History of Venezuela - Knowledge (XXG)

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century. When word spread internationally of Venezuela's oil potential, representatives of large foreign companies came to the country and started lobbying for rights of exploration and exploitation, and Gómez established the concessionary system. Venezuela had inherited from Spain the law that the ground surface—presumably, as deep as a plow or a water well went—could belong to individuals but everything under the soil was state property. Thus, Gómez began to grant huge concessions to family and friends. Any one who was close to Gómez eventually would become rich in one way or another. Gómez himself accumulated immense expanses of grasslands for cattle-raising, which had been his original occupation and was a lifelong passion. The Venezuelan concessionaires leased or sold their holdings to the highest foreign bidders. Gómez, who didn't trust industrial workers or

2010:. In power, López Contreras allowed the pardo masses to vent for a few days before clamping down. He had Gómez's properties confiscated by the state, but the dictator's relatives, with some exceptions who left the country, were not harassed. Gómez never married but he had various illegitimate children. Initially, López Contreras permitted political parties to come into the open, but they tended to become rambunctious and he proscribed them, although he did not use strong repressive means (which weren't necessary anyway) as the politicians that led them, called in Venezuelan historiography the "1928 Generation", did not yet have large popular followings. One of the reasons for this hard stance was that, during his first year as president, López Contreras was faced with a labor strike which paralyzed the oil industry in 1970:, who published a book claiming not inaccurately that the Venezuelan War of Independence was really a civil war with the dubious added argument that pardos were a menace to public order and Venezuela could only subsist as a nation ruled by white strongmen. Gómez, for instance, prohibited all immigration from black Caribbean islands. Even though Venezuela's population in his time was 80% pardo, passports, which were first issued under Gómez, identified carriers by the color of skin, which they still did until the 1980s. Venezuela did change considerably under Gómez. It had radio stations in all the important cities. There existed an incipient middle class. But it still had only two or three universities. An estimated 90% of families formed through 1954:

to the oil companies were hammered out between the government and American lawyers. The laws were relatively lenient, but Gómez, who had an acute business sense, understood that it was necessary to create incentives for investors in the Venezuelan oil fields, some of which were very accessible but others were deep in jungles. Oil income allowed Gómez to expand Venezuela's rudimentary infrastructure and the overall impact of the oil industry on Venezuela was a modernizing trend in the areas where it operated. But in a wider sense, the Venezuelan people, except for those who worked for the oil companies and lived badly but had a steady income, benefited little or not all from the country's oil riches.

2295:, they struck. Chávez was a lieutenant-colonel, but generals were involved in the coup attempt. They saw as their first priority the capture Pérez, who had recently returned from a junket. They almost had him cornered in the presidential palace, but he managed to escape to the presidential residence and from there he got loyal troops to corner Chávez in turn and to arrest him. In exchange for prompting his co-conspirators to lay down their arms, Chávez, fully uniformed and unbowed, gained permission to speak on television to the entire nation. This led to quite some discussion after he said his objectives had not yet been reached. Several civilians and military were killed during the uprising. 1636: 1907:), they were arrested but were soon released. But Gómez was indeed ruthless in throttling all opposition and he allowed a personality cult, but this was as much his doing as that of his sycophants, who were numerous all over Venezuela. Gómez, unlike Guzmán Blanco, never erected a statue of himself anywhere in Venezuela. He was a stickler for legal formalisms, which in essence meant that he introduced new constitutions any time it suited his political ends, although this was also the rule during the 19th century. During his dictatorship, Gómez appointed two figurehead presidents while he kept a tight hold on the armed forces from 2704:, was declared the interim president by that body. Guaidó was immediately recognized as the legitimate president by several nations, including the United States and the Lima Group, as well as the Organization of American States. Maduro disputed Guaidó's claim and broke off diplomatic ties with several nations who recognized Guaidó's claim. On 21 February 2019, Nicolás Maduro ordered the closing of his country's border with Brazil. On 23 February, trucks carrying humanitarian aid from Colombia and Brazil attempted to enter Venezuelan territory. Two trucks was set on fire on the Francisco de Paula Santander International Bridge. 2343:. Petkoff had seen the futility of trying again and backed Caldera. Even Velázquez got into the act. When the returns were in, Caldera won and in the process shattered the strict bipolarity thesis. Abstentions reached a record of 40%. The main reason Caldera, who was 76 years old, won was in essence the same as for Pérez's victory in 1973: Everybody knew him, and the middle classes, probably decisive for the only time in Venezuela's history, thought that he could do the miracle that had been expected of Pérez. That is, in some manner to get the country back on track to the "good old times". 2697:

Supreme Tribunal of Venezuela. This resulted in widespread condemnation; minutes after taking oath, the Organization of American States approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council in which Maduro was declared illegitimate as President of Venezuela, urging that new elections be summoned. The National Assembly invoked a state of emergency and some nations removed their embassies from Venezuela. With their belief that his election was illegitimate, they claimed that by retaking power, Maduro was converting Venezuela into an illegitimate de facto dictatorship.

1456:. These, who constituted the most powerful economic-social class of the city, led an attempt to establish a Government Junta that regulated the destiny of the General Captaincy of Venezuela following the invasion of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte in absence of the King Ferdinand. That same night the militias began the arrests of the signatories of the junta petition, some of whom were imprisoned, others were confined to their farms or exilated to Spain, and a minor quantity were released after some time. Thus the conspiracy ended. Afterbut only on 19 April 1810 did its " 2021:, received orders to make a report of the situation, which confirmed the workers' grievances. He also had instructions to declare the strike illegal, (which he did). Government forces made the workers return to their jobs, although after that incident the oil companies did start taking serious initiatives to improve conditions for Venezuelan workers. Among the notable goals of López Contreras was a campaign to eradicate malaria in the llanos. This task was finally accomplished during the following presidency through the use of 1993: 666: 1717:(and now by the ruling clique in Caracas), initiated the separation of Venezuela in 1826. Bolívar returned post-haste to Bogotá, where vice-president Santander complained about Venezuelan insubordination. Bolívar traveled to Caracas and seemingly put Páez in his place (1827). Sucre left Bolivia the same year. Santander expressed disappointment, and furthermore, opposed Bolívar's plans to implant the Bolivian constitution in Great Colombia, for which a convention was convoked by Bolívar in the town of 1210: 2590: 497:. After the unsuccessful plan of the Germans of finding El Dorado, the Augsburg gave the concession to the Spanish crown. After this, the Spanish conquistadores continued their missions in the territory and the most representative event after the Augsburg concession was the foundation of Caracas, which was the most longstanding capital of the Province of Venezuela and the today's capital city of Venezuela. The colonial economy in the 16th and 17th centuries was centered on 2060:, a union leader who supported Medina's step-by-step approach and for a time was allied to one of the Machado brothers. Under Medina there was an indirect democracy, which followed the 19th century custom of elections at the municipal council level. But Medina was committed to a still restricted but wider national democratic election. For that he had officialdom in all the Venezuelan states form a pro-government party named Partido Democratico Venezolana or PDV ( 1873: 44: 1950:. Although the Venezuelan oil boom started around 1918, the year when oil first figured as an export commodity, it took off when an oil well called Barroso blew a 200-foot (60 m) spout that threw up an average of the equivalent to 100,000 barrels a day. It took five days to bring the flow under control. By 1927, oil was Venezuela's most valuable export and by 1929 Venezuela exported more oil than any other country in the world. 2215: 1613:-controlled center of Venezuela. In the east, the royalists started recovering territory. After suffering a setback, Mariño and Bolívar joined their forces, but they were defeated by Boves in 1814. Republicans were forced to evacuate Caracas and flee to the east, where, in the port of Carúpano, Piar was still holding out. Piar, however, did not accept Bolívar's supreme command, and once again in 1815 Bolívar left Venezuela and 783: 1783: 1546: 1373: 1593:, were successfully fighting royalists in eastern Venezuela. Quickly losing ground (much as Miranda had a year earlier) Monteverde took refuge in Puerto Cabello, and Bolívar occupied Caracas, re-establishing the Republic on 6 August 1813, with two "states", one in the west headed by Bolívar and one in the east headed by Mariño. But neither the successful invasions nor Bolívar's decree were provoking a massive enrollment of 2159: 767: 1725: 1983: 425: 368: 1895:

telegraphic system. Under these circumstances, the possibility of caudillo uprisings was curtailed. The only armed threat against Gómez came from a disaffected former business partner to whom he had given a monopoly on all maritime and riverine commerce. Although there are many tales of Gómez's cruelty and ruthlessness, they are mostly exaggerations by his enemies. The man who had tried to overthrow him,

1690: 819:. The Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela; with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields and with tanks for water storage. Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and 645: 2448:, Chávez suffered his first electoral defeat when the voters rejected constitutional changes proposed by the president, some of which would have increased the power of the presidency. The referendum saw a very high level of abstention by the standards of recent polls in Venezuela. However, in February 2009 Chavez called another referendum, proposing the removal of 409: 2077: 1319: 2272:, which was freeing controls on prices and a ten percent increase in that of gasoline, which in Venezuela is sacrosantly very low. The increase in petrol price fed into a 30 percent increase in fares for public transport In February 1989, barely into his second term, Pérez faced a series of widespread protests and lootings, which started in 900: 2350:. He re-imposed exchange controls, which Pérez's administration had lifted as part of a general financial liberalization (unaccompanied by effective regulation, which contributed to the banking crisis). The economy had suffered under the falling oil price, which led to a collapse in government revenues. The steel corporation 2608:. He invoked Article 347, and stated that his call for a new constitution was necessary to counter the actions of the opposition. The members of the Constituent Assembly were not to be elected in open elections, but selected from social organizations loyal to Maduro. It would also allow him to stay in power during the 1953:

It has been said that Gómez did not tax the oil companies and that Venezuela did not benefit from oil production, but this is only a half-truth. The Venezuelan government derived considerable income from the concessions and from taxes of one sort of another, but the original fiscal laws which applied

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One of Gómez's first measures was to start canceling outstanding Venezuelan international debts, a goal which was soon achieved. Under Gómez, Venezuela acquired all the appurtenances of a regular national army staffed and officered almost entirely by Andeans. At the time, the country had a widespread

