793:
2856:, but it is also the exact name under which Harvard was legally incorporated. Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to the members of their boards. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates.
5446:
4830:
4028:
status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in
California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker,
2433:
1972:
1752:
1764:
2500:, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate. The advantage of establishing a company as a
5498:
108:
2334:, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a royal charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first
2079:, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives. Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor.
2552:
to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated." The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "he economic historian of the future... may be
2378:
under an artificial form, and vested, by the policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising
2677:
laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections. The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after
2278:
Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the
English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative. On 31 December
2484:
had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though
Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established
2859:
In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited", "Ltd.", or "LLC"). These terms vary by jurisdiction and
2769:
Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by the government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of
2721:
The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure.
2705:
the members are known as shareholders, and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus, a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is
2577:
The legislation shortly gave way to a railway boom, and from then, the numbers of companies formed soared. In the later nineteenth century, depression took hold, and just as company numbers had boomed, many began to implode and fall into insolvency. Much strong academic, legislative and judicial
4027:
California does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the
California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate
2661:
was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state, in 1896. In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but
Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling
2914:
may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order, but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of special criminal offenses in the UK, such as
4545:
remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour: corporations and the technologies they promote."
2461:) under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalized ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters.
2343:
2338:
the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1,000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations and errant directors was bitter.
2709:
In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine the requirements for membership in the corporation. What these requirements are depends on the kind of corporation involved. In a
2587:
2797:, where the company essentially buys back stock from its shareholders, which reduces its outstanding shares. This essentially becomes the equivalent of unissued capital, where it is not classified as an asset on the balance sheet (passive capital).
2909:
against real individuals and the state, and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations. Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, the order of the court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders.
1893:, was limited liability. Limited liability separates control of a company from ownership and means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for
2800:
The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a
2785:
with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create
2655:). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations from gaining too much wealth and power.
2938:
on the public or on other third-parties. Such critics note that the legal mandate of the corporation to focus exclusively on corporate profits and self-interest often victimizes employees, customers, the public at large, and/or the
2955:, and to break down the sharp conceptual dichotomy between the state and the people or the individual, a distinction that, on his account, is "increasingly unable to meet the demands placed on the state in the modern world".
2379:
a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or at any subsequent period of its existence.
2291:
of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.
2321:
to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact, the
Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from
4101:
Phillip I. Blumberg, The
Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.
3639:
2451:
had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity. The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by
2568:. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in
2473:
2539:
were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the
2734:
countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.
2143:. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the
2706:
entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.
2212:, were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated
4120:
3030:
2512:
However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company. The next, crucial development, then, was the
3912:
2632:
where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.
2424:
that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.
1926:; i.e. those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a
2832:
theory. Instead, the two elements of a corporation that define its legislative identity and are therefore nonarbitrary delimitations to its formation and existence are which
2303:, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the
4589:
1852:. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue
657:
4889:
615:
1362:
2623:
and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person. This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind.
2476:
and was limited, owing to
Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as
373:
3769:
4135:
2988:
1794:
4933:
3239:
Aside from the infeasibility of the ableness of one corporation to supply an entire market demand, there are a number of national as well as international
2848:
Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after the members of their boards of directors: for example, the "
1885:
to their investment. One of the attractive early advantages business corporations offered to their investors, compared to earlier business entities like
3570:
Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard; Metz, Stephanie; Dunville, Jody; Heath, Shannon; McLeod, Julia P.; Powell, Kat; Robida, Brent; Stromski, John; Haynes, Brandon.
2267:. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the company became
3744:
2849:
2614:
570:
1930:
of the corporation. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as
779:
4953:
3571:
4284:
3411:
4582:
4429:
4322:
4300:
4058:
3896:
3847:
3715:
3499:
3472:
3421:
3102:
474:
283:
2553:
inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trade corporations, a place of honour with
5218:
4366:
4005:
462:
406:
365:
4496:
3864:
4882:
3973:
344:
3916:
3243:
regulating antitrust behaviour that are intended to restrict this type of activity by instead favouring the differentiation of markets.
2228:. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original
4467:
132:
3273:
1953:
employ the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.
5470:
5163:
4846:
4740:
4665:
4045:
3617:
3449:
1289:
411:
2504:
was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.
2326:
bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea
Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the
2860:
language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others, such as
California, they are not. Their use puts everybody on
2447:
The British Bubble Act 1720s prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the
5455:
4575:
2590:
1787:
488:
389:
3294:
2520:. This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company –
2418:
affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions. Smith wrote in his 1776 work
5465:
4968:
4841:
4750:
3821:
3653:
3219:
2628:
2595:
2570:
2564:
These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856
792:
5543:
4875:
4851:
2565:
2532:. (The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844).
2493:
2441:
2905:
do. For example, a corporation can own property, and can sue or be sued for as long as it exists. Corporations can exercise
5113:
5078:
4386:
2308:
1897:(involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party (acts done by the controllers of the corporation).
1553:
1211:
314:
248:
2578:
opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.
2271:
with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the
5238:
5083:
4705:
4525:, vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 52–53, 56–57. "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of
4521:
2868:
is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.
2639:, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as
1949:
capacity. In most circumstances, a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation. Countries with
1603:
1593:
498:
64:
5183:
5028:
4810:
4800:
3209:
2973:
1780:
1299:
1236:
1169:
1147:
772:
685:
162:
3780:
5488:
5168:
5108:
5038:
4725:
4089:
3389:
3122:
3037:
2993:
2693:(reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy.
2513:
2140:
1608:
1124:
381:
157:
142:
71:
4132:
2951:, and believes the idea of the corporation as legal persons can help to clarify the role of citizens as political
2879:" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a
5268:
5023:
4993:
4856:
4455:
3676:
3147:
3132:
2782:
2072:
1849:
1382:
1069:
730:
665:
454:
324:
152:
38:
5338:
5460:
5308:
5118:
4836:
4765:
4655:
3177:
3127:
2770:
limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a
2746:
2670:
2465:
2312:
2229:
2205:
1966:
1962:
1656:
1352:
1199:
1038:
1012:
934:
879:
625:
492:
167:
127:
2774:(a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an
5538:
5258:
5243:
5133:
4958:
4640:
4625:
4615:
4534:
4441:
Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia
4420:
Mahoney, PG, "Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law" (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873
4315:
3005:
2952:
2940:
2626:
The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in
2489:
2209:
2103:
1548:
1194:
1189:
1179:
874:
334:
255:
1823:
to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a
5528:
5283:
5138:
5073:
4948:
4795:
4745:
3527:
3183:
3162:
3117:
2978:
2920:
2679:
2497:
2260:
2139:
in ancient India. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the
1701:
1578:
1372:
1231:
1162:
1049:
1007:
765:
647:
421:
294:
208:
173:
137:
91:
3751:
2790:
that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.
