Arcade game - Knowledge (XXG)

335: 867: 1180: 625: 47: 585:, which would qualify them as gambling and require them to be strictly regulated in most government jurisdictions. Games of chance generally involve games where a player pays money to participate for the opportunity to win a prize, where the likelihood to win that prize is primarily driven by chance rather than skill. Akin to sweepstakes and lotteries, slot machines are typically cataloged as games of chance and thus not typically included in arcades outside of certain jurisdictions. 133: 842: 1374:, before arcades declined in the late 1990s, with the console market surpassing arcade video games for the first time around 1997–1998. Arcade video games declined in the Western world during the 2000s, with most arcades serving highly specialized experiences that cannot be replicated in the home, including lines of pinball and other arcade games, coupled with other entertainment options such as restaurants or bars. Among newer arcade video games include games like 985:

were released during the late 1960s to early 1970s, from quiz games and racing games to hockey and football games, many adopting the quarter-play price point. These "audio-visual" games were selling in large quantities that had not been approached by most arcade machines in years. This led to a "technological renaissance" in the late 1960s, which would later be critical in establishing a healthy arcade environment for video games to flourish in the 1970s.

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games of chance and banned them from arcades. After the invention of the electric flipper in 1947, which gave the player more control on the fate of the ball after launching, pinball manufacturers pushed to reclassify pinball as games of skill. New York City's ban on pinball was overturned in 1976 when Roger Sharpe, a journalist, demonstrated the ability to call a shot to a specific lane to the city's council to prove pinball was a game of skill.

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in 1977. Where pinball was allowed, pinball manufacturers carefully distanced their games from gambling, adding "For Amusement Only" among the game's labeling, eliminating any redemption features, and asserting these were games of skill at every opportunity. By the early 1970s, pinball machines thus occupied select arcades at amusement parks, at bars and lounges, and with solitary machines at various stores.

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The late 1960s to early 1970s were considered the "electro-mechanical golden age" in Japan, and the "novelty renaissance" or "technological renaissance" in North America. A new category of "audio-visual" novelty games emerged during this era, mainly established by several Japanese arcade manufacturers. Arcades had previously been dominated by

573:, popular in Japan and southeast Asia, where players must convert their money into special medal coins to play the game, but can win more coins which they can redeem back into prizes. Medal games are design to simulate a gambling-like experience without running afoul of Japan's strict laws against gambling. 984:

revived the novelty game business, and established a "realistic" or "audio-visual" category of games, using advanced special effects to provide a simulation experience. It was the catalyst for the "novelty renaissance" where a wide variety of novelty/specialty games (also called "land-sea-air" games)

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machines that included electric lights and features were developed in 1933, but lacked the user-controlled flipper mechanisms at that point; these would be invented in 1947. Though the creators of these games argued that these games were still skill-based, many governments still considered them to be

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Pinball machines are games that have a large, enclosed, slanted table with a number of scoring features on its surface. Players launch a steel ball onto the table and, using pinball flippers, try to keep the ball in play while scoring as many points as possible. Early pinball games were mostly driven

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found in America at the time. Some elders feared what the youth were doing and considered pinball machines to be "tools of the devil." This led to even more bans. These bans were slowly lifted in the 1960s and 1970s; New York City's ban, placed in 1942, lasted until 1976, while Chicago's was lifted

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Prize redemption games such as crane games and coin drop games have been examined as a mixed continuum between games of chance and skill. In a crane game, for example, there is some skill in determining how to position the crane claw over a prize, but the conditions of the strength and condition of

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From the late 1960s, EM games incorporated more elaborate electronics and mechanical action to create a simulated environment for the player. These games overlapped with the introduction of arcade video games, and in some cases, were prototypical of the experiences that arcade video games offered.

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games date back to the early 20th century, with "cinematic shooting gallery" games. They were similar to shooting gallery carnival games, except that players shot at a cinema screen displaying film footage of targets. They showed footage of targets, and when a player shot the screen at the right

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Pinball machines initially were branded as games of chance in the 1940s as, after launching the ball, the player had no means to control its outcome. Coupled with fears of pinball being a "tool of the devil" over the youth of that time period, several jurisdictions took steps to label pinball as

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perspective on a screen, resembling a windscreen view. It had collision detection, with players having to dodge cars to avoid crashing, as well as electronic sound for the car engines and collisions. This gave it greater realism than earlier driving games, and it resembled a prototypical arcade

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Abstract mechanical sports games date back to the turn of the 20th century in England, which was the main manufacturer of arcade games in the early 20th century. The London-based Automatic Sports Company manufactured abstract sports games based on British sports, including

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A general category of arcade games are those played for tickets that can be redeemed for prizes. The gameplay itself can be of any arcade game, and the number of tickets received are proportional to the player's score. Skee ball is often played as a redemption game, while

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video games. "General" arcade games refer to all other types of EM arcade games, including various different types of sports games. "Audio-visual" or "realistic" games referred to novelty games that used advanced special effects to provide a simulation experience.

