582:
echoed in
Thiruvananthapuram and other parts of Kerala during the reign of Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in
84:, the Pulayar and his wife made offerings of milk and congee in a coconut shell. Once the king of Travancore heard of the baby, he issued orders for the construction of a temple at the location as
2014:
1867:
465:
when he was the heir-apparent, and when he was attacked by the agents of the trustees, he fled to the safety of
Trivandrum, from where he counterattacked. During his reign, he renovated the
699:
1007:
1999:
1560:
1156:
2004:
1852:
220:-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in the Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern parts of
880:
1928:
1542:
1504:
1527:
1464:
1489:
525:, then a Karyakar of Talakkulam, led a march of the local people to Thiruvananthapuram to protest against the corruption of the Kings's ministers. The accession of
405:
1722:
1832:
656:(TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the
2009:
1249:
671:—India's first IT park—in 1995. Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area, employing around 40,000 people in 300 companies.
2206:
1938:
1913:
1727:
1691:
653:
365:
2155:
1994:
1696:
1405:
473:
to Thiruvananthapuram, which he made a great centre of intellectual and artistic activity. Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under
1666:
1898:
1795:
1656:
1641:
1428:
1149:
1827:
1661:
1613:
1011:
596:
2899:
2140:
1646:
517:
and under its terms was allowed to install a Resident and troops in Thiruvananthapuram. In 1795, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital city of
2104:
1984:
1948:
1765:
991:
813:
2130:
1872:
1623:
1608:
1532:
689:
569:
schools, all over the State. A large hospital with lying-in-facility and a lunatic asylum were also established in Thiruvananthapuram. The
318:) became powerful enough to challenge the authority of the rulers. Raja Aditya Varma was poisoned by them, and five out of six children of
1701:
1142:
80:
the baby to a hole in the tree and used its hood to shelter the child from the sun. Realizing it was an incarnation of the Hindu deity
1903:
1837:
661:
1847:
1775:
1522:
1096:
748:
2083:
1969:
1588:
1242:
884:
617:
With the end of the British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first people-elected ministry headed by
601:
2199:
1943:
1908:
1877:
1770:
1633:
1304:
1294:
1112:
634:
554:
2038:
1780:
1517:
1449:
1423:
1418:
302:
housed the famous temple. All of the regions were attacked and sacked by the Chola army, till they were forced to retreat to
102:
The ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The
2150:
1857:
1686:
1618:
1370:
1357:
570:
263:
spoken, and the customs, those exist in Southern parts of Kerala, still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.
898:
1974:
1842:
1598:
1580:
1537:
1484:
657:
2235:
2173:
2145:
2028:
1671:
1603:
1413:
1365:
1235:
1034:
441:
who reigned from 1729 to 1758, and who is regarded as the father of modern Travancore, modernised Thiruvananthapuram.
382:
228:
593:
During the regency of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bai, the college for Women at Trivandrum was raised to the first grade.
2192:
2078:
1454:
969:
510:
323:
200:
kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent. Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by
1862:
1676:
75:
According to legend, the site of Thiruvananthapuram was once a jungle known as Anantan Kādu, which was home to a
2276:
2793:
1706:
1512:
1459:
579:
165:. However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and
1064:
2245:
418:
1923:
1817:
1750:
1444:
837:
Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala".
587:
466:
91:
85:
69:
59:
1289:
2099:
1785:
1681:
1206:
1196:
397:
then. It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms as far as
287:
2229:
2043:
1953:
1593:
1191:
1176:
450:
295:
189:
36:
1933:
1882:
1822:
1812:
1760:
1211:
618:
502:
458:
434:
346:
338:
943:
537:
373:
drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between
2848:
2348:
2265:
2250:
2073:
1565:
1332:
1279:
1258:
862:
522:
394:
315:
276:
185:
44:
19:
2255:
1651:
1284:
1201:
1181:
1165:
1092:
1086:
987:
854:
809:
744:
668:
642:
626:
622:
514:
398:
354:
131:
127:
65:
2678:
1186:
846:
621:
was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of
558:
55:
738:
2823:
2588:
2463:
2438:
2338:
2313:
2260:
2240:
2135:
2114:
2109:
550:
531:
526:
506:
474:
470:
438:
345:. The Sardar camped in the suburbs of the present day Trivandrum, till he was defeated by
306:
in 1110 AD. The disappearance of the Ays synchronised with the emergence of the rulers of
934:
231:(The districts like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) had been ruled by
2818:
2803:
2633:
2558:
2538:
2513:
2448:
2398:
2383:
2318:
2068:
2063:
1755:
1570:
1375:
1312:
566:
286:
were the leading political power till the beginning of the 10th century AD. During the
256:
240:
205:
197:
174:
32:
24:
2893:
2758:
2708:
2533:
2508:
2473:
2358:
1552:
1479:
866:
590:, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940.