5533:
5523:
5313:
5228:
5203:
4680:
4675:
4620:
4242:
3157:
2477:
2448:
2420:
2268:
1881:
recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders whose liability is generally
1681:
1666:
1588:
1568:
1523:
1420:
1279:
1269:
1241:
1114:
1104:
1032:
590:
122:
3520:
2178:. Whenever people acted together with a view to profit, the law deemed that a partnership arose. Early
4563:
an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett
5348:
5128:
5103:
5053:
4998:
4943:
4923:
4720:
4700:
4670:
3888:
3882:
3072:
3057:
2892:
2399:
2375:
2288:
2089:
1941:
Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a
1912:; one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as
1731:
1686:
1661:
1628:
1332:
1327:
1264:
1259:
1017:
854:
715:
652:
3575:
5475:
5293:
5158:
5043:
5033:
5013:
4983:
4918:
4660:
4279:
3015:
2880:
2861:
2837:
2802:
2702:
2644:
1886:
1857:
1445:
1367:
1322:
1317:
1184:
1174:
1074:
884:
849:
807:
690:
444:
416:
270:
243:
238:
228:
4424:
4295:
2947:
notes that corporate personhood forms a fundamental part of the modern history of the idea of the
2432:
5518:
5333:
5323:
5318:
5288:
5248:
5188:
4988:
4938:
4780:
4755:
4735:
4730:
4715:
4695:
4650:
4172:
4029:
3381:
2983:
2853:
2727:
2711:
2600:
2540:
2330:
of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the
2323:
2252:
2187:
1942:
1691:
1651:
1528:
1377:
1342:
1129:
1089:
1044:
964:
919:
899:
610:
530:
503:
183:
178:
147:
5198:
4491:
5328:
5263:
5223:
5208:
5153:
5098:
4790:
4770:
4760:
4463:
4318:
4054:
4001:
3892:
3861:
3843:
3711:
3671:
3495:
3468:
3445:
3417:
3373:
3214:
3199:
3189:
3082:
3077:
3052:
2898:
2738:
2689:, the selling of publicly owned (or 'nationalised') services and enterprises to corporations.
2682:, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base.
2620:
2558:
2501:
2457:
2347:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2264:
2244:
2233:
2107:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1756:
1623:
1490:
1480:
1425:
1347:
1221:
1206:
1084:
1054:
984:
974:
909:
670:
540:
428:
303:
265:
260:
3995:
3965:
2836:(or sets of jurisdictions in the case of international corporations) it belongs to, and what
5502:
5213:
5143:
5063:
5058:
4685:
4542:
4164:
3107:
3087:
3025:
2771:
2754:
2535:
The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders).
2492:
became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the
2374:
a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having
2121:
Early entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights included the
2102:
in the 11th–14th centuries. Particularly important in this respect were the Italian jurists
2039:
1950:
1866:
1558:
1533:
1485:
1465:
1410:
1387:
1337:
1216:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1064:
954:
904:
894:
889:
748:
735:
680:
580:
78:
5399:
5298:
5173:
5048:
5018:
5003:
4978:
4815:
4805:
4785:
4690:
4645:
4630:
4610:
4500:
4433:
4304:
4288:
4222:
The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality
4139:
3868:
3524:
3240:
3167:
3152:
3142:
3097:
3067:
3062:
3047:
3010:
2865:
2674:
2666:
2640:
2529:
2452:
2335:
2327:
2160:
1901:
1768:
1613:
1518:
1475:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1357:
1152:
720:
675:
398:
223:
4064:
3609:
3265:
2934:
because it is required to elevate its own interests above those of others even when this
4556:
2279:
1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the
4710:
4152:
3961:
3194:
2968:
2948:
2944:
2923:. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are.
2902:
2829:
2828:
arbitrary to its formation. Often the market defines these boundaries according to the
2794:
2685:
Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward
2342:
2217:
2183:
2115:
2099:
2076:
2030:
2026:
1871:
1820:
1721:
1706:
1676:
1598:
1460:
1094:
939:
929:
859:
844:
839:
17:
1971:
5512:
5434:
5424:
5273:
4963:
4775:
4493:
Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720
4381:
4196:
4176:
3302:
3172:
3112:
2775:
2686:
2636:
2548:
2469:
2403:
2367:
2355:
2240:
2136:
2060:
2018:
1853:
1828:
1711:
1583:
1543:
1415:
1079:
979:
959:
796:
600:
482:
449:
99:
3770:"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914"
3745:"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914"
5414:
5404:
5384:
5303:
5148:
5123:
4928:
4506:
4362:
3750:. School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast. Archived from
3020:
2906:
2833:
2715:
2690:
2673:
creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting
2648:
2440:(1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the
2395:
2199:
2126:
2111:
2056:
2022:
1845:
1824:
1812:
1633:
1573:
1500:
1284:
1059:
969:
560:
550:
4329:
American Business Corporations Until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts
3705:
3489:
3462:
2251:
over a specified territory. The best-known example, established in 1600, was the
5429:
5419:
5394:
5088:
5068:
4913:
4526:
3204:
3137:
3092:
3042:
2935:
2931:
2825:
2701:
A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a
2678:
World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of
2586:
2521:
2517:
2363:
2350:'s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the
2280:
2175:
2167:
2083:
1992:
1918:
1870:(a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single
1716:
1618:
1538:
1294:
1027:
989:
944:
914:
696:
233:
213:
4350:
Joint-stock Enterprise in France: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation
5374:
4530:
4516:
3957:
3953:
2930:, have observed that a business corporation created as a "legal person" has a
2927:
2911:
2806:
2731:
2658:
2554:
2411:
2351:
2331:
2272:
2263:
granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the
2171:
2144:
2048:
1976:
1696:
1405:
1226:
1157:
815:
753:
519:
469:
3377:
3329:
Reading the above, makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the
5233:
5008:
4973:
4899:
4635:
4168:
3997:
Equity Finance: Venture Capital, Buyouts, Restructurings and Reorganizations
3666:
2652:
2536:
2407:
2122:
2095:
2044:
2013:
1996:
1946:
1751:
1736:
1726:
1671:
1495:
1430:
1274:
1022:
829:
4511:
The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business
4110:
See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) chapter 57, Part 10
4567:
4562:
1763:
5353:
5343:
5278:
5253:
5193:
4538:
4047:
The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection
3913:"Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards"
3840:
Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems
2814:
2742:
2525:
2516:, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade,
2496:, regarded as the first modern piece of company law. The Act created the
2414:
and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or
2248:
2213:
2034:
1844:
act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most
1563:
1470:
924:
834:
725:
4867:
3385:
3361:
1860:. Depending on the number of owners, a corporation can be classified as
5379:
5178:
3270:
The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper
2876:
2818:
2805:, and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to
2758:
2662:
provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.
