2622:
1695:
2669:
1950:
1723:
2677:
2352:
1596:
356:
158:
186:
432:
64:
2487:
2761:
872:
131:
1301:
748:
2378:, so that he was nicknamed "the Good". English visitors during the 1760s report a population of around 10,000 inhabitants, around four-fifths of which were Christians. The Turkish community numbered several families established in the city since the Ottoman conquest; and their relations with their Christian neighbours were friendlier than elsewhere, as they had assimilated themselves to a degree, even to the point of drinking wine. The climate was healthy, but the city relied chiefly on pasture—practiced by the
440:
145:
972:
227:
214:
200:
172:
1151:
2721:
2579:
472:. Ancient Athens, in the first millennium BC, occupied a very small area compared to the sprawling metropolis of modern Greece. The ancient walled city encompassed an area measuring about two kilometres (1.5 mi) from east to west and slightly less than that from north to south, although at its peak the ancient city had suburbs extending well beyond these walls. The Acropolis was situated just south of the centre of this walled area.
2778:
2148:
1057:
240:
856:. It supplied, among other structures, the fountain house in the southeast corner of the Agora, but it had a number of branches. In the 4th century BC it was replaced by a system of terracotta pipes in a stone-built underground channel, sometimes called the Hymettos aqueduct; many sections had round, oval or square access holes on top of about 10 cm × 10 cm (4
2426:
2249:
lasted for six months, and both the
Venetians and the Ottomans participated in the looting of the Parthenon. One of its western pediments was removed, causing even more damage to the structure. During the Venetian occupation, the two mosques of the city were converted into Catholic and Protestant churches, but on 9 April 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens again to the Ottomans.
1763:"). The conversion of the empire from paganism to Christianity greatly affected Athens, resulting in reduced reverence for the city. Ancient monuments such as the Parthenon, Erechtheion and the Hephaisteion (Theseion) were converted into churches. As the empire became increasingly anti-pagan, Athens became a provincial town and experienced fluctuating fortunes.
2340:, a native Muslim, destroyed one of the pillars of the Temple of Olympian Zeus to provide material for a fifth mosque for the city—an illegal act, as the temple was considered the Sultan's property. In the next year, Athens was removed from the purview of the Kizlar Agha and transferred to the privy purse of the Sultan. Henceforth it would be leased as a
2406:
and seized much property from them. Through protests in
Constantinople, the Athenians achieved his recall several times, but Haseki always returned, until his final downfall and execution in 1795. Haseki's early tenure also saw two large Muslim Albanian raids into Attica, as a response to which he ordered the construction of a new city wall, the "
532:, cuttings in the rock have been identified as the location of a Mycenaean palace. Between 1250 and 1200 BC, to feed the needs of the Mycenaean settlement, a staircase was built down a cleft in the rock to reach a water supply that was protected from enemy incursions, comparable to similar works carried out at Mycenae.
669: – the bringing together into one home – created the largest and wealthiest state on the Greek mainland, but it also created a larger class of people excluded from political life by the nobility. By the 7th century BC, social unrest had become widespread, and the Areopagus appointed
4561:
Laonicus
Chalcocondyles Byzantine historianal so spelled Laonicus Chalcondyles or Laonikos Chalkokondyles born c. 1423, Athens, Greece, Byzantine Empire died 1490? Chalcocondyles was a great admirer of Herodotus and roused the interest of contemporary Italian humanists in that ancient historian. He
2260:
wrote an account of the city's affairs in the 1770s, Athens was once again enjoying some prosperity, so that, according to
Benizelos, it "could be cited as an example to the other cities of Greece". Its Greek population possessed a considerable degree of self-government, under a council of primates
2405:
was cruel and tyrannical, and the twenty years of his on-and-off rule over the city represented one of the worst periods in the city's history. Supported by the city's aristocratic families, and his relationship with the Sultan's sister, who was his lover, he extorted large sums from the populace,
2248:
was dismantled by the
Ottomans to fortify the Parthenon. A shot fired during the bombardment of the Acropolis caused a powder magazine in the Parthenon to explode (26 September), and the building was severely damaged, giving it largely the appearance it has today. The Venetian occupation of Athens
1865:
raids in the 8th–9th centuries—in 896, Athens was raided and possibly occupied for a short period, an event which left some archaeological remains and elements of Arabic ornamentation in contemporary buildings—but there is also evidence of a mosque existing in the city at the time. In the great
2528:
In 1822, a Greek insurgency captured the city, but it fell to the
Ottomans again in 1826 (though Acropolis held till June 1827). Again the ancient monuments suffered badly. The Ottoman forces remained in possession until March 1833, when they withdrew. At that time, the city (as throughout the
642:
while he visited Egypt, according to which a well advanced
Athenian state was established 9,000 years prior to his time that preceded Egypt's oldest kingdom by a thousand years. The laws of that state were the most just and largely inspired the various kings of Egypt when making laws for their
2740:
in 1981 brought a flood of new investment to the city, but also increasing social and environmental problems. Athens had some of the worst traffic congestion and air pollution in the world at that time. This posed a new threat to the ancient monuments of Athens, as traffic vibration weakened
1169:
Due to its poor handling of the war, the democracy in Athens was briefly overthrown by a coup in 411 BC; however, it was quickly restored. The
Peloponnesian War ended in 404 BC with the complete defeat of Athens. Since the loss of the war was largely blamed on democratic politicians such as
695:
2574:
Athens was chosen as the Greek capital for historical and sentimental reasons. There are few buildings dating from the period of the
Byzantine Empire or the 18th century. Once the capital was established, a modern city plan was laid out and public buildings were erected.
1128:, which began in 431 BC and pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious overseas empire against a coalition of land-based states led by Sparta. The conflict was a drawn out one that saw Sparta control the land while Athens was dominant at sea, however the disastrous
1493:. To consolidate power against Cassander, Polyperchon restored Athens's democracy, as it was before the Lamian War. However, after losing the fleet one year prior, Polyperchon had to flee Macedon when in 316 BC Cassander secured control of Athens. Cassander appointed
2559:, was proclaimed King of Greece. He adopted the Greek spelling of his name, King Othon, as well as Greek national dress, and made it one of his first tasks as king to conduct a detailed archaeological and topographical survey of Athens, his new capital. He assigned
806:
and freeing up trade and commerce, which allowed the emergence of a prosperous urban trading class. Politically, Solon divided the
Athenians into four classes, based on their wealth and their ability to perform military service. The poorest class, the
934:, a council which governed Athens on a day-to-day basis. The Assembly was open to all citizens and was both a legislature and a supreme court, except in murder cases and religious matters, which became the only remaining functions of the Areopagus.
1928:
in Athens. Almost all of the most important Middle Byzantine churches in and around Athens were built during these two centuries, and this reflects the growth of the town in general. However, this medieval prosperity was not to last. In 1204, the
1263:, one of the wealthiest Athenian aristocratic oligarchs, campaigned for Philip II during the Battle of Chaeronea and proposed in the Assembly decrees honoring Alexander the Great for the Macedonian victory. Philippides was prosecuted in trial by
455:
period, perhaps as a defensible settlement, around the end of the fourth millennium BC or a little later. The site is a natural defensive position which commands the surrounding plains. It is located about 20 km (12 mi) inland from the
1710:, the city to the north of the Acropolis was hastily refortified on a smaller scale, with the agora left outside the walls. Athens remained a centre of learning and philosophy during its 500 years of Roman rule, patronized by emperors such as
1271:
widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete. Athens remained a wealthy city with a brilliant cultural life, but ceased to be a leading power. The period following the death of Alexander in 323 BC is known as
1913:, Attica and the rest of Greece prospered. Archaeological evidence tells us that the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the 11th century and continuing until the end of the 12th century.
1690:
commemorates the foundation of the city by Hadrian, with the "city of Theseus" referred to on its inscription on one side of the arch, and the new quarter erected by Hadrian around the Temple of Zeus called the "city of Hadrian".
490:
One of the most important religious sites in ancient Athens was the Temple of Athena, known today as the Parthenon, which stood on top of the Acropolis, where its evocative ruins still stand. Two other major religious sites, the
390:
was founded under the name of Poseidonia at about 600 BC.) A sacred olive tree said to be the one created by the goddess was still kept on the Acropolis at the time of Pausanias (2nd century AD). It was located by the temple of
4712:
577:
in Crete. This position may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world, its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea, which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as
2621:
1916:
The agora or marketplace, which had been deserted since late antiquity, began to be built over, and soon the town became an important centre for the production of soaps and dyes. The growth of the town attracted the
4730:
351:
requested to be patrons of the city and to give their name to it, so they competed with offering the city one gift each. Poseidon produced a spring by striking the ground with his trident, symbolizing naval power.
2225:) to Basilica, one of his favourite concubines, who hailed from the city, in response of complaints of maladministration by the local governors. After her death, Athens came under the purview of the Kizlar Agha.
63:
2467:(Demonstrations of History) and was a great admirer of the ancient writer Herodotus, encouraging the interest of contemporary Italian humanists in that ancient historian. In the 17th century, Athenian-born
4686:
Milton here refuses a request from Philaras for the assistance of his pen in the freeing of the Greeks from Turkish rule on the basis of his confidence that only those people are slaves who deserve to be.
1815:) banned the teaching of philosophy by pagans in 529, an event whose impact on the city is much debated, but is generally taken to mark the end of the ancient history of Athens. Athens was sacked by the
840:
does not mean a cruel and despotic ruler, merely one who took power by force. Peisistratos was in fact a very popular ruler, who made Athens wealthy, powerful, and a centre of culture. He preserved the
4379:
Leonardos Filaras (1595–1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608–1674) attest Filaras's patriiotic crusade.
1897:
in 1071, and the ensuing civil wars, largely passed the region by and Athens continued its provincial existence unharmed. When the Byzantine Empire was rescued by the resolute leadership of the three
4660:
Leonardos Filaras (1595–1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608–1674) attest Filaras's patriotic crusade.
4284:
Alan Cameron, "The Last Days of the Academy at Athens," in A. Cameron, Wandering Poets and Other Essays on Late Greek Literature and Philosophy, 2016, (Oxford University Press: Oxford), pp. 205-246
2745:. Following the failed attempt to secure the 1996 Olympics, both the city of Athens and the Greek government, aided by European Union funds, undertook major infrastructure projects such as the new
2324:, Sari Muselimi. His abuse of power led to protests by both the Greeks and the Turks; Sari Muselimi killed some of the notables who protested, whereupon the populace burned down his residence. The
1757:, both languages had been used. In the later Roman period, Athens was ruled by the emperors continuing until the 13th century, its citizens identifying themselves as citizens of the Roman Empire ("
1419:, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. The city became, in Pericles's words, "the school of Hellas ."