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In limited jurisdictions, slot machines may also be considered an arcade game and installed alongside other games in arcades. However, as slot machines are mostly games of chance, their use in this manner is highly limited. They are most often used for gambling.

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Pinball machines beyond the 1970s have since advanced with similar improvement in technology as with arcade video games. Past machines used discrete electro-mechanical and electronic componentry for game logic, but newer machines have switched to

1098:(1972) and its clones, EM games continued to have a strong presence in arcades for much of the 1970s. In Japan, EM games remained more popular than video games up until the late 1970s. In the United States, after the market became flooded with 880:

Alternatives to pinball were electro-mechanical games (EM games) that clearly demonstrated themselves as games of skill to avoid the stigma of pinball. The transition from mechanical arcade games to EM games dates back to around the time of

1237:. The number of arcade game makers greatly increased over the next several years, including several of the companies that had been making EM games such as Midway, Bally, Williams, Sega, and Taito. As technology moved from 1366:

remaining considerably more advanced than home systems through the late 1990s. However, the improved capabilities of home consoles and computers to mimic arcade video games during this time drew crowds away from arcades.

936:, which followed a similar format but had a longer cabinet allowing a longer road. By 1961, however, the US arcade industry had been stagnating. This in turn had a negative effect on Japanese arcade distributors such as 655:, and installed along with other attractions at fairs, traveling carnivals, and resorts. Soon, entrepreneurs began housing these coin-operated devices in the same facilities which required minimal oversight, creating 674:

in the 1910s and 1920s drew audiences away from the penny arcade. New interactive coin-operated machines were created to bring back patrons to the penny arcades, creating the first arcade games. Many were based on

1388:. Arcade games had remained popular in Asian regions until around the late 2010s as popularity began to wane; when once there were around 26,000 arcades in Japan in 1986, there were only about 4,000 in 2019. The 1612: 600:

Nearly all arcade video games tend to be treated as games of skill, challenging the player against the pre-set programming of the game. However, arcade video games that replicate gambling concepts, such as

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Cabot, Anthony N.; Light, Glenn J.; Rutledge, Karl F. (2009). "Alex Rodriguez, a Monkey, and the Game of Scrabble: The Hazard of Using Illogic to Define the Legality of Games of Mixed Skill and Chance".

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was introduced to North America in 1976, which inspired Bob's Space Racers to produce their own version of the game called "Whac-A-Mole" in 1977. Sega released an EM game similar to air hockey in 1968,

772:(1949), introduced the use of mechanical sound effects. Mechanical maze games appeared in penny arcades by the mid-20th century; they only allowed the player to manipulate the entire maze, unlike later 932:, with the goal being to keep the car centered as the road shifts left and right. Kasco (short for Kansai Seisakusho Co.) introduced this type of electro-mechanical driving game to Japan in 1958 with 3050:

Ernkvist, Mirko (2008). "Down many times, but still playing the game: Creative destruction and industry crashes in the early video game industry 1971–1986". In Gratzer, Karl; Stiefel, Dieter (eds.).

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market crashed around the mid-1970s, which led to traditional Chicago coin-op manufacturers mainly sticking to EM games up until the late 1970s. EM games eventually declined following the arrival of

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and ruled them as gambling devices. As such, they were initially banned in many cities. Pinball machines were also divisive between the young and the old and were arguably emblematic of the

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to direct and fire torpedoes, which were represented by colored lights and electronic sound effects. Sega's version became a major success worldwide. It was the first arcade game to cost a

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period between the 1940s and 1960s. Some early electro-mechanical games were designed not for commercial purposes but to demonstrate the state of technology at public expositions, such as

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game simulating association football, with eleven static players on each side of the pitch that can kick a ball using levers. Driving games originated from British arcades in the 1930s.

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in 1969. It had a circular racetrack with rival cars painted on individual rotating discs illuminated by a lamp, which produced colorful graphics projected using mirrors to give a

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to handle these elements, making games more versatile. Newer machines may have complex mechanical actions and detailed backplate graphics that are supported by these technologies.

