History of glass - Knowledge (XXG)

1465: 828: 1501: 1477: 1243: 1375: 1167: 648: 1414: 1426: 139: 1402: 1552: 716: 350: 1540: 1390: 1525: 1438: 1489: 1022:’s reputation as a center for glassmaking was born when the Venetian Republic, fearing fire might burn down the city’s mostly wood buildings, ordered glassmakers to move their foundries to Murano in 1291. Murano's glassmakers were soon the island’s most prominent citizens. Glassmakers were not allowed to leave the Republic. Many took a risk and set up glass furnaces in surrounding cities and as far afield as England and the Netherlands. 1155: 1282:, a famous French glassmaker. This glass was produced by blowing long cylinders of glass, which were then cut along the length and then flattened onto a cast-iron table, before being annealed. Plate glass involves the glass being ladled onto a cast-iron bed, where it is rolled into a sheet with an iron roller. The sheet, still soft, is pushed into the open mouth of an annealing tunnel or temperature-controlled oven called a 659: 1031: 1513: 19: 1293:. His system produced a continuous ribbon of flat glass by forming the ribbon between rollers. This was an expensive process, as the surfaces of the glass needed polishing and was later abandoned by its sponsor, Robert Lucas Chance of Chance Brothers, as unviable. Bessemer also introduced an early form of "Float Glass" in 1843, which involved pouring glass onto liquid tin. 856: 466:

producing "Judean Glass" were found in Galilee. Glass vessels were now inexpensive compared to pottery vessels. Growth of the use of glass products occurred throughout the Roman world. Glass became the Roman plastic, and glass containers produced in Alexandria spread throughout the Roman Empire. With the discovery of clear glass (through the introduction of

886:. These form an important link between Roman times and the later importance of that city in the production of the material. Around 1000 AD, an important technical breakthrough was made in Northern Europe when soda glass, produced from white pebbles and burnt vegetation was replaced by glass made from a much more readily available material: 707:, distinguishing them from the soda–lime–silica glasses of Western Asia and Mesopotamia. At the end of the Han Dynasty (AD 220), the lead-barium glass tradition declined, with glass production only resuming during the 4th and 5th centuries AD. Literary sources also mention the manufacture of glass during the 5th century AD. 418:' (meaning 'thousand flowers') technique, where canes of multicolored glass were sliced and the slices arranged together and fused in a mould to create a mosaic-like effect. It was also during this period that colorless or decolored glass began to be prized and methods for achieving this effect were investigated more fully. 964:

and the construction of churches and monasteries. There are a few Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical literary sources that mention the production and use of glass, although these relate to window glass used in ecclesiastical buildings. Glass was also used by the Anglo-Saxons in their jewelry, both as enamel

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However, during the 1st century CE, the industry underwent rapid technical growth that saw the introduction of glass-blowing and the dominance of colorless or ‘aqua’ glasses. Raw glass was produced in geographically separate locations to the working of glass into finished vessels, and, by the end of

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in 1688 in France. Prior to this invention, mirror plates, made from blown "sheet" glass, had been limited in size. De Nehou's process of rolling molten glass poured on an iron table rendered the manufacture of very large plates possible. This method of production was adopted by the English in 1773

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The majority of complete vessels and assemblages of beads come from the excavations of early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, but a change in burial rites in the late 7th century affected the recovery of glass, as Christian Anglo-Saxons were buried with fewer grave goods, and glass is rarely found. From the

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being moored at this place, the merchants were preparing their meal on the beach, and not having stones to prop up their pots, they used lumps of nitrum from the ship, which fused and mixed with the sands of the shore, and there flowed streams of a new translucent liquid, and thus was the origin of

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was discovered on the Syro-Judean coast, revolutionizing the industry. The first evidence of the invention of glassblowing was found in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, in a layer of fill inside a ritual bath that was overlain with the paving stones of the Herodian street. Several other site of

618:, is the first site in India to locally manufacture glass, with items dating between the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Early Indian glass of this period was likely made locally, as they differ significantly in chemical composition when compared to Babylonian, Roman and Chinese glass. 1182:

in 1674, who was the first to produce clear lead crystal glassware on an industrial scale. Ravenscroft had the cultural and financial resources necessary to revolutionise the glass trade, allowing England to overtake Venice as the centre of the glass industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth

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glass are also produced using the float glass process. The success of this process lay in the careful balance of the volume of glass fed onto the bath, where it was flattened by its own weight. Full scale profitable sales of float glass were first achieved in 1960.