2567:
to complete this task. At that time, Athens had a population of only 4,000 to 5,000, residing in a scattering of houses at the foot of the Acropolis, located in what today covers the district of
2291:
did not treat them well and heed their opinion, he was liable to be removed before his annual term of office was out—particularly through the influence at Constantinople of the two Athenian-born
1804:) in 396, however, dealt a heavy blow to the city's fabric and fortunes, and Athens was henceforth confined to a small fortified area that embraced a fraction of the ancient city. The emperor
4533:
Demetrius Chalcondyles published the first printed editions of Homer (1488), of Isocrates (1493), and of the Suda lexicon (1499), and a Greek grammar (Erotemata) in question-and-answer form.
4351:
LEONARD PHILARAS or VILLERET (c. 1595–1673) Philaras was born in Athens of good family and spent his childhood there. His youth was passed in Rome, where he was educated, and his manhood
2463:(c. 1423–1490) was also a native of Athens, a notable scholar and Byzantine historian and one of the most valuable of the later Greek historians. He was the author of the valuable work
4716:
1789:)—and consequently a center of paganism. Christian items do not appear in the archaeological record until the early 5th century. The sack of the city by the Herules in 267 and by the
1745:, and with the construction and expansion of the imperial city, many of Athens's works of art were taken by the emperors to adorn it. The Empire became Christianized, and the use of
565:
and other locations, are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BC onwards Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region; as were
1259:'s armies defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes, forcing them into a confederation and effectively limiting Athenian independence.
1921:, and various other traders who frequented the ports of the Aegean, to Athens. This interest in trade appears to have further increased the economic prosperity of the town.
4734:
5985:
5726:
2049:, it replaced Athens as the capital and seat of government, although Athens remained the most influential ecclesiastical centre in the duchy and site of a prime fortress.
895:). This led Hippias to establish a real dictatorship, which proved very unpopular. He was overthrown in 510 BC. A radical politician with an aristocratic background named
4698:
4630:
865:
1481:
in 320 BC, leaving Antipater alone to rule for a year, until his death in 319 BC. Athens had a central role in the struggle for his succession, when Antipater's son,
4618:
The writer was a Greek, Leonard Philaras (or Villere, as he was known in France), an able diplomat and scholar, ambassador to the French court from the Duke of Parma
4562:
strove for objectivity and, in spite of some inaccuracies and the interpolation of far-fetched anecdotes, is one of the most valuable of the later Greek historians.
5644:
5332:
5053:
4010:
2749:
and a new metro system. The city also tackled air pollution by restricting the use of cars in the center of the city. As a result, Athens won its bid to host the
1694:
1659:, which mostly survives to the present day. Under Roman rule, Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools. The Roman emperor
5414:
2878:
2668:
2650:
2261:
composed of the leading aristocratic families, along with the city's metropolitan bishop. The community was quite influential with the Ottoman authorities, the
257:
2444:(1424–1511), who became a celebrated Renaissance teacher of Greek and of Platonic philosophy in Italy. Chalcondyles published the first printed editions of
2422:
was extracted and replaced with a plaster mold. All in all, fifty pieces of sculpture were carried away, including three fragments purchased by the French.
598:, a situation which may have continued up until the 9th century BC. From later accounts, it is believed that these kings stood at the head of a land-owning
5873:
4590:
The Athenian politician and medical doctor Leonardos Philaras (1595–1673) was an advisor to the French court, enjoying the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu
1634:
3695:
2741:
foundations and air pollution corroded marble. The city's environmental and infrastructure problems were the main reason why Athens failed to secure the
1706:
in 267 AD, resulting in the burning of all the public buildings, the plundering of the lower city and the damaging of the Agora and Acropolis. After the
1553:(171–168), after which Macedonian territory was divided into four client republics and Macedonia was formally annexed to the Roman Republic after the
2519:
2515:
1106:. Athens then took the war to Asia Minor. These victories enabled it to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the
647:. In addition, no evidence exists of any possible cultural or other ties between Egypt and any part of present-day Greece at such early a date.
5978:
5690:
988:
943:(generals) were elected. This system remained remarkably stable and, with a few brief interruptions, it remained in place for 170 years, until
3742:
1722:
524:
civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic
5163:
5133:
5112:
5091:
5018:
4978:
4938:
4880:
4856:
4816:
4408:
4269:
3986:
2292:
1949:
5823:
2053:
1962:
4076:
From Polis to Empire--The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C. - A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary (The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World)
260:
in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of
5900:
5568:
3719:
3683:
3437:
2736:
Following World War II the city began to grow again as people migrated from the villages and islands to find work. Greek entry into the
2351:
1727:
2318:
This peaceful situation was interrupted in 1752–1753, when the execution of the previous Kizlar Agha resulted in the dispatch of a new
5700:
5583:
4260:
3864:
1754:
2753:. Despite the skepticism of many observers, the games were a success and brought renewed prestige and tourism revenue to Athens. The
2642:
2334:
intervened and restored order, imprisoning the metropolitan bishop and imposing a heavy fine on the Greek community. In 1759 the new
2202:
Under Ottoman rule, Athens was denuded of any importance and its population severely declined, leaving it as a "small country town" (
5971:
5680:
5407:
5226:
5207:
5070:
5063:
The Macedonians in Athens, 322-229 B.C. proceedings of an international conference held at the University of Athens, May 24-26, 2001
5037:
4997:
4957:
4917:
4835:
4795:
4653:
4611:
4583:
4498:
4372:
4321:
4225:
4136:
3956:
3926:
2107:. At some point during the Aragonese period, the Acropolis was further fortified and the Athenian archdiocese received an extra two
2676:
1355:
Some of the most important figures of Western cultural and intellectual history lived in Athens during this period: the dramatists
5328:
The political organization of Attica: a study of the demes, trittyes, and phylai, and their representation in the Athenian Council
821:(Assembly). But only the upper classes could hold political office. The Areopagus continued to exist but its powers were reduced.
555:
element. However, Athens, like many other Bronze Age settlements, went into economic decline for around 150 years following this.
355:
5721:
5685:
5578:
3497:
3445:
3009:
2390:
of 1770 the Athenians, with the exception of the younger men, remained cautious and passive, even when the Greek rebel chieftain
1683:
891:. They proved to be much less adept rulers and in 514 BC, Hipparchus was assassinated in a private dispute over a young man (see
888:
496:
324:
5530:
5475:
2988:
2411:
2229:
1954:
876:
1595:
487:, where the Athenian Assembly met, lay at the western end of the city. The Eridanus (Ηριδανός) river flowed through the city.
218:
5843:
5675:
3591:
2479:'s ambassador to the French court, spending much of his career trying to persuade western European intellectuals to support
2394:
seized Salamis. Nevertheless, it was only thanks to the intervention of Ismail Agha that the city was spared a massacre as
5863:
3290:
2237:
2082:. It was held by the Catalans until 1388. After 1379, when Thebes was lost, Athens became the capital of the duchy again.
908:('tribes') with ten new ones, named after legendary heroes and having no class basis; they were in fact electorates. Each
638:. In this dialogue, a story is told about information given to Athenian leader Solon from Egyptian priests of the goddess
1074:: Owl standing facing, ΑΘΕ (ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ – of Athenians). Commemorative issue, representing the Athenian military domination.
643:
kingdom. This story is not supported by any scholarly evidence, as no Athenian state is known to have existed during the
5942:
5868:
5853:
5573:
5400:
4311:
3854:
3286:
2746:
2603:
2382:
of Attica—rather than agriculture. It exported leather, soap, grain, oil, honey, wax, resin, a little silk, cheese, and
1252:
948:
884:
815:) who formed the majority of the population, received political rights for the first time and were able to vote in the
399:, but a shoot sprung from the stump. The Greeks saw this as a symbol that Athena still had her mark there on the city.
6011:
5705:
3460:
2185:. As the Ottoman Sultan rode into the city, he was greatly struck by the beauty of its ancient monuments and issued a
1336:
conquest marked the zenith of Athens as a center of literature, philosophy, and the arts. In Athens at this time, the
1333:
1226:
1030:
479:, the commercial and social centre of the city, lay about 400 m (1,300 ft) north of the Acropolis, in what is now the
3707:
2529:
Ottoman period) had a small population of an estimated 400 houses, mostly located around the Acropolis in the Plaka.
828:, but in the short-term it failed to quell class conflict and after twenty years of unrest the popular party, led by
4078:: "Antipater (c.400-319 B.C) Antipater was a Macedonian nobleman who served Kings Philip II and Alexander the Great"
2414:, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, arranged for the removal of many sculptures from the Parthenon (the
2348:, a form of tax farming where the owner bought the proceeds of the city for a fixed sum, and enjoyed them for life.
1225:. But then the Greek cities (including Athens and Sparta) turned against Thebes, whose dominance was stopped at the
319:
explaining how Athens acquired this name through the legendary contest between Poseidon and Athena was described by
283:(12th and 13th centuries), benefiting from Italian trade. Following a period of sharp decline under the rule of the
6306:
5848:
5731:
5649:
5639:
5355:
4753:
4469:
4029:
2760:
2595:
2591:
1675:
1570:
1305:
892:
871:
861:
461:
431:
340:
6006:
5695:
5386:
2714:
2690:
2511:
2480:
2256:'s visit in the city in the 1720s, he witnessed much construction going on, and by the time the Athenian teacher
2166:
817:
2177:
attack on Athens, which involved a short-lived occupation of the town, came in 1397, under the Ottoman generals
5952:
5621:
5480:
5450:
3595:
3392:
3351:
2973:
2705:
were present inside Athens to fight against the occupation. Following the liberation of Greece and the ensuing
2486:
1879:
1687:
1300:
1198:
Sparta's former allies soon turned against her, due to her imperialist policy, and soon Athens' former enemies
544:
205:
4930:
The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996)
2181:
and Timurtash. Finally, in 1458, Athens was captured by the Ottomans under the personal leadership of Sultan
539:, it is unclear whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BC, an event traditionally attributed to a
6235:
6230:
5752:
5601:
5445:
5380:
4545:
3501:
3416:
3412:
3111:
2968:
2560:
2296:
2130:, but they ultimately emerged victorious after seven years of Venetian rule (1395–1402). The descendants of
1707:
1641:
1574:
1145:
1088:
595:
476:
264:
in the first millennium BC, and its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of
245:
177:
92:
4517:
3662:
1542:
848:
Peisistratus built the first aqueduct tunnel at Athens, which most likely had its sources on the slopes of
499:
or Olympeion (once the largest temple in mainland Greece but now in ruins) also lay within the city walls.
5254:
4103:
3271:
2654:
2630:
2441:
2300:
2064:
to Athens; they also fortified the Acropolis. They were themselves influenced by Byzantine Greek culture.
1498:
1497:
as head of the administration of Athens. Demetrius remained in power until 307 BC when Cassander's enemy,
1260:
1215:
931:
790:
The reforms that Solon initiated dealt with both political and economic issues. The economic power of the
336:
5947:
3537:
3480:
3317:
3308:
3295:
3080:
2698:
2460:
2272:
2245:
2061:
1992:
1644:
1620:
1608:
1554:
1538:
1494:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1345:
1175:
1133:
1102:
In 479 BC, the Athenians and Spartans, with their allies, defeated the Persian army conclusively at the
1084:
1038:
842:
747:
439:
2257:
4928:
971:
6180:
5525:
5490:
5465:
4505:
Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years.