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through mechanical components, while pinball games from the 1930s onward include electronic components such as lights and sensors and are one form of an electro-mechanical game.

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employees between 1969 and 1972. EM games experienced a resurgence during the 1980s. Air hockey, whac-a-mole and medal games have since remained popular arcade attractions.

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Pachinko is a type of mechanical game originating in Japan. It is used as both a form of recreational arcade game and much more frequently as a gambling device, filling a

334: 118:, often are categorized legally as gambling devices and, due to restrictions, may not be made available to minors or without appropriate oversight in many jurisdictions. 2847: 1434: 597:

is typically used to designate when arcade games are games of chance and thus subject to gambling laws, but for many redemption games, its application is a grey area.

745:, released in the United Kingdom in 1912. Cinematic shooting gallery games enjoyed short-lived popularity in several parts of Britain during the 1910s, and often had 538:

Sport games are indoor or miniaturized versions of popular physical sports that can be played within an arcade setting often with a reduced ruleset. Examples include

3353: 972:(later called Namco) in 1965 and then by Sega in 1966. It used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine, and had players look through a 1089:, watching customers play and helping to maintain the machinery, while learning how it worked and developing his understanding of how the game business operates. 2927:[Sega 60th Anniversary Special Interview: Arcade developers of the legendary chassis R360 and "Virtua Fighter" tell a lot of development secrets!]. 2094: 679:

of a larger scope, but reduced to something which could be automated. One popular style were pin-based games which were based on the 19th century game of

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Coin-operated photo booths automatically take and develop three or four wallet-sized pictures of subjects within the small space, and more recently using

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machines, had emerged in the 1980s. These are generally treated as games of chance, and remained confined to jurisdictions with favorable gambling laws.

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are essentially a cross between a traditional license/passport photo booth and an arcade video game, with a computer which allows the manipulation of

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established in 1981. It represents the American coin-operated amusement machine industry, including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.

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the claw and the stacking of the prize are sufficiently unknown parameters to make whether the player will be successful a matter of luck. The

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The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world

2334: 2194: 2012: 1917: 1859: 1727: 1596: 905: 852:(1969), a two-player EM game that used light-sensitive targets. It was one of the first games with head-to-head shooting, inspiring arcade 764:(1936). Games using this toy rifle were mechanical and the rifle fired beams of light at targets wired with sensors. A later gun game from 741:

time, it would trigger a mechanism that temporarily pauses the film and registers a point. The first successful example of such a game was

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Merchandiser games are those where the player attempts to win a prize by performing some physical action with the arcade machine, such as

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Penny arcades started to gain a negative reputation as the most popular attraction in them tended to be mutoscopes featuring risqué and

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vending machines had come about in the 19th century. To build on this, coin-operated automated amusement machines were created, such as

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and computers, and a moral panic on the impact of arcade video games on youth. The arcade industry was also partially impacted by the

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in the late 1970s. Several EM games that appeared in the 1970s have remained popular in arcades through to the present day, notably

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also established a trend of missile-launching gameplay during the late 1960s to 1970s. In the late 1960s, Sega began producing

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in 2020 and 2021 also drastically hit the arcade industry, forcing many of the large long-standing arcades in Japan to close.

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photographs. Two other arcade manufacturers introduced their own computerized arcade photo booth machines at the same show.

689:, a precursor to the pinball machine where players were given a limited number of balled to knock down targets with only a 3590: 3567: 1327: 1188: 3314: 2967: 1702:

Cabot, Anthony N.; Csoka, Louis V. (2003). "The games people play: Is it time for a new legal approach to prize games".

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Riismandel, Kyle (2013). "Arcade Addicts And Mallrats: Producing And Policing Suburban Public Space In 1980s America".

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similar to what arcade video games would later use. It was derived from older British driving games from the 1930s. In

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The Amusement & Music Operators (AMOA), a trade founded in 1957. It was composed by 1,700 members up to 1995. In

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Roundy, Philip T. (2020). "An "extra life" for the arcade? Entrepreneurship, hybridization, and industry renewal".

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Cabot, Anthony N.; Csoka, Louis V. (2007). "Fantasy Sports: One Form of Mainstream Wagering in the United States".

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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982

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also charged a quarter per play, further cementing quarter-play as the US arcade standard for over two decades.

1061:, with an upright cabinet, yellow marquee, three-digit scoring, coin box, steering wheel and accelerator pedal. 70:

is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and

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Cowan, Michael (2018). "Interactive media and imperial subjects: Excavating the cinematic shooting gallery".