2608:
2481:
2317:
2156:
2064:
1835:
1816:
864:
203:
59:
Legal entity incorporated through a legislative or registration process
2110:, the latter of whom connected the corporation to the metaphor of the
5409:
5093:
4478:
The Corporation Under Russian Law: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy
2787:
2284:
2256:
2221:
2152:
1840:
4408:
4409:
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
2793:
In theory, a corporation cannot own its own stock. An exception is
107:
4208:
The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations Are Bad for Democracy
4034:, 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16.
3557:
The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company
2916:
2810:
2718:, the members are people who have accounts with the credit union.
2585:
2431:
2415:
2341:
2225:
2179:
2148:
2131:
2071:), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a
1988:
1970:
1905:
949:
791:
2287:. By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a
4402:
Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles
3362:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia""
1894:
4871:
4571:
4133:"The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power"
5389:
3688:
Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies
3640:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
2761:), workers elect a fixed fraction of the corporation's board.
2593:
was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the
2384:
A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)
366:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
3515:
2897:
Despite not being human beings, corporations have been ruled
1922:. Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as
4533:. We may indeed be witnessing its extension in the form of
3517:
The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.
2714:, the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a
2354:, which restricted the establishment of companies without a
3494:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–46.
3444:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–216.
799:
is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.
3915:. International Law Office. 10 April 2012. Archived from
3833:
3831:
2901:
in a few countries, and have many of the same rights as
1999:
recognized a range of corporate entities under the names
4485:
The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900
4198:
Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation
4000:(2nd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. p. 54.
2239:
In England, the government created corporations under a
2033:(49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of
4395:
The Development of the Business Corporation in England
3842:(Seventh ed.), LexisNexis, pp. 228–231, 241,
42:
4297:
Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations
4121:
Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007
3031:
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
5486:
2871:
Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "
2561:, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. "
1991:
word for body, or a "body of people". By the time of
1904:
distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue
4448:
The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea
4252:
The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics
3807:, December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney,
3731:
Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case
3542:
European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India
2875:" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "
2852:" is the name of one of the two governing boards of
2651:, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a
5443:
5362:
4906:
2778:or other legal representatives of the corporation.
2480:with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent
2204:Dutch and English chartered companies, such as the
1908:, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as
1848:now allow the creation of new corporations through
4195:
3966:"Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable"
3838:Smiddy, Linda O.; Cunningham, Lawrence A. (2010),
2082:The concept of the corporation was revived in the
4460:Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy
4336:The English Business Company after the Bubble Act
3491:Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages, 1296–1417
3464:A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450
2665:The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of
4541:. Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the
4275:(6th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 1997), chapters 2–4
3295:"Types Of Corporations | Incorporate A Business"
2208:(also known by its Dutch initials: VOC) and the
2086:with the recovery and annotation of Justinian's
1834:Early incorporated entities were established by
77:"Corp." redirects here. Not to be confused with
70:"Corporate" redirects here. For other uses, see
4376:Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence
4266:Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History
3349:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. 4.001.
2883:but this is not generally the case elsewhere).
2824:A corporation's spatio-temporal positioning is
2436:"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in
2372:
2307:, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the
4229:The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law
3442:: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition
1827:in a legal context) and recognized as such in
374:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
4883:
4583:
3939:International and comparative competition law
1788:
773:
8:
3768:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. (2006).
2989:History of company law in the United Kingdom
2612:
2394:Due to the late 18th century abandonment of
2232:. Shareholders were also explicitly granted
4446:Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian.
4357:A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002
4194:Barnet, Richard; Muller, Ronald E. (1974).
2864:that they are dealing with an entity whose
2528:, but just for the unpaid portion of their
2087:
26:
4890:
4876:
4868:
4590:
4576:
4568:
3887:(4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p.
1795:
1781:
802:
780:
766:
290:
86:
4343:The Historical Foundations of Company Law
3544:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2850:President and Fellows of Harvard College
2840:or areas it performs activities within.
2737:A two-tiered committee structure with a
32:This is an accepted version of this page
5493:
4155:(2000). "Is the State a Corporation?".
3881:Besley, Scott; Brigham, Eugene (2008).
3413:A History of the Roman Equestrian Order
3256:
3232:
2406:economic theory due to a revolution in
2067:. These included the state itself (the
1856:, or whether they are formed to make a
814:
511:
436:
355:
293:
98:
28:
4053:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
3710:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
2599:case. The landmark case confirmed the
2370:in English, defined a corporation as:
2366:, the author of the first treatise on
475:Limited liability limited partnership
390:Industrial and provident society
4415:A Treatise on the Law of Corporations
3103:Decentralized autonomous organization
2615:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
2546:This prompted the English periodical
2216:forces and established itself in the
572:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
7:
4310:Dignam, Alan and John Lowry (2020),
3743:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D.
3467:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 172.
2936:inflicts major risks and grave harms
2275:'s ability to control trade routes.
2170:, traders would do business through
1983:The word "corporation" derives from
4519:, "Democracy and Its Discontents",
4368:The Legal Nature of the Corporation
4215:Commentaries on the Laws of England
3941:. Cambridge University Press. 2010.
2926:Legal scholars and others, such as
4031:Marsh's California Corporation Law
3327:. Pearson Education. p. 151.
2498:Registrar of Joint Stock Companies
57:
4450:. New York: Modern Library. 2003.