1304:. This semi-automatic process used machines that were capable of producing 200 standardized bottles per hour, many times quicker than the traditional methods of manufacture. Chance Brothers also introduced the machine rolled patterned glass method in 1888. 1464: 470:), by glass blowers in Alexandria circa 100 AD, the Romans began to use glass for architectural purposes. Cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of 1011:. The clearest and finest glass is tinted in two ways: firstly, a natural coloring agent is ground and melted with the glass. Many of these coloring agents still exist today; for a list of coloring agents, see below. Black glass was called 185:. Because of Egypt's favorable environment for preservation, the majority of well-studied early glass is found there, although some of this is likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid-third millennium 926:(4 kg) of molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The disk would then be cut into panes. Domestic glass vessels in late medieval Northern Europe are known as 456:

This account is more a reflection of Roman experience of glass production, however, as white silica sand from this area was used in the production of glass within the Roman Empire due to its high purity levels. During the 1st century

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societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north

1500: 1286:, down which it was carried by a system of rollers. James Hartley introduced the Rolled Plate method in 1847. This allowed a ribbed finish and was often used for extensive glass roofs such as within railway stations. 698:

disks and other ritual objects. Chinese glass objects from the Warring States and Han period vary greatly in chemical composition from the imported glass objects. The glasses from this period contain high levels of

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of new ways of making sheet glass by blowing spheres. The spheres were swung out to form cylinders and then cut while still hot, after which the sheets were flattened. This technique was perfected in 13th century

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on it. Rather than drastically reduce the lead content of their glass, manufacturers responded by creating highly decorated, smaller, more delicate forms, often with hollow stems, known to collectors today as

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were also often created in moulds. Much of early glass production, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working. This meant that the glass was ground and carved in a cold state.

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reserved for the large palace industries of powerful states. Glass workers in other areas therefore relied on imports of preformed glass, often in the form of cast ingots such as those found on the

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invented Wired Cast glass, where the glass incorporates a strong steel-wire mesh for safety and security. This was commonly given the misnomer "Georgian Wired Glass" but it greatly post-dates the

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after obsidian stone. A second method is apparently to produce a black glass which, when held to the light, will show the true color that this glass will give to another glass when used as a dye.

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period many new techniques of glass production were introduced and glass began to be used to make larger pieces, notably table wares. Techniques developed during this period include 'slumping'

1437: 611:(3rd century BCE), where bangles, beads, small vessels, and tiles were discovered in large quantities. These glassmaking techniques may have been transmitted from cultures in Western Asia. 268:. The latest vessels were 'core-formed', produced by winding a ductile rope of glass around a shaped core of sand and clay over a metal rod, then fusing it by reheating it several times. 2342:

Chinese Glass. Archaeological studies on the uses and social contest of glass artefacts from the Warring States to the Northern Song Period (fifth century B.C. to twelfth century A.D.)

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Chinese Glass. Archaeological studies on the uses and social contest of glass artefacts from the Warring States to the Northern Song Period (fifth century B.C. to twelfth century A.D.)

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Chinese Glass. Archaeological studies on the uses and social contest of glass artefacts from the Warring States to the Northern Song Period (fifth century B.C. to twelfth century A.D.)

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A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using

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Wilde, H. "Technologische Innovationen im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Zur Verwendung und Verbreitung neuer Werkstoffe im ostmediterranen Raum". GOF IV, Bd 44, Wiesbaden 2003, 25–26

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Wilde, H. "Technologische Innovationen im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Zur Verwendung und Verbreitung neuer Werkstoffe im ostmediterranen Raum". GOF IV, Bd 44, Wiesbaden 2003, 25–26.

1113:). Both Nový Bor and Kamenický Šenov have their own Glass Museums with many items dating since around 1600. It was especially outstanding in its manufacture of glass in high 68:. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid 2,000 279:) on a slab in order to press the decorative threads into its body. Handles and feet were applied separately. The rod was subsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly 580:, dating to 1700 BCE. This makes it the earliest evidence of glass in South Asia. Glass discovered from later sites dating from 600 to 300 BCE displays common colors. 1425: 755:

the 1st century CE, large scale manufacturing, primarily in Alexandria, resulted in the establishment of glass as a commonly available material in the Roman world.

1539: 1413: 1195:, developing a network of small cracks destroying its transparency. This was eventually overcome by replacing some of the potash flux with lead oxide to the melt. 890:

obtained from wood ashes. From this point on, northern glass differed significantly from that made in the Mediterranean area, where soda remained in common use.

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were subsequently wound around these to create patterns, which could be drawn into festoons by using metal raking tools. The vessel would then be rolled smooth (

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bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity. This method gave the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern

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The first Persian glass comes in the form of beads dating to the late Bronze Age (1600 BCE), and was discovered during the explorations of Dinkhah Tepe in

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as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate. The process was first discovered by

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technical traditions, initially concentrating on the production of intensely colored, cast glass vessels. Glass objects have been recovered across the

692:(206 BCE–220 CE), the use of glass diversified. The introduction of glass casting in this period encouraged the production of moulded objects, such as 403:. Core-formed vessels and beads were still widely produced, but other techniques came to the fore with experimentation and technological advancements. 3140: 1234:. The polishing process was industrialized around 1800 with the adoption of a steam engine to carry out the grinding and polishing of the cast glass. 677:

Glassmaking developed later in China compared to cultures in Mesopotamia, Egypt and India. Imported glass objects first reached China during the late

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In China, glass played a peripheral role in arts and crafts when compared to ceramics and metal work. The earliest glass items in China come from the

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method dates back to 1620 in London and was used for mirrors and coach plates. Louis Lucas de Nehou and A. Thevart perfected the process of casting

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sites has revealed plentiful amounts of glass but, in contrast, the amount recovered from the 5th century and later Anglo-Saxon sites is minuscule.