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with a fire button, leading to joysticks subsequently becoming the standard control scheme for arcade games.

3536: 3247: 3179: 3144: 2794: 1278: 1277:(Nintendo, 1981). The golden age waned in 1983 due to an excess number of arcade games, the growing draw of 956: 836: 820: 648: 310: 237: 215: 1288:

The arcade market had recovered by 1986, with the help of software conversion kits, the arrival of popular

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had existed in England since the turn of the 20th century. The earliest rudimentary examples of mechanical

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using light-sensitive sensors on targets to register hits. Examples of electro-mechanical games include

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Coin-op carnival games are automated versions or variations of popular staffed games held at carnival

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Exploring the Selfie: Historical, Theoretical, and Analytical Approaches to Digital Self-Photography

1085:, when he was a college student, worked at an arcade where he became familiar with EM games such as 231:

actions from the player to move items contained within the game's cabinet. Some of these were early

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in 1975. In the late 1970s, arcade centers in Japan began to be flooded with "mole buster" games.

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EM games have a number of different genres/categories. "Novelty" or "land-sea-air" games refer to

2753: 2566: 2468: 2252:[Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age: Former Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview]. 2142: 1792: 1346:(1992) helped to revive it in the early 1990s, leading to a renaissance for the arcade industry. 298: 220: 158: 2896: 2028: 3582: 3357: 3322: 3055: 2708: 2607: 2537: 2474: 2451: 2418: 2330: 2190: 2008: 1913: 1884: 1855: 1826: 1645: 1633: 1592: 1582: 1453: 1406: 1389: 1336: 1234: 1058: 1010: 1005: 965: 784: 726: 690: 432: 375: 322: 232: 136: 127: 79: 31: 2698: 2320: 1505: 1167:

to play back the sounds of the motorbikes. Air hockey itself was later created by a group of

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sold over 10,000 cabinets in North America, becoming the biggest arcade hit in years. Like

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is one of the most popular redemption games in Japan. Another type of redemption game are

557: 279: 162: 87: 2853: 2296: 198:. Most of these are played for prizes or tickets for redemption. Common examples include 1524: 639:

amusements had been a staple of fairs since the 19th century. Further, the invention of

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Up until about 1996, arcade video games had remained the largest sector of the global

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responded to market conditions by having Sega develop original arcade games in Japan.

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Newman, Michael (2017). "Chapter 1: Good Clean Fun: The Origin of the Video Arcade".

1796: 1728:"What the Popularity of 'Fortnite' Has in Common With the 20th Century Pinball Craze" 1352: 1316: 694: 671: 640: 636: 436: 195: 189: 111: 103: 91: 75: 2924: 3526: 3480: 2901: 2099: 1363: 1042: 1034: 1019: 882: 874: 807: 710: 656: 513: 347: 885:, with different types of arcade games gradually making the transition during the 659:

near the turn of the 20th century, the name taken from the common use of a single

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or computerized circuitry to take input from the player and translate that to an

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At the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show in October 1975,

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This article is about all types of amusement arcade games. For video games, see

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colonies. Cinematic shooting gallery games declined some time after the 1910s.

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Shooting gallery carnival games date back to the late 19th century. Mechanical

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boardwalk arcade. The popularity of these games was aided by the impact of the

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were popularized in arcades during the early 1990s with games such as Sega's

3521: 3516: 3501: 2782:"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver" 2562: 2186: 2071: 2004: 1909: 1851: 1822: 1588: 1200: 1050: 973: 949: 925: 858: 680: 652: 318: 267: 263: 199: 181: 2650: 1875:

Voorhees, Gerald (2014). "Chapter 31: Shooting". In Perron, Bernard (ed.).

548:. Sports games can be either mechanical, electro-mechanical or electronic. 317:

refer to games that involve shooting with a gun-like peripheral (such as a

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EM games typically combined mechanical engineering technology with various

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which allowed the player to manipulate individual elements within a maze.

725:(1925) by London-based Full Team Football Company was an early mechanical 527: 3626: 3544: 3140: 3006: 2593: 2533: 2301: 1984: 1965: 1529: 1027: 990: 891: 886: 733: 565: 444: 404: 393: 369: 314: 259: 115: 581:

Arcade games have generally struggled to avoid being labelled wholly as

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The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond

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released by Sega in 1969, may have been the first arcade game to use a

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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction

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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction

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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction

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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction

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that had been depending on US imports up until then. Sega co-founder

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that require specialized equipment, as well as games incorporating

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led to another brief arcade decline towards the end of the 1980s.