4236:Crane and Bromberg on Partnership
4202:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3862:The Law of Business Organizations
3410:Davenport, Caillan (2018-12-31).
2390:Development of modern company law
1864:(the subject of this article) or
5496:
5445:
5444:
4829:
4828:
4273:Principles of Modern Company Law
4142:(New York: The Free Press, 2004)
3822:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd
3266:"The Case for Investor Ordering"
2571:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd
2398:economic theory and the rise of
2236:in the company's royal charter.
2186:were also often involved in the
1945:to control the corporation in a
1815:—usually a group of people or a
1762:
1750:
617:Société à responsabilité limitée
106:
4426:Corporate Life in Ancient India
4407:Kocaoglu, Kagan (Cahn Kojaolu)
3976:from the original on 2021-04-16
3654:Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825
3643:(1776), Book V, ch 1, para 107.
3620:from the original on 2010-07-31
3514:Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005).
3392:from the original on 2020-11-12
3276:from the original on 2021-01-17
3220:Unlimited liability corporation
2781:Generally, a corporation files
2011:. Following the passage of the
4244:The History of the Corporation
3416:. Cambridge University Press.
2730:is the method favored in most
2726:A single committee known as a
2524:were still liable directly to
2494:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844
2442:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844
1:
4387:In Defense of the Corporation
2309:War of the Spanish Succession
2055:required the approval of the
1877:Registered corporations have
1554:Critique of political economy
1212:Critique of political economy
4522:The New York Review of Books
3994:Bartlett, Joseph W. (1995).
3692:British Parliamentary Papers
3572:"British East India Company"
3347:The Law of Private Companies
3345:Courtney, Thomas B. (2002).
3118:Government-owned corporation
2629:Salomon v. Salomon & Co.
2596:Salomon v. Salomon & Co.
2468:was possible only through a
2220:in order to profit from the
1938:corporations, respectively.
1604:Periodizations of capitalism
499:Massachusetts business trust
65:Corporation (disambiguation)
4969:Counterproductive behaviour
4345:(Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21
4271:Davies, PL, and LCB Gower,
4259:Corporations in Perspective
3707:Introduction to Company Law
3704:Paul Lyndon Davies (2010).
3264:Hirst, Scott (2018-07-01).
3210:United States antitrust law
2974:United States corporate law
2601:distinct corporate identity
2478:unincorporated associations
1300:Simple commodity production
686:Piercing the corporate veil
382:Community interest company
357:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
345:Economic interest grouping
5560:
4423:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra.
4092:Sect.8, especially Art.(4)
4090:South African Constitution
4044:Emberland, Marius (2006).
3610:"Adam Smith Laissez-Faire"
3123:History of competition law
3038:Community interest company
2994:United Kingdom company law
2890:
2514:Limited Liability Act 1855
2362:In the late 18th century,
2289:return on their investment
2197:
2141:City of London Corporation
2065:authorized as legal bodies
1960:
1609:Perspectives on capitalism
455:Limited liability company
72:Corporate (disambiguation)
61:
4824:
4606:
4390:. Hoover Institute. 1979.
4157:Government and Opposition
3148:Multinational corporation
3133:Limited liability company
2943:. The political theorist
2783:articles of incorporation
2566:Joint Stock Companies Act
2188:regulation of competition
2098:and their successors the
1979:mine, dated June 16, 1288
666:Internal affairs doctrine
661:and estoppel corporations
5471:Aspects of organizations
5119:Hostile work environment
4847:Aspects of organizations
3733:(1854) 3 De GM&G 459
3488:Canning, Joseph (2011).
3461:Canning, Joseph (1996).
3178:Professional corporation
3128:Incorporation (business)
2932:psychopathic personality
2230:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2206:Dutch East India Company
1967:List of oldest companies
1963:Collegium (ancient Rome)
880:Economic interventionism
90:This article is part of
39:latest accepted revision
5456:Aspects of corporations
5244:Quality of working life
4934:Artificial intelligence
4741:Social entrepreneurship
4535:artificial intelligence
4462:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4439:Means, Robert Charles.
4359:(Brussels et al., 2003)
4316:Oxford University Press
4169:10.1111/1477-7053.00014
3777:Economic History Review
3006:Anti-corporate activism
2269:increasingly integrated
2104:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
1549:Criticism of capitalism
336:Societas unius personae
198:General corporate forms
18:History of corporations
5466:Aspects of occupations
4842:Aspects of occupations
4250:Cadman, John William.
4220:Blumberg, Phillip I.,
3559:. New York: MacMillan.
3528:University of Michigan
3436:Harold Joseph Berman,
3323:Pettet, B. G. (2005).
3184:Public limited company
3163:Organizational culture
2979:European corporate law
2921:corporate manslaughter
2613:
2604:
2444:
2387:
2359:
2088:
1980:
1924:non-stock corporations
1579:Exploitation of labour
1290:Primitive accumulation
800:
797:McDonald's Corporation
648:Business judgment rule
5544:Types of organization
5204:Performance appraisal
4954:Computer surveillance
4852:Aspects of workplaces
4751:Social responsibility
4543:environmental problem
4483:Rungta, Radhe Shyam.
4327:Dodd, Edwin Merrick.
3884:Principles of Finance
3614:political-economy.com
3158:Nonprofit corporation
2697:Ownership and control
2643:'s steel company and
2589:
2502:separate legal person
2449:Industrial Revolution
2435:
2421:The Wealth of Nations
2345:
1974:
1831:for certain purposes.
1757:Capitalism portal
1569:Culture of capitalism
1524:Capitalist propaganda
1280:Industrial Revolution
1270:Commercial Revolution
795:
592:Naamloze vennootschap
582:Kabushiki gaisha
399:Limited company
5349:Workplace harassment
5339:Work–family conflict
5054:Employee recognition
3540:Prakash, Om (1998).
3360:de Ligt, L. (2001).
3073:Corporate propaganda
3058:Corporate governance
2893:Corporate personhood
2582:Further developments
2400:classical liberalism
2376:perpetual succession
2247:with the grant of a
2210:Hudson's Bay Company
2174:constructs, such as
2147:mining community in
2090:Corpus Juris Civilis
2017:during the reign of
1887:sole proprietorships
1732:Right-libertarianism
1662:Classical liberalism
1629:Venture philanthropy
1265:Capitalism and Islam
1260:Age of Enlightenment
855:Capital accumulation
716:Beneficial ownership
653:Corporate governance
489:Delaware corporation
316:Societas cooperativa
63:For other uses, see
5219:Positive psychology
5114:Health surveillance
5044:Employee monitoring
5039:Employee experience
5034:Employee engagement
5029:Employee assistance
5014:Effects of overtime
4919:Abusive supervision
4531:technological power
4404:. Foundation. 2002.
