Education in Austria

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despite increases in federal investment. One obvious problem was that more than 50% of students enrolled at universities in the 1980s dropped out before obtaining a degree. Complex reasons account for this high drop-out rate. Some students simply enrolled to acquire student benefits; others study for the sake of personal enrichment without really intending to get a degree. Some are unable to complete their studies for financial reasons. Although a university degree provides students with a substantial amount of social status and better income opportunities, there has been an increase in “academic unemployment,” especially among degree-holders in the humanities and social sciences.

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views of tolerance, morality and ethics, agriculture, hygiene, medical improvements, civic virtues and obedience to the state. For example, in 1804 priests were obligated to preach about the beneficial effects of vaccinations. In attempts to control the teachings of parish priests, in February 4, 1783, the state banned speaking against the state laws, regulations, and unnecessary doctrinal controversies. Furthermore, sermons should improve the hearts of citizens by sowing and promoting virtue. Despite the teachings of priests having regulations placed by the state, this new role was important in reaching a more diverse ran

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achievement or lowering of standards the introduction of a single compulsory middle school would involve. Conversely, opponents of the two-track system criticize its rigidity and inherent absence of equal opportunity. Consequently, such bipolar terms as performance and leveling, elite and mass education, and achievement and equal opportunity prevail in educational debates. In some , Austrians of different political and educational policy persuasions may expect too many different things from one university system. They expect it to provide general education, as do

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degree of latitude within it. Hence, educational (and hence career) decisions can be made at an older age. Although the primary and secondary school system continues to be fundamentally based on the two-track idea, after a series of reforms in the 1970s and 1980s, ten- to fourteen-year-olds are no longer streamed into A and B groups in the Hauptschule. Graduates of this kind of school also have the opportunity to cross over into certain branches of the AHS track at the age of fourteen or to attend a series of different “higher vocational-technical schools” (

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a degree need to go to a polytechnic institute (Polytechnische Schule) for a year. After finding an apprentice position they have to attend vocational school (Berufsschule) for three years: this can be done either in block release (5 days a week for about four months) or day release (once a week in the same stretch of time as a normal school). On the days you are at school you don't have to go to work. At the end of those three years, they have to take an exam, the final apprenticeship examination (Lehrabschlussprüfung).

559:(University of Applied Sciences) in addition to the traditional universities. The training at these colleges is more tailored to practically applicable professional skills. Furthermore, students are allowed much less liberty in choosing which and how many courses they take during a given semester, which ensures that virtually all students graduate within the prescribed time (usually three years for the bachelor's degree). Currently (2019), 21 Universities of applied studies exist . 241:(1740–1780), mandating in 1774 that all children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve had to attend school. While this attendance policy was not strictly enforced, it established the statewide precedent that all children should attend school. To achieve this, Maria Theresa's regulations required that schools exist in all areas — even rural ones, which were required to have a one- or two-class elementary school (known as a 298:

agricultural backgrounds or of urban working-class parents generally attended the Volkschule and the Hauptschule and then entered the workforce. Children having lower-middle-class backgrounds frequently received vocational-technical training after the Hauptschule, while children from the upper-middle and upper classes, boys, in particular, attended the AHS, which gave them access to university-level education.

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ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden" (pass with distinction: an average of 1.5 or better, no grade below 3), "mit gutem Erfolg bestanden" (pass with merit: an average of 2.0 or better, no grade below 3), "bestanden" (pass: no grade below 4); and nicht bestanden (fail: at least one grade 5). Candidates who have failed may re-take their exams in September/October or February/March of the following school year.

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after graduation from the Hauptschule; and a “B group,” which was required to complete one additional year of compulsory education before entrance into apprenticeship programs or the workforce. The remaining elementary-school graduates—less than 10%—enrolled in the AHS at age eleven. Children attending these university-track schools also had to choose a specific course of study.