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added newer techniques, and Indians artisans mastered several techniques of glass molding, decorating and coloring by the succeeding centuries. The

2421: 2379: 1389: 785:(820–897) described the clarity of such glass: "Its color hides the glass as if it is standing in it without a container." In the 8th century, the 3068: 2527: 2551: 999:

significantly different was that the local quartz pebbles were almost pure silica, and were ground into a fine clear sand that was combined with

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was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was even used in jewelry. In the 5th century AD with the

331:) is attested. It is thought that the techniques and recipes required for the initial fusing of glass from raw materials were a closely guarded 827: 2670: 2152: 1572: 1266:. Paxton's revolutionary new building inspired the public use of glass as a material for domestic and horticultural architecture. In 1832, the 897:– glass to which metallic or other impurities had been added for coloring – was not widely used, but it rapidly became an important medium for 822: 1987: 629:

period of India also produced short cylinders of composite glass, including those displaying a lemon yellow matrix covered with green glass.

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The history of glass and glass making : glass vessels of Arsacid era in the collections of Iran National Museum and Reza Abbasi Museum

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was invented in the US and was the first mechanical method for the drawing of window glass. It was manufactured under licence in the UK by

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civilizations seemed to have brought glass-making to a halt. It picked up again in its former sites, Syria and Cyprus, in the 9th century

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Christine Lilyquist (1993). "Granulation and Glass: Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected Sites, ca. 2500-1400 B.C.E.".

905:. Almost all survivals are in church buildings, but it was also used in grand secular buildings. The 11th century saw the emergence in 595:

mention glass, implying they could have been known in India during the early first millennium BCE. Glass objects have also been found at

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glass manufacturing factory. The goblet was almost entirely covered with a pattern of so-called carp scales and hand-engraved decoration.

607:, all dating to around the 5th century BCE. However, the first unmistakable evidence for widespread glass usage comes from the ruins of 1242: 2646:

Heyworth, M. (1992) "Evidence for early medieval glass-working in north-western Europe" pp. 169–174 in S. Jennings and A. Vince (eds)

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Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the

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Tārīkhchah-i shīshah va shīshahʹgarī : ẓurūf-i shīshahʹī dawrah-i Ashkānī, majmūʻah-i Mūzih-i Millī va Mūzih-i Riz̤ā ʻAbbāsī

1659:"Glass making may have begun in Egypt, not Mesopotamia Artifacts from Iraq site show less sophisticated technique, color palette" 1198:

He was granted a protective patent in where production and refinement moved from his glasshouse on the Savoy to the seclusion of

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After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, independent glass making technologies emerged in Northern Europe, with artisan

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By 1696, after the patent expired, twenty-seven glasshouses in England were producing flint glass and were exporting all over

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The First Thousand Years of Glass-Making in the Ancient Near EAst: Compositional Analysis of Late Broze and Iron Age Glasses

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The Venetian ability to produce this superior form of glass resulted in a trade advantage over other glass producing lands.

647: 1073:, since the 13th century. Oldest archaeology excavations of glass-making sites date to around 1250 and are located in the 283:

and was eventually removed from the center of the vessel, after which the core material was scraped out. Glass shapes for

1078: 2361: 1914: 949: 805:), in addition to 12 recipes inserted by al-Marrakishi in a later edition of the book. By the 11th century, clear glass 663: 2340:

An Jiayao (2002) "Polychrome and monochrome glass of the Warring States and Han periods" pp. 45–46 in Braghin, C. (ed)

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Oi 701, MY Oi 702, MY Oi 703 and MY Oi 704 tablets; the least damaged, as far as this word is concerned, is MY Oi 703.

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MacLeod, Christine (1987). "Accident or Design? George Ravenscroft's Patent and the Invention of Lead-Crystal Glass".

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was used in the manufacture of a range of objects, including vessels, beads, windows, and was even used in jewellery.

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Braghin, C. (2002) "Polychrome and monochrome glass of the Warring States and Han periods" p. 6 in Braghin, C. (ed)

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has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the

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Bimson M. and Freestone, I.C. (2000). "Analysis of some glass from Anglo-Saxon Jewellery" pp. 137–142 in Price, J.

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which incorporated a double grinding process to give an improved quality to the finish. Between 1953 and 1957, Sir

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late 7th century onwards, window glass is found more frequently. This is directly related to the introduction of

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was popular as a relatively easy to make but an impressive vessel that exploited the unique potential of glass.

715: 678: 478:. Over the next 1,000 years, glass making and working continued and spread through southern Europe and beyond. 93: 44: 349: 1342:

process, the first successful commercial application for forming a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten

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was used primarily for the production of vessels, although mosaic tiles and window glass were also produced.

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True glazing over a ceramic body was not used until many centuries after the production of the first glass.