4205:
3638:
3467:
3312:
3299:
3004:
2750:
2742:
2615:
2587:
2331:
1867:
1771:
1738:
1550:
1522:
1256:
944:
517:
492:
110:
5307:
5288:
4339:
The Greek anthology in France and in the Latin writers of the Netherlands to the year 1800 Volume 28
1150:
6166:
6031:
6026:
5828:
5535:
5485:
5440:
3738:
3606:
3219:
2959:
2599:
2564:
2386:, chiefly to Constantinople and France. The city hosted a French and an English consul. During the
1958:
1894:
1883:
1648:
1268:
1129:
1070:
770:
757:
714:
704:
448:
407:
312:
69:
5174:
4899:
Geagan, Daniel J. (1979). "Roman Athens: Some Aspects of Life and Culture I. 86 B.C. – A.D. 267".
4116:
2410:", which was partly constructed with material taken from ancient monuments. Between 1801 and 1805
1995:
during the Crusades. Along with rest of Byzantine Greece, Athens was part of the series of feudal
6076:
5611:
5540:
5460:
5242:
5047:
4692:
4624:
4004:
3643:
3624:
3555:
3450:
3441:
3403:
3388:
3367:
3014:
2546:
2523:
2468:
2241:
2178:
2151:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2046:
1984:
1902:
1671:
1652:
1534:
1530:
1502:
1428:
1273:
1080:
1050:
1046:
825:
673:
to draft a strict new code of law (hence the word 'draconian'). When this failed, they appointed
644:
635:
5259:
A Hand-book for Travellers in the Ionian Islands, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Constantinople
4424:
2720:
2232:. In 1640, a lightning bolt struck the Propylaea, causing its destruction. In 1687, during the
386:, accepted the olive tree and named the city after Athena. (Later the Southern Italian city of
6041:
6021:
5838:
5558:
5361:
5262:
5222:
5203:
5186:
5159:
5129:
5108:
5087:
5066:
5033:
5014:
4993:
4974:
4953:
4934:
4913:
4876:
4852:
4831:
4812:
4791:
4677:
4649:
4607:
4579:
4494:
4404:
4368:
4342:
4317:
4265:
4255:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4132:
4128:
3992:
3982:
3952:
3922:
3860:
3612:
3579:
3346:
3208:
3071:
2578:
2538:
2285:(Islamic prelate), and the garrison commander of the Acropolis—according to Benizelos, if the
2008:
1934:
1910:
1819:
in 582, but remained in imperial hands thereafter, as highlighted by the visit of the emperor
1775:
1638:
1392:
1222:
1125:
1119:
1103:
1096:
1042:
1034:
656:
191:
104:
4392:
4152:
3835:
2665:
began as refugee settlements on the Athens outskirts and the population of the city doubled.
2330:
fled to the Acropolis, where he was besieged by the Athenians, until the Ottoman governor of
6220:
6191:
6061:
6016:
5858:
5757:
5747:
5665:
5563:
5550:
5495:
3600:
3549:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3397:
2754:
2702:
2611:
2402:
2196:
1906:
1852:
1848:
1779:
1682:
which is still in use, several temples and sanctuaries, a bridge, and finally completed the
1444:
1337:
1285:
966:
960:
694:
670:
521:
469:
276:
136:
98:
5963:
4848:
Early Athens: Settlements and Cemeteries in the Submycenaean, Geometric and Archaic Periods
4123:
Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis
2764:
View of part of central Athens and some of the city's southern suburbs from Lykavittos Hill
1178:, there was a brief reaction against democracy, aided by the Spartan army (the rule of the
6260:
6210:
6171:
6161:
6131:
5805:
5780:
5630:
5520:
5315:
5296:
5270:
4214:
Preserving the World's Great Cities:The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis
3573:
3561:
3543:
3521:
3516:
3464:
3357:
3342:
3338:
2706:
2253:
2073:
2030:
2000:
1979:
From 1204 until 1458, Athens was ruled by Latins in three separate periods, following the
1970:
1875:
1831:
1731:
1627:
1566:
1546:
1242:
1132:
severely weakened Athens and the war eventually ended in an Athenian defeat following the
725:
627:
579:
540:
149:
5350:
794:
was reduced by forbidding the enslavement of Athenian citizens as a punishment for debt (
606:(the 'well-born'), whose instrument of government was a Council which met on the Hill of
395:, next to the Parthenon. According to Herodotus, the tree had been burnt down during the
4491:
Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world
4478:. London and New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, The Macmillan Company.
1056:
520:, or over 5,000 years. By 1412 BC, the settlement had become an important center of the
6096:
6051:
6035:
5795:
5593:
5432:
4307:
3618:
3585:
3485:
3431:
3407:
3382:
2737:
2724:
2552:
2496:
2490:
2429:
2407:
2356:
2211:
2203:
2174:
2038:
2004:
1930:
1856:
1750:
1742:
1679:
1624:
1558:
1526:
1349:
1211:
1199:
1179:
1091:
by the Persians within one year after Thermopylae. Subsequently, the Athenians (led by
1022:
660:
465:
284:
261:
163:
116:
77:
3400:(1844–1921), politician and reiterate prime minister (1897, 1904, 1905, 1909, 1920–21)
2777:
2126:
took the city and made himself duke. The Florentines had to dispute the city with the
1541:(200–197), the Romans declared "the freedom of Greece" from the Macedonian Kings. The
1087:, the Persians proceeded to capture an evacuated Athens. The city of Athens was twice
6300:
6275:
6091:
6046:
5833:
5785:
5670:
5505:
5010:
The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics
4121:
3567:
3533:
3476:
3454:
3426:
3422:
3321:
3133:
3045:
3036:
2476:
2415:
2012:
1938:
1925:
1289:
1207:
1107:
1026:
1000:
803:
634:. A slightly different mythical version of Athens' past is given in Plato's dialogue
265:
5219:
Athens after empire : a history from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian
3978:
Athens after empire : a history from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian
2228:
The Turks began a practice of storing gunpowder and explosives in the Parthenon and
6250:
6156:
6146:
6141:
6071:
4872:
Strolling through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe's Oldest City
4169:
4051:
3491:
3237:
3099:
3050:
2694:
2387:
2162:
2034:
2017:
1988:
1974:
1767:
1590:
1586:
1518:
1368:
1329:
1092:
829:
795:
729:
457:
396:
379:
122:
73:
5366:
2641:
Athens experienced its second period of explosive growth following the disastrous
2147:
2052:
Under the Burgundian dukes, a bell tower was added to the Parthenon, known as the
5326:
5153:
5123:
5102:
5081:
5008:
4968:
4870:
4846:
4806:
17:
6201:
6151:
6136:
6106:
6056:
5921:
5790:
5515:
4866:
3326:
3280:
3243:
3175:
3065:
2993:
2710:
2542:
2419:
2383:
2207:
2191:(imperial edict) forbidding their looting or destruction, on pain of death. The
2095:
1820:
1805:
1656:
1600:
1562:
1514:
1490:
1408:
1372:
1341:
1295:
1230:
1183:
1159:
896:
799:
781:
665:
599:
529:
480:
316:
272:
231:
4828:
Post-Herulian Athens : aspects of life and culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529
4473:
4095:
1489:
leaving Athens without a source of supplies, to contest Antipater's successor,
6270:
6214:
5926:
5775:
5510:
5470:
5376:
4091:
3996:
3275:
3213:
3188:
3183:
3075:
2983:
2757:
began in Athens following the killing of a 15-year old student by an officer.
2662:
2646:
2634:
2626:
2425:
2391:
2233:
2078:
1887:
1871:
1474:
1432:
1384:
1264:
1063:
1018:
762:
603:
562:
5200:
Ships and silver, taxes and tribute : a fiscal history of archaic Athens
5190:
1267:, who detested his pro-Macedonian sympathies. Subsequently, the conquests of
6280:
6245:
6196:
6126:
6101:
6066:
5606:
5455:
5392:
5319:
5300:
4087:
3303:
3267:
3252:(c. 430–354 BC), historian, soldier and mercenary, and a student of Socrates
3194:
3138:
3129:
3117:
3089:
3084:
2978:
2963:
2658:
2449:
2395:
2379:
2343:
2192:
2182:
2108:
2100:
1790:
1482:
1458:
1404:
1400:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1163:
984:
939:
619:
611:
525:
513:
452:
412:
392:
383:
375:
368:
344:
320:
5274:
4346:
3976:
3947:
Sommerstein, A. H.; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993).
2697:
and experienced terrible privations during the later years of the war. The
1009:
Prior to the rise of Athens, Sparta considered itself to be the leader (or
5266:
4681:
4024:
2206:). From the early 17th century, Athens came under the jurisdiction of the
1623:. In 88–85 BC, most Athenian fortifications and homes were leveled by the
1521:
and became increasingly involved in Greece and the Balkans peninsula. The
90:
6284:
6225:
6176:
6111:
5878:
3795:
Broneer, Oscar (1939). "A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis",
3320:, born as Athenaïs, later Saint Eudocia (c. 401–460 AD), wife of Emperor
3261:
3249:
3169:
3144:
3123:
2607:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2120:
2057:
2042:
1980:
1898:
1794:
1759:
1612:
1470:
1462:
1416:
1396:
1388:
1376:
1317:
1155:
1124:
The resentment felt by other cities at the hegemony of Athens led to the
1095:), with their allies, engaged the much larger Persian navy at sea in the
1060:
1010:
914:
849:
631:
566:
558:
364:
348:
332:
291:
in the 19th century as the capital of the independent and self-governing
280:
5179:
Balkan Studies: Biannual Publication of the Institute for Balkan Studies
4761:
2637:
Greek families settled in Athens and the population of the city doubled.
6265:
6255:
6186:
6121:
6116:
5913:
5892:
5810:
3471:
3231:
3225:
3154:
3150:
3054:
3032:
2556:
2252:
In the 18th century, the city recovered much of its prosperity. During
2215:
2037:
which replaced the Byzantine Empire, ruling from Constantinople. After
1862:
1660:
1486:
1478:
1466:
1436:
1412:
1248:
1203:
1187:
980:
623:
574:
552:
548:
387:
3821:
Garvey, Tom (2008). "Plato’s Atlantis Story: A Prose Hymn to Athena".
2418:). Along with the Panathenaic frieze, one of the six caryatids of the
2134:
ruled the city (as their capital) until the Turkish conquest of 1458.
1941:. It did not become Greek in government again until the 19th century.
845:, but made sure that he and his family held all the offices of state.
5995:
5905:
5424:
3361:
3330:
3289:(c. 1st century AD), judge, early convert to Christianity, and first
3163:
3093:
3060:
2472:
2187:
1918:
1703:
1616:
1313:
1309:
1004:
976:
899:
then took charge, and it was he who established democracy in Athens.