542:
370:
334:
319:
244:
201:
158:
143:
107:
103:
40:
1116:
964:
401:
and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.
2863:
2788:
2683:
2673:
2603:
2518:
2488:
2413:
2368:
1494:
1317:
462:
283:
217:
154:
119:
777:
803:
2868:
2783:
2703:
2618:
2573:
2493:
2443:
2433:
2418:
2403:
2363:
2298:
625:, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour
422:
378:
327:
135:
95:
850:
23:
dates back to the 18th century AD. In 1795, the city became the capital of the
2873:
2828:
2813:
2743:
2723:
2663:
2643:
2593:
2568:
2543:
2468:
2408:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2215:
2058:
2053:
1474:
1337:
1274:
902:
667:
A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of
638:
630:
583:
518:
442:
430:
342:
299:
272:
236:
213:
212:
in late middle ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of
193:
170:
162:
139:
123:
28:
1733:
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum
1134:
858:
2843:
2713:
2653:
2623:
2608:
2578:
2548:
2353:
2293:
2048:
1380:
1347:
694:
562:
291:
264:
260:
166:
115:
111:
1038:
660:(VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the
259:, by the natives of Venad in those times. The place names, the dialects of
1091:. S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003. p. 350.
986:. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute Of Languages. pp. 152–168.
2878:
2798:
2768:
2733:
2693:
2648:
2613:
2583:
2553:
2528:
2523:
2498:
2478:
2453:
2388:
2378:
2343:
454:
1088:
The digital challenge: information technology in the development context
469:
and the walls of the fortress. He also shifted the capital legally from
2858:
2853:
2833:
2808:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2728:
2718:
2698:
2658:
2638:
2598:
2563:
2483:
2393:
2373:
2333:
2303:
1469:
1342:
1327:
1322:
767:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
446:
247:, for a long time until 16th-17th century CE. The official language of
178:
76:
649:
was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.
153:
and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the
2838:
2773:
2738:
2668:
2458:
2428:
1395:
1227:
646:
426:
390:
386:
374:
303:
252:
232:
221:
81:
2184:
457:
in 1755. The locals of Thiruvananthapuram supported him against the
445:
became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful
2778:
2688:
2628:
2503:
2423:
1390:
595:
536:
410:
404:
364:
311:
307:
268:
248:
209:
90:
54:
1060:
333:
During the regency of Umayamma Rani, Travancore was invaded by a
1919:
Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology
1385:
385:
and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of Malabar Coast between
322:
were murdered by them. In 1684, during her regency, the English
2188:
1990:
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
1980:
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute
1231:
1138:
357:(trustees), indicating the low ebb of the power of the king.
765:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
2015:
Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park
763:
Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in
645:
from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of
31:. Several historic landmarks of the city, including the
509:
amongst others served as his court poets. In 1791, the
883:. The New Indian Express. 26 June 2010. Archived from
2000:
Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library
664:(ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.
1037:. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from
2284:
2222:
2123:
2092:
2027:
2005:
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
1962:
1891:
1853:
Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School
1805:
1794:
1741:
1715:
1632:
1579:
1551:
1503:
1437:
1404:
1356:
1303:
1265:
43:were built during that period. After independence,
1929:Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology
1543:Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram
290:from 999 to 1110 AD, the city of significance was
2156:Thiruvananthapuram City Police Mobile App (iSafe)
1528:Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
1465:Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation
381:, as shown in the map (present-day districts of
1490:Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation
936:A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times
586:region. After two decades, during the reign of
513:signed a treaty to protect Travancore from the
208:in various periods. Later, it became a part of
1723:Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
421:adopted some members from the royal family of
275:by annexing the regions as far as present-day
196:during ancient and medieval ages, which was a
2200:
1833:Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School
1243:
1150:
982:Gauri Lakshmi Bayi, Aswathi Thirunal (1998).