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On 20 May 2018, President Nicolás Maduro won the presidential election amidst allegations of massive irregularities by his main rivals. Despite encouragement to resign as president when his first term expired on 10 January 2019, President Maduro was inaugurated by Maikel Moreno, Chief Justice of the

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Gómez took power in a very poor illiterate country. The white/pardos social divide was still very much in place. When Gómez died in his bed in 1935, Venezuela was still a poor illiterate country and if anything the social stratification had been accentuated. The population had grown from perhaps one

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in charge. Castro had not gone further than the outer Antilles when Gómez took over the government and forbade Castro from returning. This was the beginning of a regime that lasted until 1935 and is interwoven with the early development of the oil industry, the greatest influence ever on the history

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was in contempt of its rulings, the court would assume legislative duties. Whilst the recession which Venezuela entered in 2014 was precipitated by policy failures, a collapse of the price of oil exacerbated the problem. Economic conditions continued to deteriorate in 2016 when consumer prices rose

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noted that a "significant proportion" of the subsidized basic goods in short supply were being smuggled into Colombia and sold for far higher prices. In February 2014, the government said it had confiscated more than 3,500 tons of contraband on the border with Colombia—food and fuel which, it said,

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It did not take much geological expertise to know that Venezuela had large petroleum deposits, because the petroleum oozed out from seeps all over the country and an asphalt lake had formed naturally. Venezuelans themselves had tried to extract oil for a small hand-pumped refinery early in the 20th

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in order to fight corruption and to also fight what he called an 'economic war'. On 24 October, he also announced the creation of a new agency, the Vice Ministry of Supreme Happiness, to coordinate all social programmes. In November 2013, weeks before the local elections, President Maduro used his

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in Venezuela is rather complex, but a brief overview is that communism never sunk roots in Venezuela and its impact on mainstream politics was minimal. López Contreras tried to create a political movement called Cruzadas Cívicas Bolivarianas (Civic Bolivarian Crusades), but it did not pan out, for

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general who had helped corner Morales after Carabobo in the Battle of Maracaibo Lake, was executed for treason. The emboldened Peruvians invaded Guayaquil. Bolívar had to return to Quito in 1829 to repulse them, which didn't take much doing, for the invasion had petered out before Bolívar arrived.

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and assigned to the Captaincy General of Venezuela. In addition to these core area, the territory included parts of the Viceroyalty as Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Maracaibo, southwestern Suriname, parts of northwestern Brazil. It opened Venezuelan ports to foreign commerce, but this recognized a

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off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. Later Spanish expeditions returned to exploit these islands' abundant pearl oysters, enslaving the indigenous people of the islands and harvesting the pearls intensively. They became one of the most valuable resources of the incipient Spanish Empire in the

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Some Venezuelans began to grow resistant to colonial control towards the end of the eighteenth century. Spain's neglect of its Venezuelan colony contributed to Venezuelan intellectuals' increased zeal for learning. The colony had more external sources of information than other more "important"

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On 27 November 1992, officers of higher rank than Chávez tried to overthrow Pérez, but on this occasion the authorities suppressed the conspiracy easily. Pérez's downfall came when a legal process was begun to force him to reveal how he had used a secret but legal presidential fund, which he

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coast line, the only one of his four voyages to reach the South American mainland. This being the first time that Europeans sighted the continent, Columbus, upon observing the variety of flora and fauna of the Orinoco delta, called the area "Land of Grace", in clear allusion to the biblical

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800% and the gross domestic product contracted by 18.6%, causing hunger to escalate to the point that the "Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey" (ENCOVI) found nearly 75 percent of the population had lost an average of at least 19 pounds in 2016 due to a lack of proper nutrition.

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Following increased international sanctions throughout 2019, the Maduro government abandoned socialist policies established by Chávez, such as price and currency controls, which resulted in the country seeing a rebound from economic decline. In a November 2019 interview with

2006:, succeeded him: a tall, thin, disciplined soldier with a solid education. Before arriving at his post, he served the Gomecista government loyally wherever he was sent, including at one time Venezuela's eastern land's end, a village called Cristobal Colón, across from 2393:, was elected president in December 1998 on a platform that called for the creation of a "Fifth Republic", a new constitution, a new name ("the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"), and a new set of relations between socioeconomic classes. In 1999, voters approved a 1165:. Like no other Spanish American dependency, Venezuela had more contacts with Europe through the British, Dutch and French islands in the Caribbean. In an almost surreptitious, though legal, manner, Caracas had become an intellectual powerhouse. From 1721, it had 1033:

as his deputy. On 30 July 1530 Federmann became responsible for the colony of Klein Venedig. Governor Ehinger temporarily handed over authority to Federmann, because he had to go Hispaniola for health reasons. After the deaths of Ehinger, and then his successor,

1760:, Bolívar finally did resign in 1830. At that point, Páez not only had declared the second independence of Venezuela but also had promoted a campaign of vituperation against Bolívar. Seeing the state of things, Quito followed suit under Venezuelan general 480:

This event occurred because of a business between Charles V and the banking family of the Augsburg. Charles V, gave the family of the Augsburg most of the territory of the Province of Venezuela, which after the concession was called by the Germans

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following actions by some of the military and media and demonstrations by the minority opposition, but he was returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by the majority of the public and actions by most of the military.

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was privatized, and the economy continued to plummet. Fulfilling an election promise, Caldera released Chávez and pardoned all the military and civilian conspirators during the Pérez regime. The economic crisis continued, and by the

2140:. There was no popular opposition. This might have meant that the odds were too great or that the general populace had not noticed any particular improvement in their lives despite the incessant government propaganda. All prominent 1096:, respectively) showed more interest in their nearby gold and silver mines than in the remote agricultural societies of Venezuela. Responsibility for the Venezuelan territories shifted to and between the two viceroyalties. The 2531:

special decree powers and ordered the military to take over appliance stores. Analysts said that the move amounted to a "cannibalizing" of the economy and that it might lead to even more shortages in the future. An article by

1764:, and Sucre was assassinated while riding alone through a thick forest on his way to that city. A downcast Bolívar rode to the coast with the intention of leaving the country, but he was exhausted and very sick. He died near 2311:

politician/historian who had been his presidential secretary. Though nobody has charged Velásquez with corruption, his son became involved in an illegal pardon for drug traffickers but was not charged. Velázquez oversaw the

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established a constitutional monarchy, which precluded new Spanish invasions of America. Before his recall to Spain, Morillo signed a truce with Bolívar. Morillo left Miguel de la Torre in command of the royalist forces.

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After the first contacts between Europeans, specifically Portuguese and Spanish conquerors, there was no several event which produced a reaction between 1515 and 1528, the biggest event that happened after 1528 was the

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Constituent Assembly elections were held on 30 July 2017. The decision to hold the election was criticised by members of the international community, with over 40 countries along with supranational bodies such as the

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was formally inaugurated as President of Venezuela on 19 April, after the election commission had promised a full audit of the election results. On 13 May 2013, President Maduro initiated one of his first plans,

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In Venezuela, though the number of people who say they recognize Guaidó as the legitimate president has dwindled to about 50 percent since January, his approval remains much stronger than Maduro's abysmal 4

3764: 2052:, who in many ways made a strong foil to his predecessor. He was stout and good natured and did not make excessive demands on himself. Medina Angarita legalized all political parties, including the divided 2330:

Caldera, who had been candidate for the presidency six times and won once, wanted another go, but COPEI resisted, led by Herrera Campins, and Caldera founded his own brand-new political movement, called

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Back in Bogotá, Bolívar pleaded for unity and, though he had offered to resign various times during his career, this time, when Great Colombia had a new constitution (not Bolívar's one) and a president,

3736: 1806:. Internal tensions led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830–31, with Venezuela declaring independence in 1831. For the rest of the nineteenth century, independent Venezuela saw a range of 1065:, at first involving the indigenous population, then imported Africans. The first real economic success of the colony involved the raising of livestock, much helped by the grassy plains known as 3648: 2711:

by about 60 countries. Internationally, support has followed traditional geopolitical lines, with allies China, Cuba, Iran, Russia, Syria, and Turkey supporting Maduro; while the majority of

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continued exploration in the interior, and in his absence from the capital of the province, the crown of Spain claimed the right to appoint the governor. Upon Hutten's return to the capital,

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said that he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the autocratic government of Nicolás Maduro and the deepening crisis in Venezuela. Venezuela's Defense Minister

2623:, the opposition-led legislative body of Venezuela, announced the activations of Articles 333 and 350 of the Venezuelan Constitution in order to establish new parallel government. 1433:(July 1808). Despite this Spanish victory, the French soon regained the initiative and advanced into southern Spain. The Spanish government had to retreat to the island redoubt of 1108:, as part of a new territorial control policy. It was suspended in 1723 for financial problems and was restored in 1739 until the independence movement suspended it again in 1810. 2731:

described dollarization as an "escape valve" that helps the recovery of the country, the spread of productive forces in the country and the economy. However, Maduro said that the

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In 1828, in view of the political opposition he faced, both in Venezuela and in New Granada, and because his Great Colombia had started to disintegrate, Bolívar named himself

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The first organized conspiracy against the colonial regime in Venezuela occurred in 1797, organized by Manuel Gual and José María España. It took direct inspiration from the

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Restuccia, Diego. "The Monetary and Fiscal History of Venezuela: 1960–2016." (University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper 2018–59) (2018).