860:× 4 in). Pipe segments of this system are displayed at the
853:
833:
784:
of Athens of heraldic type from the time of Peisistratus, 545–525 BC
615:
583:
570:
360:
308:
304:
292:
253:
33:
4254:
Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Athens". In
2440:
Athens produced some notable intellectuals during this era, such as
1637:, although many civic buildings and monuments were left intact. The
3856:
Nothing Less than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History
3609:(born 1968), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2019–present)
1214:(395 – 387 BC). Opposition to Sparta enabled Athens to establish a
543:(though now commonly attributed to a systems collapse, part of the
6240:
6206:
6086:
5800:
4264:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–223.
3333:
3255:
3200:
3158:
3105:
3041:
2759:
2719:
2675:
2667:
2620:
2610:
Exhibition Hall (1878), the Greek National Academy (1885) and the
2577:
2568:
2485:
2445:
2424:
2350:
2280:
2264:
2146:
1996:
1948:
1816:
1746:
1721:
1693:
1630:
1594:
1321:
1299:
1247:
By the mid-4th century BC, however, the northern Greek kingdom of
1171:
1149:
1055:
1014:
970:
904:
870:
674:
639:
536:
438:
430:
402:
354:
4788:
After Demosthenes : the politics of early Hellenistic Athens
4674:
Milton on himself: Milton's utterances upon himself and his works
1766:
The city remained an important center of learning, especially of
275:, the city experienced a decline, then recovered under the later
6081:
5500:
3621:(born 1974), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2015–2019)
2999:
2453:
1965:
in the mid-19th century) were the palace of the Dukes of Athens.
1711:
923:
857:
607:
484:
328:
5967:
5506:
Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site
5396:
5371:
824:
The new system laid the foundations for what eventually became
5345:
3582:(born 1956), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2004–09)
2772:
4758:
General Secretariat Of National Statistical Service Of Greece
3546:(born 1947), economist and Prime Minister of Greece (2011–12)
1465:
became joint generals of Greece and Macedonia. Athens joined
339:
and others. It even became the theme of the sculpture on the
32:
This article is about ancient Athens. For modern Athens, see
5152:
Thanasakis, Konstantinos; Georgopoulou, Maria, eds. (2019).
5125:
Peisistratos and the Tyranny: A Reappraisal of the Evidence
3153:(c. 470–400 BC), lover and partner of Pericles, possibly a
1099:
and routed the Persians, a great turning point in the war.
1083:. When a small Greek force holding the pass of Thermopylae
1066:, 467–465 BC: Head of Athena wearing crested Attic helmet.
677:, with a mandate to create a new constitution (in 594 BC).
5351:
A history of Athens from prehistoric to contemporary times
2586:
The finest legacy of this period are the buildings of the
2041:
became a possession of the Latin dukes, which were of the
1013:) of the Greeks. In 499 BC, Athens sent troops to aid the
883:
Peisistratos died in 527 BC and was succeeded by his sons
464:, a fertile valley surrounded by rivers. To the east lies
4894:. Athens: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
4401:
Women in the Ottoman Balkans: Gender, Culture and History
3921:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 80–86.
2701:
greatly affected the city during the occupation. Several
1933:
conquered Athens and the city was not recovered from the
1037:. In 490 BC, the Athenians, led by the soldier-statesman
937:
Most public offices were filled by lot, although the ten
902:
The reforms of Cleisthenes replaced the traditional four
622:(commander-in-chief). The most famous king of Athens was
547:). The Athenians always maintained that they were 'pure'
1415:. The leading statesman of the mid-fifth century BC was
2789:
2680:
British troops at the Acropolis in Athens, October 1944
2614:(now the Presidential Palace; 1897). Athens hosted the
1878:
in the ending of the first period of Iconoclasm at the
528:
walls. On the summit of the Acropolis, below the later
279:
and was relatively prosperous during the period of the
5607:
House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion
2645:
in 1921, when more than a million Greek refugees from
2311:
tax payable to the Ottoman government, as well as the
4313:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B
3463:(1896–1982), daughter of King Constantine, mother of
2717:
forces and government forces backed by the British.
1501:
captured Athens, and Macedon, ending the short-lived
5175:"The Ghost of Athens in Byzantine and Ottoman Times"
3970:
3968:
3778:
3776:
3768:
The Athenian Agora XII: the Neolithic and Bronze Age
2625:
Temporary accommodation for the Greek refugees from
2456:
lexicon (in 1499), and a Greek grammar (Erotemata).
2303:(1766–1770). Taxation was also light, with only the
1874:
position, chiefly due to the role played by Empress
1079:
In 480 BC, the Persians returned under Darius's son
535:
Unlike other Mycenaean centers, such as Mycenae and
5935:
5891:
5766:
5740:
5714:
5658:
5629:
5620:
5592:
5549:
5431:
4990:
War, food, and politics in early Hellenistic Athens
4399:. In Buturović, Amila; Schick, İrvin Cemil (eds.).
4393:"Eastern Concubines, Western Mistresses: Prévost's
3753:Schneider, Lambert & Christoph Hoecker (2001).
2165:scholar, born in Athens, and an early supporter of
1924:The 11th and 12th centuries were the Golden Age of
1206:had become her allies; they fought with Athens and
44:
5727:Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite
4927:Hoff, Michael C.; Rotroff, Susan I., eds. (1997).
4120:
3718:Instead of a spring, Ovid says Poseidon offered a
2029:Athens was initially the capital of the eponymous
1251:was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs. In the
926:, which became the basis of local government. The
659:, Athens succeeded in bringing the other towns of
4602:Parker, William Riley – Campbell, Gordon (1996).
2315:and a water-tax for the olive yards and gardens.
2214:. The city had originally been granted by Sultan
1182:). In 403 BC, however, democracy was restored by
832:, seized power. Peisistratos is usually called a
382:and prosperity. The Athenians, under their ruler
5155:Ottoman Athens: Archaeology, Topography, History
4576:Greece: a quick guide to customs & etiquette
4425:"and (Dontas, The Acropolis and its Museum, 16)"
4403:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 24.
4316:. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 738–739.
3904:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens
3889:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens
3500:(1904–1974), fifth child and second daughter of
3197:(fifth century BC), playwright of the Old Comedy
3147:(c. 480–430 BC), sculptor, painter and architect
1870:, Athens is commonly held to have supported the
1603:, the second commercial centre of ancient Athens
1561:was defeated and dissolved by the Romans in the
1457:Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great,
1221:Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC in the
451:('high city') stands was first inhabited in the
4830:. Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö.
4489:Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig (1999).
3434:(1878–1946), Prime Minister of Greece (1943–44)
3425:(1878–1920), diplomat, philosopher, writer and
2788: with: recent census data. You can help by
2693:by the Axis (primarily German soldiers) during
2602:(now the Greek Parliament Building; 1843), the
2475:scholar, politician, diplomat, advisor and the
2372:, had been humane and popular, appointing good
1987:", were western Europeans and followers of the
995:Early Athenian military history and Persian era
68:Painting of an idealized reconstruction of the
5333:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
5314:(4th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1909,
5104:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Pericles
4912:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
3246:(c. 440–388 BC), general and democratic leader
3216:(c. 450–404 BC), statesman, orator and general
2398:, and was forced to pay an indemnity instead.
2093:) by the conquerors, is obscure. Athens was a
1893:Invasion of the empire by the Turks after the
307:, connected to the name of its patron goddess
5979:
5408:
4672:Milton, John – Diekhoff, John Siemon (1965).
4606:. Oxford University Press. pp. 418–419.
4493:. University of Michigan Press. p. 281.
3494:(1903–1988), singer, dancer and choreographer
3370:(1595–1673), scholar, politician and diplomat
3264:(c. 341–290 BC), playwright of the New Comedy
3240:(c. 446–386 BC), playwright of the Old Comedy
3234:(c. 446–411 BC), playwright of the Old Comedy
1882:in 787. A few years later, another Athenian,
1517:(280–275 BC) Rome asserted its hegemony over
1229:with the death of its military-genius leader
1194:Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League
447:There is evidence that the site on which the
415:of Athena's name connecting it to the phrase
8:
5101:Samons II, Loren J., ed. (15 January 2007).
4697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4475:The Turkish restoration in Greece, 1718–1797
4153:"Roman aqueducts: Hadrian's Athens (Greece)"
3678:
3676:
3615:(born 1973), film producer and film director
3594:(born 1967), eldest son and second child of
3132:(c. 484–425 BC), historian, originally from
2713:rocked the city with heavy fighting between
728:of Athens of heraldic type from the time of
614:and appointed the chief city officials, the
5874:Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center
5295:(7th ed.), London: John Murray, 1900,
4952:(4th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
4648:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442.
4367:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442.
3524:(1920–1994), actress, singer and politician
3488:(1901–1964), King of the Greeks (1947–1964)
5986:
5972:
5964:
5626:
5415:
5401:
5393:
5052:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4901:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
4464:
4462:
4009:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
41:
5221:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
5122:Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen, ed. (2000).
5030:Building democracy in late archaic Athens
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4341:. Cornell University Press. p. 188.
4216:. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp.
4127:. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp.
594:According to legend, Athens was formerly
4845:Dimitriadou, Eirini M. (31 March 2019).
4805:Bouras, Charalambos (28 February 2018).
2807:
2085:The history of Aragonese Athens, called
495:(which is still largely intact) and the
4808:Byzantine Athens, 10th - 12th Centuries
4646:Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature
4365:Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
3654:
3270:(384–322 BC), philosopher, native from
3166:(c. 470–413 BC), politician and general
3102:(c. 524–459 BC), politician and general
1749:declined in favour of exclusive use of
1509:Athens and the rise of the Roman empire
879:, conceived by the sons of Peisistratus
60:
5910:Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina)
5362:The Athenian Constitution by Aristotle
5243:Timeline of Athens § Bibliography
5045:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4690:
4622:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4174:Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens
4002:
3191:(c. 460–400 BC), historian and general
3126:(c. 495–429 BC), statesman and general
3108:(c. 510–450 BC), statesman and general
1698:Hadrianic aqueduct bridge in Nea Ionia
1577:; thus, Athens came under Roman rule.
1136:which ended Athenian naval supremacy.
989:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
4892:The Athenian Constitution after Sulla
4760:. statistics.gr. 2001. Archived from
3853:Lewis, John David (25 January 2010).
3588:(born 1963), dancer and choreographer
3570:(born 1952), economist and politician
3360:, née Revoula Benizelos (1522–1589),
2355:Map of late Ottoman Athens, with the
2072:In 1311, Athens was conquered by the
1041:, defeated the first invasion of the
435:Map of the Environs of Ancient Athens
7:
4733:. world-gazetter.com. Archived from
4715:. world-gazetter.com. Archived from
3906:. The Symphonette Press. p. 19.
3891:. The Symphonette Press. p. 16.
3603:(born 1967), violinist and conductor
1830:) in 662/3 and its inclusion in the
1565:in 146. Greece was divided into the
1477:. Craterus fell in a battle against
1473:in facing their power, known as the
516:times, possibly from the end of the
423:(ἡ θεοῦ νόησις, 'the mind of god').