47:was made the capital of the state of Kerala.
8:
2010:Centre for Development of Imaging Technology
1115:. Official Site of Kerala IT. Archived from
267:became more prevalent with the expansion of
1939:Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
942:. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp.
808:, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, p. 215,
2207:
2193:
2185:
1802:
1692:Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station
1250:
1236:
1228:
1157:
1143:
1135:
827:Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)
654:Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
1995:National Centre for Earth Science Studies
1697:Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station
98:in early 11th century CE (around 1000 CE)
1904:College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET)
1899:APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
1642:Thiruvananthapuram International Airport
1429:Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority
157:, the principal trade route between the
64:
1828:Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram
1662:Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
680:
1647:Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram
732:
730:
728:
726:
702:from the original on 19 September 2013
2105:International Film Festival of Kerala
1985:Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
743:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books.
688:Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007).
613:Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)
341:, forcing the Rani to take refuge in
7:
2131:Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area
1873:St.Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram
1868:St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School
1667:Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
1624:Vellyani Agricultural College Ground
1533:Kerala Science and Technology Museum
557:was opened here besides the several
1702:Thiruvananthapuram railway division
1067:from the original on 3 January 2021
662:Indian Space Research Organisation
417:In the early 18th century CE, the
326:obtained a sandy piece of land at
314:rule, the trustees of the temple (
14:
1776:St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica
1523:Free Software Foundation of India
778:"Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty"
2275:
2169:
2168:
2084:Kerala State Chalachitra Academy
1970:Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
1589:Greenfield International Stadium
1561:Lulu International Shopping Mall
1113:"Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram"
690:"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"
602:Trivandrum International Airport
1944:SUT Academy of Medical Sciences
1909:College of Fine Arts Trivandrum
1878:Trivandrum International School
1838:Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum
1771:Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom
1295:Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure
899:"History of Thiruvananthapuram"
635:Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma
142:was ruled by the Cheras during
2039:Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram
1914:Government Engineering College
1781:O.T.C. Hanuman Temple, Palayam
1518:Centre for Development Studies
1424:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
1419:Thiruvananthapuram City Police
1024:Year of becoming a corporation
173:, who was more related to the
1:
2900:History of Thiruvananthapuram
1687:Neyyattinkara railway station
571:Trivandrum University College
294:, which housed a university (
147:
1975:Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
1843:Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
1599:Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium
1485:Travancore Titanium Products
984:Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram
933:Shungoony Menon, P. (1878).
901:. Kerala PRD. Archived from
802:Keay, John (12 April 2011),
737:Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007).
658:Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
216:in the 18th century CE. The
118:in the north. This included
51:Ancient and Medieval history
2146:Thiruvananthapuram district
1672:Kazhakuttam railway station
1604:Jimmy George Indoor Stadium
1414:Kerala Legislative Assembly
1063:. Kerala State IT Mission.
881:"Kerala's Tamil Connection"
2916:
2079:Kinfra Film and Video Park
1619:St Xavier's College Ground
1455:Bio 360 Life Sciences Park
1166:Histories of Kerala cities
851:10.1177/037698360903600102
740:A Survey of Kerala History
652:With the establishment of
511:English East India Company
2273:
2164:
1863:Sainik School Kazhakootam
1677:Kochuveli railway station
1172:
1061:"First IT Park in Kerala"
1035:"VSSC Thiruvananthapuram"
393:was under the control of
337:adventurer, known as the
255:, was also identified as
1707:Thiruvananthapuram Metro
1513:C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram
1460:State Bank of Travancore
839:Indian Historical Review
580:Indian National Congress
551:Maharaja Moolam Thirunal
545:was established in 1855.