338:. In urban centers with a full spectrum of educational opportunities, the Hauptschule has become less popular, and parents who would not necessarily have enrolled their children in an AHS a few years ago have begun doing so. The increased enrolments have overburdened the AHS and created a shortage of students at the Hauptschulen and vocational-technical schools. 409:") also finish with the Matura, but last five years as opposed to the four-year Oberstufe (upper stage) of the Gymnasium. In vocational schools, an Ausbildungsschwerpunkt is chosen by all students, which then constitutes the main focus of their schooling, and is a compulsory subject at the Matura examinations. 247:). Furthermore, textbooks were unified and teacher education was regulated. While these reforms handed educational authority from the church to the state to some extent, religious and moral education was still a large part of the curriculum; at this time, schools also taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. 637:

In spite of the potential the increased flexibility gives to universities, there are some severe problems with the reform. First, budgets have not been increased (except to account for inflation), even though it is more expensive to hire professors as private employees, because of taxes and increased

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may be characterized as an attempt to transform higher education from a traditional entitlement of the upper social classes to more equal access for all social classes. Before the School Act of 1962, Austria had a “two-track” education system. After four years of compulsory primary education from the

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and account for approximately 10% of the 6,800 schools and 120,000 teachers. Roman Catholic schools have a reputation for more discipline and rigor than public institutions, and some are considered elite institutions. Because there is no tradition of private university education in Austria, the state

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It is mandatory for pupils in Austria to complete nine years of school. After four years in elementary school (Volksschule) and four years in a school for lower secondary education (Mittelschule) or grammar school (Gymnasium), students who want to take up an apprenticeship and do not want to complete

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The country’s university system was free until 2001; since then studies have been subject to fees (€366 per term for Austrian citizens, about €700 per term for non-Austrians). In 2008, however, the government decided to abolish fees for students who complete their studies in the minimum time and are

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Shifts in enrolment patterns reflect these changes in the school system. In the mid-1960s, less than 10% of all students finished the university preparatory AHS track, and more than 66% of them were male. By the early 1990s, more than 30% of all students finished the AHS track and just above 50% of

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for girls was founded in 1892. From 1872 girls were also allowed to graduate, yet remained excluded from universities. Women were admitted to the Philosophical Faculty in 1897. In 1900 they were also admitted to the Faculty of Medicine. In 1919, women were admitted to the Faculty of Law, in 1923 to

586:) evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible accreditation authority, the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Cultural Affairs. Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e.g. in case of repeated academic misconduct. In 2003, the accreditation of 523:

Traditionally, students were free to enroll at any (public) university and in any subject they wished to. It is even possible to enroll in several subject fields concurrently (which is often done by gifted students to signal their abilities to the job market). Recently, restrictions in a number of

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well, the numbers of classes in which students with inadequate mastery of German are over-represented has overburdened the Hauptschule system and made it a less desirable alternative than it used to in the past. Therefore, special remedial and intercultural programs are being developed so that the

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The Act of 1962 and subsequent amendments require that all state-funded schools be open to children regardless of birth, gender, race, status, class, language, or religion. The law also attempts to introduce more flexibility into the traditional two-track system and provide students with a greater

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Before 1774, education in Austria was a task of the Catholic Church. Under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchs Maria Theresa and Joseph II, priests took on the role of educators and were eventually considered civil servants under law. Duty of parish priests included the promotion of modern religious

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reflects the liberalization of educational policy at secondary and higher levels. Between the 1955–56 and 1991–92 academic years, the number of students enrolled in institutions of higher education increased from about 19,000 to more than 200,000. The number of students beginning university-level

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Pupils who want to get a degree have to complete four to five years at an institution of higher education (Höhere Schule) or a vocational school with higher education entrance qualification (Berufsbildende Höhere Schule). Most of these schools require an entrance exam or demand high marks on your

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Increased accessibility to university-level education has a number of consequences. The dramatic expansion in the number of students led to overcrowding at many institutions. Some critics maintain that the increasing number of students diminishes the overall quality of university-level education

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As a general rule, the quality of Hauptschule education is high, especially in rural areas and small communities, where the schools have maintained their traditional social importance and where attendance at an AHS involves commuting considerable distances, or, for the inhabitants of more remote

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Before the 1962 reform, the great majority of children, more than 90%, attended the compulsory Hauptschule, where they were divided according to their performance in elementary school into two groups: an “A group,” which was directed toward two- to four-year vocational-technical training schools