178:Provisional Administration of Greece
27:Historical summary of ancient Athens
4992:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4427:. Ancient-greece.org. 21 April 2007
4176:. London: Thames and Hudson, passim
3919:Dinarchus, Hyperides & Lycurgus
3823:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
3536:(born 1941), politician and former
3438:Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
3406:(1862–1937), architect and Olympic
5994:Neighbourhoods in municipality of
4973:. University of California Press.
4261:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3836:"Roman aqueducts: Athens (Greece)"
3810:Greece in the Making 1200 – 479 BC
3558:(born 1950), author and journalist
3283:(384–322 BC), statesman and orator
2606:(1858), the City Hall (1874), the
2520:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
2516:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
2368:), Ismail Agha, a local Turk from
1961:(pictured with the now demolished
1110:, an Athenian-dominated alliance.
947:defeated Athens and Thebes at the
930:each elected fifty members to the
25:
5645:Kapodistrian University of Athens
5293:Handbook for Travellers in Greece
4950:The Greek world : 479-323 BC
4731:"World Gazetter Metro Pop:Athens"
4676:. Cohen & West. p. 267.
3943:Comic Hero versus Political Elite
3784:E mykenaïke akropolis ton Athenon
1737:In the early 4th century AD, the
1253:Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)
1210:against Sparta in the indecisive
1021:, who were rebelling against the
718:Incuse square, divided diagonally
5722:Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens
5377:Athens: Ancient Greek Supercity
4713:"World Gazetter City Pop:Athens"
3498:Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta
3446:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
3207:435–422 BC), general during the
2776:
2672:German soldiers on the Acropolis
2210:, the chief black eunuch of the
1886:, became empress as the wife of
1162:, constructed 421–406 BC on the
746:
693:
663:under its rule. This process of
238:
225:
212:
198:
184:
170:
156:
143:
129:
62:
4910:Athens from Alexander to Antony
4210:"The City of the Gods Besieged"
3391:(1842–1923), judge, writer and
3182:450–430 BC), playwright of the
3083:(c. 550–489 BC), statesman and
2629:in tents in Thiseio. After the
2220:
2076:, a band of mercenaries called
1825:
1810:
1799:
1784:
1770:—with notable pupils including
1665:
1328:The period from the end of the
912:was in turn divided into three
688:Didrachm of Athens, 545–510 BC
512:Athens has been inhabited from
194:1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1973
5844:National Observatory of Athens
5691:National Archaeological Museum
5676:Byzantine and Christian Museum
5143:Sicilianos, Demetrios (1960).
5107:. Cambridge University Press.
4970:Religion in Hellenistic Athens
4395:Histoire d'une Grecque moderne
3859:. Princeton University Press.
3592:Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
2864:1921 (Pre-Population exchange)
2506:Independence from the Ottomans
2015:. This period is known as the
1348:had a remarkable influence on
1237:Athens and the rise of Macedon
1:
5282:Published in the 20th century
5248:Published in the 19th century
5158:. Athens: Gennadius Library.
4574:Buhayer, Constantine (2006).
3949:Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis
2618:, the first in modern times.
2582:View towards Lycabettus, 1862
2155:
311:, originates from an earlier
5943:Dionysiou Areopagitou Street
5147:(Abridged ed.). Putnam.
5083:Athenian Religion: A History
4826:Castrén, Paavo, ed. (1994).
3902:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974).
3887:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974).
3457:and Prime Minister (1952–55)
3287:St. Dionysius the Areopagite
3258:(c. 425–348 BC), philosopher
3228:(c. 448–400 BC), tragic poet
3172:(c. 469–399 BC), philosopher
3141:(c. 480–406 BC), tragic poet
3120:(c. 496–406 BC), tragic poet
3026:Ancient and medieval periods
2769:Recent historical population
2743:1996 Centenary Olympic Games
2374:
2364:
2342:
2336:
2326:
2320:
2305:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
1383:, the historians Herodotus,
5824:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
5261:, London: J. Murray, 1840,
5086:. Oxford University Press.
5061:Palagia, Olga, ed. (2016).
4908:Habicht, Christian (1997).
4875:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
4786:Bayliss, Andrew J. (2011).
3461:Helen of Greece and Denmark
3222:(c. 450–461 BC), politician
3114:(fifth century BC), painter
2465:Historiarum Demonstrationes
1937:before it was taken by the
1861:The city was threatened by
1728:Church of the Holy Apostles
1702:The city was sacked by the
1635:Siege of Athens and Piraeus
1227:Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)
1031:Persian invasions of Greece
741:Obol of Athens, 545–525 BC
6323:
5732:Saint Irene church, Athens
5701:National Historical Museum
5650:National Library of Greece
5240:
4948:Hornblower, Simon (2011).
4890:Geagan, Daniel J. (1967).
4546:"Laonicus Chalcocondyles."
4030:World History Encyclopedia
3808:Osborne, R. (1996, 2009).
3682:Herodotus, The Histories,
3068:(c. 570–500 BC), statesman
2685:Athens during World War II
2596:National Library of Greece
2592:National Gardens of Athens
2536:
2509:
2056:. The Burgundians brought
1968:
1846:
1741:began to be governed from
1651:subsequently designed the
1584:
1505:and installing his own.
1426:
1293:
1283:
1240:
1143:
1117:
998:
964:
958:
893:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
483:district. The hill of the
144:
31:
6002:
5819:
5511:Remains of the Long Walls
5491:Philopappos Hill/Monument
5367:Model of Classical Athens
5217:Worthington, Ian (2021).
5007:O'Sullivan, Lara (2009).
4967:Mikalson, Jon D. (1998).
4518:"Demetrius Chalcondyles."
4391:Augustinos, Olga (2007).
3975:Worthington, Ian (2021).
3951:. Bari: Levante Editori.
3440:(1882–1944), son of King
2751:2004 Summer Olympic Games
2657:in 1922. Suburbs such as
2512:Greek War of Independence
2401:Ismail Agha's successor,
1545:(192–188) ended with the
1525:(214–205 BC) between the
779:
745:
740:
723:
692:
687:
508:Origins and early history
61:
54:
5953:First Cemetery of Athens
5481:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
5173:Vryonis, Speros (2002).
4578:. Kuperard. p. 36.
3917:Worthinton, Ian (2001).
3393:Prime Minister of Greece
3352:Demetrios Chalkokondyles
2879:Post-Population exchange
2703:resistance organizations
1880:Second Council of Nicaea
1280:Artists and philosophers
983:statue, created for the
626:, a prominent figure in
545:Late Bronze Age collapse
206:Second Hellenic Republic
5531:Temple of Olympian Zeus
5346:Athens official website
5198:van Wees, Hans (2013).
5080:Parker, Robert (1997).
5065:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
4550:Encyclopædia Britannica
4522:Encyclopædia Britannica
3825:, vol. 48, pp. 381-392.
3757:, Darmstadt, pp. 62–63.
3755:Die Akropolis von Athen
3706:Plutarch, Themistocles
3576:(born 1954), politician
3564:(born 1951), politician
3502:Constantine I of Greece
3413:Constantine I of Greece
3112:Apollodorus Skiagraphos
3010:Temple of Olympian Zeus
2953:Ancient sites in Athens
2604:Old Parliament Building
2561:Gustav Eduard Schaubert
2293:patriarchs of Jerusalem
2240:by the Venetians under
2195:was converted into the
1684:Temple of Olympian Zeus
1146:Athenian coup of 411 BC
1140:Athenian coup of 411 BC
877:Temple of Olympian Zeus
497:Temple of Olympian Zeus
460:, in the centre of the
367:, West Pediment of the
246:Third Hellenic Republic
88:Historical affiliations
5864:Olympic Sports Complex
5681:Museum of Cycladic Art
5476:Monument of Lysicrates
5358:(archived 29 May 2011)
5202:. London: I B Tauris.
5028:Paga, Jessica (2021).
4988:Oliver, G. J. (2007).
4754:"Population of Greece"
4337:Hutton, James (1946).
3941:Henderson, J. (1993).
3782:Iakovides, S. (1962).
3766:Immerwahr, S. (1971).
3385:(1818–1875), architect
2765:
2728:
2681:
2673:
2655:Asia Minor Catastrophe
2638:
2631:Asia Minor Catastrophe
2583:
2502:
2471:(c. 1595–1673), was a
2452:(in 1493), and of the
2442:Demetrius Chalcondyles
2437:
2359:
2170:
1966:
1734:
1699:
1668: 117–138 AD
1611:, Athens was ruled by
1604:
1325:
1316:on their columns, and
1261:Philippides of Paiania
1216:Second Athenian League
1166:
1076:
991:
880:
444:
436:
371:
5922:Marina of Vouliagmeni
5389:(Season 1, Episode 4)
4790:. London: Continuum.
4644:Merry, Bruce (2004).
4363:Merry, Bruce (2004).
3538:European Commissioner
3530:(born 1938), composer
3481:Alexander I of Greece
3479:(1896–1972), wife of
3318:Aelia Eudocia Augusta
3309:Clement of Alexandria
3296:Athenagoras of Athens
3081:Miltiades the Younger
2763:
2723:
2679:
2671:
2653:in Greece, after the
2633:in 1922 thousands of
2624:
2581:
2489:
2461:Laonicus Chalcondyles
2428:
2354:
2246:temple of Athena Nike
2150:
1993:Eastern Mediterranean
1969:Further information:
1952:
1847:Further information:
1755:Roman imperial period
1725:
1697:
1621:Mithridates the Great
1609:First Mithridatic War
1598:
1555:Fourth Macedonian War
1539:Second Macedonian War
1499:Demetrius Poliorcetes
1495:Demetrius of Phalerum
1453:First Mithridatic War
1449:Second Macedonian War
1441:Demetrius of Phalerum
1427:Further information:
1303:
1153:
1134:Battle of Aegospotami
1059:
1029:). This provoked two
974:
965:Further information:
874:
843:Solonian Constitution
836:, but the Greek word
442:
434:
358:
5869:Presidential Mansion
5854:Old Parliament House
5569:Holy Apostles Church
5526:Temple of Hephaestus
3639:City walls of Athens
3470:and Queen Mother of
3468:Michael I of Romania
3354:(1423–1511), scholar
3313:Christian theologian
3300:Father of the Church
3005:Temple of Hephaestus
2616:1896 Summer Olympics
2588:University of Athens
1983:. The "Latins", or "
1868:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1772:Gregory of Nazianzus
1739:eastern Roman empire
1551:Third Macedonian War
1523:First Macedonian War
945:Philip II of Macedon
681:Reform and democracy
518:fourth millennium BC
493:Temple of Hephaestus
427:Geographical setting
266:Western civilization
166:1458–1822, 1826–1832
137:Eastern Roman Empire
111:Kingdom of Macedonia
99:City-state of Athens
6012:Agios Panteleimonas
5901:Agios Kosmas Marina
5829:Athens Concert Hall
5584:Holy Trinity Church
5536:Theatre of Dionysus
5486:Panathenaic Stadium
5423:Major landmarks of
5387:The History Channel
5379:From the TV series
5331:, Princeton :
4157:romanaqueducts.info
4052:"Craterus - Livius"
3840:romanaqueducts.info
3607:Kyriakos Mitsotakis
3552:(born 1947), singer
3509:(1907–1979), writer
3220:Ephialtes of Athens
2989:Lysicrates monument
2732:Contemporary Athens
2565:Stamatios Kleanthis
2434:The Bazar of Athens
2138:Early modern period
1959:Acropolis of Athens
1895:Battle of Manzikert
1670:), constructed the
1411:, and the sculptor
1375:, the philosophers
1269:Alexander the Great
1130:Sicilian Expedition
1089:captured and sacked
975:Roman statuette of
949:Battle of Chaeronea
374:Athena created the
258:oldest named cities
5612:Tzistarakis Mosque
5541:Tower of the Winds
5461:Aristotle’s Lyceum
5145:Old and New Athens
4737:on 1 October 2007.