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in northern Iran, dating to the Iron Age. These cups resemble ones from Mesopotamia, as do cups found in

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By the 1st century AD, glass was being used for ornaments and casing in South Asia. Contact with the

2159: 1351: 2739: 2188: 1335: 585: 366: 85: 2067: 3048: 3040: 2858: 2850: 2778: 2477: 2469: 2437: 1796: 1788: 1359: 1283: 1255: 1247: 1179: 1159: 1074: 736: 533: 241: 149: 2744: 2743:, Textbook of Mineralogy, M.C. Bandy, J. Bandy, Mineralogical Society of America, 1955, p. 111 2040: 2037: 3112: 2995: 2949: 2920: 2885: 2813: 2764: 2707: 2628: 2601: 2501: 2385: 2345: 2325: 2305: 2268: 2244: 2196: 2132: 2100: 2090: 2008: 1983: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1861: 1841: 1756: 1746: 1719: 1713: 1222: 1126: 939: 622: 537: 529: 496: 492: 467: 434: 280: 123: 2495: 1901: 1506:

Bracelets with peacocks, Delhi, enameled silver inlaid with gemstones and glass, 19th century

1218:. The British glass making industry was able to take off with the repeal of the tax in 1845. 3032: 2842: 2685: 2461: 1780: 1279: 1263: 1199: 674:(475–221 BCE), although they are rare in number and limited in archaeological distribution. 524: 257: 198: 81: 987:, which developed many new techniques and became the center of a lucrative export trade in 3072: 2790: 2555: 2531: 2032: 1936: 1470:

Two cups cobalt blue glass with gilt floral decoration from India, Mughal, circa 1700–1775

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traders were the first to stumble upon glass manufacturing techniques at the site of the

118:, archaeologists have recovered glass objects that were used in domestic, industrial and 3028: 3017:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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An early advance in automating glass manufacturing was patented in 1848 by the engineer

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This process was used extensively until early in the 20th Century to make window glass.

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Evison, V. I. (2000). "Glass vessels in England, 400–1100 CE" pp. 47–104 in Price, J.

1823: 1745:. Robert H. Brill, Mark T. Wypyski. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. 357:

is one of the highest (54.3 cm, 21.4 in) preserved examples of artistry of less known

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Bimson, M. (1978) "Coloured glass and millefiori in the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial". In

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and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers developed the revolutionary

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The center for luxury Italian glassmaking from the 14th century was the island of

685:. These imports created the impetus for the production of indigenous glass beads. 2989: 769:

Islamic glass continued the achievements of pre-Islamic cultures, especially the

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Pinder-Wilson, R. (1991) "The Islamic lands and China" p. 140 in Tait, H. (ed)

1451: 1339: 1250:, one of the first buildings to use glass as the main material for construction. 1188: 1102: 1077:

of Northern Bohemia. Most notable sites of glass-making throughout the ages are

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Glass objects from the 7th and 8th centuries have been found on the island of

840: 810: 626: 565: 415: 97: 2726:: Berlin, Leipzig, 15–21 August 1977: Liège: Editions du Secretariat Général. 2104: 2068:"Kiln Site in Israel May Have Produced "Judean Glass" - Archaeology Magazine" 2036:, translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, Dover Publishing. 2593:

Bayley, J. (2000). "Glass-working in Early Medieval England" pp. 137–142 in

1760: 1301: 1231: 1210: 952:, there were also considerable changes in the usage of glass. Excavation of 855: 694: 426: 385: 339: 336: 261: 221: 169: 161: 3036: 2671:"Anglo-Saxon and later Medieval glass in Britain: Some recent developments" 2324:. Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Cambridge University Press. 2320:

Kerr, R. and Wood, N. (2004) "Part XII: Ceramic technology" pp. 474–477 in

540:. During this time, glass vessels were usually plain and colorless. By the 354: 2938: 1296:

In 1887, the mass production of glass was developed by the firm Ashley in

1192: 443:, reported a traditional serendipitous "discovery" tale of familiar type: 353:

An early 18th-century goblet with coats of arms in the District Museum in

60:. However, most writers claim that they may have been producing copies of 2659:

Ecclesiastical: Of or relating to a church or to an established religion.

1740: 1122: 1008: 1000: 879: 744: 682: 549: 541: 325: 265: 253: 245: 165: 119: 72:, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of 23: 3015:

Pilkington, L. A. B. (1969). "Review Lecture. The Float Glass Process".

2808:. Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology. London: 236:

technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colored glass

3044: 2854: 1792: 1609: 1114: 1066: 1062: 906: 782: 651: 604: 577: 504: 475: 414:(but not fully molten) glass over a mould in order to form a dish and ' 411: 389: 2473: 2218:"Kopia, India's First Glassmaking Site: Dating and Chemical Analysis" 1530: 1444: 1347: 1206: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1019: 1004: 992: 984: 911: 887: 883: 806: 774: 608: 600: 512: 343: 276: 249: 237: 189:, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of 2846: 1902:"Database of Mycenaean at Oslo DĀMOS: publisher: University of Oslo" 1784: 1677: 1675: 2919:, translated by Michael Cable (2008). Society of Glass Technology. 2465: 399:

In Egypt, glass-making did not revive until it was reintroduced in

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with such success that, in 1746, the British Government imposed a

1165: 1153: 1058: 1029: 854: 826: 748: 714: 657: 646: 569: 448: 377:, when the techniques for making colorless glass were discovered. 348: 303: 299: 284: 272: 271:

Threads of thin glass of different colors made with admixtures of

240:, vessels (often colored and shaped in imitation of highly prized 217: 174: 157: 137: 104: 61: 17: 2917:

Bontemps on Glassmaking: the Guide du Verrier of Georges Bontemps

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Stern, E. M. (1999). "Roman Glassblowing in a Cultural Context".