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Debates about educational policy in Austria frequently are the result of different perspectives related to the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional education system. Proponents of the two-track secondary system, for example, defend it as performance oriented and criticize the leveling of

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Universities are not able to select students for admission, and they are not permitted to penalize students who abuse free access to university and free choice in studies. Moderate tuition fees were introduced in 2001, which are supposed to create a small incentive for students to graduate more

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The rigidity of the two-track system required that the most important educational decision in a child’s life—with all of the implications it had for the future—be made at the age of ten. The decision depended to a great extent on the parents’ background, income, and social status. Children from

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Despite the increase in the numbers of university students and the greater presence of women, universities remain primarily the domain of middle- and higher-income groups. The proportion of students from working-class backgrounds doubled from 7 to 14%, and the number of these from agricultural

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has continued to press for further reforms of the school system. It argued for abolishing the two-track system for ten- to fourteen-year-olds and combining the Hauptschule and the first four years of the AHS into a new comprehensive middle school. As of 2007, however, this alternative has been

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The early selection process meant that children of the largest segment of the population, farmers, and workers, were grossly under-represented at higher schools and universities, whereas the children of a relatively small segment of the population, those who had attended higher schools or the

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is the one universally used in Austrian schools: 1 (sehr gut) is excellent; 2 (gut) is good; 3 (befriedigend) is satisfactory; 4 (genügend) is sufficient and 5 (nicht genügend) means that you have failed. In addition, a candidate’s Maturazeugnis contains a formalized overall assessment: "mit

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Even though schooling became compulsory for both girls and boys for a time period of six years, girls were not allowed to attend professional or secondary schools. The Austrian literacy rate became one of the highest in the Habsburg Empire during the beginning of the 19th century due to this

531:. Between the 1960–61 and 1991–92 academic years, the proportion of female students enrolling at universities rose from 23 to 44%. Yet, although women account for almost half of the students at university level, only 2% of professors at institutions of higher learning were women in 1990. 398:, 4–5 hours each) to be taken on consecutive mornings (usually in May) and 2-3 oral exams to be taken on the same half-day about a month later (usually in June). All examinations are held at the school which the candidate last attended. Candidates have to write a scholarly paper (called 459:(see also education reform), hinders students’ creativity and obscures the fact that the body of knowledge is constantly changing. Various forms of alternative assessment have been proposed, most notably the portfolio as well as teamwork and peer review also in exam situations. 447:

Since 2015 it is centralised, which has caused a lot of critics. There is just one external examiner: Candidates are set tasks of the oral finals by their own (former) teachers. Formally, however, there is an examination board consisting of a candidate’s teachers/examiners, the

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It is, of course, possible for Austrians of all age groups to take the Matura. Adults from their twenties on are usually tutored at private institutions of adult education before taking their final tests, held separately before a regional examination board.

508:, and the federal Ministry for Science and Research funds and oversees education at the university level. Austria's 23 public and 13 private universities enjoy a high degree of autonomy and offer a full spectrum of degree programs. Established in 1365, the 448:

headmaster/headmistress and a Vorsitzende(r) (head), usually a high-ranking school official or the head of another school. All oral exams are public, but attendance by anyone other than a candidate’s former schoolmates is not encouraged, and indeed rare.

697:, a research paper of an average of about 100 pages, but sometimes considerably longer. As the requirements differ strongly and are not always clear, some students spend years working on this thesis, thus (usually not deliberately) delaying graduation. 623:, junior teachers and students has been replaced by a more hierarchical system with a powerful management on top. The university councils, whose members are in part appointed by the government, are in charge of appointing the senior managers ( 634:, and after undergoing the appropriate accreditation procedure two other private universities have now been established. Newly appointed professors are no longer government employees, and universities are supposed to compete with each other. 173:

Federal legislation played a prominent role in the education system, and laws dealing with education effectively have a de facto constitutional status because, like Austrian constitutional law, they can only be passed or amended by a

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last school certificate. The final exam for either one of those higher education institutions is matriculation (Matura). After that, you are free to go to university, though some subjects may require additional exams (e.g. medicine).