4374:Hallis, Frederick.
4371:(1897), MCMaster.ca
4348:Freedman, Charles.
3952:Chait, Richard P.;
3578:on 20 December 2016
3555:Keay, John (1991).
3016:Blocker corporation
2881:sole proprietorship
2862:constructive notice
2803:foreign corporation
2703:joint-stock company
2537:Insurance companies
1995:(reigned 527–565),
1819:—authorized by the
1769:Business portal
885:Economic liberalism
875:Competitive markets
731:Corporate registers
691:Rochdale Principles
445:Benefit corporation
271:Sole proprietorship
29:Page version status
5249:Queen bee syndrome
4833:See also templates
4499:2011-07-06 at the
4432:2011-07-06 at the
4400:Klein and Coffee.
4303:2011-06-10 at the
4287:2011-06-11 at the
4257:Conard, Alfred F.
4234:Bromberg, Alan R.
4163:(1): 90, 103–104.
4138:2021-07-30 at the
3919:on 16 January 2014
3871:, Cengage Learning
3867:2023-01-05 at the
3523:2009-03-27 at the
3438:Law and Revolution
2984:German company law
2854:Harvard University
2753:In countries with
2728:board of directors
2712:worker cooperative
2605:
2541:Companies Act 1862
2445:
2360:
2336:speculative bubble
2253:East India Company
1981:
1943:board of directors
1910:stock corporations
1891:joint partnerships
1529:Capitalist realism
920:Goods and services
900:Fictitious capital
801:
532:Aktiengesellschaft
504:Nevada corporation
35:
5484:
5483:
5209:Personality clash
5154:Kiss up kick down
4865:
4864:
4546:(pp. 56–57.)
4454:Provost, Claire;
4323:978-0-19-928936-3
4294:Davis, Joseph S.
4060:978-0-19-928983-7
3964:(May–June 2006).
3954:Daniel, D. Ronald
3898:978-0-324-65588-9
3849:978-1-4224-7659-8
3717:978-0-19-960132-5
3672:Martin Chuzzlewit
3501:978-1-107-01141-0
3474:978-0-415-39415-4
3423:978-1-108-75017-2
3215:Unlimited company
3200:South Sea Company
3190:Shelf corporation
3083:Corporate welfare
3078:Corporate warfare
3053:Corporate finance
2941:natural resources
2739:supervisory board
2667:holding companies
2621:legal personality
2508:Limited liability
2490:William Gladstone
2458:Martin Chuzzlewit
2348:South Sea Company
2324:company promoters
2305:Treaty of Utrecht
2301:South Sea Company
2297:chartered company
2265:Cape of Good Hope
2261:Queen Elizabeth I
2245:Act of Parliament
2234:limited liability
2190:between traders.
2108:Baldus de Ubaldis
1975:1/8 share of the
1879:legal personality
1805:
1804:
1624:Spontaneous order
1594:History of theory
1237:New institutional
1207:Market monetarism
1142:Economic theories
975:Supply and demand
910:Free price system
790:
789:
671:Limited liability
633:
632:
542:Ansvarlig selskap
429:Unlimited company
266:Shelf corporation
261:Shell corporation
249:Limited liability
47:18 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
5551:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5448:
5447:
5164:Machiavellianism
5109:Health promotion
5064:Employee surveys
5059:Employee silence
4892:
4885:
4878:
4869:
4857:Corporate titles
4832:
4831:
4666:Machiavellianism
4592:
4585:
4578:
4569:
4557:US Corporate Law
4473:
4203:
4201:
4181:
4180:
4149:
4143:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4063:. Archived from
4052:
4041:
4035:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4007:978-07355-7077-1
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3970:Harvard Magazine
3949:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3878:
3872:
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3853:
3852:
3835:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3779:. Archived from
3774:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3701:
3695:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3616:. 24 July 2010.
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3574:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3485:
3479:
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3401:
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3397:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3301:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3244:
3241:competition laws
3237:
3108:Evil corporation
3088:Corporation sole
3026:Co-determination
2821:, and the like.
2772:registered agent
2755:co-determination
2619:with a separate
2618:
2385:
2218:Moluccan Islands
2184:livery companies
2145:Stora Kopparberg
2114:to describe the
2093:
2040:Princeps senatus
1977:Stora Kopparberg
1951:co-determination
1797:
1790:
1783:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1559:Critique of work
1534:Capitalist state
1217:Critique of work
1100:Regulated market
1002:Economic systems
955:Private property
905:Financial market
895:Entrepreneurship
890:Economic surplus
803:
782:
775:
768:
736:Registered agent
681:Drag-along right
621:
606:
596:
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
526:
495:
478:
458:
402:
393:
385:
377:
369:
358:
348:
340:
330:
326:Societas privata
320:
310:
291:
110:
87:
82:
75:
68:
21:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5461:Aspects of jobs
5439:
5400:Labour movement
5358:
5299:Toxic workplace
5269:Robotics safety
5199:Parkinson's law
5189:Office politics
5174:Micromanagement
5049:Employee morale
5019:Emotional labor
5004:Divide and rule
4979:Culture of fear
4902:
4896:
4866:
4861:
4837:Aspects of jobs
4820:
4602:
4596:
4553:
4501:Wayback Machine
4470:
4453:
4434:Wayback Machine
4305:Wayback Machine
4289:Wayback Machine
4278:Davis, John P.
4213:Blackstone, W.
4193:
4190:
4188:Further reading
4185:
4184:
4153:Runciman, David
4151:
4150:
4146:
4140:Wayback Machine
4130:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4070:on 17 June 2012
4067:
4061:
4050:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3962:Rosovsky, Henry
3951:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3869:Wayback Machine
3860:
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3718:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3686:
3682:
3664:
3660:
3656:, 6 Geo 4, c 91
3651:
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3581:
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3525:Wayback Machine
3513:
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3409:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3333:of the company.