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in 1995, the name is a shortened form of the registered trademark

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niche comparable to that of the slot machine in Western gambling.

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game, where one must time the movement of the claw to grab a prize

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as the first commercially successful game. Arcade video games use

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Arcade video games were first introduced in the early 1970s, with

131: 45: 2273: 1008:. It was a fresh approach to gun games that Sega introduced with 721:

game by having the player hit a pitch into one of various holes.

2925:"セガ60周年スペシャルインタビュー。伝説の筐体R360や『バーチャファイター』などアーケード開発者が開発秘話をたっぷり語る！" 1249:, a new wave of arcade video games arose, starting with Taito's 1229: 1151: 1094: 937: 845: 670:

while drawing audiences of young men. Further, the birth of the

465: 294: 149: 3415: 2948:"Arcade Developers Talk Sega's History of Taking On Challenges" 2729:"Arcade Game Flyers: Indy 500, Kansai Seiki International (AU)" 2676:"Did You Know... Game & Pop Culture Fun Facts & Trivia" 2224:. No. 24 (December 1996). 19 November 1996. pp. 6–10. 2067:"For Amusement Only: the life and death of the American arcade" 2147: 1326:). However, the growth of home video game systems such as the 54:

featuring several different types of arcade games, located in

3204:"Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019" 2824:

Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers

2651:"Kasco Indy 500 coin operated mechanical arcade driving game" 2351:

Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers

2095:"The Mayor Who Took a Sledgehammer to NYC's Pinball Machines" 1962:

Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers

3031:. No. 3. United Kingdom. CU Amiga. May 1990. p. 87 2247:"Kasco no Jidai ~ Moto Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview ~" 3103:"Coin-Op history – 1975 to 1997 – from the pages of RePlay" 980:

per play, and was a turning point for the arcade industry.

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of the 1930s, as they provided inexpensive entertainment.

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Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation

2559:"Killer Shark: The Undersea Horror Arcade Game from Jaws" 620:

Skee-Ball and carnival games (late 19th century to 1940s)

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games that simulate aspects of various vehicles, such as

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Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games

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The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a

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was introduced in Japan, with Kasco's 1968 racing game

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introduced an arcade photo booth machine that combines

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Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play

2216:"Did you know that Sega was started by an American?" 3609: 3581: 3553: 3535: 3494: 3458: 2496:"The Next Level: Sega's Plans for World Domination" 2414:

