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551:'Front of Tibet' Map Painted by Wu Run-De in the 'Ding Wei' year after 1901, which would have been 1907. Political regions shown clockwise from top are Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xianluo (Thailand), Miandian (Burma), Budan (Bhutan), Yindu (India), Nebo'er (Nepal), and so-called 'Houzang' ('back of Tibet'). Note that Thailand, or Tai regions, are shown between Yunnan and Burma, on Yunnan's historically typically ill-defined western border.
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666:) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by Japan. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they did manage to conduct the running of a modern
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For a period of perhaps ten to fifteen years following the collapse of the
Panthay Rebellion, the province's Hui minority was widely discriminated against by the victorious Qing, especially in the western frontier districts contiguous with Burma. During these years the refugee Hui settled across the
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In 750, Nanzhao invaded the Tang dynasty. In retaliation, the Tang sent an army against
Nanzhao in 751, but this army was soundly defeated at Xiaguan. In 754, another army was sent, this time from the north, but it too was defeated. Bolstered by these successes, Nanzhao expanded rapidly, first into
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The Tang dynasty retaliated and by 873, Nanzhao had been expelled from
Sichuan, and retreated back to Yunnan. Taking Chengdu marked the high point of the Nanzhao kingdom, and it was a watershed: from then on, the Nanzhao Kingdom slowly declined. n 902, the Nanzhao dynasty was overthrown, and it was
374:
Chinese dynasties of Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi and
Northern Zhou maintain their rules around the commandery in the Kunming area. Southwest Yunnan and the eastern rugged, mountainous areas were still enjoying relative independence, ruled by tribal kings and chieftains with little Chinese influence.
593:
became the major military and political center of opposition to the Qing government. They turned their fury on the local mandarins and ended up challenging the central government in
Beijing. The rebellion successfully captured the city of Dali, which became the base for the rebels' operations, and
571:, then still loyal to the Qing, invaded Myanmar in 1662 with a sizable army, and demanded Zhu's surrender. Although he hesitated, King Pye finally decided to hand Zhu over to avoid hostility. Wu Sangui later turned against the Manchus but died in 1678. Yunnan finally fell to the Qing army in 1681.
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The
Sultanate's power declined after 1868. The Chinese Imperial Government had succeeded in reinvigorating itself. By 1871, it was directing a campaign for the annihilation of the obdurate Hui Muslims of Yunnan. Though largely forgotten, the bloody rebellion caused the deaths of up to a million
598:; 'Pacified Southern Kingdom') and Du Wenxiu was styled Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin ('Leader of the Community of Muslims'), but is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan, and ruled 1856 – 26 December 1872. The sultanate reached the high-water mark of their power and glory in 1860.
314:). By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had markedly improved. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exile Chinese.
606:
frontier within Burma gradually established themselves in their traditional callings – as merchants, caravaneers, miners, restaurateurs and (for those who chose or were forced to live beyond the law) as smugglers and mercenaries and became known in Burma as the
563:. Supported by rebel loyalists, he persisted in resistance against the Qing conquest even after the Qing capture of Kunming in 1659. Zhu and his men then fled into Myanmar to seek refuge in Ava, but were treated as prisoners. Zhu's armed followers savaged
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Burma, then into the rest of Yunnan, down into northern Laos and
Thailand, and finally, north into Sichuan. In 829, Chengdu was taken; it was a great prize, as it enabled Nanzhao to lay claim to the whole of Sichuan province, with its rich paddy fields.
638:
Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Yunnan came under the control of local warlords, who had more than the usual degree of autonomy due to Yunnan's remoteness. They financed their regime through opium harvesting and traffic.
670:. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China's only
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was in town and, whilst they were happy to allow him to stay on the south of the Mekong river, he was not to be lent assistance in crossing over. He had no trouble crossing with the aid of a local, regardless.
654:, but as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 staff faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000-mile journey to
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kingdom. Established by Duan Siping in 937, it was ruled by a succession of 22 kings until the year 1253, when it was destroyed by an invasion of the Mongol Empire. The capital city was at
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531:, the governor of Yunnan, held back a Myanmar invasion. After the war, he built eight passes along the border in Tengyue subprefecture to mark the demarcation between the two countries.
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The establishment of the PRC brought gradual but definite consolidation to China's southwestern borders, solidifying what were previously murky claims to various regions.
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were used as an early form of money in this region of China and were kept in elaborately decorated bronze containers such as this one, surmounted by a freestanding
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fought along Yunnan's south eastern border, which was properly demarcated only on 23 February 2009, with renewed agreements taking effect as late as 14 July 2010.