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Braghin, C. (2002) "Introduction" pp. XI-XIV in Braghin, C. (ed)

260:), which can be extracted from the ashes of many plants, notably 1175: 790: 704: 596: 516: 194: 77: 2724:

Annales du 7e congrès international d'etude historique du verre

1621: 1343: 1915: 1624: 3090:"Manufacture of flat glass". Priority date December 10, 1953 2576:. Conservation Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University 1545:

New Martinsville Glass Hostmaster Tea Cup, cobalt blue, 1930

797:(Geber) described 46 recipes for producing colored glass in 2239:

Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). "Ornaments, Gems etc. (Ch. 10)".

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era, Greek and Roman techniques were prevalent. During the

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was used up to the mid-19th century. In this process, the

499:. Glass tubes were discovered by French archaeologists at 2648:

Medieval Europe 1992: Volume 3 Technology and Innovation

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Whitehouse, David; Glass, Corning Museum of (May 2004).

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The use of glass as a building material was heralded by

871:

evolved the Roman tradition, in the Eastern Empire. The

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period, glass vessels were decorated with local motifs.

100:

civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt.

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Venetian goblet made in Italy in the early 19th century

1133:, adapted to glass the technique of gem engraving with 2366:

Chinese Art III: Textiles, Glass and Painting on Glass

2089:] (in Persian) (Chāp-i avval ed.). : Samīrā. 1183:

centuries. Seeking to find an alternative to Venetian

1982:. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing LTD. pp. 2–4. 1777:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

1715:

High Definition Archaeology: Threads Through the Past

384:. Instructions on how to make glass are contained in 380:

The first glassmaking "manual" dates back to ca. 650

311: 1828:

Palaeolexicon. Word study tool for ancient languages

2216:Kanungo, Alok K.; Brill, Robert H. (January 2009). 681:(early 5th century BCE), in the form of polychrome 2991:Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing 2937: 1482:Base for a water pipe, India, Mughal, c. 1700–1775 839:times, glass and glass beads were produced by the 507:period. Mosaic glass cups have also been found at 447:"The tradition is that a merchant ship laden with 3084:Bickerstaff, Kenneth and Pilkington, Lionel A B 1953:"Kielich (flet) z herbami "Pogoń" i "Szreniawa"" 1858:Prehistory and history of glassmaking technology 1431:Lombardic glass drinking horn 6th–7th century AD 2706:. London: British Museum Occasional paper 127. 2642: 2640: 2627:. London: British Museum Occasional paper 127. 2600:. London: British Museum Occasional paper 127. 2195:. Indian National Science Academy. p. 15. 2038:De Re Metallica Trans. by Hoover Online Version 1419:Blue head flask (Roman, AD 300–500, cast glass) 1354:, but relatively minor quantities of specialty 1350:are made from float glass. Most float glass is 1117:style from 1685 to 1750. In the 17th century, 294:, extensive glass production was occurring in 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2007:. Henley-on-Thames: G T Foulis & Co Ltd. 1947: 1945: 1578:18th century glassmaking in the United States 1278:to produce sheet glass with the expertise of 92:. Glass products remained a luxury until the 8: 3111:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3103:Carboni, Stefano; Whitehouse, David (2001). 2745:Section on Murano Glass, De Natura Fossilium 1595: 1593: 1395:Phoenician glass necklace 5th–6th century BC 2439:Roman Glass; reflections on cultural change 2183: 2181: 2179: 1380:Glass ear stud, c. 1390–1353 BC, 48.66.30, 2560:History of Science and Technology in Islam 2536:History of Science and Technology in Islam 2381:Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass 1407:Roman glass amphoriskoi 1st–2nd century AD 365:Glass remained a luxury material, and the 56:dates back to at least 3,600 years ago in 2994:. Ashgate Publishing. 2011. p. 468. 2283: 2281: 1707: 1705: 1703: 388:tablets discovered in the library of the 2704:Glass in Britain and Ireland AD 350–1100 2625:Glass in Britain and Ireland AD 350–1100 2598:Glass in Britain and Ireland AD 350–1100 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1274:) became the first company to adopt the 1007:, for which the Venetians held the sole 2804:Newton, Roy G.; Sandra Davison (1989). 1650: 1589: 1370: 45:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 2786: 2776: 2757:inc, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1992). 2241:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology 2129:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology 1573:Early glassmaking in the United States 1057:, or Bohemia crystal, is a decorative 995:, and other items. What made Venetian 823:History of glass in sub-Saharan Africa 735:Roman glass production developed from 205:material made by a process similar to 88:material made by a process similar to 2193:A Concise History of Science in India 7: 1773:These early examples are drawn from 1683:"Glass Online: The History of Glass" 1170:Glassblowers at work. Retort making. 2940:Glass: its tradition and its makers 2291:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 859:A 16th-century stained glass window 572:. The earliest glass item from the 103:Development of glass technology in 2426:. Ashlee Publishing Company. 1920. 1824:"The Linear B word ku-wa-no-wo-ko" 1518:Jug, 1876, James Powell & Sons 1069:, now in the current state of the 666:, dating from late 2nd century BCE 14: 3023:(1516). The Royal Society: 1–25. 2549:The Manufacture of Coloured Glass 2322:Science and Civilisation in China 252:of Syrian and Egyptian glass was 3141:History of science by discipline 2760:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica 1550: 1538: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1373: 1317:machine drawn cylinder technique 662:Blue glass plaques found in the 519:during the late Elamite period. 248:) and the ubiquitous beads. The 2880:. Collins Archaeology. London: 2497:Popular culture in ancient Rome 2454:American Journal of Archaeology 1742:Studies in early Egyptian glass 576:is a brown glass bead found at 232:), there was a rapid growth in 2690:10.1080/00766097.1978.11735405 2054:"Israel Antiquities Authority" 2043:. Retrieved September 12, 2007 1533:bottle for seltzer water, 1922 867:produced by several cultures. 831:Glass from Ile-Ife, Yorubaland 197:) or during the production of 80:) or during the production of 1: 1739:Lilyquist, Christine (1993). 560:Evidence of glass during the 3066:"Borosilikatglas BOROFLOAT®" 2763:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2650:. York: Medieval Europe 1992 2289:Five thousand years of glass 1860:, American Ceramic Society, 1443:Mouth-blown window-glass in 1191:, but his glasses tended to 950:Roman departure from Britain 803:The Book of the Hidden Pearl 664:Mausoleum of the Nanyue King 2410:. Virtue and Company. 1888. 1268:British Crown Glass Company 1221:Evidence of the use of the 922:would spin approximately 9 3157: 2153:"The Ancient Indus Valley" 2127:Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). 2081:Ṣāliḥʹvand, Navīd (2015). 1916: 1856:McCray, W. Patrick (2007) 1625: 1047: 972: 937: 820: 762: 728: 722: 636: 503:, belonging to the middle 312: 2876:Hurst-Vose, Ruth (1980). 2524:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna 1044:ruby glass (19th-century) 799:Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna 747:and industrial contexts. 574:Indus Valley civilization 2970:"Chance Brothers and Co" 2936:Buch Polak, Ada (1975). 2222:Journal of Glass Studies 2005:A history of glassmaking 1779:. 290/291 (290): 29–94. 1712:Gowlett, J.A.J. (1997). 1189:flint as a silica source 965:or as cut glass insets. 893:Until the 12th century, 679:Spring and Autumn period 528:have also been found in 342:off the coast of modern 168:, has been used by many 107:may have begun in 1,730 2905:Encyclopædia Britannica 2747:. Retrieved 2007-09-12. 2003:Douglas, R. W. (1972). 1932:A Greek–English Lexicon 1145:Modern glass production 1061:produced in regions of 809:were being produced in 522:Glass tubes containing 324:and glass" (written in 114:From across the former 96:that overtook the late 54:history of glass-making 26:from the 4th century CE 3037:10.1098/rspa.1969.0212 2835:Technology and Culture 2669:Harden, D. B. (1978). 2436:Fleming, S. J., 1999. 