527:Maharaja Swathi Thirunal
501:. Noted artists such as
439:Maharaja Marthanda Varma
970:Encyclopædia Britannica
923:Travancore State Manual
782:Encyclopedia Britannica
643:Travancore-Cochin Union
604:was established in 1932
433:, based in present-day
419:Travancore royal family
86:Padmanabha swami temple
2141:People from Trivandrum
2093:Festivals & events
1924:Mahatma Gandhi College
1818:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
1766:St. Joseph's Cathedral
1751:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
1728:Regional Cancer Centre
605:
588:Sree Chithira Thirunal
546:
467:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
414:
402:
99:
72:
70:Padmanabhapuram Palace
62:
60:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
1786:Vellayani Devi Temple
1682:Nemom railway station
599:
540:
408:
368:
106:governed the area of
94:
68:
58:
1954:University of Kerala
1594:Trivandrum Golf Club
1538:Southern Air Command
1014:on 18 September 2010
1008:"Thiruvananthapuram"
555:College of Fine Arts
549:During the reign of
190:Kanyakumari district
188:city, district, and
138:. The region around
37:University of Kerala
1934:Mar Ivanios College
1883:VSSC Central School
1823:Chinmaya Vidyalayas
1813:Arya Central School
1761:Palayam Juma Masjid
720:KA Nilakanta Sastri
619:Pattom Thanu Pillai
503:Ramapurathu Warrier
459:Ettuveetil Pillamar
435:Malappuram district
2849:Kannan Devan Hills
2349:Thiruvananthapuram
2236:Thiruvananthapuram
2074:Chitranjali Studio
1949:University College
1614:University Stadium
1566:Mall of Travancore
1333:Shankumugham Beach
1280:Battle of Colachel
1259:Thiruvananthapuram
965:Thiruvananthapuram
905:on 7 February 2009
606:
547:
523:Velu Thampi Dalawa
415:
409:A language map of
403:
395:Zamorin of Calicut
324:East India Company
277:Ernakulam district
235:dynasties such as
186:Thiruvananthapuram
100:
73:
63:
45:Thiruvananthapuram
20:Thiruvananthapuram
2887:
2886:
2216:Travancore region
2182:
2181:
2023:
2022:
1858:The Oxford School
1652:Main Central Road
1290:Travancore–Cochin
1285:History of Kerala
1225:
1224:
993:978-81-7638-028-7
815:978-0-8021-9550-0
515:Kingdom of Mysore
453:in the battle of
413:prepared in 1822.
2907:
2679:Thalayolaparambu
2279:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2172:
2171:
1803:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:on 26 April 2006
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1010:. Archived from
1004:
998:
997:
979:
973:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
941:
930:
924:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
895:
889:
888:
877:
871:
870:
834:
828:
825:
819:
818:
805:India: A History
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
774:
768:
761:
755:
754:
734:
721:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
685:
288:Chera-Chola Wars
192:, were parts of
152:
149:
114:in the south to
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2589:Chettikulangara
2439:Chadayamangalam
2339:Thiruvithancode
2314:Manavalakurichy
2286:
2280:
2271:
2218:
2213:
2183:
2178:
2160:
2136:Padmanabhapuram
2119:
2115:Attukal Pongala
2110:Soorya Festival
2088:
2030:
2019:
1958:
1887:
1797:
1790:
1743:
1737:
1711:
1628:
1609:Central Stadium
1575:
1547:
1499:
1433:
1400:
1352:
1299:
1261:
1256:
1226:
1221:
1168:
1163:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:on 24 July 2011
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
994:
981:
980:
976:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:
932:
931:
927:
922:
918:
908:
906:
897:
896:
892:
887:on 3 June 2021.