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Yang, Bin (2009): Between winds and clouds. The making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). New York, Chichester: Columbia
University Press.
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THE GATE OF CHOU-CHOU All of the first and second class cities in Yunnan are surrounded by high walls, and are entered through four or more picturesque gates.
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people in Yunnan. Many adherents to the
Yunnanese Muslim cause were persecuted by the imperial Manchus. Wholesale massacres of Yunnanese Muslims followed.
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496:. The Yuan provincial authorities conferred various titles on many native chieftains, who were obliged to pay taxes. When the Mongols were expelled from
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area and dated, though controversially, between the 6th century BC and the 1st century AD. The culture is divided into an early and a late phase. Under
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Giersch, Charles
Patterson (2006): Asian borderlands. The transformation of Qing China's Yunnan frontier. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press.
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in 1368, Yunnan was thrown into chaos and anarchy for a number of years. The Ming dynasty defeated the last of the Yuan loyalists in 1381.
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in Yunnan and the Qing government escalated into an all out rebellion in 1856. The rebels in western Yunnan under the leadership of
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followed by three other dynasties in quick succession, until Duan Siping seized power in 937 to establish the Kingdom of Dali.
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had been active at sites in neighbouring northern Laos, Vietnam and Burma, and even inside of modern Yunnan at sites like
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who is encircled by four oxen, that are approached in turn by two tigers climbing up on opposite sides of the container.
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and a refuge for people, especially university faculty and students, from the east. These had originally retreated to
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they declared themselves a separate political entity from China. The rebels identified their nation as Pingnan Guo (
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Map of the Chinese Han dynasty, showing some influence on Yunnan's Dian Kingdom, which was situated near modern-day
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fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s and determined to be the oldest known hominid fossil in China.
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A British 1909 map of British India and Burma showing Yunnan's typically ill-defined south and western borders.
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governor in Yunnan in 1273. Before that, the area had been ruled by a local king and a Mongol prince under the
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did not send armies into Yunnan until 1381. The central government allowed the general
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932:. Vol. 2: Burma, North Thailand, the Shan States and Yunnan. White Lotus Press.
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481:) to take Yunnan. The Mongols swept away numerous native kingdoms, including the
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The Making of a Maritime Power : China's Challenges and Policy Responses
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established regular and tight administrative control over Yunnan. In 1253
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In 109 AD, the Han court established Yunnan county, a part of Yizhou (
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After the fall of the Ming in northern China, Yunnan became the last
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By the Neolithic period, human settlements existed in the area of
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360:) commandery. Because the county seat was south of Mount Yun (
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province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu" in
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366:), the county was named "Yunnan" – literally "south of Yun".
646:, Yunnan served as, among other things, a home base for the
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in Myanmar began encroaching on Yunnan. In the 16th century
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Jin dynasty and the Northern and Southern dynasties period
729:. The English tried to match the French effort with the
290:. The commandery seat was at Dianchi county (present day
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A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding
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785:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
783:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
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660:National Southwest Associated University
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751:' (1855–1895) account of his walk from
294:). To expand the burgeoning trade with
523:From the end of the 15th century, the
272:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
244:southward expansion of the Han dynasty
174:Notable prehistoric finds include the
585:Waves of conflict between the Muslim
567:in an attempt to rescue him. General
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286:) south to Yunnan, establishing the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
543:A western drawn 1655 map of Yunnan.
2145:Direct-administered municipalities
626:Yunnan Province, Republic of China
302:, Emperor Wu also sent Tang Meng (
14:
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516:, foster son of dynastic founder
16:History of Yunnan province, China
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806:Kong, Zhiguo (25 October 2016).
781:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
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389:In 649 AD the chieftain of the
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736:The PRC also saw a bitter
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928:Ehlers, Otto E. (2002).
644:Second Sino-Japanese War
393:Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (
280:sent General Guo Chang (
212:Bronze sculpture of the
133:Yunnan Provincial Museum
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711:Sino-Vietnamese Railway
658:. It was here that the
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445:Dali was a Buddhist
45:improve this article
1202:Jiangchuan District
850:6 June 2007 at the
738:Sino-Vietnamese War
674:studied at Lianda.
662:(commonly known as
347:was annexed by the
204:The Kingdom of Dian
129:Western Han dynasty
60:"History of Yunnan"
2107:Autonomous regions
1490:Shuangjiang County
1079:Dongchuan District
1074:Chenggong District
907:Xinhua News Agency
883:. 23 February 2009
881:Xinhua News Agency
840:Tan Chung (1998).