3322:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3299:www.corpnet.com
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3168:Preferred stock
3153:Nationalization
3143:Megacorporation
3098:Corporatization
3068:Corporate haven
3063:Corporate group
3048:Corporate crime
3011:Business attire
2961:
2903:natural persons
2895:
2889:
2846:
2767:
2699:
2611:introduced the
2603:of the company.
2584:
2510:
2488:Then, in 1843,
2464:The process of
2453:Charles Dickens
2430:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2352:Bubble Act 1720
2332:Bubble Act 1720
2202:
2196:
2161:Magnus Eriksson
2069:Populus Romanus
2063:in order to be
2051:(27 BC–14 AD),
2035:Caesar Augustus
1969:
1959:
1801:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1614:Post-capitalism
1519:Anti-capitalism
1514:
1506:
1505:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1255:
1247:
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1143:
1135:
1134:
1125:State-sponsored
1003:
995:
994:
860:Capital markets
825:
786:
741:
740:
721:Civil procedure
711:
703:
702:
676:Tag-along right
643:
635:
634:
619:
604:
594:
584:
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554:
544:
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493:statutory trust
487:
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456:
400:
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383:
375:
367:
356:
346:
338:
328:
318:
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288:
286:by jurisdiction
285:
284:Corporate forms
276:
275:
256:Private limited
224:Holding company
199:
191:
190:
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118:
117:By jurisdiction
83:
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62:
60:
55:
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52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5539:Legal entities
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5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:Discrimination
4991:
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4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Sustainability
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
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4607:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4551:External links
4549:
4548:
4547:
4514:
4504:
4488:
4481:
4476:Owen, Thomas.
4474:
4469:978-1350269989
4468:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4421:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4398:
4393:Hunt, Bishop.
4391:
4382:Hessen, Robert
4379:
4372:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4334:DuBois, A. B.
4332:
4325:
4308:
4292:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:Brown, Bruce.
4239:
4232:
4227:Blumberg, PI,
4225:
4218:
4217:(1765) 455–473
4211:
4204:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4144:
4124:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4081:
4059:
4036:
4020:
4006:
3986:
3958:Lorsch, Jay W.
3944:
3930:
3904:
3897:
3873:
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3848:
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3372:(2): 346–349.
3352:
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3195:Small business
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2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Commercial law
2962:
2960:
2957:
2945:David Runciman
2891:Main article:
2888:
2885:
2845:
2842:
2830:invisible hand
2795:treasury stock
2766:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2743:managing board
2735:
2698:
2695:
2669:and corporate
2583:
2580:
2509:
2506:
2429:
2426:
2391:
2388:
2381:
2195:
2192:
2168:medieval times
2073:religious cult
2031:Roman Republic
1958:
1955:
1936:not-for-profit
1872:natural person
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1740:
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1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Ordoliberalism
1719:
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1599:Market economy
1596:
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1536:
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1515:
1513:Related topics
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1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:State monopoly
1380:
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952:
947:
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940:Liberalization
937:
932:
930:Invisible hand
927:
922:
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912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
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847:
845:Businessperson
842:
840:Business cycle
837:
832:
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812:
811:
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749:Company portal
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463:Low-profit LLC
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395:
387:
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295:European Union
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143:Cayman Islands
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5529:Corporate law
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5504:
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5490:
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5474:
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5469:
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5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5436:
5435:Whistleblower
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5425:Strike action
5423:
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5418:
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5411:
5408:
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5398:
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5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Role conflict
5272:
5270:
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5260:
5259:Relationships
5257:
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5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
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5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Control freak
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
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4909:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4888:
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4881:
4879:
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4858:
4855:
4853:
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4840:
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4827:
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4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
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4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
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4772:
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4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
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4727:
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4712:
4709:
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4699:
4697:
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4692:
4689:
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4684:
4682:
4679:
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4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Entertainment
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Communication
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Appointeeship
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:Sobel, Robert
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:Scott, W. R.
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4456:Kennard, Matt
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4363:Freund, Ernst
4361:
4358:
4355:Frentrop, P,
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4264:Cooke, C.A.,
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4206:Bakan, Joel.
4205:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4174:
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4141:
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4116:
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4107:
4104:
4098:
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4066:
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4009:
4003:
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3987:
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3841:
3834:
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3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3786:on 2012-01-11
3782:
3778:
3771:
3757:on 2012-01-13
3753:
3746:
3739:
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3484:
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3450:0-674-51776-8
3447:
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3391:
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3348:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3305:on 2017-10-15
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3242:
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3201:
3198:
3196:
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3182:
3179:
3176:
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3173:Privatization
3171:
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3164:
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3156:
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3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Good standing
3111:
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3101:
3099:
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3019:
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2933:
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2924:
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2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:legal persons
2894:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:legislatively
2822:
2820:
2819:civil actions
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2745:is common in
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:privatization
2683:
2681:
2680:conglomerates
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:United States
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:The Economist
2544:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:royal charter
2467:
2466:incorporation
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:laissez-faire
2401:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2368:corporate law
2365:
2357:
2356:royal charter
2353:
2349:
2346:Chart of the
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:Great Britain
2311:, which gave
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:royal charter
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:, obtained a
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:Maurya Empire
2134:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Julius Caesar
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1896:
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1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:jurisdictions
1843:
1842:
1838:(i.e., by an
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1798:
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1786:
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1779:
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1760:
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1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Neoliberalism
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Authoritarian
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
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1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Globalization
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Crisis theory
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
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1499:
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1427:
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1422:
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1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:Intellectuals
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:Technological
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
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1359:
1356:
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1298:
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1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Institutional
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:Laissez-faire
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Authoritarian
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Surplus value
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Privatization
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
798:
794:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
761:
760:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:Related areas
707:
706:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
660:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
639:
638:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
612:
609:
607:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
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573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
527:
522:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
484:
483:S corporation
481:
479:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
453:
451:
450:C corporation
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
437:United States
435:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
396:
394:
388:
386:
380:
378:
372:
370:
364:
363:
362:
361:
354:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
311:
306:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
287:
280:
279:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
195:
194:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:United States
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:Corporate law
97:
93:
89:
88:
85:
80:
73:
66:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5534:Corporations
5524:Business law
5415:Organization
5405:Labor rights
5385:Headquarters
5369:
5304:Toxic leader
5284:Spirituality
5149:Kick the cat
5139:Intervention
5079:Feminisation
4929:Anti-pattern
4796:Transparency
4746:Social media
4600:corporations
4599:
4559:at Wikibooks
4527:bureaucratic
4520:
4510:
4492:
4484:
4477:
4459:
4447:
4440:
4425:
4414:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4375:
4367:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4341:Formoy, RR,
4335:
4328:
4311:
4296:
4281:Corporations
4280:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4131:Joel Bakan,
4127:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4065:the original
4046:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
3996:
3989:
3978:. Retrieved
3969:
3947:
3938:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3907:
3883:
3876:
3857:
3839:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3776:
3759:. Retrieved
3752:the original
3738:
3730:
3726:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3670:
3661:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3613:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:the original
3565:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3490:
3483:
3463:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3369:
3365:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3298:
3289:
3278:. Retrieved
3269:
3259:
3235:
3180:(PC or P.C.)