1328:polished plate process 1251: 1171: 1163: 1110: 1098: 1086: 1045: 860: 832: 720: 667: 655: 614:The site of Kopia, in 454: 362: 320:, meaning "workers of 153: 33:This article contains 27: 3087:U.S. patent 2,911,759 2806:Conservation of Glass 1978:Reade, Wendy (2021). 1923:Liddell, Henry George 1245: 1238:Industrial production 1169: 1157: 1033: 858: 830: 718: 672:Warring States period 661: 650: 639:Ancient Chinese glass 445: 352: 264:seashore plants like 141: 21: 3107:Glass of the sultans 2678:Medieval Archaeology 2574:"Glass Conservation" 2494:Toner, J. P. (2009) 1227:polished plate glass 401:Ptolemaic Alexandria 333:technological secret 290:By the 15th century 246:semi-precious stones 156:Naturally occurring 3029:1969RSPSA.314....1P 2907:11th edition (1911) 2740:De Natura Fossilium 2572:Donny L. Hamilton. 1957:muzea.malopolska.pl 1336:Alastair Pilkington 1323:from 1910 onwards. 916:crown glass process 654:glass water dropper 586:Shatapatha Brahmana 536:, belonging to the 3071:2009-05-05 at the 2944:. Putnam. p. 2789:has generic name ( 2554:2010-11-16 at the 2530:2010-07-15 at the 2423:The Glass Industry 2028:Agricola, Georgius 1360:flat panel display 1258:of 1851, built by 1256:The Crystal Palace 1252: 1248:the Crystal Palace 1180:George Ravenscroft 1172: 1164: 1075:Lusatian Mountains 1046: 1003:obtained from the 946:Anglo-Saxon period 861: 833: 721: 668: 656: 583:Texts such as the 564:has been found in 534:Kurdistan Province 530:Iranian Azerbaijan 493:Iranian Azerbaijan 482:History by culture 363: 242:hardstone carvings 222:Ahhotep "Treasure" 154: 150:Hellenistic period 128:Anglo-Saxon period 35:special characters 28: 2547:Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1989:978-1-78969-703-2 1689:on April 15, 2011 1557:Perfume set from 1223:blown plate glass 1127:Emperor Rudolf II 940:Anglo-Saxon glass 934:Anglo-Saxon world 623:Greco-Roman world 538:Achaemenid period 468:manganese dioxide 460: 435:Georgius Agricola 383: 376: 293: 188: 160:, especially the 124:Anglo-Saxon glass 110: 71: 41:rendering support 3148: 3136:History of glass 3122: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2943: 2933: 2927: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2754: 2748: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2635: 2621: 2608: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2569: 2563: 2545: 2539: 2515: 2509: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2449: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2384:. Hudson Hills. 2375: 2369: 2359: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2318: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2185: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2158:. Archived from 2157: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2124: 2109: 2108: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1940: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1896:"MY Oi 704 (64)" 1893: 1890:"MY Oi 703 (64)" 1887: 1884:"MY Oi 702 (64)" 1881: 1878:"MY Oi 701 (63)" 1874: 1868: 1854: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1709: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1685:. Archived from 1679: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1655: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1554: 1542: 1527: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1450:, (1742) with a 1440: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1377: 1330:was improved by 1280:Georges Bontemps 1264:Great Exhibition 1200:Henley-on-Thames 795:Jābir ibn Hayyān 458: 381: 374: 318:ku-wa-no-wo-ko-i 315: 314: 291: 258:sodium carbonate 186: 108: 69: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3102: 3099: 3097:Further reading 3094: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3073:Wayback Machine 3064: 3060: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2847:10.2307/3105182 2832: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2785: 2775: 2771: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2701: 2697: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2638: 2622: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556:Wayback Machine 2546: 2542: 2532:Wayback Machine 2518:Hassan, Ahmad Y 2516: 2512: 2493: 2489: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2407:The Art Journal 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2368:. Phaidon Press 2360: 2356: 2339: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2279: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2112: 2097: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2033:De re metallica 2026: 2022: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1937:Perseus Project 1913: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1835: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1785:10.2307/1357319 1774: 1772: 1768: 1753: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1711: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1569: 1562: 1555: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1483: 1480: 1471: 1468: 1459: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1382:Brooklyn Museum 1378: 1369: 1352:soda–lime glass 1276:cylinder method 1272:Chance Brothers 1240: 1152: 1147: 1091:Kamenický Šenov 1052: 1028: 981: 973:Main articles: 971: 942: 936: 901:and especially 869:Byzantine Glass 853: 851:Medieval Europe 825: 819: 767: 761: 733: 731:Byzantine glass 727: 713: 645: 637:Main articles: 635: 558: 489: 484: 440:De re metallica 423:Pliny the Elder 371:Late Bronze Age 329:syllabic script 308:Mycenaean Greek 214:Late Bronze Age 136: 50: 49: 48: 39:Without proper 12: 11: 5: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3077: 3058: 3007: 3000: 2981: 2961: 2954: 2928: 2909: 2897: 2890: 2868: 2841:(4): 776–803. 2825: 2818: 2796: 2769: 2749: 2736:Georg Agricola 2728: 2715: 2695: 2661: 2652: 2636: 2609: 2586: 2564: 2540: 2522:Assessment of 2510: 2487: 2466:10.2307/506970 2460:(3): 441–484. 2444: 2429: 2413: 2397: 2390: 2370: 2354: 2333: 2313: 2293: 2277: 2256: 2249: 2231: 2208: 2201: 2191:, ed. (1971). 