3589: 532:. Most of the surviving locals had migrated south by then, where Spanish monks worked. Intellectual activity increased among the white Creole elite and was centered on the 4701: 609:(Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). At the same time, the new government of Venezuela started several changes in the internal economy of the country, which resulted in a 556:. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional 5229: 3987: 2260:

proved less generous with hand-outs than previously. Despite initially rejecting liberalization policies, his economic agenda was later focused on cutting subsidies,

1652: 1630: 1270: 4034: 3425: 3098: 5195: 4052: 396: 3619: 1069:. The society that developed as a result – a handful of Spanish landowners and widely dispersed native herdsmen on Spanish-introduced horses – recalls primitive 5180: 2859: 3708: 1655:, Bolívar had all available forces converge on Carabobo, a hilly plain near Valencia, to face de la Torre and Morales. The defeat of the Spanish right in the 1414:

from French hegemony and partial occupation before the Spanish American wars of independence even began. The focal point of Spanish political resistance, the

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immediately criticized Trump for his statement, calling it "an act of supreme extremism" and "an act of madness". The Venezuelan communications minister,

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ranged against him, Pérez was imprisoned – for a while in a detention center, then later under house arrest. In 1993, Pérez handed over the presidency to

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in Europe not only weakened Spain's imperial power but also put Britain (unofficially) on the side of the independence movement. After the signing of the

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overtones. Constitutionally, López Contreras finished Gómez's last term and in 1936 he was elected by the docile congress for the term ending in 1941.

1911:, his favorite city, west of Caracas, which he embellished and made the main Venezuelan garrison, a status which it retained until at least the 1960s. 1288:

an independent country. After two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most famous son,

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By the middle of the 16th century, not many more than 2,000 Europeans lived in the region that became Venezuela. The opening of gold mines in 1632 at

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The opposition started a common front for all the people in Venezuela that oppose the amendment. On 20 June 2017, President of the National Assembly

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After a vote in the same congress for the 1941–1946 term, López Contreras handed power to his war minister and personal friend, the Andean general

1496:, the future Liberator) saw the setting up of the Junta as a step towards outright independence. On 5 July 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the 317: 97: 5224: 5048: 3283: 1149:

held a close monopoly on trade with Europe. The Guipuzcoana company stimulated the Venezuelan economy, especially in fostering the cultivation of

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of the grassy llanos. Most of the Amerindians who still survived had perforce migrated to the plains and jungles to the south, where only Spanish

1073:, certainly a powerful concept in the 16th-century Spanish imagination that (perhaps more fruitfully) bears comparison in economic terms with the 4322: 1233:" (city council) decide to follow the example set by the Spanish provinces two years earlier. On 5 July 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the 5436: 5246: 4694: 2803:

Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (Eds.) (2008): Handbook of South American Archaeology 1st ed. 2008. Corr. 2nd printing, XXVI, 1192 p. 430.

2667: 2551: 2472: 2460: 1920: 1501: 1391: 1238: 598: 252: 3310: 186: 5143: 5043: 4997: 4427: 2890: 2832: 2808: 2613: 2575: 2488: 2476: 2441: 2402: 2356: 2313: 2300: 2175: 1899:, spent fourteen years in jail. He later claimed that he was in ball and chains during all that time, but he was released by Gómez. His son, 1795: 1437:. Here, the Supreme Central Junta dissolved itself and set up a five-person regency to handle the affairs of state until the deputies of the 586: 308: 303: 4175: 3452: 1777: 173: 78: 73: 2784: 850: 441: 5419: 3792: 3253: 2519:. A year after the plan was initiated, no changes in crime had been reported since murder rates throughout the country remained the same. 2178:. These were free enough to produce results unacceptable to the government, leading them to be falsified and to one of the three leaders, 3381: 5648: 5441: 5265: 5080: 4862: 2749: 2468: 2325: 992: 477: 141: 4932: 2639:

condemning and failing to recognize the election, stating it would only further escalate tensions. President Maduro's allies — such as

2246: 2153: 1862: 242: 5355: 1974:. The social progress that did take place was through a spontaneous trend towards modernization in which oil played the central role. 758:

In this period, hunters and gatherers of megafauna started to turn to other food sources and established the first tribal structures.

505: 389: 340: 84: 2056:: some were hard-line, such as the Machado brothers of a traditional Caracas family; and others, gradualists or conciliatory, led by 1850: 5065: 4687: 3114: 2939: 2452:

for all elected officials (previously, the constitution limited presidents to two terms, and other officials also had term limits).

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whose commander Thomas Farriar fell, decided the battle. The general Morales with the remnants of the royalists tried to resist in

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of mainland Venezuela started in 1502. Spain established its first permanent South American settlement in what became the city of

5365: 5060: 4348: 4137: 3597: 2716: 2390: 2191: 2126: 485:" which means "Little Venice". The Germans in Venezuela were mostly conquistadores or explorers, which their mission was to find 2542:, said that the confiscated food should be given to the Venezuelan people, and should not be "in the hands of these gangsters". 5517: 5451: 5426: 5207: 4804: 3355: 2769: 2636: 2568: 1554: 1166: 918: 796: 445: 2359:

the traditional political parties had become extremely unpopular; an initial front-runner for the presidency in late 1997 was

1930:, refused to allow the oil companies to build refineries on Venezuelan soil, so these were built them in the Dutch islands of 742:

are some of the sites that have yielded archaeological material from these times. These groups co-existed with megafauna like

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among them – followed suit. Although the new Junta of Caracas had self-appointed elite members who claimed to represent the

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National Assembly President Juan Guaidó, who is recognized as Venezuela's rightful leader by the U.S. and some 60 countries

3557: 3175:"Venezuela 2002–2003: Polarisation, Confrontation, and Violence," Margarita López Maya; in Olivia Burlimgame Guombri, ed., 5683: 5605: 5475: 5325: 5190: 5012: 4937: 3854: 3529: 2559: 2106: 1460:" (city council) decide to follow the example set by the Spanish provinces two years earlier. Other provincial capitals — 877:, attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them. Historians agree that the founder of 529: 382: 23: 4492:

Jacobs, Matthew D. "Reformists, revolutionaries, and Kennedy administration public diplomacy in Colombia and Venezuela."

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Americas between 1508 and 1531, by which time the local indigenous population and the pearl oysters had been devastated.

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largely inherited from the colonial era). The start of the 20th century saw several notable international crises: the

1512: 1480:(free blacks and even slaves), the new government eventually faced the challenge of maintaining the alliance with the 1313: 1242: 618: 549: 201: 163: 153: 4530:

Mähler, Annegret. "Oil in Venezuela: Triggering conflicts or ensuring stability? A historical comparative analysis."

2571:(OAS) stated, "I have never seen a country going down so fast, at every level: politically, economically, socially". 2018: 2856: 1352:, reflected the source of their wealth. To this day, in Venezuela the term can apply to a presumptuous person.) The 1115:

plantations manned by much larger importations of African slaves. Quite a number of black slaves also worked in the

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lived mainly in groups as agriculturists and hunters – along the coast, in the Andean mountain range, and along the

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Zahler, Reuben. "How Civic Virtue Became Republican Honor: Revolution and Republicanism in Venezuela, 1800–1840."

3926: 3793:"Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the situation in Venezuela – Consilium" 3737:"La lista de los 40 países democráticos que hasta el momento desconocieron la Asamblea Constituyente de Venezuela" 5615: 5537: 5492: 5270: 5160: 5126: 4922: 4907: 4835: 4658:

Populist discourse in Venezuela and the United States: American unexceptionalism and political identity formation

4646:

Racine, Karen. "Simón Bolívar and friends: Recent biographies of independence figures in Colombia and Venezuela"

3903: 2523: 2265: 2122: 2049: 1996: 1896: 1748: 1614: 675: 622: 602: 181: 2257: 1452:

on July 14, aboard of French brigantine "Serpent". Two days after a movement broke out in Caracas known as the

1334:

Spanish dependencies, not excluding the viceroyalties, although one should not belabor this point, for only the

1080:

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the cities that constitute today's Venezuela suffered relative neglect. The

582: 5512: 5507: 5399: 5131: 4917: 4809: 4718: 4710: 3215: 2759: 2754: 2583: 1967: 1838: 1683: 1553:

Bolívar arrived in Cartagena and was well received, as he was later in Bogotá, where he joined the army of the

1304:, formed part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830, when Venezuela became a separate sovereign country. 1213: 1081: 211: 1815: 1469: 1461: 1903:, would later become president of Venezuela. When university students staged a street demonstration in 1928 ( 1189:. Later on, the development of the education system is one of the reasons why distribution began to improve. 5580: 5116: 3882:"Syria congratulates Venezuela on successful election of the Constituent Assembly – Syrian Arab News Agency" 2764: 2406: 2364: 2269: 2137: 2105:

was a three-year period in Venezuelan history, from 1945 to 1948, under the government of the popular party

2085: 1992: 1900: 1811: 1710: 1516: 1380: 1246: 1051: 552:, which was not securely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of 1686:

and in November 1823 José Antonio Páez occupied Puerto Cabello, the last Royalist stronghold in Venezuela.

1169:, which taught Latin, medicine, and engineering, apart from the humanities. Its most illustrious graduate, 5610: 5542: 5522: 5502: 5461: 5446: 5202: 5165: 5026: 2724: 2187: 1834: 1698: 1453: 1415: 1399: 654: 3859: 2715:

and Latin American countries support Guaidó as acting president. Support for Guaidó has declined since a

1602: 1562: 1369:, but was put down with the collaboration of the "mantuanos" because it promoted radical social changes. 1182: 5595: 5575: 5104: 5007: 4565: 2774: 2594: 2410: 2014:

state in western Venezuela, whose capital was Maracaibo, where the most productive fields were located.

711: 594: 566: 533: 270: 92: 5404: 2732: 1887: 1876: 1694: 1209: 512:

to work in the mines. The territory of Venezuela was at various times ruled by the capitals of distant

4499:

Layrisse, I. "Heavy oil production in Venezuela: Historical recap and scenarios for next century." in

4443:

Arroyo Abad, Leticia. "Instability, Cost of Living, and Real Wages in Venezuela in the 19th Century."

4066: 4015: 3680: 2981: 2129:

saw Democratic Action formally elected to office, but it was removed from office shortly after in the

665: 489:. At the same time, the German explorers and conquistadores founded two standing cities in actuality, 5641: 5557: 5456: 5387: 5341: 5285: 5280: 5256: 5217: 5148: 5121: 5055: 5038: 4726: 3477: 2601: 2332: 2065: 1682:. Subsequent battles included a key naval victory for the independence forces on 24 July 1823 at the 1395: 1281: 914: 465: 5565: 5527: 5497: 5350: 5185: 5153: 5138: 4992: 4792: 4771: 4761: 4746: 3964: 3769: 3649:"Venezuelan Opposition Lays Out Plan to Rebel against Maduro Regime, Establish Parallel Government" 2879:

Gilbert G. Gonzalez; Raul A. Fernandez; Vivian Price; David Smith; Linda Trinh Võ (2 August 2004).