The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games

2143:"Arcade Dreams' Forgotten Classics: Sega Gun Fight" 1128:. Medal games started becoming popular with Sega's 102:Broadly, arcade games are nearly always considered 3202: 2305:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 27 December 1969. p. 184. 1819:Atari Age: The Emergence of Video Games in America 223:games (EM games) operate on a combination of some 3240:"Virus threatens 'game over' for Japan's arcades" 2848:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association 2322:The Sega Arcade Revolution: A History in 62 Games 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1667:"The beginner's guide to arcade culture in Japan" 1533:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 20 October 1973. p. 105. 1435:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association 1429:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association 1092:Following the arrival of arcade video games with 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1065:sold over 2,000 arcade cabinets in Japan, while 3354:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 1308:games (such as Sega's "taikan" games including 749:animals as targets, with footage recorded from 482: 74:. Most arcade games are presented as primarily 474: 110:. Games that are solely games of chance, like 3427: 2589:"New Sega Gun To Bow at ATE: Sega Duck Shoot" 2314: 2312: 2291: 2289: 2274:"Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age" 2116:"Chicago once waged a 40-year war on pinball" 1988:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 27 July 1968. p. 73. 1877:The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies 908:released the electro-mechanical driving game 489:. They are primarily found in Asian arcades. 8: 2467:Charles Hill; Gareth Jones (19 April 2011). 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 683:. One of the first such pin-based games was 184:was one of the first arcade games developed. 3233: 3231: 2999:"Classic Games Spur Coin-Op Market Rebound" 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 1413:Amusement & Music Operators Association 3434: 3420: 3412: 2780:; Weaver, Christopher (17 November 2017). 3054:. Södertörns högskola. pp. 161–191. 1935:NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies 1499: 1497: 1495: 831:Electro-mechanical games (1940s to 1970s) 442:A specific variety designed for arcades, 3315:"Care for a Latte With That, Mr. Nukem?" 3270:"American Amusement Machine Association" 2834: 2832: 2766:. November 1996. pp. 211–229 (213). 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1362:, with later arcade systems such as the 2597:. Cash Box Pub. Co.: 34 4 January 1969. 2403: 2401: 2297:"Special Novelties Find Favor With Ops" 2093:Friedersdorf, Colon (18 January 2013). 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1519: 1517: 1445: 788:Pinball machines from the 1960s at the 577:"Game of skill" versus "game of chance" 3176:"Second Hand Smoke – One up, two down" 1777:Journal of Business Venturing Insights 1401:American Amusement Machine Association 717:(1903) which simulated a portion of a 309:video games), or aircraft (similar to 3601:Timeline of arcade video game history 3137:15 Most Influential Games of All Time 2210: 2208: 2206: 1581:Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). 1175:Arcade video games (1970s to present) 7: 3313:Kushner, David (23 September 1999). 3216:from the original on 30 January 2019 3052:History of Insolvancy and Bankruptcy 2626:"1969 Sega Duck Hunt (Arcade Flyer)" 1644:. Springer. pp. 305–326 (310). 1504:Lendino, Jamie (27 September 2020). 1146:(1975). The first whac-a-mole game, 997:, but which were EM games that used 906:International Mutoscope Reel Company 86:machines, electro-mechanical games, 27:Coin-operated entertainment machine 3201:Naramura, Yuki (23 January 2019). 2804:from the original on 23 April 2021 2470:Essentials of Strategic Management 2181:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). 1999:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). 1904:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). 1846:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). 1510:. Steel Gear Press. pp. 18–9. 1004:to produce moving animations on a 25: 3396:Holland, Bill (23 October 1992). 3238:Cena, Mathias (9 February 2021). 3017:from the original on 2 June 2021. 2473:. Cengage Learning. pp. 1–. 2260:from the original on 22 June 2003 2254:Classic Videogame Station Odyssey 2151:. 21 October 2020. Archived from 1726:Thompson, Clive (December 2018). 1183:A row of video games at an arcade 1150:("Mole Buster"), was released by 542:and indoor basketball games like 139:at ZBase Entertainment Center in 3596:Golden age of arcade video games 3377:Holland, Bill (16 August 1986). 2968:"History of Brunswick Billiards" 2897:"An Oral History of Whac-a-Mole" 2879:Namco Elemecha Daihyakka booklet 2826:, p. 134, Kodansha International 2686:. April–May 2017. pp. 26–7. 2353:, p. 133, Kodansha International 1525:"Coin Machines Equipment Survey" 1257:golden age of arcade video games 1195:Golden age of arcade video games 1114:golden age of arcade video games 1045:for release in North America as 3143:. 14 March 2001. Archived from 3133:"Virtua Racing – Arcade (1992)" 2840:"70s Amusement Machine History" 2065:June, Laura (16 January 2013). 