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62: –
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56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2208:
2082:
2018:Heilongjiang
1920:Weixi County
1915:Dêqên County
1655:Hekou County
1563:Dayao County
1228:Eshan County
1223:Yimen County
1179:Huize County
1095:Fumin County
929:
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911:. Retrieved
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885:. Retrieved
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812:. Springer.
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535:Qing dynasty
529:Chen Yongbin
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510:Ming dynasty
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504:Ming dynasty
498:China proper
483:Dali Kingdom
479:Yuan dynasty
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457:Yuan dynasty
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435:Dali Kingdom
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333:Indus Valley
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214:Dian Kingdom
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181:Homo erectus
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67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1777:Midu County
1635:Luxi County
864:Kublai Khan
561:Zhu Youlang
349:Han dynasty
276:In 109 BC,
266:Han dynasty
176:Yuanmou Man
135:, Kunming;
1909:Shangri-La
1475:Yun County
1207:Chengjiang
768:References
668:university
624:See also:
587:Hui people
494:Great Khan
411:Lake Erhai
325:Zhang Qian
278:Emperor Wu
248:Han empire
240:Emperor Wu
170:Prehistory
101:April 2008
71:newspapers
2186:Hong Kong
2158:Chongqing
1998:Guangdong
1975:Provinces
1261:Tengchong
913:19 August
887:19 August
862:John Man
828:965039831
703:Tengchong
591:Du Wenxiu
569:Wu Sangui
406:Dàméngguó
329:Sima Qian
236:Lake Dian
194:Lake Dian
188:Neolithic
2252:Category
2163:Shanghai
2135:Xinjiang
2088:Zhejiang
2068:Shandong
2053:Liaoning
1732:Jinghong
1531:Chuxiong
1523:Chuxiong
1287:Zhaotong
1013:Province
848:Archived
757:Jinghong
652:Changsha
341:Sanskrit
220:, China.
160:province
144:horseman
2228:by the
2226:claimed
2168:Tianjin
2153:Beijing
2125:Ningxia
2115:Guangxi
2078:Sichuan
2063:Shaanxi
2058:Qinghai
2043:Jiangxi
2038:Jiangsu
2003:Guizhou
1867:Nujiang
1835:Mangshi
1678:Wenshan
1670:Wenshan
1608:Kaiyuan
1457:Lincang
1356:Lijiang
1248:Baoshan
1153:Xuanwei
1046:Kunming
1027:capital
1022:Kunming
753:Rangoon
719:Kunming
699:English
656:Kunming
608:Panthay
514:Mu Ying
487:Turkmen
469:of the
463:Mongols
415:Piluoge
343:. When
317:In the
292:Jinning
259:Kunming
198:Kunming
162:of the
85:scholar
2222:Taiwan
2210:Taiwan
2083:Yunnan
2073:Shanxi
2008:Hainan
1988:Fujian
1875:Lushui
1827:Dehong
1596:Mengzi
1588:Honghe
1537:Lufeng
1300:Shuifu
1130:Qujing
1089:Anning
1010:Yunnan
936:
866:, p.80
826:
816:
789:
664:Lianda
475:Kublai
467:Möngke
345:Yunnan
218:Yunnan
141:gilded
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2236:(see
2191:Macau
2130:Tibet
2048:Jilin
2033:Hunan
2028:Hubei
2023:Henan
2013:Hebei
1993:Gansu
1983:Anhui
1901:Dêqên
1841:Ruili
1602:Gejiu
1394:Pu'er
761:Simao
727:Gejiu
723:Hekou
715:Hanoi
707:Gejiu
337:Sindh
335:(the
300:India
296:Burma
92:JSTOR
78:books
1911:city
1877:city
1843:city
1837:city
1763:city
1761:Dali
1753:Dali
1734:City
1680:city
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1533:city
1302:city
1263:city
1209:city
1189:Yuxi
1155:city
1091:city
934:ISBN
915:2010
889:2010
824:OCLC
814:ISBN
787:ISBN
721:via
705:and
697:and
461:The
451:Dali
311:西南夷道
298:and
228:and
178:, a
64:news
2224:is
1008:of
755:to
717:to
642:In
596:平南国
447:Bai
420:皮羅閣
401:大蒙國
396:細奴邏
47:by
2254::
2240:).
905:.
879:.
822:.
610:.
403:;
391:Yi
363:云山
357:益州
323:,
305:唐蒙
283:郭昌
250:.
166:.
1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
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1025:(
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