879:
878:
874:
836:
835:
831:
826:
822:
816:
801:
800:
796:
786:
784:
776:
775:
771:
762:
758:
751:
736:
735:
724:
719:
715:
705:
703:
687:
686:
682:
677:
615:
553:(1885–1924), a
532:Uthram Thirunal
507:Kunchan Nambiar
475:Marthanda Varma
471:Padmanabhapuram
363:
296:Kanthalur Salai
229:Southern Kerala
150:
53:
12:
11:
5:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Kizhakkambalam
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Koothattukulam
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Changanacherry
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Vadasserikkara
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Pathanamthitta
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Kalluvathukkal
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Avanavancherry
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Chirayinkeezhu
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Kaliyakkavilai
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Pathanamthitta
2243:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Kerala Kaumudi
2066:
2064:Sun TV Network
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:Attukal Temple
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1571:Taurus Zentrum
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Kerala cuisine
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Karamana River
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1104:
1097:
1078:
1052:
1026:
999:
992:
974:
957:
925:
916:
890:
872:
829:
820:
814:
794:
769:
756:
749:
722:
713:
679:
678:
676:
673:
629:. The king of
614:
611:
362:
361:Modern history
359:
241:Pandya dynasty
175:Pandya dynasty
52:
49:
33:Kowdiar Palace
25:princely state
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2912:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Kothamangalam
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:North Paravur
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Kanjirappally
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Munroethuruth
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Neyyattinkara
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2031:entertainment
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Loyola School
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:Education and
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
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1749:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
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1680:
1678:
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1673:
1670:
1668:
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1663:
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1658:
1655:
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1648:
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1640:
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1635:
1631:
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1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
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1587:
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1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
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1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:Organisations
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:UST (company)
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1098:9780754634454
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
995:
989:
985:
978:
975:
972:
971:
966:
961:
958:
945:
938:
937:
929:
926:
920:
917:
904:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
824:
821:
817:
811:
807:
806:
798:
795:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
760:
757:
752:
750:9788126415786
746:
742:
741:
733:
731:
729:
727:
723:
717:
714:
701:
697:
696:
691:
684:
681:
674:
672:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
637:, became the
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
610:
603:
598:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
543:Napier Museum
539:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
407:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Malabar Coast
367:
360:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:Mughal Sirdar
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:Umayamma Rani
317:
313:
310:. During the
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Chola dynasty
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Malabar Coast
156:
145:
144:Sangam period
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Malabar Coast
105:
104:Chera dynasty
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
78:
71:
67:
61:
57:
50:
48:
46:
42:
41:Napier Museum
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
2864:Udumbanchola
2789:Muvattupuzha
2684:Kuravilangad
2674:Kaduthuruthy
2604:Ambalappuzha
2519:Kozhencherry