928:over a road painted on a metal 873:(1969), an EM game produced by 615:Amusement arcade § History 321:or similar device), similar to 2997:Carter, Jay (17 August 1985). 2754:"The Great Videogame Swindle?" 2697:Ramsay, Morgan (8 June 2012). 2494:Battelle, John (1 June 1993). 1980:"BAC Thinks Highly Of Arcades" 1638:as Affective, Aesthetic Labor" 1233:in 1972, the first successful 1199:After two attempts to package 970:Nakamura Manufacturing Company 1: 3591:History of arcade video games 3398:"Court Denies Jukebox Appeal" 2852:(in Japanese). Archived from 2319:Horowitz, Ken (6 July 2018). 2249:(キャスコの時代～元・関西製作所スタッフインタビュー～) 1328:Nintendo Entertainment System 1189:History of arcade video games 106:, with only some elements of 1665:Taipeu, Dan (26 July 2016). 760:appeared in the 1930s, with 2933:(in Japanese). 28 June 2020 1591:. pp. 119–20, 188–91. 1239:transistor-transistor logic 483: 3669: 3158:"News: Virtua Fighter 3". 2372:Bandai Namco Entertainment 2114:Smith, Ryan (5 May 2018). 1968:International, p. 145 1789:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00178 1432: 1192: 1186: 834: 794: 612: 555: 511: 496: 391: 385: 367: 345: 213: 187: 125: 36: 29: 3449: 3077:Environment, Space, Place 2614:Killer List of Videogames 2526:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008). 2417:. BWD Press. p. 83. 2029:"The Evolution of Gaming" 1458:rarehistoricalphotos.com/ 1255:in 1978 and leading to a 632:penny arcade in the 1980s 628:A row of mutoscopes at a 475: 429:closed-circuit television 3537:Electro-mechanical games 3300:"AAMA mission statement" 3274:www.gamingregulation.com 3161:Computer and Video Games 2946:B Clark (14 June 2020). 2733:The Arcade Flyer Archive 2248: 1960:Ashcraft, Brian (2008), 1757:John Marshall Law Review 1283:video game crash of 1983 1279:home video game consoles 1041:, which was licensed by 871:All American Basket Ball 780:Pinball (1930s to 1960s) 663:to operate the machine. 649:strength tester machines 210:Electro-mechanical games 37:Not to be confused with 2795:Smithsonian Institution 2506:Condé Nast Publications 2364:"Namco production list" 2327:McFarland & Company 2189:. pp. 20–5, 63–5. 1632:Sandbye, Mette (2018). 912:, which had an upright 837:Electro-mechanical game 821:solid-state electronics 583:games of chance or luck 408:photo sticker booth in 311:combat flight simulator 216:Electro-mechanical game 18:History of arcade games 3507:Fortune teller machine 3164:(174): 10–1. May 1996. 3109:. 1998. Archived from 2822:Brian Ashcraft (2008) 2349:Brian Ashcraft (2008) 1947:10.25969/mediarep/3438 1377:Dance Dance Revolution 1184: 924:was used to control a 877: 863: 797:Pinball § History 792: 633: 535: 435:technology to produce 431:(CCTV) recording with 413: 343: 286:and mechanical games. 185: 144: 59: 3568:List of manufacturers 3356:. 1995. p. 117. 2377:Bandai Namco Holdings 2256:(in Japanese). 2001. 2031:. MP Amusements. 2014 1207:into a coin-operated 1193:Further information: 1182: 1024:vehicular combat game 869: 844: 787: 627: 530: 401: 392:Further information: 337: 252:electrical components 180: 135: 49: 3280:on 25 September 2017 3244:Agence France-Presse 3180:Tom's Hardware Guide 3147:on 13 December 2011. 2883:Victor Entertainment 2859:on 11 September 2014 1883:. pp. 251–258. 1881:Taylor & Francis 1733:Smithsonian Magazine 790:Pinball Hall of Fame 668:softcore pornography 595:Dominant Factor Test 225:electronic circuitry 3512:Love tester machine 3010:. pp. 43, 45. 2978:on 26 February 2022 2972:Brunswick Billiards 2797:. pp. 33, 45. 1372:video game industry 1271:(Atari, 1980), and 1243:integrated circuits 1169:Brunswick Billiards 1132:(1974), Nintendo's 995:shooter video games 962:submarine simulator 854:shooter video games 766:Seeburg Corporation 534:tables at an arcade 418:digital photography 3583:Arcade video games 3349:Rating Video Games 3319:The New York Times 3089:10.7761/ESP.5.2.65 2155:on 28 October 2021 1825:. pp. 19–44. 1704:Nevada Law Journal 1396:Trade associations 1203:computers running 1185: 968:, was released by 878: 864: 793: 762:Seeburg Ray-O-Lite 723:Full Team Football 634: 536: 414: 344: 330:Merchandiser games 299:racing video games 221:Electro-mechanical 186: 159:electronic display 145: 137:Arcade video games 122:Arcade video games 80:arcade video games 60: 3640: 3639: 3573:Glossary of terms 3443:Amusement arcades 3182:. 22 October 1999 3061:978-91-89315-94-5 2952:One Million Power 2714:978-1-4302-3352-7 2543:978-0-313-33868-7 2480:978-1-111-52519-4 2336:978-1-4766-3196-7 2329:. pp. 11–3. 2196:978-1-317-50381-1 2014:978-1-317-50381-1 1919:978-1-317-50381-1 1861:978-1-317-50381-1 1598:978-0-429-75261-2 1407:trade association 1390:COVID-19 pandemic 1382:motion simulation 1337:Street Fighter II 1235:arcade video game 1059:racing video game 966:light gun shooter 727:tabletop football 715:The Cricket Match 433:computer printing 376:Japanese gambling 323:light gun shooter 128:Arcade video game 72:amusement arcades 32:Arcade video game 16:(Redirected from 3660: 3563:List of machines 3495:Mechanical games 3436: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3276:. Archived from 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3250:on 2 August 2021 3246:. Archived from 3235: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3113:on 28 April 1998 3099: 3093: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2974:. Archived from 2964: 2958: 2955: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2858: 