4719:on 1 October 2007.
4256:Kazhdan, Alexander
3644:Timeline of Athens
3556:Arianna Huffington
3451:Alexandros Papagos
3442:George I of Greece
3419:(1913–17, 1920–22)
3417:King of the Greeks
3404:Anastasios Metaxas
3389:Stefanos Dragoumis
3368:Leonardos Philaras
3157:, originally from
3015:Tower of the Winds
2766:
2729:
2682:
2674:
2639:
2584:
2547:Republic of Greece
2524:Battle of Phaleron
2503:
2481:Greek independence
2469:Leonardos Philaras
2438:
2360:
2242:Francesco Morosini
2171:
2152:Leonardos Philaras
2132:Nerio I Acciajuoli
2128:Republic of Venice
2124:Nerio I Acciajuoli
1999:, similar to the
1967:
1735:
1700:
1672:Library of Hadrian
1653:Tower of the Winds
1605:
1543:Roman–Seleucid War
1535:Treaty of Phoenice
1531:Kingdom of Macedon
1503:Antipatrid dynasty
1429:Hellenistic Greece
1423:Hellenistic Athens
1326:
1274:Hellenistic Greece
1167:
1077:
1051:Battle of Marathon
992:
881:
826:Athenian democracy
780:An archaic silver
645:10th millennium BC
445:
443:1911 map of Athens
437:
405:, in his dialogue
372:
347:. Both Athena and
6307:History of Athens
6294:
6293:
6022:Akadimia Platonos
6007:Agios Eleftherios
5961:
5960:
5887:
5886:
5839:Gennadius Library
5706:Numismatic Museum
5686:Kerameikos Museum
5579:Pantanassa Church
5574:Kapnikarea Church
5559:Little Metropolis
5466:Hadrian's Library
5356:Ancient Athens 3D
5325:Traill, John S.,
5165:978-960-99945-4-5
5135:978-90-5063-416-8
5114:978-1-139-82669-3
5093:978-0-19-815240-8
5020:978-90-04-17888-5
5013:. Leiden: Brill.
4980:978-0-520-91967-9
4940:978-1-900188-51-7
4903:. 2.7.1: 371–437.
4882:978-1-85043-595-2
4858:978-1-938770-88-3
4818:978-1-351-59697-8
4410:978-1-84511-505-0
4310:(1986). "Atīna".
4271:978-0-19-504652-6
3988:978-0-19-063399-8
3613:Giorgos Lanthimos
3580:Kostas Karamanlis
3347:Byzantine empress
3341:(c. 752–803 AD),
3329:(c. 650–710 AD),
3311:(c. 150–215 AD),
3298:(c. 133–190 AD),
3209:Peloponnesian war
3092:(c. 525–455 BC),
3074:(c. 556–468 BC),
3072:Simonides of Ceos
3044:(c. 640–560 BC),
2950:
2949:
2820:Metro population
2806:
2805:
2643:Greco-Turkish War
2539:Kingdom of Greece
2362:The first owner (
2258:Ioannis Benizelos
2115:Florentine period
2025:Burgundian period
1793:under their king
1776:Basil of Caesarea
1599:The ruins of the
1306:Academy of Athens
1223:Battle of Leuctra
1126:Peloponnesian War
1120:Peloponnesian War
1114:Peloponnesian War
1104:Battle of Plataea
1097:Battle of Salamis
1075:
1035:Achaemenid Empire
875:The ruins of the
811:, (Ancient Greek
788:
787:
775:
765:
736:
735:
719:
709:
708:Four-spoked wheel
657:1st millennium BC
271:During the early
192:Kingdom of Greece
93:Kingdom of Athens
85:
84:
18:History of athens
16:(Redirected from
6314:
6192:Pedion tou Areos
6062:Erythros Stavros
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5859:Old Royal Palace
5849:National Theatre
5758:Pedion tou Areos
5753:National Gardens
5696:National Gallery
5666:Acropolis Museum
5627:
5564:Daphni Monastery
5496:Platonic Academy
5417:
5410:
5403:
5394:
5372:Athens in 421 BC
5322:
5303:
5277:
5232:
5213:
5194:
5169:
5148:
5139:
5118:
5097:
5076:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5032:. New York, NY.
5024:
5003:
4984:
4963:
4944:
4923:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4862:
4841:
4822:
4801:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4688:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4620:
4604:Milton: The life
4599:
4593:
4592:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4466:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4304:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4251:
4232:
4231:
4202:
4177:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4126:
4113:
4107:
4104:Polybius, xii.13
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3981:. New York, NY.
3972:
3963:
3962:
3945:, pp. 307–19 in
3939:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3743:Plat. Crat. 407b
3735:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3663:"Name of Athena"
3659:
3601:Leonidas Kavakos
3550:Maria Farantouri
3528:Dimitri Terzakis
3513:Stavros Niarchos
3507:Angelos Terzakis
3398:Dimitrios Rallis
3291:Bishop of Athens
2817:Urban population
2808:
2801:
2798:
2780:
2773:
2755:2008 Greek Riots
2727:during the 1960s
2612:New Royal Palace
2600:Old Royal Palace
2403:Hadji Ali Haseki
2377:
2367:
2347:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2299:(1737–1766) and
2290:
2284:
2276:
2269:(governor), the
2268:
2236:, the Acropolis
2224:
2223: 1603–1617
2222:
2167:Greek liberation
2160:
2157:
2068:Aragonese period
2033:, a fief of the
1853:Byzantine Greece
1849:Byzantine Empire
1843:Byzantine Athens
1829:
1827:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1788:
1786:
1669:
1667:
1445:Chremonidean War
1371:, the physician
1338:political satire
1286:Greek philosophy
1068:
967:Classical Greece
961:Classical Athens
955:Classical Athens
951:in 338 BC.
922:had one or more
868:Metro stations.
768:
755:
750:
738:
737:
712:
702:
697:
685:
684:
651:Classical period
561:burials, in the
470:Mount Pentelicus
290:
277:Byzantine Empire
244:
242:
241:
230:
229:
228:
217:
216:
215:
204:
202:
201:
190:
188:
187:
176:
174:
173:
162:
160:
159:
148:
147:
146:
135:
133:
132:
66:
42:
21:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6231:Profitis Daniil
5998:
5992:
5962:
5957:
5931:
5883:
5815:
5781:Kolonaki Square
5768:
5762:
5748:Lycabettus Hill
5736:
5710:
5654:
5616:
5588:
5545:
5521:Stoa of Attalos
5451:Arch of Hadrian
5427:
5421:
5342:
5306:
5287:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5237:Further reading
5229:
5216:
5210:
5197:
5172:
5166:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5100:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5027:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4933:. Oxbow Books.
4926:
4920:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4883:
4865:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4825:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4752:
4751:
4742:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4689:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4621:
4614:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4470:Miller, William
4468:
4467:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4308:Babinger, Franz
4306:
4305:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4253:
4252:
4235:
4228:
4204:
4203:
4180:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4001:
3989:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3635:
3630:
3574:Dora Bakogianni
3562:Antonis Samaras
3544:Lucas Papademos
3522:Melina Mercouri
3517:shipping tycoon
3378:
3373:
3358:Saint Philothei
3343:empress consort
3339:Irene of Athens
3028:
3023:
2974:Arch of Hadrian
2955:
2814:City population
2802:
2796:
2793:
2786:needs expansion
2771:
2734:
2707:Greek Civil War
2687:
2627:Asia Minor Asia
2549:
2535:
2526:
2508:
2365:malikhane sahib
2254:Michel Fourmont
2219:
2158:
2145:
2140:
2117:
2103:, captain, and
2074:Catalan Company
2070:
2031:Duchy of Athens
2027:
2003:established in
2001:Crusader states
1991:brought to the
1977:
1971:Duchy of Athens
1947:
1876:Irene of Athens
1859:
1845:
1840:
1832:Theme of Hellas
1824:
1809:
1798:
1783:
1732:Stoa of Attalos
1720:
1688:Arch of Hadrian
1664:
1593:
1585:Main articles:
1583:
1567:Roman provinces
1557:(150–148). The
1547:Peace of Apamea
1533:ended with the
1511:
1455:
1425:
1324:seated in front
1298:
1292:
1284:Main articles:
1282:
1245:
1243:Rise of Macedon
1239:
1196:
1158:statues of the
1148:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1067:
1007:
999:Main articles:
997:
969:
963:
957:
683:
653:
630:who killed the
628:Greek Mythology
592:
541:Dorian invasion
510:
505:
468:, to the north
462:Cephisian Plain
429:
421:hē theoû nóēsis
359:The contest of
301:
288:
251:
239:
237:
226:
224:
213:
211:
199:
197:
185:
183:
171:
169:
157:
155:
150:Duchy of Athens
142:
130:
128:
105:Hellenic League
95:1556 BC–1068 BC
89:
81:
57:
50:
47:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6320:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Profitis Ilias
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6036:Kountouriotika
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:Olympic Marine
5916:
5914:Glyfada Marina
5911:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5796:Omonoia Square
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5769:Neighbourhoods
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5602:Fethiye Mosque
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5340:External links
5338:
5337:
5336:
5323:
5304:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5250:
5249:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5214:
5208:
5195:
5170:
5164:
5149:
5140:
5134:
5119:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5077:
5071:
5058:
5038:
5025:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4985:
4979:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4924:
4918:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4863:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4823:
4817:
4802:
4796:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4764:on 1 July 2007
4740:
4722:
4704:
4664:
4654:
4636:
4612:
4594:
4584:
4566:
4537:
4509:
4499:
4481:
4438:
4416:
4409:
4383:
4373:
4355:
4329:
4322:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4233:
4226:
4178:
4162:
4144:
4137:
4108:
4100:Varia Historia
4080:
4068:
4056:www.livius.org
4043:
4016:
3987:
3964:
3957:
3934:
3927:
3909:
3894:
3879:
3866:978-1400834303
3865:
3845:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3772:
3759:
3746:
3730:
3724:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3672:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3619:Alexis Tsipras
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3596:Constantine II
3589:
3586:Toula Limnaios
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3486:Paul of Greece
3483:
3474:
3458:
3448:
3435:
3432:Ioannis Rallis
3429:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3383:Panagis Kalkos
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3336:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2767:
2747:Athens Airport
2738:European Union
2733:
2730:
2725:Omonoia Square
2686:
2683:
2534:
2533:Modern history
2531:
2507:
2504:
2491:Peter von Hess
2448:(in 1488), of
2430:Edward Dodwell
2408:Wall of Haseki
2357:Wall of Haseki
2212:Sultan's harem
2204:Franz Babinger
2144:
2143:Ottoman Athens
2141:
2139:
2136:
2116:
2113:
2069:
2066:
2054:Frankish Tower
2045:family called
2026:
2023:
1963:Frankish Tower
1946:
1943:
1931:Fourth Crusade
1890:(r. 811–812).