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the Faculty of Protestant Theology, and 1946 to the Faculty of Catholic Theology. In 1910 girls were admitted to boys‘ gymnasiums, but they were neither allowed to participate actively in class nor to take part in exams.

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is the School Act of 1962. The Federal Ministry of Education is responsible for funding and supervising primary, secondary, and, since 2000, also tertiary education. Primary and secondary education is administered on the

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government, has enacted extensive reforms to the higher education system — sometimes referred to as the Gehrer-Schüssel reforms — during the last years. Effective 2003, universities have become independent

290:, which also allows access to university, they do not provide graduates with any specific skill immediately useful on the labor market, but concentrate on general education in the humanities, science, and languages). 481:

Austrian Education system define education technology as" the use of technology to improve education. It is a systematic, iterative process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance"

367:" of secondary education as a result. Owing to the particular nature of Austria's educational laws (a two-thirds majority is required, see above) a multi-party consensus is needed to change the status quo. 345:

were children of foreign-born workers, whose mother tongue was not German. In some districts of the city, these children exceeded 70%. Although the children of long-term foreign workers frequently speak

274:(pl., Hauptschulen), or the first four years of an eight-year university preparatory track at higher schools of general education (Allgemeinbildende Höhere Schulen, or AHS). An AHS, also known as a 723:

degrees (of 3 years and 1–2 years respectively). In some fields, it is still not clear how this will be made compatible with the traditional requirements necessary to enter a regulated profession.

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universities, were over-represented. Consequently, the education system tended to reproduce or reinforce traditional social structures instead of being a vehicle of opportunity or social mobility.

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in particular, remain firmly in favor of the current system, claiming that a comprehensive middle school could not accommodate for different levels of capability and talent. They fear a general "

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fields have been introduced. Currently, the affected subjects are: Biology, Human Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychology, Journalism and Economic Sciences.

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In some areas, this trend has been strengthened by the number of children of foreign workers in compulsory schools. In 1991, for example, almost 30% of all school-age children in

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them were female. Furthermore, a second educational path was developed that permitted some students without a diploma from the university-track AHS to enroll in a university.

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Vocational schools with a focus on either business and economics or technical subjects, such as commercial academies (HAK = "Handelsakademie") and polytechnics (HTL = "

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As a result of the reforms since the 1960s, the university system has changed from one serving the elite to one serving the masses. The growing number of students at

270:(pl., Volksschulen), children and their parents had to choose between the compulsory secondary level for eleven- to fourteen-year-olds called the middle school, or 161:

and university preparatory tracks involving one to four additional years of education beyond the minimum mandatory level. The legal basis for primary and secondary

893: 1673: 658:. Students enroll in one (or more) field of studies, in which they are expected to graduate after four to six years. Since the 1970s, the first degree was the 1025: 539:, civil servants, and the self-employed accounted for more than 80% of enrollments at Austrian institutions of higher education in the early 1990s. 1282: 869: 52: 485:

Other definition: "Educational technology is the incorporation of Internet and other information technologies into the learning experience"

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has a virtual monopoly on higher education. This has been changing slowly in recent years as private universities become more commonplace.

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is left as the subject where a doctorate is the only degree (after at least six years). In most subject fields, students need to submit a

1731: 1237: 1277: 473:(1930) about a Matura candidate driven to suicide on the day of his oral exams by his cruel mathematics teacher has become a classic. 355: 1666: 916: 668:) in the humanities, economic and social sciences, law and natural sciences. The first degree in engineering and agriculture is the 118: 394:), which, as opposed to vocational schools, focuses on general education, the Matura consists of 3–4 written exams (referred to as 99: 594:

expired, the accreditation council rejected the request for renewal. Today (2011), 13 private universities are accredited (listed

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The General Act for University Education of 1966 and the University Organization Act of 1975 provide the legal framework for

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and have been given considerably more discretion by the law to act without ministerial control. However, codetermination of

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education after completing the AHS program also increased and amounted to 85% in 1990, compared with 60% in the mid-1960s.