3021:Body politic
2999:
2998:
2963:
2953:stakeholders
2925:
2907:human rights
2896:
2872:
2870:
2858:
2847:
2838:subject area
2834:jurisdiction
2823:
2799:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2757:(such as in
2752:
2720:
2716:credit union
2708:
2700:
2691:Deregulation
2684:
2664:
2657:
2649:Standard Oil
2634:
2627:
2625:
2606:
2594:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2522:shareholders
2511:
2487:
2463:
2456:
2446:
2437:
2428:Deregulation
2419:
2396:mercantilist
2393:
2373:
2361:
2316:
2294:
2277:
2238:
2203:
2200:Mercantilism
2194:Mercantilism
2176:partnerships
2165:
2130:
2127:ancient Rome
2120:
2112:body politic
2100:commentators
2081:
2077:burial clubs
2068:
2057:Roman Senate
2052:
2038:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1984:
1982:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:shareholders
1917:
1914:stockholders
1913:
1909:
1899:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1850:registration
1839:
1832:
1825:legal person
1813:organization
1808:
1806:
1634:Wage slavery
1574:Evergreening
1285:Mercantilism
1232:Neoclassical
1060:Mercantilist
1037:
970:Rent seeking
935:Visible hand
869:
695:
658:
616:
601:
591:
581:
571:
562:Aksjeselskap
561:
552:Aktieselskab
551:
541:
531:
520:
407:by guarantee
335:
325:
315:
304:
218:
209:Conglomerate
153:South Africa
84:
46:
37:This is the
31:
5430:Trade union
5420:Remote work
5395:Job sharing
5370:Corporation
5319:Undermining
5239:Psychopathy
5089:Goofing off
5084:Generations
5069:Empowerment
4914:Absenteeism
4898:Aspects of
4706:Psychopathy
4681:Opportunity
4676:Nationalism
4621:Citizenship
4598:Aspects of
4517:Tooze, Adam
4417:(1793–1794)
4312:Company Law
3325:Company Law
3272:. 2017–13.
3205:Tulip mania
3138:Living wage
3093:Corporatism
3043:Cooperative
2645:Rockefeller
2518:Robert Lowe
2485:companies.
2474:private act
2364:Stewart Kyd
2328:public debt
2281:East Indies
2224:demand for
2084:Middle Ages
2001:Universitas
1809:corporation
1717:Objectivism
1702:Libertarian
1619:Speculation
1539:Consumerism
1373:Progressive
1312:Development
1295:Physiocracy
1242:Supply-side
1050:Libertarian
1028:Free-market
1008:Anglo-Saxon
990:Wage labour
945:Marginalism
915:Free market
870:Corporation
697:Ultra vires
417:proprietary
234:Partnership
229:Joint-stock
219:Corporation
214:Cooperative
5513:Categories
5476:Employment
5375:Employment
5184:Narcissism
5134:Inequality
5129:Incivility
5104:Harassment
5074:Evaluation
5009:Drug tests
4924:Aggression
4900:workplaces
4721:Resolution
4701:Propaganda
4671:Narcissism
4656:Interlocks
4013:22 October
3980:2020-11-24
3790:2011-11-16
3761:2011-11-16
3694:, vol. VII
3690:(1844) in
3624:2017-06-10
3582:19 January
3396:2021-06-18
3309:2017-06-10
3280:2020-11-16
3251:References
2928:Joel Bakan
2912:Insolvency
2887:Personhood
2807:employment
2749:countries.
2732:common law
2659:New Jersey
2591:Lindley LJ
2559:Stephenson
2482:litigation
2412:Adam Smith
2295:A similar
2273:Royal Navy
2214:Portuguese
2198:See also:
2172:common law
2159:from King
2096:glossators
2049:Roman Army
1961:See also:
1932:for-profit
1697:Liberalism
1682:Humanistic
1667:Democratic
1646:Ideologies
1481:Schumpeter
1227:Monetarist
1158:Chartalism
1105:Regulatory
1080:Neoliberal
1033:Humanistic
816:Capitalism
754:Law portal
602:Osakeyhtiö
521:Aktiebolag
470:Series LLC
5519:Companies
5503:Companies
5449:Templates
5234:Profanity
5229:Probation
5169:Menopause
5159:Listening
5099:Happiness
4999:Diversity
4984:Democracy
4974:Coworking
4661:Liability
4636:Despotism
4177:143599471
3811:, at 875.
3805:Economist
3667:C Dickens
3637:A Smith,
3599:at p. 113
3378:0023-8856
2866:liability
2815:contracts
2765:Formation
2747:civil law
2675:antitrust
2607:In 1892,
2526:creditors
2438:Town Talk
2408:economics
2163:in 1347.
2123:collegium
2045:Imperator
2014:Lex Julia
2009:collegium
1997:Roman law
1993:Justinian
1947:fiduciary
1902:local law
1862:aggregate
1737:Third Way
1727:Privatism
1687:Inclusive
1672:Dirigisme
1466:von Mises
1353:Illiberal
1333:Corporate
1328:Community
1275:Feudalism
1185:Keynesian
1175:Classical
1018:Corporate
830:Austerity
642:Doctrines
412:by shares
128:Australia
5363:See also
5354:Workwear
5344:Workload
5334:Wellness
5324:Violence
5314:Turnover
5309:Training
5289:Strategy
5279:Sabotage
5254:Rat race
5194:Overwork
5024:Emotions
4989:Deviance
4959:Conflict
4939:Bullying
4781:Taxonomy
4756:Sourcing
4736:Services
4731:Security
4726:Scandals
4716:Recovery
4696:Promoter
4651:Identity
4539:robotics
4513:. (1984)
4497:Archived
4458:(2023).