2489:Pathanapuram
2414:Kottarakkara
2369:Venjaramoodu
2124:Other topics
1495:HLL Lifecare
1318:Agastya Mala
1266:
1216:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1107:
1087:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1029:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1002:
983:
977:
968:
960:
948:. Retrieved
935:
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
893:
885:the original
875:
842:
838:
832:
823:
804:
797:
787:21 September
785:. Retrieved
781:
772:
764:
759:
739:
716:
704:. Retrieved
693:
683:
666:
651:
616:
607:
592:
576:
548:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
463:Ettara Yogam
416:
351:
347:Kerala Varma
332:
281:
226:
184:Present-day
183:
169:) was under
155:Palakkad Gap
120:Palakkad Gap
101:
74:
17:
15:
2869:Nedumkandam
2784:Perumbavoor
2704:Erattupetta
2619:Mararikulam
2574:Mavelikkara
2494:Manchalloor
2444:Chathannoor
2434:Edamulackal
2419:Neduvathoor
2404:Kallambalam
2364:Nedumangadu
2299:Kanyakumari
2230:Kanyakumari
1207:Tellicherry
845:(1): 3–21.
623:Thiru-Kochi
521:. In 1799,
499:Koodiyattam
423:Kolathunadu
379:Kanyakumari
328:Anchuthengu
316:Ettarayogam
251:, based at
227:Modern-day
136:Kolli Hills
96:South India
18:history of
2874:Kattappana
2829:Thodupuzha
2814:Kolenchery
2744:Kattappana
2724:Mundakayam
2664:Ettumanoor
2644:Karukachal
2594:Kayamkulam
2569:Chengannur
2544:Mallapally
2469:Parippally
2409:Kilimanoor
2329:Marthandam
2324:Mandaikadu
2309:Suchindram
2100:Keraleeyam
2059:Kairali TV
2054:JaiHind TV
2029:Media and
1475:Tata Group
1450:Technocity
1445:Technopark
1406:Government
1338:Neyyar Dam
1275:Travancore
1217:Trivandrum
1197:Malappuram
1123:28 October
1018:29 October
706:28 October
675:References
669:Technopark
639:Rajpramukh
631:Travancore
584:Travancore
519:Travancore
443:Travancore
431:Parappanad
383:Trivandrum
343:Nedumangad
300:Trivandrum
273:Travancore
237:Ay kingdom
214:Travancore
194:Ay dynasty
171:Ay dynasty
163:Tamil Nadu
151: 1st
140:Coimbatore
124:Coimbatore
29:Travancore
2844:Devikulam
2714:Ponkunnam
2654:Kumarakam
2624:Cherthala
2609:Alappuzha
2579:Padanilam
2549:Tiruvalla
2354:Parassala
2294:Nagarcoil
2285:Towns and
2266:Ernakulam
2251:Alappuzha
2223:Districts
2049:Amrita TV
1742:Places of
1634:Transport
1381:Malayalam
1348:Vizhinjam
1305:Geography
1192:Kasargode
1182:Cannanore
1071:25 August
867:145359607
859:0376-9836
695:The Hindu
563:Malayalam
530:Maharaja
491:Kathakali
451:Kozhikode
425:based at
369:A map of
292:Vizhinjam
265:Malayalam
261:Malayalam
167:Alappuzha
116:Kasaragod
112:Alappuzha
2894:Category
2879:Rajakkad
2799:Arakuzha
2769:Angamaly
2734:Peermade
2694:Uzhavoor
2649:Kottayam
2614:Mankombu
2584:Nilakkal
2554:Parumala
2529:Kumbanad
2524:Aranmula
2499:Pidavoor
2479:Mayyanad
2454:Kottiyam
2389:Attingal
2379:Vembayam
2344:Kolachal
2256:Kottayam
2174:Category
1963:Research
1798:research
1438:Industry
1065:Archived
700:Archived
487:Padhakam
455:Purakkad
355:Yogakkar
146:between
110:between
2859:Adimali
2854:Marayur
2834:Painavu
2809:Piravom
2764:Alengad
2754:Vechoor
2749:Adimali
2729:Vagamon
2719:Erumely
2699:Poonjar
2659:Pambadi
2639:Vazhoor
2599:Haripad
2564:Edathua
2484:Punalur
2464:Paravur
2394:Varkala
2374:Aryanad
2334:Neyyoor
2304:Thovala
2151:Tourism
2044:Asianet
1744:worship
1657:MG Road
1470:Infosys
1371:Culture
1358:Culture
1343:Kovalam
1328:Ponmudi
1323:Brimore
1267:History
1212:Trichur
1177:Calicut
967:at the
641:of the
559:English
495:Thullal
447:Zamorin
206:Pandyas
179:Madurai
77:Pulayar
2839:Munnar
2824:Idukki
2774:Kalady
2739:Kumily
2669:Vaikom
2559:Mannar
2459:Kollam
2429:Anchal
2287:cities
2268:(Part)
2261:Idukki
2241:Kollam
2232:(Part)
1892:Higher
1716:Health
1581:Sports
1396:Mawlid
1202:Quilon
1187:Cochin
1095:
1045:23 May
990:
909:23 May
865:
857:
812:
747:
647:Kerala
497:, and
483:Koothu
427:Kannur
399:Cochin
391:Kollam
387:Kannur
375:Kollam
335:Mughal
304:Kottar
253:Kollam
243:, and
222:Kerala
202:Cholas
134:, and
82:Vishnu
39:, and
2779:Aluva
2689:Palai
2629:Aroor
2534:Ranni
2509:Konni
2504:Adoor
2424:Ayoor
1806:Lower
1553:Malls
1391:Vishu
1366:Media
950:5 May
940:(pdf)
863:S2CID
627:Kochi
567:Tamil
411:India
312:Venad
308:Venad
271:into
269:Venad
257:Tamil
249:Venad
233:Tamil
218:Tamil
210:Venad
198:Tamil
132:Salem
128:Erode
1386:Onam
1125:2010
1093:ISBN
1073:2006
1047:2006
1020:2010
988:ISBN
952:2016
946:–164
911:2006
855:ISSN
810:ISBN
789:2017
745:ISBN
708:2011
600:The
565:and
541:The
505:and
461:and
429:and
389:and
377:and
298:).
282:The
204:and
161:and
16:The
944:162
847:doi
449:of
284:Ays
177:of
27:of
2896::
861:.
853:.
843:36
841:.
780:.
725:^
698:.
692:.
633:,
561:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
477:.
437:.
279:.
239:,
224:.
181:.
148:c.
130:,
126:,
122:,
88:.
35:,
2208:e
2201:t
2194:v
1251:e
1244:t
1237:v
1158:e
1151:t
1144:v
1127:.
1101:.
1075:.
1049:.
1022:.
996:.
954:.
913:.
869:.
849::
791:.
753:.
710:.
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