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Criticism of the Austrian Matura has been persistent. In particular, it has been argued that the current system encourages

2061: 1426: 1247: 2014: 1966: 1863: 1858: 1659: 1406: 1323: 1145: 1018: 132: 1450: 1205: 179: 85: 323: 1823: 1595: 1590: 1580: 1343: 1160: 687:, many universities have begun to introduce a bachelor's degree also, which comes before the "Magister" or Master. 591: 360: 191: 307: 1308: 1267: 1227: 67: 1971: 998: 994: 1976: 1923: 1252: 1175: 238: 1893: 1853: 1833: 1813: 1716: 1550: 1540: 1507: 1487: 1477: 1333: 1313: 1262: 1195: 1165: 1011: 991:- Contains indicators and information about Austria and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries 45: 2024: 1956: 2004: 1828: 1502: 1396: 1350: 1135: 1115: 762: 2009: 1908: 1903: 1878: 1736: 1492: 1360: 1328: 221: 1994: 1416: 402:) to be submitted at the beginning of February. This paper also needs to be defended in an oral exam. 1933: 1883: 1843: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1721: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1497: 1436: 1355: 1318: 1242: 1215: 1125: 716: 611: 509: 413: 158: 142: 2019: 1961: 1928: 1918: 1898: 1888: 1873: 1868: 1848: 1818: 1786: 1771: 1746: 1682: 1570: 1512: 1462: 1421: 1365: 1296: 1103: 808:"Preachers or Teachers? Parish Priests and their Sermons in the Late Enlightenment Habsburg Empire" 655: 536: 217: 175: 92: 1913: 1838: 1808: 1626: 1619: 1532: 1431: 1401: 1384: 1170: 1150: 1064: 1046: 1038: 988: 887: 837: 595: 568: 505: 275: 253: 720: 630:

Three medical universities (Vienna, Graz and Innsbruck) have been separated from their previous

383:. The document received after the successful completion of the written and oral exams is called 535:

backgrounds increased from less than 2% to more than 4% between 1960 and 1990. But children of

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compulsory school system in Austria can continue to fulfill its educational and social roles.

213: 167: 154: 1635: 1600: 1585: 1575: 1555: 1522: 1472: 1120: 1093: 819: 733: 607: 441: 437: 429: 314:), which have five-year programs of specialization in various branches of technology (HTL = 715:, Austria has committed to transform its system to the structure of distinguishing between 1565: 1155: 1140: 712: 684: 616: 576: 433: 421: 347: 335: 1640: 1338: 556: 528: 251:

development. The first secondary school for girls was opened in 1868, whilst the first

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Teaching the empire : education and state loyalty in late Habsburg Austria

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and some teacher training are run mainly, but by no means exclusively, by the

833: 1467: 1185: 620: 859: 749: 1098: 1081: 690: 824: 807: 1076: 1034: 651: 279: 157:, and nine years of education are mandatory. Schools offer a series of 150: 1651: 1086: 670: 376: 342: 283: 584: 1003: 359:

limited to some experimental schools. Other political parties, the

1059: 997:- Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. 701: 551:

Fachhochschulen (Universities of Applied Sciences) since the 1990s

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The reforms also meant that university education ceased to be a

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In Austria, there is no institution comparable to the American

705: 28: 983: 326:, those schools allow graduates to move on to university. 909:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

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Mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress

575:). Accreditation includes the right to legally grant 2033: 1985: 1947: 1689: 1531: 1449: 1383: 1295: 1214: 1045: 261:The history of the Austrian education system after 170:level by the authorities of the respective states. 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 750:Austria: Country Studies Federal Research Division 590:was withdrawn. In 2006, when the accreditation of 428:, as well as a modern foreign language (usually 266:ages of six to ten in the elementary school, or 420:Compulsory subjects for the written finals are 322:). Other than the less prestigious three-year 1667: 1019: 8: 512:is Austria’s oldest and largest university. 1674: 1660: 1652: 1455: 1389: 1301: 1220: 1026: 1012: 1004: 995:Diagram of Austrian education system, OECD 911:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 477:Education Technology in Austrian Education 286:) needed to enter university. (Other than 989:Information on education in Austria, OECD 823: 571:started in 2001, based on a federal law ( 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 951:"Alle FHs/Fachhochschulen in Österreich" 683:). Recently, and in accordance with the 137: 774: 885: 708:have been introduced since the 1990s. 748:This page incorporates material from 555:During the 1990s, Austria introduced 543:EU/EEA citizens, but not for others. 7: 853: 851: 57:adding citations to reliable sources 318:) and business and commerce (HAK = 1278:Western European broadleaf forests 606:The former Minister of Education, 573:Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz 25: 806:Fidlerová, Alena A. (June 2019). 627:) and overseeing their activity. 744:” performance at the same time. 638:social insurance contributions. 33: 588:International University Vienna 563:Private Universities since 2001 495:List of universities in Austria 392:Allgemeinbildende Höhere Schule 324:Berufsbildende Mittlere Schulen 312:Höhere Technische Lehranstalten 44:needs additional citations for 18:History of education in Austria 1233:Alps conifer and mixed forests 1: 984:Doctoral education in Austria 700:Postgraduate degrees such as 407:Höhere Technische Lehranstalt 316:Höhere Technische Lehranstalt 308:Berufsbildende Höhere Schulen 288:Berufsbildende Höhere Schulen 133:Austrian school of economics 1206:Military history of Austria 1196:Allied-administered Austria 864:. West Lafayette, Indiana. 664:(= Latin for Master, abbr. 602:The Gehrer-Schüssel reforms 400:Vorwissenschaftliche Arbeit 2078: 492: 192:List of schools in Austria 189: 130: 1613: 1458: 1392: 1304: 1223: 979:Austrian Education system 812:Studies in Church History 1228:Administrative divisions 1176:Federal State of Austria 858:Moore, Scott O. (2020). 583:(accreditation council, 390:In the gymnasium (AHS = 239:Maria Theresa of Austria 145:, oldest Austrian school 131:Not to be confused with 1263:Pannonian mixed forests 1166:First Austrian Republic 361:Austrian People's Party 1732:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1136:Siege of Vienna (1529) 1116:Margraviate of Austria 763:Open access in Austria 375:The official term for 146: 68:"Education in Austria" 783:"Educational systems" 517:Austrian universities 222:Roman Catholic Church 141: 2062:Education in Austria 1683:Education in Europe 1283:World Heritage Sites 1126:Archduchy of Austria 907:Baten, Jörg (2016). 727:The debate on reform 569:private universities 537:white-collar workers 510:University of Vienna 163:education in Austria 159:vocational-technical 155:public school system 143:Stiftsgymnasium Melk 53:improve this article 1948:States with limited 1517:freedom of religion 1104:Ostrogothic Kingdom 825:10.1017/stc.2018.28 787:www.migration.gv.at 656:professional school 654:or to the American 396:Schriftliche Arbeit 218:secondary education 176:two-thirds majority 1427:Telecommunications 1171:Austrian Civil War 1151:Congress of Vienna 1146:March Constitution 1065:Kingdom of Noricum 711:However, with the 581:Akkreditierungsrat 506:tertiary education 471:Der Schüler Gerber 147: 2049: 2048: 1649: 1648: 1609: 1608: 1445: 1444: 1379: 1378: 1371:Political parties 1324:Foreign relations 1291: 1290: 1201:History of Vienna 1131:Habsburg monarchy 1055:Hallstatt culture 871:978-1-55753-897-0 592:Imadec University 567:Accreditation of 464:Friedrich Torberg 282:(Reifeprüfung or 186:General education 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 2069: 1986:Dependencies and 1690:Sovereign states 1676: 1669: 1662: 1653: 1629: 1622: 1456: 1390: 1302: 1221: 1121:Duchy of Austria 1028: 1021: 1014: 1005: 966: 965: 963: 962: 947: 941: 940: 937:www.univie.ac.at 933:"Women Students" 929: 923: 922: 904: 898: 897: 891: 883: 855: 846: 845: 827: 803: 797: 796: 794: 793: 779: 734:state university 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