2600:

On 1 May 2017 following a month of protests that resulted in at least 29 dead, Maduro called for a

2589: 2500: 1971: 1830: 1761: 1426: 1403: 1356:

showed themselves presumptuous, overbearing, and zealous in affirming their privileges against the

1178: 1146: 1085: 828: 610: 517: 469: 355: 216: 2288:

and led to a large number of deaths, ranging from the official estimate of 277 dead to over 2000.

1493: 1289: 1254: 1111:

In the 18th century, a second Venezuelan society formed along the coast with the establishment of

5657: 5600: 5590: 5570: 5547: 5487: 5075: 5070: 4776: 4751: 4731: 2414: 2285: 2194:. Prior to the elections, three of the main political parties (with the notable exclusion of the 1904: 1656: 1577:

who was having second thoughts on his side. At the time that Bolívar was victorious in the west,

1558: 1532: 1473: 1258: 1097: 1039: 1030: 1004: 894: 840: 731: 688:

have discovered evidence of the earliest known inhabitants of the Venezuelan area in the form of

537: 414: 345: 257: 123: 63: 2037:

whatever he did had the taint of his background as a pillar of the Gómez regime. Even the name "

1718: 1578: 1438: 4487:

Unfinished Transitions: Women and the Gendered Development of Democracy in Venezuela, 1936–1996

3592:[What is Maduro seeking with the new self-coup that he tries to impose in Venezuela?]. 1982: 1872: 5620: 4756: 4736: 4423: 4358: 4296: 4147: 4046: 3329:"Maduro's crackdown on appliance stores may win key votes, but spurs uncertainty in Venezuela" 3110: 2935: 2886: 2880: 2828: 2822: 2804: 2728: 2579: 2511: 2484: 2340: 1842: 1457: 1366: 1228: 1185:

produced a few but impressive compositions according with the strictest 18th-century European

1043: 1026: 1018: 1008: 955: 614: 2483:

re-elected by a substantial margin, but he died in office in early 2013. He was succeeded by

5662: 4942: 4741: 4554:

Neuhouser, Kevin. "Democratic stability in Venezuela: Elite consensus or class compromise?"

4459:

The Smugglers' World: Illicit Trade and Atlantic Communities in Eighteenth-century Venezuela

3992: 3567: 2685: 2681: 2539: 2409:

party in the National Assembly. Supporters of Chávez call the process symbolised by him the

2308: 2171: 2097: 1757: 1740: 1644: 1407: 1157: 1047: 1035: 908: 719: 509: 372: 262: 2663:— discouraged foreign intervention in Venezuelan politics and congratulated the president. 2174:"), a triumvirate of military personnel controlled the government until 1952, when it held 4766: 4237: 3202: 3068: 2863: 2199: 1939: 1883: 1819: 1660: 1445: 1387: 1224: 1112: 943: 882: 494: 283: 225: 4962: 3558:"Venezuela's embattled socialist president calls for citizens congress, new constitution" 2080:

Members of the Revolutionary Government Junta, from left to right: Mario Ricardo Vargas,

1561:

from the southwest by crossing the Andes (1813). His chief lieutenant was the headstrong

1273:

in 1819–20 did Venezuela achieve a lasting independence from Spain (initially as part of

1170: 1156:

In 1777 the provinces of Venezuela were separated from the Viceroyalty of New Granada by

946:, sailing along the length of the northern coast of South America in 1499, gave the name 808: 773: 293: 4102: 4084: 3265: 3189: 2136:

There was no particular incident that set off the bloodless 1948 coup, which was led by

1782: 1689: 1545: 1372: 1265:

in 1813; but this did not last either, falling to a combination of a local uprising and

5585: 5330: 4977: 4952: 4640: 4603: 4525: 4035:"La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro" 2701: 2628: 2538:

was intended for "smuggling" or "speculation." The president of the National Assembly,

2527: 2480: 2428:

Chávez also remained in power after a national strike that lasted more than two months

2386: 2158: 2057: 1799: 1664: 1411: 1341: 1142: 935: 927: 782: 747: 715: 590: 570: 325: 3620:"Unidad anuncia activación del 350, nueva hoja de ruta y respaldo a la Fiscal General" 2824:

Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries

2214: 1724: 5677: 5310: 4957: 4897: 4613: 4610:

Changing Venezuela by taking power: the history and policies of the Chavez government

4508:

Religion and Politics in Latin America: The Catholic Church in Venezuela and Colombia

4415: 4353: 4142: 3826: 3149: 2712: 2261: 2081: 1803: 1679: 1626: 1285: 1274: 1217: 1186: 1105: 984: 978: 922: 862: 816: 800: 756:

Archaeologists identify a Meso-Indian period from about 9,000–7,000 B.P. to 1000 B.P.

700: 685: 553: 504:

Relatively few colonists employed native farmers on their estates and enslaved other

482: 288: 68: 4464:

Derham, Michael. "Undemocratic democracy: Venezuela and the distorting of history."

2688:, said Trump's words amounted to "an unprecedented threat to national sovereignty". 2032:

led the oil strike: Rodolfo Quintero and the oil worker Jesús Faría. The history of

766: 424: 5315: 4579:

Society and Economy in Venezuela: An Overview of the Bolivarian Period (1998–2018).

3946:"Venezuela ushers in new pro-government chamber as opposition struggles to regroup" 3590:"¿Qué busca Nicolás Maduro con el nuevo autogolpe que quiere imponer en Venezuela?" 2677: 2674: 2620: 2564: 2533: 1675: 1181:, a town to the east of Caracas, there flourished a school of music whose director 966: 849:

which ends with the European Conquest and Colony period. In the 16th century, when

795:

Pre-Columbian Venezuela had an estimated population of one million. In addition to

704: 693: 3154: 2471:(PSUV) but with only 65 seats compared to PSUV's 98. The election was preceded by 2186:, which saw the advent of democracy with a transitional government under Admiral 1011:

of Spain. The primary motivation was the search for the legendary golden city of

4912: 4672: 4224:

Juan Guaido, acknowledged as interim president of Venezuela by some 60 countries

3530:"OAS Chief: Venezuela Regime's Behavior Is 'Criminal – Everything Is Collapsed'" 3400:"Cabello en Apure: Decomisamos 12.000 litros de aceites y 30 toneladas de arroz" 3099:"Neoliberalism, the erosion of consensus and the rise of a new popular movement" 2648: 2609: 2125:

and held the first elections with universal suffrage in Venezuelan history. The

2042: 1927: 1826: 1765: 1609:

movement against the restored Republic. Bolívar and Ribas held and defended the

1582: 1386:

European events sowed the seeds of Venezuela's declaration of independence. The

1326: 1126: 870: 824: 743: 735: 524:

grew along the coast, which were processed by further importing African slaves.

498: 453: 429: 196: 4480:

Venezuela and the United States: from Monroe's hemisphere to petroleum's empire

1966:

ancestry, but he was overtly racist and he was much influenced by a historian,

4623: 3765:"Fear spreads in Venezuela ahead of planned protest of controversial election" 3681:"As Venezuela unrest spreads, Maduro presses on with plans to rewrite charter" 3653: 3624: 2449: 2394: 2360: 2166:

Venezuela saw ten years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. After the

1963: 1935: 1672: 1590: 1150: 1074: 671: 650: 525: 521: 4362: 4151: 3478:"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent: document" 3356:"Venezuelans muse on economic woes that make milk scarce but fridges a steal" 5320: 4858: 4263:"Maduro isolated as Latin American nations back Venezuela opposition leader" 3562: 3216:"Delegations from 15 countries to assist Maduro's inauguration in Venezuela" 3064: 2652: 2029: 1449: 1430: 1418:, was formed to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII prisoner of Napoleon in 1336: 1070: 1022: 1013: 513: 490: 486: 461: 418: 116: 4679: 2017:

López Contreras had created a labor ministry and his representative there,

1668: 1465: 970: 739: 4121:"Aid Trucks Burn Amid Clashes Between Aid Convoys and Venezuelan Military" 2700:

Additionally, on 23 January 2019, the president of the National Assembly,

2413:

and were organised into different government-funded groups, including the

1829:

was particularly bloody and saw the establishment of the modern system of

1088:(located on the sites that had been occupied by the capital cities of the 644: 548:

in 1777. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American colonies to

4967: 4180: 3453:"Trump's Sanctions Make Economic Recovery in Venezuela Nearly Impossible" 2632: 2281: 2273: 2038: 2007: 1938:. The one in Aruba was for a time the second largest in the world, after 1736: 1597:

in the cause of independence. Rather it was the other way around. In the

1434: 1293: 1174: 1117: 996: 904: 874: 858: 847:

Beginning around 1,000 AD, archaeologists speak of the Neo-Indian period,

804: 574: 558: 457: 298: 4537:

Martz, John D. "Party Elites and leadership in Colombia and Venezuela."

3801:

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

3382:"Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro" 2956:

Historia de Colombia y Venezuela, desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días

1318: 708: 4559: 4388: 4267: 4176:"Troops that revolted against Venezuela's Maduro have fled the country" 3850:"Almagro, 13 OAS Nations Demand Maduro Suspend Constitutional Assembly" 3741: 3709:"Venezuelan gov't proposes constitutional assembly election on July 30" 3685: 3426:"Venezuelan Political Crisis Grows After High Court Dissolves Congress" 3230:"Venezuela's Agony: Weak President, Strong Generals, Riots and Cocaine" 2640: 2277: 2182:, assuming the presidency. His government was brought to an end by the 2033: 1959: 1908: 1425:

The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered occurred at the

1419: 1358: 1301: 1134: 1130: 1062: 1058: 931: 878: 866: 832: 812: 751: 449: 2076: 1886:

was too sick to be cured in Venezuela and he left for Germany leaving

1141:(the name for an area of friar activity) developed in San Tomé in the 605:. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to 417:

in 1656, by Sanson Nicolas. One of the first maps about Venezuela and

4827: 4651: 4163:

Most Western and Latin American countries recognise Mr Guaidó's claim

4067:"Venezuela's Maduro starts new term as U.S. decries him as 'usurper'" 2656: 1943: 1739:. He escaped an assassination attempt with the help of his mistress, 1598: 1484:. Given recent history these groups still had grievances against the 1297: 1122: 1066: 1000: 951: 820: 2389:, a former paratroop lieutenant-colonel who had led an unsuccessful 899: 4591:

Straka, Tomás, Guillermo Guzmán Mirabal, and Alejandro E. Cáceres.