1857:Hellas (theme)
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1828: 641–668
1813: 527–565
1802: 395–410
1787: 355–363
1743:Constantinople
1726:The Byzantine
1719:
1718:Late Antiquity
1716:
1708:Sack of Athens
1582:
1579:
1559:Achaean League
1527:Roman Republic
1510:
1507:
1485:, secured the
1424:
1421:
1395:, the orators
1350:public opinion
1281:
1278:
1257:Philip II
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1212:Corinthian War
1195:
1192:
1190:was declared.
1180:Thirty Tyrants
1144:Main article:
1141:
1138:
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1023:Persian Empire
996:
993:
979:, copy of the
959:Main article:
956:
953:
852:and along the
850:Mount Hymettos
804:landed estates
786:
785:
777:
776:
766:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
721:
720:
710:
699:
698:
690:
689:
682:
679:
652:
649:
596:ruled by kings
591:
590:Founding myths
588:
509:
506:
504:
501:
466:Mount Hymettus
428:
425:
378:, symbolizing
315:language. The
300:
297:
285:Ottoman Empire
262:Ancient Greece
256:is one of the
250:
249:
235:
222:
219:Hellenic State
209:
195:
181:
167:
164:Ottoman Empire
153:
140:
126:
120:
117:Roman Republic
114:
108:
102:
101:1068 BC–322 BC
96:
87:
86:
83:
82:
78:Leo von Klenze
76:in Athens, by
67:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6319:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:Treis Gefyres
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Asteroskopeio
6045:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5927:Marina of Zea
5925:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Alimos Marina
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Athens Towers
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Kotzia Square
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:Gardens/Parks
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Benaki Museum
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Ancient Agora
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5335:(ASCSA), 1975
5334:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5228:9780190633981
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5209:9781780766867
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5072:9781785705304
5068:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5039:9780190083571
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5005:
5001:
4999:9780199283507
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4959:9780415602921
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4919:9780674051119
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4837:9789519529523
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:. Routledge.
4810:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4797:9781441111517
4793:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4655:0-313-30813-6
4651:
4647:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4615:
4613:0-19-812889-4
4609:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4585:1-85733-369-1
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4500:9780472110551
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4374:0-313-30813-6
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4323:90-04-08114-3
4319:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4227:0-609-80815-X
4223:
4219:
4218:260, 263, 265
4215:
4211:
4207:
4206:Tung, Anthony
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:Travlos, John
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4138:0-609-80815-X
4134:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4117:Tung, Anthony
4112:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3958:88-7949-026-5
3954:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3928:0-292-79143-7
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:Bibliotheca,
3691:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3627:Mathematician
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:Louka Katseli
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:Stavros Dimas
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:(1909–1996),
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:Aspasia Manos
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:Field Marshal
3453:(1883–1955),
3452:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:revolutionary
3424:
3423:Ion Dragoumis
3421:
3418:
3415:(1868–1923),
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:Modern period
3375:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:, thereafter
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Theodosius II
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Halicarnassus
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:564–528 BC),
3058:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:mythical king
3034:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2784:This section
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2495:The Entry of
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:Duke of Parma
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:Elgin marbles
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:(judge), the
2275:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2199:of the city.
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2161:–1673) was a
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:In 1388, the
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:with its own
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:First Crusade
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1939:Ottoman Turks
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:Byzantine art
1922:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:dispute over
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1714:and Hadrian.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:installed by
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:. During the
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Magna Graecia
1516:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1290:Greek theatre
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:Delian League
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Ionian Revolt
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:Ionian Revolt
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
962:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
907:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Ilissos river
851:
846:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
778:
774:Square incuse
773:
772:
767:
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:
749:
744:
739:
732:, 545–510 BC
731:
727:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
706:
701:
700:
696:
691:
686:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:, called the
609:
605:
602:known as the
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
502:
500:
498:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
441:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
366:
362:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
341:west pediment
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
236:
233:
223:
220:
210:
207:
196:
193:
182:
179:
168:
165:
154:
151:
141:
138:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:322 BC–148 BC
112:
109:
107:338 BC–322 BC
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
79:
75:
71:
65:
53:
43:
35:
30:
19:
6181:Kallimarmaro
6157:Nea Filothei
6142:Metaxourgeio
5948:Ermou Street
5633:'s "Trilogy"
5381:
5327:
5311:
5292:
5258:
5218:
5199:
5185:(1): 5–115.
5182:
5178:
5154:
5144:
5124:
5103:
5082:
5062:
5029:
5009:
4989:
4969:
4949:
4929:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4871:
4867:Freely, John
4847:
4827:
4807:
4787:
4766:. Retrieved
4762:the original
4757:
4735:the original
4725:
4717:the original
4707:
4685:
4673:
4667:
4659:
4645:
4639:
4617:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4575:
4569:
4560:
4555:26 September
4553:. Retrieved
4549:
4540:
4532:
4527:25 September
4525:. Retrieved
4521:
4512:
4504:
4490:
4484:
4474:
4429:. Retrieved
4419:
4400:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4364:
4358:
4350:
4338:
4332:
4312:
4280:
4259:
4213:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4122:
4111:
4099:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4055:
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
3977:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3918:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3855:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3770:. Princeton.
3767:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3733:
3727:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3666:
3657:
3492:Dora Stratou
3444:, father of
3238:Aristophanes
3204:
3179:
3100:Themistocles
3055:
3051:Peisistratos
2794:
2790:adding to it
2785:
2735:
2699:Great Famine
2695:World War II
2688:
2640:
2598:(1842), the
2594:(1840), the
2590:(1837), the
2585:
2573:
2555:, Prince of
2550:
2527:
2494:
2464:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2400:
2388:Orlov Revolt
2361:
2317:
2251:
2238:was besieged
2227:
2201:
2186:
2172:
2118:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2051:
2035:Latin Empire
2028:
2018:Frankokratia
2016:
1989:Latin Church
1978:
1975:Frankokratia
1945:Latin Athens
1923:
1915:
1892:
1860:
1778:and emperor
1768:Neoplatonism
1765:
1758:
1736:
1730:next to the
1701:
1606:
1591:Roman Empire
1587:Roman Greece
1581:Roman Athens
1512:
1456:
1379:, Plato and
1369:Aristophanes
1354:
1330:Persian Wars
1327:
1246:
1220:
1197:
1168:
1123:
1101:
1093:Themistocles
1085:was defeated
1078:
1069:
1008:
938:
936:
927:
919:
913:
909:
903:
901:
882:
862:Evangelismos
847:
837:
830:Peisistratos
823:
816:
812:
808:
796:debt bondage
791:
789:
769:
756:
730:Peisistratus
713:
703:
664:
654:
593:
557:
534:
511:
489:
474:
458:Saronic Gulf
446:
420:
416:
411:, offers an
406:
401:
397:Persian Wars
373:
303:The name of
302:
270:
252:
248:1974–present
125:27 BC–395 AD
123:Roman Empire
119:146 BC–27 BC
74:Areios Pagos
29:
6202:Philopappou
6167:Neos Kosmos
6152:Monastiraki
6137:Kynosargous
6107:Kolokynthou
6057:Ellinoroson
6032:Ampelokipoi
5791:Monastiraki
5767:Squares and
5516:Roman Agora
5382:Lost Worlds
4851:. ISD LLC.
4025:"Antipater"
3872:24 December
3625:Sofia Pappa
3327:Saint Giles
3281:Demosthenes
3244:Thrasybulus
3176:Telecleides
3066:Cleisthenes
2994:Philopappos
2962:, with the
2711:Dekemvriana
2689:Athens was
2543:Greek junta
2459:His cousin
2420:Erechtheion
2208:Kizlar Agha
2197:main mosque
2179:Yaqub Pasha
2159: 1595
2062:tournaments
2047:De la Roche
1838:Middle Ages
1821:Constans II
1806:Justinian I
1657:Roman forum
1607:During the
1601:Roman Agora
1563:Achaean War
1515:Pyrrhic War
1491:Polyperchon
1409:Demosthenes
1391:, the poet
1373:Hippocrates
1342:Comic poets
1304:The modern
1296:Attic Greek
1231:Epaminondas
1184:Thrasybulus
1160:Erechtheion
987:in 447 BC,
897:Cleisthenes
800:breaking up
666:synoikismos
655:During the
600:aristocracy
530:Erechtheion
481:Monastiraki
325:Apollodorus
317:origin myth
293:Greek state
273:Middle Ages
232:Greek junta
6271:Thymarakia
6215:Anafiotika
6077:Girokomeio
5776:Anafiotika
5471:Kerameikos
5241:See also:
4098:; Aelian,
3997:1157812352
3667:greeka.com
3276:Chalkidike
3214:Alcibiades
3189:Thucydides
3184:Old Comedy
3076:lyric poet
2984:Kerameikos
2946:3,761,810
2932:3,444,358
2797:April 2021
2663:Nea Smyrni
2647:Asia Minor
2635:Asia Minor
2537:See also:
2510:See also:
2412:Lord Elgin
2392:Mitromaras
2332:Negroponte
2297:Parthenius
2244:, and the
2234:Morean War
2173:The first
2121:Florentine
2079:Almogavars
2043:Burgundian
2011:after the
1888:Staurakios
1872:iconophile
1645:Andronicus
1642:astronomer
1639:Macedonian
1633:after the
1549:, and the
1513:After the
1475:Lamian War
1433:Lamian War
1385:Thucydides
1334:Macedonian
1294:See also:
1265:Hypereides
1156:Karyatides
1064:decadrachm
1019:Asia Minor
1017:Greeks of
889:Hipparchus
792:Eupatridae
763:Gorgoneion
604:Eupatridae
563:Kerameikos
376:olive tree
289:re-emerged
6281:Votanikos
6246:Rizoupoli
6197:Petralona
6127:Kypriadou
6102:Keramikos
6067:Exarcheia
6042:Asyrmatos
6027:Acropolis
5551:Byzantine
5456:Areopagus
5441:Acropolis
5320:24347510M
5301:24368063M
5191:2241-1674
5128:. BRILL.