4443:, (1980)
4436:, (1920)
4430:Archived
4413:Kyd, S,
4301:Archived
4285:Archived
4268:, (1950)
4224:, (1993)
4210:. (2020)
4136:Archived
3974:Archived
3865:Archived
3618:Archived
3521:Archived
3440:(vol. 1)
3390:Archived
3386:41539517
3274:Archived
2959:See also
2641:Carnegie
2382:—
2249:monopoly
2222:European
2129:and the
2053:collegia
2027:Dictator
1564:Cronyism
1476:Rothbard
1451:Marshall
1436:Friedman
1368:Merchant
1323:Consumer
1318:Advanced
1153:Austrian
1148:American
1075:National
1070:Monopoly
1023:Dirigist
925:Investor
835:Business
824:Concepts
808:a series
806:Part of
726:Contract
659:De facto
491: /
305:Societas
123:Anguilla
92:a series
43:reviewed
5380:Factory
5329:Virtual
5264:Revenge
5224:Privacy
5179:Mobbing
4949:Culture
4944:Climate
4791:Trainer
4771:Synergy
4761:Statism
4261:. 1976.
4238:. 1968.
3675:(1843)
3366:Latomus
2877:company
2873:company
2759:Germany
2671:mergers
2635:In the
2609:Germany
2410:led by
2318:asiento
2157:charter
2135:of the
2094:by the
2061:Emperor
2059:or the
2047:of the
2029:of the
1957:History
1883:limited
1836:charter
1817:company
1692:Liberal
1652:Anarcho
1589:History
1421:Malthus
1416:Ricardo
1378:Rentier
1363:Marxist
1343:Finance
1254:Origins
1222:Marxist
1170:Chicago
1130:Welfare
1090:Private
1045:Liberal
865:Company
850:Capital
626:more...
244:Limited
239:General
204:Company
184:Germany
168:Vietnam
79:"Copr."
5489:Portal
5410:Office
5294:Stress
5214:Phobia
5144:Jargon
5094:Gossip
4907:Topics
4801:Travel
4686:Pathos
4646:Ethics
4503:(1912)
4487:(1970)
4480:(1991)
4466:
4397:(1936)
4378:(1930)
4352:(1979)
4338:(1938)
4331:(1954)
4321:
4307:(1917)
4291:(1904)
4254:(1949)
4247:(2003)
4231:(1993)
4175:
4074:2 June
4057:
4004:
3895:
3846:
3714:
3498:
3471:
3448:
3420:
3384:
3376:
3331:owners
2844:Naming
2811:crimes
2788:bylaws
2741:and a
2530:shares
2299:, the
2285:Africa
2257:London
2243:or an
2226:spices
2180:guilds
2153:Sweden
2023:Consul
2005:corpus
1987:, the
1985:corpus
1928:member
1900:Where
1858:profit
1841:ad hoc
1811:is an
1491:Weaver
1486:Veblen
1461:Walras
1456:Pareto
1446:Keynes
1348:Global
1115:Social
1085:Nordic
1055:Market
965:Profit
620:(SARL)
595:(N.V.)
585:(K.K.)
575:(GmbH)
523:
512:Others
477:(LLLP)
422:public
401:(Ltd.)
376:(SCIO)
347:(EEIG)
307:
179:France
138:Canada
5124:Humor
4816:Video
4806:Trust
4786:Title
4691:Power
4631:Crime
4611:Abuse
4173:S2CID
4119:e.g.
4088:e.g.
4068:(PDF)
4051:(PDF)
3923:5 May
3825:AC 22
3809:supra
3784:(PDF)
3773:(PDF)
3755:(PDF)
3748:(PDF)
3677:ch 27
3597:Ibid.
3382:JSTOR
3227:Notes
3186:(PLC)
3000:Other
2949:state
2917:fraud
2776:agent
2653:trust
2472:or a
2416:guild
2149:Falun
2132:sreni
2116:state
1989:Latin
1906:stock
1895:torts
1854:stock
1821:state
1501:Coase
1496:Weber
1441:Hayek
1406:Smith
1338:Crony
1200:Post-
1120:State
1110:Rhine
1065:Mixed
985:Value
950:Money
555:(A/S)
545:(ANS)
457:(LLC)
392:(IPS)
384:(CIC)
368:(CIO)
339:(SUP)
329:(SPE)
319:(SCE)
148:India
4811:Veil
4711:Raid
4537:and
4529:and
4464:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4076:2012
4055:ISBN
4015:2020
4002:ISBN
3925:2013
3893:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3766:and
3712:ISBN
3665:See
3652:See
3584:2017
3496:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3446:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3374:ISSN
2919:and
2557:and
2555:Watt
2402:and
2283:and
2182:and
2106:and
2043:and
2025:and
1965:and
1934:and
1889:and
1867:sole
1471:Rand
1431:Marx
1411:Mill
1358:Late
1190:Neo-
611:S.A.
605:(Oy)
565:(AS)
535:(AG)
525:(AB)
309:(SE)
5390:Job
4776:Tax
4165:doi
3889:105
2964:Law
2647:'s
2455:in
2315:an
2255:of
2166:In
2125:of
2037:as
2021:as
2007:or
1916:or
1874:).
1829:law
1707:Neo
1677:Eco
1426:Say
1195:New
1163:MMT
1095:Raw
133:BVI
45:on
5515::
4509:.
4384:.
4365:.
4314:,
4171:.
4161:35
4159:.
3972:.
3968:.
3960:;
3956:;
3891:.
3830:^
3775:.
3669:,
3612:.
3388:.
3380:.
3370:60
3368:.
3364:.
3297:.
3268:.
2817:,
2813:,
2809:,
2574:.
2543:.
2259:.
2151:,
2118:.
2075:,
2003:,
1807:A
810:on
158:UK
94:on
41:,
5491::
4891:e
4884:t
4877:v
4591:e
4584:t
4577:v
4472:.
4179:.
4167::
4078:.
4017:.
3983:.
3927:.
3901:.
3795:.
3793:.
3764:.
3720:.
3627:.
3586:.
3530:.
3504:.
3477:.
3426:.
3399:.
3312:.
3283:.
2358:.
1796:e
1789:t
1782:v
781:e
774:t
767:v
81:.
74:.
67:.
49:.
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