3988:"Trump's Threat to Invade Venezuela Boosts Embattled Leader Maduro" 5414: 5360: 2660: 2588: 2578:, and the push to ban potential opposition presidential candidate 2433: 2351: 2336: 2011: 1991: 1981: 1931: 1871: 1853:(Venezuela's refusal to pay foreign debts) under Cipriano Castro. 1781: 1723: 1688: 1634: 1544: 1371: 1317: 1208: 1089: 959: 898: 836: 726:

tips, come from a similar site in northwestern Venezuela known as

723: 585:

in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the

423: 3822:"Venezuela Urged by Mercosur to Refrain From Escalating Tensions" 2475:

that favoured PSUV by giving more weight to the countryside. The

1810:(strongmen) compete for power. Leading political figures include 835:

and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the

799:

known today, the population included historic groups such as the

2644: 2554:

the opposition gained a majority; however, on 30 March 2017 the

1947: 1565:. In Trujillo, an Andean province, Bolívar emitted his infamous 1093: 696: 689: 4831: 4683: 3284:"Venezuela's Maduro Seeks New Decree Powers for 'Economic War'" 3190:"Lessons from Venezuela's referendum – International Socialism" 1786:

Antonio Guzmán Blanco, painting by Martín Tovar y Tovar in 1880

621:, escalating famine, disease, crime, and mortality, leading to 4323:"Ex-Green Beret led failed attempt to oust Venezuela's Maduro" 4211: 3881: 3713: 2209: 2022: 1344:

elite) had access to a solid education. (Another name for the

823:. They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic 4207:"Venezuelan gov't, opposition blame each other for blackouts" 2346:

Once back in the presidential palace, Caldera confronted the

1402:

and the confirmation of the abdication of Ferdinand's father

930:. The expedition discovered the so-called "Pearl Islands" of 4291: 2487:(initially as interim president before narrowly winning the 1621:

Gran Colombia and Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada

1216:

in 1823 resulted in the final expulsion of the Spanish from

2604:

that would draft a new constitution that would replace the

2420:

In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the

2339:

chose a mediocrity from within its ranks. The adecos chose

2170:

brought an end to the three-year experiment in democracy ("

2144:

were expelled. The other parties were allowed but muzzled.

1406:. Napoleon then appointed as King of Spain his own brother 4238:"Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape" 3927:"Venezuela: New assembly leader warns 'justice will come'" 2558:(dominated by Maduro loyalists), announced that since the 1511:

ensued. It ran concurrently with that of New Granada. The

3504:"Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis" 2932:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

1643:

In Spain in 1820, liberal sections of the military under

853:

began in Venezuelan territory, the population of several

528:

beans became Venezuela's main export, monopolized by the

4637:

Venezuelan history: a comprehensive working bibliography

4384:"Maduro says 'thank God' for dollarization in Venezuela" 3254:

Maduro requests enabling law for one year (El Universal)

1721:. Thus began the rivalry between Santander and Bolívar. 714:

implements exposed on the high riverine terraces of the

3960:"Trump won't 'rule out a military option' in Venezuela" 2226: 4515:

Venezuela: the search for order, the dream of progress

2432:, including a strike/lockout in the state oil company 1137:

for some of their languages. The most important friar

573:

led to several political crises, including the deadly

4016:"Venezuela's Maduro re-elected amid outcry over vote" 3203:"Nicolas Maduro sworn in as new Venezuelan president" 3069:"A beacon of hope for the rebirth of Bolívar's dream" 2064:). But the real genius at political organization was 1709:

In Venezuela, nominally a province of Gran Colombia,

1292:. Venezuela, along with the present-day countries of 3103:

Venezuela: The Revolution Unfolding In Latin America

2586:

to their most "combative" since they began in 2014.

1962:

was the greatest killer. Gómez himself probably had

1054:

executed. Charles I later revoked Welser's charter.

5556: 5474: 5386: 5339: 5299: 5254: 5245: 5103: 5025: 4869: 4790: 4717: 3205:. BBC News. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. 3026:

Gomez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935

917:sailed along the eastern coast of Venezuela on his 3944:Zuñiga, Mariana; Faiola, Anthony (4 August 2017). 2456:took place on 15 February 2009, and was approved. 4501:SPE international symposium on oilfield chemistry 2969:El gomecismo y la formación del ejército nacional 2467:, win nearly as large a share of the vote as the 2291:The MBR officers started plotting seriously, and 1798:), Venezuela initially won independence from the 562:(military strongmen) until the mid-20th century. 4570:Rudolph, Donna Keyse, and Gerald Allen Rudolph. 2616:, as the process would take at least two years. 2299:resolutely resisted. With the supreme court and 2284:. The response resulted in the declaration of a 1620: 3925:Jason Hanna and Nicole Chavez (4 August 2017). 3311:"Venezuela government creates happiness agency" 2709:recognized as the acting president of Venezuela 1978:López Contreras and Medina Angarita (1935–1945) 493:and Neu-Augsburg, which is the today's city of 4349:"More dollars and fewer protests in Venezuela" 4138:"More dollars and fewer protests in Venezuela" 4073:. 10 January 2019 – via www.reuters.com. 3148:The coup installed chamber of commerce leader 2717:failed military uprising attempt in April 2019 2593:Millions of Venezuelans protesting during the 2463:saw a new opposition electoral coalition, the 2316:, and these were at once familiar and unique. 4843: 4695: 1693:Simón Bolívar and Francisco Santander at the 390: 8: 4816:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2882:Labor Versus Empire: Race, Gender, Migration 2735:will still remain as the national currency. 1747:woman from Quito. Santander was exiled, but 1527:The campaign of 1813 and the Second Republic 1153:, which became Venezuela's principal export 1017:. The venture was led by the first governor 958:—because of its perceived similarity to the 4671:Latin American Network Information Center. 4085:"US says it now backs Venezuela opposition" 4051:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2934:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. 1410:. That marked the beginning of Spain's own 1003:banking family obtained colonial rights in 460:. However, in the Andean region of western 5480: 5392: 5251: 5242: 5109: 5031: 4875: 4850: 4836: 4828: 4702: 4688: 4680: 4292:"'We are going to take over the premises'" 4022:. 21 May 2018 – via www.reuters.com. 2670:was officially sworn in on 4 August 2017. 1653:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada 1631:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada 1271:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada 1125:took an interest in them – especially the 565:Since 1958, Venezuela has had a series of 397: 383: 17: 3552: 3550: 3092: 3090: 2405:Chávez, also placing many members of his 1671:, Santander's birthplace, and approved a 1362:(mixed-race) majority of the population. 921:in 1498 and explored most of the today's 613:that began during the rule of Chavez and 440:reflects events in areas of the Americas 4033:De 2019, 10 De Enero (10 January 2019). 3596:(in Spanish). 2 May 2017. Archived from 2867:Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum. 2256:Serving as president from 1974 to 1979, 2157: 2084:, Valmore Rodríguez, Rómulo Betancourt, 2075: 1444:Word of Spain's troubles in 1808 in the 1398:demanded and received the abdication of 1261:" to retake Venezuela, establishing the 1223:Word of Spain's troubles in 1808 in the 408: 4522:People and places in Colonial Venezuela 4503:(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999). 4445:América Latina en la historia económica 4236:Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). 3900:"Venezuela: Where is the condemnation?" 2796: 2546:Opposition wins parliamentary elections 1601:a populist Spanish immigrant caudillo, 1173:, became the greatest Spanish American 991:) was the most significant part of the 734:, these date from 15,000 to 9,000 B.P. 589:of former coup-involved career officer 108: 50: 31: 20: 4044: 3179:. 2005, Washington D.C., U.S.A. p. 16. 3136: 2668:2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela 2552:2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election 1921:History of the Venezuelan oil industry 1502:Venezuelan Declaration of Independence 1239:Venezuelan Declaration of Independence 973:. At the time of the Spanish arrival, 942:The second Spanish expedition, led by 772:Timoto-Cuica territory in present day 351:Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez 4675:. USA: University of Texas at Austin. 4602:2nd edition (Greenwood Press, 2018). 4132: 4130: 4103:"Venezuela closes border with Brazil" 3266:"Venezuela's Maduro seeks new powers" 3218:. Pravda.ru. Retrieved 18 April 2013. 2576:2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis 2522:In October 2013, Maduro requested an 1796:Spanish American wars of independence 7: 3354:Lopez, Virginia (15 November 2013). 2785:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2382:Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution 1667:. After Carabobo, a congress met in 1147:Real Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas 885:, ultimately put Tamanaco to death. 472:flourished before European contact. 444:starting 1502; amid resistance from 428:5 July 1811 (fragment), painting by 5237:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) 4466:Bulletin of Latin American Research 4452:Comandante: Hugo Chávez's Venezuela 3948:– via www.washingtonpost.com. 3628:(in European Spanish). 20 June 2017 3451:Weisbrot, Mark (7 September 2017). 2750:German colonization of the Americas 2469:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2422:2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2377:History of Venezuela (1999–present) 2326:Second presidency of Rafael Caldera 2268:. Naím began at the lowest rung of 2117:). The party gained office via the 1958:million and a half to two million. 1825:In a succession of rebellions, the 1500:declared their independence in the 1237:declared their independence in the 1227:but only on 19 April 1810 did its " 1100:came under the jurisdiction of the 993:German colonization of the Americas 581:, and the impeachment of President 142:American Confederation of Venezuela 4652:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12608 4593:Historical Dictionary of Venezuela 4572:Historical dictionary of Venezuela 2440:. He was elected for another term 2252:Second Andrés Pérez administration 1731:. Painting by Martín Tovar y Tovar 1133:, who compiled grammars and small 995:, from 1528 to 1546, in which the 607:República Bolivariana de Venezuela 14: 4595:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2017). 4539:Journal of Latin American Studies 4290:Rodríguez, Jesús A (8 May 2019). 3402:. El-nacional.com. Archived from 3228:Ventura, Marcel (14 April 2014). 2348:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 1541:Spanish reconquest of New Granada 1340:(a Venezuelan name for the white 1046:, in 1546, the Spanish governor, 635:Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela 629:Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela 617:. The crisis is characterised by 478:German Colonization of Venezuela. 5366:Ecological Movement of Venezuela 4586:Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy 3647:Martín, Sabrina (21 June 2017). 3309:RUEDA, JORGE (25 October 2013). 3109:: Resistance Books. p. 10. 2430:in December 2002 – February 2003 2213: 2127:1947 Venezuelan general election 1778:History of Venezuela (1830–1908) 781: 765: 664: 643: 366: 42: 3214:Kroth, Olivia (18 April 2013). 2770:List of presidents of Venezuela 2637:Organization of American States 2569:Organization of American States 1705:Independence from Gran Colombia 1651:The truce ended in 1821 and in 1569:with which he hoped to get the 1555:United Provinces of New Granada 1515:was lost in 1812 following the 1245:was lost in 1812 following the 831:vegetable fibers to weave into 827:, but no major monuments. They 738:, yellow Muaco, and El Jobo in 4928:Restorative Liberal Revolution 4588:(Duke University Press, 2011). 4473:Venezuela: a century of change 3858:. 26 July 2017. Archived from 3528:Padgett, Tim (24 April 2017). 3380:Milne, Seumas (8 April 2014). 3013:Venezuela and the Oil Pioneers 2918:Economía colonial de Venezuela 2465:Coalition for Democratic Unity 2247:History of Venezuela (1958–99) 2154:History of Venezuela (1948–58) 1868:Juan Vicente Gómez (1908–1935) 1863:History of Venezuela (1908–58) 1792:Venezuelan War of Independence 1768:in Colombia at the age of 47. 1509:Venezuelan War of Independence 1498:Captaincy General of Venezuela 1235:Captaincy General of Venezuela 1199:Venezuelan War of Independence 1025:in 1529. Upon his arrival to 546:Captaincy General of Venezuela 233:Restorative Liberal Revolution 1: 3902:. 4 July 2017. Archived from 3855:Latin American Herald Tribune 3052:Temas de historia bolivariana 2438:August 2004 recall referendum 2320:Second Caldera administration 2264:, and legislation to attract 1851:Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 722:hunting artifacts, including 530:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 4577:Schincariol, Vitor Eduardo. 4556:American Sociological Review 4420:La rebelión de los náufragos 3107:Chippendale, New South Wales 2885:. Routledge. pp. 142–. 2780:Second Republic of Venezuela 2582:from politics for 15 years, 2461:2010 parliamentary elections 2202:power-transition agreement. 2196:Communist Party of Venezuela 2072:El Trienio Adeco (1945–1948) 1537:Second Republic of Venezuela 1263:Second Republic of Venezuela 1251:Battle of La Victoria (1812) 1205:Revolution of April 19, 1810 1007:in return for debts owed by 676:Waraira Repano National Park 571:economic shocks in the 1980s 5302:Democratic Unity Roundtable 5291:People's Electoral Movement 5225:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 4482:(U of Georgia Press, 1996). 2745:First Republic of Venezuela 2614:2018 presidential elections 2606:1999 Venezuela Constitution 2567:, secretary general of the 2489:2013 presidential elections 2477:2012 presidential elections 2184:1958 Venezuelan coup d'état 2168:1948 Venezuelan coup d'état 2131:1948 Venezuelan coup d'état 2119:1945 Venezuelan coup d'état 2062:Venezuelan Democratic Party 1659:, which is credited to the 1557:. He recruited a force and 1513:First Republic of Venezuela 1314:First Republic of Venezuela 1267:Spanish royalist reconquest 1243:First Republic of Venezuela 1061:led to the introduction of 579:two attempted coups in 1992 5700: 4998:2017 constitutional crisis 3745:(in Spanish). 31 July 2017 3050:López Contreras, Eleazar, 3037:Vallenilla Lanz, Laureano 3000:Gomez, Tyrant of the Andes 2827:. Routledge. p. 130. 2556:Supreme Court of Venezuela 2498: 2374: 2323: 2244: 2151: 2095: 1918: 1860: 1775: 1624: 1567:Decree of War to the Death 1530: 1311: 1202: 1196: 1102:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1082:Viceroyalties of New Spain 892: 788:Timoto and Cuica toponyms. 632: 542:Viceroyalty of New Granada 540:was incorporated into the 309:November 1992 coup attempt 304:February 1992 coup attempt 129:Viceroyalty of New Granada 5635: 5483: 5395: 5271:Movement We Are Venezuela 5127:Human rights in Venezuela 5112: 5034: 4973:1992 coup d'état attempts 4908:Revolution of the Reforms 4878: 4489:(Penn State Press, 2010). 2998:Rourke, Thomas (pseud.), 2446:constitutional referendum 2092:. Miraflores Palace, 1945 2002:Gómez's minister of war, 1605:, initiated a widespread 1589:from the Dutch island of 1280:On 17 December 1819, the 1005:the Province of Venezuela 603:Constitution of Venezuela 599:1999 Constituent Assembly 182:Revolution of the Reforms 5144:Administrative divisions 5003:2019 presidential crisis 4983:2002 coup d'état attempt 4918:Revindicating Revolution 4711:History of South America 4620:Journal of World History 4574:(Scarecrow Press, 1996). 