2175: 2144: 2137: 2110: 2095: 2073: 2059: 2045: 2020: 2013: 1995: 1988: 1970: 1941: 1907: 1869: 1849: 1833: 1815: 1806: 1766: 1751: 1731: 1724: 1699: 1671: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1614: 1601: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1448:Kosta Glasbruk 1442: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1291:Henry Bessemer 1246:The façade of 1239: 1236: 1216:Excise glasses 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1119:Caspar Lehmann 1071:Czech Republic 1055:Bohemian glass 1050:Bohemian glass 1048:Main article: 1027: 1024: 979:Venetian glass 970: 967: 954:Romano-British 938:Main article: 935: 932: 899:Romanesque art 852: 849: 837:post-classical 821:Main article: 818: 815: 771:Sasanian glass 763:Main article: 760: 757: 729:Main article: 723:Main article: 712: 709: 634: 631: 557: 554: 497:Charles Burney 488: 485: 483: 480: 369:that overtook 201:, a pre-glass 135: 132: 84:, a pre-glass 43:, you may see 31: 30: 29: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3153: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3003: 3001:9780754645573 2997: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2955:9780399115233 2951: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2891:0-00-211379-1 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2819:0-408-10623-9 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2780: 2772: 2770:9780852295533 2766: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506:0-7456-4310-8 2503: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391:9780872901551 2387: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2250:90-04-09262-5 2246: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2165:on 2020-11-30 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138:90-04-09262-5 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096:9789648955491 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2014:0-85429-117-2 2010: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1927:Scott, Robert 1924: 1920: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866:1-57498-041-6 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846:3-447-04781-X 1843: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752:0-87099-683-5 1748: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1725:0-415-18429-0 1721: 1718:. Routledge. 1717: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1635: 1632: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608:Found on the 1605: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1456:glassblower's 1453: 1449: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326:In 1938, the 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262:to house the 1261: 1260:Joseph Paxton 1257: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1211:lucrative tax 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1160:Ravenscroft's 1156: 1150:New processes 1149: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 976: 968: 966: 963: 957: 955: 951: 947: 941: 933: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:stained glass 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 857: 850: 848: 846: 845:Yoruba people 842: 838: 829: 824: 816: 814: 812: 811:Islamic Spain 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 765:Islamic glass 759:Islamic world 758: 756: 752: 750: 746: 743:in domestic, 742: 738: 732: 726: 717: 710: 708: 706: 702: 697: 696: 691: 686: 684: 680: 675: 673: 665: 660: 653: 649: 644: 640: 632: 630: 628: 624: 619: 617: 616:Uttar Pradesh 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 592:Vinaya Pitaka 588: 587: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 555: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526: 520: 518: 514: 510: 509:Teppe Hasanlu 506: 502: 501:Chogha Zanbil 498: 494: 486: 481: 479: 477: 473: 469: 464: 463:glass blowing 453: 450: 444: 442: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421:According to 419: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 378: 372: 368: 360: 356: 351: 347: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 327: 323: 319: 309: 305: 301: 297: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:metal-working 184: 183:ancient Egypt 180: 176: 171: 167: 163: 159: 151: 147: 146:glass amphora 144: 143:Ancient Greek 140: 133: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 74:metal-working 67: 64:objects from 63: 59: 55: 46: 42: 38: 36: 25: 20: 16: 3108: 3105: 3080: 3075:. SCHOTT AG. 3061: 3020: 3016: 3010: 2990: 2984: 2973:. Retrieved 2964: 2939: 2931: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2877: 2871: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2810:Butterworths 2805: 2799: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2703: 2698: 2681: 2677: 2664: 2655: 2647: 2624: 2597: 2589: 2578:. Retrieved 2567: 2559: 2543: 2535: 2523: 2513: 2496: 2490: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2422: 2416: 2406: 2400: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2341: 2336: 2321: 2316: 2301: 2296: 2288: 2264: 2259: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2192: 2167:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2147: 2128: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2062: 2048: 2031: 2023: 2004: 1998: 1979: 1973: 1961:. Retrieved 1956: 1930: 1910: 1872: 1857: 1852: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1776: 1769: 1741: 1734: 1714: 1691:. Retrieved 1687:the original 1663:. Retrieved 1661:. 2016-11-22 1653: 1634: 1617: 1604: 1559:Soviet Union 1356:borosilicate 1325: 1313:Georgian era 1306: 1295: 1288: 1253: 1220: 1215: 1204: 1197: 1184: 1173: 1158:Examples of 1099:Steinschönau 1053: 1017: 1012: 997:Murano glass 982: 975:Murano glass 962:Christianity 958: 943: 928:forest glass 892: 877: 865:forest glass 862: 834: 802: 798: 768: 753: 741:Roman Empire 734: 701:barium oxide 693: 687: 676: 669: 643:Peking glass 620: 613: 590: 584: 582: 562:chalcolithic 559: 523: 521: 490: 455: 446: 438: 420: 405: 398: 394:Ashurbanipal 379: 364: 322:lapis lazuli 317: 313:𐀓𐀷𐀜𐀺𐀒𐀂 296:Western Asia 289: 270: 226:Western Asia 211: 155: 116:Roman Empire 113: 102: 53: 51: 32: 15: 2787:|last= 1959:(in Polish) 1452:pontil mark 1340:float glass 920:glassblower 873:claw beaker 737:Hellenistic 725:Roman glass 719:Roman glass 690:Han Dynasty 688:During the 513:Marlik Tepe 472:Herculaneum 431:Belus River 408:Hellenistic 406:During the 234:glassmaking 220:(e.g., the 212:During the 179:Mesopotamia 58:Mesopotamia 3130:Categories 3118:0870999869 2975:2012-12-17 2925:0900682604 2712:0861591275 2633:0861591275 2606:0861591275 2580:2007-03-21 2362:Jenyns, R. 2350:8822251628 2330:0521838339 2310:8822251628 2273:8822251628 2202:8173716196 2189:D.M., Bose 2169:2018-08-14 1693:2007-10-29 1665:2016-11-25 1646:References 1561:, c. 1965 1332:Pilkington 1321:Pilkington 1309:Pilkington 1298:Castleford 1187:, he used 1125:cutter to 1013:obsidianus 989:dinnerware 903:Gothic art 841:Ife Empire 627:Satavahana 566:Hastinapur 427:Phoenician 416:millefiori 306:; and the 122:contexts. 98:Bronze Age 3053:109981215 2863:112031479 2779:cite book 2595:Price, J. 2482:193096925 2243:. 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