2844: 2836: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2609:Duck Hunt (1969) 2605: 2599: 2598: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565:. Archived from 2554: 2548: 2547: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2464: 2458: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2386:on 24 April 2019 2385: 2379:. Archived from 2368: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2201: 2200: 2178: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2062: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1814: 1801: 1800: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1723: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1578: 1535: 1534: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1501: 1490: 1489: 1482:Drake Law Review 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1460:. 20 August 2019 1450: 1306:motion simulator 1304:), and advanced 1002:image projection 898:Bertie the Brain 774:maze video games 751:British imperial 738:interactive film 709:(1900) based on 699:Great Depression 552:Redemption games 493:Pinball machines 488: 486: 480: 479: 460:. Introduced by 452:photo stickers. 307:vehicular combat 284:electronic games 247:from the 1960s. 88:redemption games 56:Chiba Prefecture 52:amusement arcade 21: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3605: 3577: 3549: 3531: 3490: 3486:Redemption game 3454: 3445: 3440: 3410: 3409: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2885:. 24 July 1996. 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2784: 2778:Bushnell, Nolan 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762:. No. 23. 2759:Next Generation 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2606: 2602: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2536:. p. 149. 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2409:Kent, Steven L. 2407: 2406: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2229: 2221:Next Generation 2214: 2213: 2204: 2197: 2180: 2179: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2064: 2063: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2015: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1580: 1579: 1538: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1415: 1403: 1398: 1386:virtual reality 1292:games (such as 1268:Missile Command 1265:(Namco, 1980), 1247:microprocessors 1197: 1191: 1177: 1112:(1978) and the 993:which resemble 839: 833: 825:microprocessors 799: 782: 645:fortune telling 622: 617: 611: 579: 560: 558:Redemption game 554: 525: 516: 510: 501: 495: 472: 396: 390: 384: 372: 366: 350: 332: 280:electric lights 233:light gun games 218: 212: 192: 175: 130: 124: 108:games of chance 100: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471:Game of chance 3468: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3388: 3369: 3362: 3339: 3305: 3291: 3261: 3227: 3210:Bloomberg L.P. 3193: 3167: 3150: 3124: 3094: 3067: 3060: 3042: 3020: 2989: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2916: 2905:. 6 March 2020 2888: 2870: 2828: 2815: 2769: 2745: 2720: 2713: 2707:. p. 24. 2689: 2667: 2655:Pinball Repair 2642: 2617: 2600: 2580: 2569:on 3 July 2017 2549: 2542: 2518: 2486: 2479: 2459: 2430: 2423: 2397: 2355: 2342: 2335: 2308: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2227: 2202: 2195: 2166: 2134: 2121:Chicago Reader 2106: 2085: 2042: 2020: 2013: 2007:. p. 67. 1991: 1971: 1952: 1925: 1918: 1912:. p. 10. 1896: 1889: 1867: 1860: 1838: 1831: 1802: 1767: 1746: 1713: 1685: 1657: 1650: 1624: 1604: 1597: 1536: 1513: 1491: 1471: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1419:music industry 1414: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1359:Virtua Fighter 1332:Fighting games 1295:Kung-Fu Master 1259:that included 1252:Space Invaders 1220:Computer Space 1209:arcade cabinet 1187:Main article: 1176: 1173: 1165:8-track player 1130:Harness Racing 1109:Space Invaders 1083:Nolan Bushnell 1033:A new type of 922:steering wheel 914:arcade cabinet 835:Main article: 832: 829: 812:generation gap 801:Coin-operated 795:Main article: 781: 778: 770:Shoot the Bear 677:carnival games 621: 618: 610: 607: 578: 575: 556:Main article: 553: 550: 524: 521: 512:Main article: 509: 506: 497:Main article: 494: 491: 484:Purinto Kurabu 458:digital images 410:Fukushima City 386:Main article: 383: 380: 368:Main article: 365: 362: 346:Main article: 331: 328: 313:video games). 214:Main article: 211: 208: 188:Main article: 174: 173:Carnival games 171: 167:television set 126:Main article: 123: 120: 104:games of skill 99: 96: 76:games of skill 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3665: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476:Game of skill 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3466:Coin-operated 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459:General terms 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3363:9780160465635 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3302:. AAMA. 2016. 3301: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2764:Imagine Media 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2680:Live Magazine 2677: 2671: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2631: 2630:pinrepair.com 2627: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456:0-7615-3643-4 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438:Steve L. 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