4461:(UNC Press Books, 2018). 3155:"Profile: Pedro Carmona" 2982:"Roman Delgado Chalbaud" 2916:Arcila Farias, Eduardo, 2862:4 September 2011 at the 2760:History of South America 2755:History of Latin America 2444:. In December 2007 in a 2088:, Edmundo Fernández and 2019:Carlos Ramírez MacGregor 1968:Laureano Vallenilla Lanz 1839:Venezuela Crisis of 1895 1684:Battle of Lake Maracaibo 1492:(among them 27-year-old 1214:Battle of Lake Maracaibo 1029:, Ehinger had appointed 212:Revindicating Revolution 5117:Corruption in Venezuela 4485:Friedman, Elisabeth J. 3797:www.consilium.europa.eu 3315:San Diego Union Tribune 3097:Joquera, Jorge (2003). 2869:(retrieved 9 July 2011) 2765:History of the Americas 2407:Fifth Republic Movement 2367:was elected president. 2270:economic liberalization 2192:December 1958 elections 2138:Carlos Delgado Chalbaud 2086:Carlos Delgado Chalbaud 2041:" was suspect with its 2004:Eleazar López Contreras 1987:Eleazar López Contreras 1901:Carlos Delgado Chalbaud 1713:, backed by the former 1517:1812 Caracas earthquake 1392:Treaty of Fontainebleau 1247:1812 Caracas earthquake 1193:Venezuelan independence 1052:Bartholomeus VI. Welser 520:. In the 18th century, 501:and livestock farming. 5442:Science and technology 5356:Movement for Socialism 5266:United Socialist Party 4988:2002–03 general strike 4622:31.2 (2020): 391–424. 4546:A History of Venezuela 4454:(Penguin Books, 2014). 4422:(9th ed.). Alfa. 2597: 2176:presidential elections 2163: 2123:Isaías Medina Angarita 2093: 2050:Isaías Medina Angarita 1999: 1997:Isaías Medina Angarita 1989: 1897:Román Delgado Chalbaud 1879: 1849:with Britain) and the 1835:Provinces of Venezuela 1787: 1749:Jose Prudencio Padilla 1732: 1701: 1699:Ricardo Acevedo Bernal 1640: 1550: 1400:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1383: 1330: 1220: 911: 907:like the ones seen by 718:in western Venezuela. 655:Los Roques Archipelago 593:and the launch of the 567:democratic governments 433: 421: 341:2004 recall referendum 336:2002–03 general strike 4600:History of Venezuela, 4534:39.4 (2011): 583–611. 4532:Politics & Policy 4496:42.5 (2018): 859–885. 4468:21.2 (2002): 270–289. 4447:20.3 (2013): 114–137. 3039:Cesarismo democratico 2821:Wunder, Sven (2003). 2775:Politics of Venezuela 2595:Mother of All Marches 2592: 2499:Further information: 2411:Bolivarian Revolution 2375:Further information: 2161: 2079: 1995: 1985: 1875: 1816:Antonio Guzmán Blanco 1785: 1727: 1692: 1638: 1548: 1521:Battle of La Victoria 1416:Supreme Central Junta 1375: 1321: 1282:Congress of Angostura 1212: 1098:Province of Venezuela 954:" in Spanish) to the 902: 653:sculpted in ceramic, 595:Bolivarian Revolution 538:Province of Venezuela 534:University of Caracas 427: 415:Province of Venezuela 412: 318:Bolivarian Revolution 238:Liberating Revolution 124:Province of Venezuela 5684:History of Venezuela 5342:Agreement for Change 5281:For Social Democracy 5257:Great Patriotic Pole 5122:Torture in Venezuela 5091:World Heritage Sites 5066:Environmental issues 4673:"Venezuela: History" 4598:Tarver, H. Micheal. 4541:24.1 (1992): 87–121. 4510:(Princeton UP, 1981) 4475:(Stanford UP, 1984). 4357:. 18 December 2019. 4146:. 18 December 2019. 3177:The Venezuela Reader 2930:Baten, Jörg (2016). 2906:J.J.Esparza: Cubagua 2602:Constituent Assembly 2276:and later spread to 2180:Marcos Pérez Jiménez 1972:common-law marriages 1915:The discovery of oil 1454:Mantuanos Conspiracy 1394:(1807) in May 1808, 1381:Martín Tovar y Tovar 915:Christopher Columbus 865:), declined. Native 861:(descendants of the 851:Spanish colonization 611:socioeconomic crisis 550:declare independence 438:history of Venezuela 373:Venezuela portal 253:Oil industry history 59:Pre-Columbian period 5528:List of Venezuelans 5351:Progressive Advance 5139:Crisis in Venezuela 4893:War of Independence 4123:. 23 February 2019. 4109:. 22 February 2019. 3965:The Washington Post 3770:The Washington Post 3406:on 24 February 2014 3192:. 18 December 2007. 3067:(9 November 2006). 2725:José Vicente Rangel 2501:Crisis in Venezuela 2473:an electoral reform 2391:coup d'état in 1992 2258:Carlos Andrés Pérez 2198:) signed up to the 2190:in place until the 2188:Wolfgang Larrazábal 1882:In 1908, President 1847:territorial dispute 1831:States of Venezuela 1615:went to New Granada 1488:. A segment of the 1412:War of Independence 1104:created in 1717 by 869:(leaders), such as 597:, beginning with a 583:Carlos Andrés Pérez 544:in 1717 and became 518:Viceroyalty of Peru 470:Timoto-Cuica people 466:Andean civilization 356:Crisis in Venezuela 217:Legalist Revolution 187:1848–1849 civil war 149:War of Independence 5518:Indigenous peoples 5452:Telecommunications 5049:metropolitan areas 4635:Lombardi, John V. 4608:Wilpert, Gregory. 4520:Lombardi, John V. 4517:(Oxford UP, 1982). 4513:Lombardi, John V. 4506:Levine, Daniel H. 4494:Diplomatic History 4392:. 17 November 2019 4091:. 24 January 2019. 3600:on 11 January 2018 3335:. 13 November 2013 3157:. BBC. 27 May 2002 2733:Venezuelan bolívar 2673:On 11 August 2017 2598: 2517:Plan Patria Segura 2415:Bolivarian Circles 2305:Ramón J. Velásquez 2293:on 4 February 1992 2286:state of emergency 2266:foreign investment 2225:. You can help by 2164: 2121:against President 2111:Accion Democratica 2094: 2000: 1990: 1905:Generation of 1928 1888:Juan Vicente Gómez 1880: 1877:Juan Vicente Gómez 1788: 1733: 1702: 1695:Congress of Cúcuta 1657:Battle of Carabobo 1641: 1551: 1533:Admirable Campaign 1384: 1331: 1308:The First Republic 1269:. Only as part of 1259:Admirable Campaign 1221: 1167:its own university 1040:Philipp von Hutten 1031:Nikolaus Federmann 912: 895:Colonial Venezuela 855:indigenous peoples 841:Venezuelan cuisine 797:indigenous peoples 732:radiocarbon dating 625:from the country. 623:massive emigration 446:indigenous peoples 442:colonized by Spain 434: 422: 346:2007 RCTV protests 258:Generation of 1928 5671: 5670: 5631: 5630: 5470: 5469: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5326:Democratic Action 5191:National Assembly 5171:Foreign relations 5099: 5098: 5021: 5020: 4888:Captaincy General 4825: 4824: 4797:other territories 4660:(Springer, 2018). 4656:Savage, Ritchie. 4558:(1992): 117–135. 4544:Moron, Gullermo. 4457:Cromwell, Jesse. 4429:978-980-354-295-5 4297:POLITICO Magazine 4271:. 24 January 2019 4184:. 9 December 2019 3484:. 20 January 2017 3272:. 9 October 2013. 2892:978-1-135-93528-3 2834:978-0-203-98667-7 2809:978-0-387-74906-8 2580:Henrique Capriles 2365:Hugo Chávez Frías 2314:elections of 1993 2243: 2242: 2162:Rómulo Betancourt 2107:Democratic Action 2066:Rómulo Betancourt 1812:José Antonio Páez 1729:José Antonio Páez 1711:José Antonio Páez 1559:invaded Venezuela 1367:French Revolution 1145:. Since 1726 the 1050:, had Hutten and 1044:Santa Ana de Coro 1027:Santa Ana de Coro 1019:Ambrosius Ehinger 975:indigenous people 956:Gulf of Venezuela 774:Mérida, Venezuela 522:cocoa plantations 407: 406: 331:2002 coup attempt 271:Democratic period 134:Captaincy General 5691: 5651: 5644: 5481: 5393: 5344: 5304: 5259: 5252: 5243: 5110: 5032: 4948:1958 coup d'état 4943:El Trienio Adeco 4876: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4817: 4805:Falkland Islands 4719:Sovereign states 4704: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4676: 4650:18#3 (Feb 2020) 4433: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4242:Associated Press 4233: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3996:. 12 August 2017 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3968:. 11 August 2017 3956: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3657:. Archived from 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3568:Associated Press 3554: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3290:. 9 October 2013 3280: 3274: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2954:Humbert, Jules, 2952: 2946: 2945: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2876: 2870: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2818: 2812: 2801: 2707:Guaidó has been 2686:Ernesto Villegas 2682:Vladimir Padrino 2540:Diosdado Cabello 2442:in December 2006 2399:new constitution 2238: 2235: 2217: 2210: 2172:El Trienio Adeco 2113:, its adherents 2103:El Trienio Adeco 2098:El Trienio Adeco 1762:Juan José Flores 1758:Joaquin Mosquera 1645:Rafael del Riego 1603:José Tomás Boves 1563:José Félix Ribas 1549:José Félix Ribas 1427:Battle of Bailén 1422:since May 1808. 1408:Joseph Bonaparte 1183:José Ángel Lamas 1177:of his time. In 1158:King Charles III 1048:Juan de Carvajal 1036:Georg von Speyer 909:Amerigo Vespucci 848: 785: 769: 757: 720:Late Pleistocene 699:, together with 668: 647: 448:, led by Native 399: 392: 385: 371: 370: 369: 263:El Trienio Adeco 243:1902–03 blockade 207:April Revolution 192:March Revolution 101: 87: 46: 36: 18: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5627: 5552: 5533:Public holidays 5466: 5370: 5340: 5335: 5300: 5295: 5276:Communist Party 5255: 5241: 5176:Law enforcement 5095: 5086:Natural Regions 5017: 4865: 4856: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4798: 4796: 4786: 4713: 4708: 4670: 4667: 4648:History Compass 4632: 4584:Smilde, David. 4478:Ewell, Judith. 4471:Ewell, Judith. 4450:Carroll, Rory. 4440: 4438:Further reading 4430: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4329:. 20 April 2021 4321: 4320: 4316: 4302: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4156: 4154: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4043: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3906:on 31 July 2017 3898: 3897: 3893: 3888:. 31 July 2017. 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3862:on 30 July 2017 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3661:on 21 June 2017 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3432:. 30 March 2017 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3234:The Daily Beast 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3024:McBeth, B. S., 3023: 3019: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2864:Wayback Machine 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2741: 2694: 2548: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2328: 2322: 2254: 2249: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2223:needs expansion 2208: 2200:Punto Fijo Pact 2156: 2150: 2100: 2090:Gonzalo Barrios 2074: 1980: 1923: 1917: 1884:Cipriano Castro 1870: 1865: 1859: 1833:(replacing the 1820:Cipriano Castro 1780: 1774: 1707: 1661:British Legions 1633: 1625:Main articles: 1623: 1579:Santiago Mariño 1543: 1531:Main articles: 1529: 1446:Napoleonic Wars 1441:could convene. 1439:Cortes of Cádiz 1388:Napoleonic Wars 1316: 1310: 1225:Napoleonic Wars 1207: 1201: 1195: 944:Alonso de Ojeda 897: 891: 883:Diego de Losada 846: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 786: 778: 777: 770: 755: 730:. According to 683: 682: 681: 680: 679: 669: 660: 659: 658: 648: 637: 631: 601:to write a new 577:riots of 1989, 403: 367: 365: 360: 314: 313: 284:Punto Fijo Pact 267: 226:Andean Hegemony 222: 221: 202:Blue Revolution 170: 159:Second Republic 138: 99: 83: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586:Miss Venezuela 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:Stock Exchange 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5331:Come Venezuela 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5213:Vice President 5210: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5081:National parks 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4978:Vargas tragedy 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:Puntofijo Pact 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:1902–03 crisis 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4666: 4665:External links 4663: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4644: 4631: 4630:Historiography 4628: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4606: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4416:Rivero, Mirtha 4410: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4375: 4340: 4314: 4282: 4254: 4228: 4198: 4167: 4126: 4112: 4094: 4076: 4058: 4025: 4007: 3979: 3951: 3936: 3917: 3891: 3873: 3841: 3830:. 