5048:cite book
4693:cite book
4625:cite book
4102:, ix. 9;
4088:Athenaeus
4005:cite book
3786:. Athens.
3540:(2004–09)
3364:and saint
3304:apologist
3268:Aristotle
3195:Hermippus
3139:Euripides
3130:Herodotus
3118:Sophocles
3090:Aeschylus
3046:statesman
3021:Athenians
2979:Areopagus
2964:Parthenon
2960:Acropolis
2943:3,130,841
2715:communist
2659:Nea Ionia
2651:resettled
2551:In 1832,
2499:in Athens
2497:King Otto
2450:Isocrates
2396:reprisals
2380:Arvanites
2344:malikhane
2301:Ephram II
2230:Propylaea
2193:Parthenon
2183:Mehmed II
2109:suffragan
2101:castellan
1955:Propylaea
1919:Venetians
1901:emperors
1884:Theophano
1791:Visigoths
1753:; in the
1676:gymnasium
1571:Macedonia
1483:Cassander
1459:Antipater
1405:Aeschines
1401:Isocrates
1393:Simonides
1381:Aristotle
1365:Euripides
1361:Sophocles
1357:Aeschylus
1164:Acropolis
1039:Miltiades
985:Parthenon
940:strategoi
918:and each
620:polemarch
612:Areopagus
526:Cyclopean
522:Mycenaean
514:Neolithic
503:Antiquity
453:Neolithic
449:Acropolis
413:etymology
393:Pandrosus
369:Parthenon
345:Parthenon
337:Pausanias
321:Herodotus
313:Pre-Greek
287:, Athens
234:1973–1974
221:1941–1944
208:1924–1935
180:1822–1826
152:1205–1458
70:Acropolis
6301:Category
6285:Elaionas
6261:Syntagma
6226:Probonas
6221:Polygono
6177:Pangrati
6112:Kolonaki
6017:Akadimia
5879:Zappeion
5806:Syntagma
5715:Churches
5308:"Athens"
5289:"Athens"
5275:6952607M
5255:"Athens"
4869:(2004).
4768:2 August
4472:(1921).
4431:22 March
4208:(2001).
4172:(1971).
4119:(2001).
3797:Hesperia
3739:Cratylus
3708:Them. 19
3633:See also
3262:Menander
3250:Xenophon
3170:Socrates
3145:Pheidias
3124:Pericles
2996:monument
2691:occupied
2608:Zappeion
2375:voevodas
2370:Livadeia
2313:salt tax
2096:veguería
2089:(rarely
2058:chivalry
1981:Crusades
1899:Komnenos
1795:Alaric I
1760:Rhomaioi
1680:aqueduct
1655:for the
1613:Aristion
1529:and the
1471:Thessaly
1463:Craterus
1417:Pericles
1397:Antiphon
1389:Xenophon
1377:Socrates
1346:theatres
1318:Socrates
1176:Cleophon
1061:Athenian
1047:Darius I
1043:Persians
915:trittyes
866:Syntagma
838:tyrannos
818:Ecclesia
726:didrachm
632:Minotaur
618:and the
567:Lefkandi
559:Iron Age
551:with no
417:ἁ θεονόα
408:Cratylus
365:Poseidon
349:Poseidon
333:Plutarch
281:Crusades
139:395–1205
6266:Thiseio
6256:Sepolia
6211:Aerides
6187:Patisia
6172:Omonoia
6162:Neapoli
6132:Kypseli
6122:Koukaki
6117:Kolonos
5893:Marinas
5811:Thiseio
5659:Museums
5640:Academy
5594:Ottoman
5433:Ancient
4780:Sources
4347:3305912
4258:(ed.).
4129:256–260
4096:xii.542
4036:12 July
3737:Plato,
3472:Romania
3408:shooter
3272:Stagira
3232:Eupolis
3226:Agathon
3155:hetaera
3151:Aspasia
3085:general
3033:Theseus
2940:745,514
2926:772,072
2912:885,737
2898:867,023
2884:718,000
2867:473,000
2854:123,000
2557:Bavaria
2384:valonia
2216:Ahmed I
2175:Ottoman
2091:Athenes
2087:Cetines
2007:and on
1957:on the
1903:Alexios
1863:Saracen
1661:Hadrian
1649:Cyrrhus
1628:general
1487:Piraeus
1479:Eumenes
1467:Aetolia
1437:Phocion
1413:Phidias
1344:at the
1340:of the
1332:to the
1308:, with
1249:Macedon
1204:Corinth
1188:amnesty
1186:and an
1049:at the
1033:by the
981:Phidias
920:trittys
885:Hippias
724:Silver
636:Timaeus
624:Theseus
616:archons
575:Knossos
549:Ionians
388:Paestum
384:Cecrops
343:of the
6097:Ilisia
6052:Attiki
5996:Athens
5936:Others
5631:Hansen
5622:Modern
5425:Athens
5318:
5312:Greece
5299:
5273:
5267:397597
5265:
5225:
5206:
5189:
5162:
5132:
5111:
5090:
5069:
5036:
5017:
4996:
4977:
4956:
4937:
4916:
4879:
4855:
4834:
4815:
4794:
4682:359509
4680:
4652:
4610:
4582:
4497:
4407:
4371:
4345:
4320:
4268:
4224:
4135:
4092:vi.272
4061:20 May
3995:
3985:
3955:
3925:
3863:
3362:martyr
3331:hermit
3164:Nicias
3094:tragic
3061:tyrant
2877:1921 (
2842:44,500
2709:, the
2545:, and
2522:, and
2501:, 1839
2436:, 1821
2188:firman
2111:sees.
2105:veguer
2039:Thebes
2009:Cyprus
1985:Franks
1935:Latins
1911:Manuel
1855:, and
1780:Julian
1704:Heruli
1686:. The
1617:tyrant
1575:Achaea
1451:, and
1407:, and
1314:Athena
1310:Apollo
1200:Thebes
1081:Xerxes
1045:under
1015:Ionian
1005:Europe
977:Athena
834:tyrant
809:Thetai
802:large
798:), by
661:Attica
584:Sparta
580:Thebes
571:Euboea
553:Dorian
361:Athena
309:Athena
305:Athens
254:Athens
243:
203:
189:
175:
161:
134:
80:(1846)
49:Ἀθῆναι
46:Athens
34:Athens
6241:Psyri
6207:Plaka
6092:Gouva
6087:Goudi
5801:Plaka
3799:VIII.
3720:horse
3650:Notes
3334:saint
3256:Plato
3201:Cleon
3159:Milet
3106:Cimon
3042:Solon
2969:Agora
2828:4,000
2649:were
2569:Plaka
2473:Greek
2446:Homer
2337:pasha
2327:pasha
2321:pasha
2307:haraç
2288:pasha
2281:mufti
2265:pasha
2163:Greek
2005:Syria
1997:fiefs
1817:Slavs
1751:Greek
1747:Latin
1678:, an
1631:Sulla
1625:Roman
1322:Plato
1208:Argos
1172:Cleon
1025:(the
932:Boule
928:phyle
924:demes
910:phyle
905:phyle
813:Θήται
675:Solon
671:Draco
640:Neith
537:Pylos
477:Agora
403:Plato
380:peace
56:Polis
39:Polis
6251:Rouf
6147:Mets
6082:Gyzi
6072:Gazi
5501:Pnyx
5263:OCLC
5223:ISBN
5204:ISBN
5187:ISSN
5160:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5109:ISBN
5088:ISBN
5067:ISBN
5054:link
5034:ISBN
5015:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4914:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4853:ISBN
4832:ISBN
4813:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4770:2007
4699:link
4678:OCLC
4650:ISBN
4631:link
4608:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4557:2009
4529:2009
4495:ISBN
4433:2009
4405:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4343:OCLC
4318:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4133:ISBN
4063:2021
4038:2018
4011:link
3993:OCLC
3983:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3923:ISBN
3874:2014
3861:ISBN
3696:3.14
3684:8.55
3465:King
3302:and
3096:poet
3000:Pnyx
2958:The
2937:2001
2923:1991
2909:1981
2895:1971
2851:1896
2839:1870
2825:1833
2811:Year
2661:and
2563:and
2553:Otto
2454:Suda
2273:kadi
2060:and
1973:and
1953:The
1909:and
1907:John
1712:Nero
1674:, a
1615:, a
1589:and
1573:and
1469:and
1461:and
1387:and
1367:and
1320:and
1312:and
1288:and
1202:and
1174:and
1154:The
1003:and
887:and
864:and
782:obol
771:Rev:
758:Obv:
715:Rev:
705:Obv:
608:Ares
582:and
573:and
485:Pnyx
475:The
363:and
329:Ovid
299:Name
72:and
5385:of
3205:fl.
3180:fl.
3056:fl.
2792:.
1647:of
1569:of
1071:Rev
569:in
419:or
6303::
6213:,
5316:OL
5310:,
5297:OL
5291:,
5271:OL
5269:,
5257:,
5183:43
5181:.
5177:.
5050:}}
5046:{{
4756:.
4743:^
4695:}}
4691:{{
4684:.
4658:.
4627:}}
4623:{{
4616:.
4588:.
4559:.
4548:.
4531:.
4520:.
4503:.
4441:^
4377:.
4349:.
4289:^
4236:^
4220:.
4212:.
4181:^
4155:.
4131:.
4094:,
4090:,
4054:.
4027:.
4007:}}
4003:{{
3991:.
3967:^
3838:.
3775:^
3741:,
3675:^
3665:.
3274:,
3035:,
2918:–
2904:–
2890:–
2834:–
2571:.
2541:,
2518:,
2514:,
2493::
2483:.
2432::
2295:,
2221:r.
2156:c.
2021:.
1905:,
1851:,
1834:.
1826:r.
1811:r.
1800:r.
1785:r.
1774:,
1666:r.
1447:,
1443:,
1439:,
1435:,
1431:,
1403:,
1399:,
1363:,
1359:,
1352:.
1276:.
1255:,
1233:.
1218:.
1053:.
858:in
761:A
586:.
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
295:.
268:.
6287:)
6283:(
6217:)
6209:(
6183:)
6179:(
6038:)
6034:(
5987:e
5980:t
5973:v
5416:e
5409:t
5402:v
5231:.
5212:.
5193:.
5168:.
5138:.
5117:.
5096:.
5075:.
5056:)
5042:.
5023:.
5002:.
4983:.
4962:.
4943:.
4922:.
4885:.
4861:.
4840:.
4821:.
4800:.
4772:.
4701:)
4633:)
4435:.
4413:.
4397:"
4326:.
4274:.
4230:.
4159:.
4141:.
4106:.
4065:.
4040:.
4013:)
3999:.
3961:.
3931:.
3876:.
3842:.
3812:.
3722:.
3669:.
3203:(
3178:(
3053:(
2929:–
2915:–
2901:–
2887:–
2881:)
2870:–
2857:–
2831:–
2799:)
2795:(
2218:(
2169:.
2154:(
1823:(
1808:(
1797:(
1782:(
1663:(
1011:2
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.