21 July 2017 3813: 3784: 3773:. 28 July 2017 3756: 3728: 3700: 3672: 3639: 3611: 3581: 3546: 3520: 3495: 3469: 3443: 3417: 3391: 3372: 3346: 3320: 3301: 3275: 3257: 3246: 3220: 3207: 3195: 3181: 3168: 3141: 3129: 3115: 3086: 3056: 3043: 3030: 3017: 3004: 2991: 2973: 2967:Ziems, Angel, 2960: 2947: 2940: 2922: 2909: 2898: 2891: 2871: 2849: 2840: 2833: 2813: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2729:Nicolás Maduro 2693: 2690: 2629:European Union 2574:Following the 2547: 2544: 2528:rule by decree 2512:Nicolás Maduro 2507: 2504: 2496: 2495:Nicolás Maduro 2493: 2485:Nicolás Maduro 2454:The referendum 2383: 2380: 2372: 2369: 2363:. Ultimately, 2357:1998 elections 2341:Claudio Fermín 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2262:privatizations 2253: 2250: 2245:Main article: 2241: 2240: 2220: 2218: 2207: 2204: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2096:Main article: 2073: 2070: 2058:Luis Miquilena 1979: 1976: 1919:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1891:of Venezuela. 1869: 1866: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1843:Joaquín Crespo 1800:Spanish Empire 1790:Following the 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1706: 1703: 1697:. Painting by 1665:Puerto Cabello 1622: 1619: 1528: 1525: 1379:. Painting by 1350:grandes cacaos 1325:. Painting by 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1143:Guayana Region 1077:of antiquity. 1021:, who founded 893:Main article: 890: 887: 857:, such as the 839:, a staple of 787: 780: 779: 771: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 716:Pedregal River 686:Archaeologists 670: 663: 662: 661: 649: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 633:Main article: 630: 627: 619:hyperinflation 615:Nicolás Maduro 506:native peoples 405: 404: 402: 401: 394: 387: 379: 376: 375: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 326:Vargas tragedy 322: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 275: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 169: 168: 167: 166: 164:Third Republic 161: 156: 154:First Republic 137: 136: 131: 126: 111: 110: 106: 105: 104: 103: 95: 90: 89: 88: 76: 71: 66: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5696: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 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4048: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3827:Bloomberg.com 3823: 3817: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3717:. 4 June 2017 3716: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3689:. 24 May 2017 3688: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3289: 3288:Bloomberg.com 3285: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 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Pg 433–434. 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2612:and skip the 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2584:protests grew 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401:and in 2000, 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2248: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2221:This section 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Gran Colombia 1801: 1797: 1794:(part of the 1793: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Manuela Saenz 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1680:Gran Colombia 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1639:Simón Bolívar 1637: 1632: 1628: 1627:Gran Colombia 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Simón Bolívar 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448:soon reached 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1324: 1323:19 April 1810 1320: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Simón Bolívar 1287: 1286:Gran Colombia 1283: 1278: 1276: 1275:Gran Colombia 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Simón Bolívar 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1218:Gran Colombia 1215: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:fait accompli 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1106:King Felipe V 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:Little Venice 986: 985:Klein-Venedig 982: 980: 979:Orinoco River 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 937: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 910: 906: 901: 896: 888: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:Timoto-Cuicas 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 784: 775: 768: 759: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695: 691: 687: 677: 673: 667: 656: 652: 646: 636: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:1998 election 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 560: 555: 554:Gran Colombia 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:Klein-Venedig 479: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 431: 426: 420: 419:near regions. 416: 411: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 380: 378: 377: 374: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 321: 320: 319: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 274: 273: 272: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 175: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 112: 107: 102: 96: 94: 91: 86: 82: 81: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 30: 25: 19: 16: 5616:coat of arms 5493:Demographics 5437:Oil industry 5427:Cooperatives 5316:Popular Will 5161:Constitution 5013:Coups d'état 4963:El Porteñazo 4938:World War II 4870: 4793:Dependencies 4781: 4657: 4647: 4636: 4619: 4609: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4555: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4419: 4409:Bibliography 4394:. 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Retrieved 3073:The Guardian 3072: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2901: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2857:"Venezuela." 2852: 2843: 2823: 2816: 2799: 2727:, President 2721: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2678:Donald Trump 2675:US President 2672: 2665: 2625: 2621:Julio Borges 2618: 2599: 2573: 2565:Luis Almagro 2549: 2534:The Guardian 2532: 2524:enabling law 2521: 2516: 2509: 2458: 2427: 2419: 2385: 2371:1999–present 2345: 2333:Convergencia 2329: 2297: 2290: 2255: 2234:October 2021 2231: 2227:adding to it 2222: 2165: 2141: 2135: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2047: 2027: 2016: 2001: 1956: 1952: 1924: 1893: 1881: 1824: 1807: 1789: 1752: 1744: 1734: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1676:constitution 1650: 1642: 1610: 1606: 1594: 1586: 1574: 1570: 1552: 1506: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1443: 1424: 1385: 1376: 1364: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1332: 1322: 1279: 1229: 1222: 1171:Andrés Bello 1162: 1155: 1138: 1116: 1110: 1079: 1056: 1012: 988: 983: 967:colonization 964: 947: 941: 919:third voyage 913: 889:Spanish rule 845: 794: 727: 684: 606: 564: 557: 503: 474: 437: 435: 316: 315: 269: 268: 224: 223: 172: 171: 140: 139: 115: 114: 32: 15: 5513:Immigration 5400:Agriculture 5061:Earthquakes 4923:1895 crisis 4913:Federal War 4883:New Granada 4396:18 November 4368:27 December 4275:22 December 4247:25 February 4218:27 December 4188:27 December 4157:27 December 3462:12 February 3410:21 February 3365:19 February 3339:19 February 3137:Rivero 2011 2702:Juan Guaidó 2692:Second term 2649:El Salvador 2610:interregnum 2481:Hugo Chávez 2450:term limits 2282:El Caracazo 2280:, known as 1827:Federal War 1802:as part of 1766:Santa Marta 1583:Manuel Piar 1377:5 July 1811 1327:Juan Lovera 1151:cacao beans 1127:Franciscans 923:Sucre state 871:Guaicaipuro 748:glyptodonts 744:megateriums 736:Taima-Taima 591:Hugo Chávez 569:. However, 499:gold mining 454:Guaicaipuro 430:Juan Lovera 197:Federal War 174:Caudillismo 33:History of 5576:Literature 5508:Healthcare 5008:Civil wars 4333:23 October 3654:PanAm Post 3625:La Patilla 3457:The Nation 3161:6 February 3122:12 October 3079:12 October 3065:Ali, Tariq 2847:Mahoney 89 2791:References 2560:parliament 2510:President 2506:First term 2403:re-elected 2395:referendum 2361:Irene Saez 2082:Raúl Leoni 2054:communists 2030:communists 1964:Amerindian 1673:federalist 1404:Charles IV 1203:See also: 1075:latifundia 803:(Caribs), 672:Petroglyph 651:Cult image 508:and later 464:, complex 452:, such as 289:Carupanazo 51:Chronology 5543:Squatting 5523:Languages 5503:Education 5462:Transport 5410:Companies 5321:A New Era 5203:President 5196:President 5166:Elections 5027:Geography 4859:Venezuela 4782:Venezuela 4727:Argentina 4643:530 pages 4363:0013-0613 4152:0013-0613 4000:12 August 3972:12 August 3594:La Nación 3563:USA TODAY 3011:Lagoven, 2653:Nicaragua 2206:1958–1999 2148:1948–1958 1857:1908–1958 1808:caudillos 1772:1830–1908 1715:mantuanos 1490:mantuanos 1486:mantuanos 1462:Barcelona 1450:La Guaira 1431:Andalusia 1354:mantuanos 1346:mantuanos 1337:mantuanos 1284:declared 1118:haciendas 1071:feudalism 1023:Maracaibo 1014:El Dorado 1009:Charles I 950:("little 948:Venezuela 936:Margarita 752:toxodonts 559:caudillos 514:New Spain 491:Maracaibo 487:El Dorado 462:Venezuela 294:Porteñazo 279:1958 coup 248:1908 coup 117:New Spain 74:1830–1908 64:1522–1821 35:Venezuela 5678:Category 5658:Category 5596:Religion 5538:Refugees 5498:Diaspora 5405:Currency 5286:Tupamaro 5230:In exile 5186:Missions 5181:Military 5105:Politics 4968:Caracazo 4863:articles 4772:Suriname 4762:Paraguay 4747:Colombia 4418:(2011). 4310:percent. 4181:NBC News 4107:BBC News 4089:BBC News 4047:cite web 3749:1 August 3333:Fox News 3270:BBC News 3239:20 April 3075:. London 2860:Archived 2739:See also 2635:and the 2633:Mercosur 2301:congress 2274:Guarenas 2043:clerical 2039:crusades 2008:Trinidad 1737:dictator 1611:mantuano 1575:mantuano 1573:and any 1519:and the 1474:Trujillo 1396:Napoleon 1294:Colombia 1257:led an " 1249:and the 1175:polymath 1135:lexicons 1131:Capucins 997:Augsburg 965:Spain's 905:palafito 875:Tamanaco 867:caciques 859:Mariches 833:textiles 825:ceramics 805:Caquetio 712:scraping 701:chopping 692:-shaped 575:Caracazo 516:and the 510:Africans 458:Tamanaco 450:caciques 432:in 1811. 299:Caracazo 24:a series 22:Part of 5642:Outline 5606:Symbols 5571:Cuisine 5558:Culture 5476:Society 5457:Tourism 5388:Economy 5247:Parties 5218:Cabinet 5149:Regions 5056:Climate 5039:Borders 4871:History 4777:Uruguay 4752:Ecuador 4732:Bolivia 4639:(1977) 4624:excerpt 4612:(2007) 4581:(2020). 4548:(1964) 4524:(1976) 4389:Reuters 4327:AP NEWS 4268:Reuters 4071:Reuters 4039:Infobae 4020:Reuters 3910:31 July 3886:sana.sy 3866:29 July 3834:29 July 3806:30 July 3777:29 July 3742:Infobae 3686:Reuters 3665:22 June 3632:21 June 3482:Reuters 3430:NPR.org 2713:Western 2641:Bolivia 2550:In the 2436:and an 2278:Caracas 2034:Marxism 1960:Malaria 1940:the one 1936:Curaçao 1909:Maracay 1591:Curaçao 1458:cabildo 1420:Bayonne 1348:class, 1302:Ecuador 1230:cabildo 1063:slavery 1059:Yaracuy 999:-based 960:Italian 932:Cubagua 879:Caracas 863:Caribes 821:ullucos 813:Mariche 728:El Jobo 674:in the 468:of the 100:present 93:1953–99 85:1948–58 79:1908–58 69:1821–30 5663:Portal 5611:anthem 5566:Cinema 5432:Energy 5154:States 5044:Cities 4993:Crisis 4861: 4757:Guyana 4737:Brazil 4641:online 4614:online 4604:online 4566:online 4560:online 4550:online 4526:online 4426: 4361: 4303:10 May 4150: 3721:6 June 3693:24 May 3113: 3054:, 1954 3041:, 1920 3028:, 1983 3015:, 1988 3002:, 1936 2971:, 1979 2958:(1985) 2938: 2920:(1946) 2889: 2831: 2807: 2657:Russia 2387:Chávez 2142:adecos 2115:adecos 1944:Abadan 1928:unions 1841:under 1751:, the 1669:Cúcuta 1599:Llanos 1595:pardos 1571:pardos 1539:, and 1482:pardos 1478:pardos 1472:, and 1470:Mérida 1466:Cumaná 1342:Creole 1329:(1835) 1300:, and 1298:Panama 1241:. 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