1111:, 'National Education System for the 21st Century' (SPN21) is to enhance the quality of education by offering curriculum and assessment, a flexible structure that allows for multiple pathways to higher education, and enough infrastructure to support skill development. The roll out is done in phases, with a group of pupils who completed the 2007 Primary School Examination (PSR) starting the in-between or transitional stage in 2008 at the secondary level. SPN21 was fully implemented at the primary level in 2011 after being partially implemented for Year 1 and Year 4 pupils in 2009.
640:
876:
19:
1044:
694:
including 334 girls, had been accepted in the 24 Malay schools throughout the state, according to the 1947 population census. The parents' disapproval of formal education was a major contributing factor to the low attendance. There is a similar issue with student attendance in
Kampong Ayer. In order to combat this, the government constructed Lela Menchanai Malay School (SMLM), in the center of this community in the 1950s, halfway between
958:
759:
1097:
the primary language of instruction under this policy. As a result, the objective of the Malay language serving as the primary language of instruction in schools was eventually not met. That ends Brunei's education system's strong
Malaysian influence. But many Bruneians chose to carry on their education in Malaysia as ties between the two countries developed, particularly after Brunei gained its independence.
836:
established its own plan and that revisions would add to the government's workload. The
British Education Officer acknowledged the progress made in setting up numerous schools and sending students overseas, but the policy was criticized for its narrow focus on offering opportunities for higher learning. As a result, the proposal was ultimately rejected by the council for lack of support from the majority.
888:
children of every ethnic background together under a single educational framework with Malay serving as the major language of teaching. The 1962 Education Policy, which offered educational opportunities for all
Bruneians at every educational level, marked a fundamental shift in Brunei's method of education, in contrast to the 1954 policy, which was restricted to Malay students. In keeping with Brunei's
520:
849:(PRB), which was gaining traction by emphasising education as a major agenda item, had an impact on this decision. The government took the initiative to create a new policy with the goal of meeting the demands of the populace and limiting the party's power. This move was in line with broader nationalist initiatives in Malaya to elevate the national language and revitalize local cultural heritage.
995:
Bruneian students leaving to
Malaysia to receive protection, and the Bruneian government's fear of political influence. Brunei required Malaysian assistance with educators, textbooks, and an examination system. The actualisation of the strategy was further complicated when Brunei removed its students from Malaysia, including those who were in the middle of final exams, in response to possible
55:
868:, 'National Education System' with Malay serving as the primary language of teaching. It also underlined the necessity of an education system that generates highly trained and skilled Bruneians for a variety of professions, including trade, industry, and administration, since the current system was viewed as oppressive and insufficient in producing a competent
974:, 'Education Commission' in May 1970 following the collapse of the 1962 National Education Policy. The new economic policy and the 1969 National Education Policy, which mandated that Malay be taught in all schools, were two of Malaysia's recent policies that had an impact on the ensuing 1972 National Education Policy. The foundation of
411:
limitation on educational opportunities hindered local youth from advancing and contributed to slower national progress. British officials intentionally maintained this restricted education program to preserve their control and prevent local youth from pursuing higher education and challenging the existing social and political structure.
1031:(from 4,487 in 1970 to 1,218 in 1979), while the number of students attending government English secondary school (to 7,344) increased. The change in educational choices was influenced by the government's failure to enforce of the usage of the Malay language in schools as well as the anticipated benefits of
1096:
Even the teaching of Malay in schools appears to be becoming less commonplace than the usage of
English, despite the Bilingual Education Policy being defined as an approach of using and promoting both of the primary languages, namely Malay and English. Actually, Brunei's school system uses English as
1026:
The demand for
English education among the Brunei population contributed to the 1972 National Education Policy's failure to set up Malay as the official language of teaching in schools. Since the 1950s, there has been an apparent tendency among parents to prefer sending their kids to English-language
887:
Following the Brunei
Education Review Committee's evaluation of Aminuddin Baki and Paul Chang's report, the National Education Policy was published on 31 October 1962. This new program, which was greatly impacted by the report, intended to coordinate schools, standardise the curriculum, and bring all
861:
Aminuddin Baki and Paul Chang, two education specialists from Malaya, were called in by the
Bruneian government in 1959 to examine the country's educational system. The outcome of their investigation was the "Report of Aminuddin Baki and Paul Chang 1959." In order to promote harmony among many ethnic
1002:
The 1972 National
Education Policy planned to make Malay the default medium of teaching; nevertheless, the departure of Bruneian students from Malaysia posed a major obstacle to its implementation. This action also prevented Malay students from pursuing further education in Malaysia, forcing many of
936:
Brunei substituted Malaysian officials with British officers after declining Malaysia's offer of federation, which made it harder to carry out the 1962 National Education Policy. It was difficult to establish Malay as the primary language of teaching and to create a complete education system without
835:
Political parties and the general public both criticised the 1954 Education Policy, which sparked debate in the State Council. Government representatives resisted the 1962 proposal by an opposition council member for a national education strategy free from foreign influence, claiming that Brunei had
410:
provided only basic education, with slow expansion due to prioritisation of economic development and other issues. Public awareness of the value of formal education was low, and the Malay educational system largely prepared students for low-status jobs, with the highest level being sixth grade. This
1088:
thereafter, while Malay was to be employed for lower grades as well as particular subjects. Other significant components from the 1972 policy were retained, such as the incorporation of Islamic values and the unifying of the curriculum. The goal was to make it easier for Bruneians to pursue further
607:
Chung Hwa Middle School, the oldest Chinese school in Brunei today, was founded in 1922. A government-run English school was supposed to be established in Brunei in the 1920s, but the proposal was put on hold because of worries that pupils attending English schools—which are primarily supervised by
892:
structure and promoting harmony and peace within the nation, the National Education Policy of 1962 also sought to raise a generation of citizens who were devoted to the sultan and the nation. Nevertheless, there were obstacles in the way of the policy's execution, chiefly because of the 8 December
852:
The Bruneian government ended the country's mission schools' funding program in June 1959. The Sultan decided that it would not be appropriate for the government to keep funding Christian educational institutions because Brunei was a Muslim state. The Sultan's decision to cease funding the mission
994:
Tensions with Malaysia also impeded Brunei's efforts to implement the 1972 National Education Policy. Relations between Brunei and Malaysia were strained at the time due to a number of incidents, including former PRB leaders in Brunei escape through the assistance of Malaysian security personnel,
933:, large financial requirements from Malaysia, and possible British influence are among the reasons given by historians for Brunei's reluctance. Tunku Abdul Rahman retaliated by removing Malaysian educators and officers from Brunei, which made problems in the country's public administration worse.
729:
was the first government English school in Brunei, opened in October 1951. The government of Brunei took this action in response to concerns about influence of religion from mission schools and an increasing need for English education. Six boys and three girls from Malay schools made up the first
693:
As a result of improvements made to its educational system, Brunei witnessed a notable rise in school enrolment by the end of 1947 when compared to pre-war levels. But a lot of the youth, especially girls, retained not going to school. Out of 7,778 Malay children aged 5 to 14, only 1,892 (24%),
982:
The events in Malaysia on 13 May 1969, had an impact on Brunei when the 1972 National Education Policy came into being. The government's motivation for the formation of the Education Commission appears to have stemmed from Malaysia's racial riots and ensuing policy adjustments, given Brunei's
978:
in 1970 with Malay as the teaching language was another result of this change in Malaysia, which was sparked by racial riots and the desire for national unity. Brunei's 1972 strategy aimed to rectify the weaknesses of the preceding policy and bring it into line with these regional changes.
983:
political and socioeconomic stability following the 1962 insurrection and the Education Commission's formation only in 1970. Similar to the 1962 policy, the 1972 policy placed a strong emphasis on a single educational system and Malay as the medium of teaching. However, it also made
564:, 'Monopoly Office' building. The Brunei Town Malay school closed for a few weeks in 1915 as a result of the inability to find a suitable substitute for a deceased teacher. To house the current school, a school and teacher's residence were constructed in the same year. The
1015:. After the 1970s, public demand for a new national education strategy declined as the impact of the 1962 uprising on public trust and political parties' declining power contributed to the decline in public demand. As time went on, more and more educated Bruneians—including
811:
The official education policy of Brunei was published in 1954 by the Department of Education, providing an explanation of the educational system. All Malay children were entitled to free education starting at age six under the scheme, which also featured options for
690:(BMA) took over the nation with the primary objective of reestablishing peace. Nearly all Chinese, Malay, and mission schools were reopened by the end of 1946. But because the educators had departed the country, the Arabic school was no longer in operation.
721:
suggested that the government open its own English schools in order to remedy this. By making English education accessible to Malay youth, this proposal attempted to lessen dependency on mission schools and the religious influences they bring with them.
1114:
With a completion date of 2015, the SPN21 initiative significantly altered Brunei's educational framework. Its main objective was raising educational standards by using a dynamic, relevant, and well-balanced curriculum that was in line with
928:
in May 1961. On 9 July 1963, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III finally turned down an offer to join Malaysia, despite his earlier willingness to do so if it served Brunei's interests. The absence of a proposal for the sultan to become the
591:
is the language of instruction at this school. Children in Brunei receive an education in English schools in addition to their Islamic, Malay, and Chinese studies. Those who need an English education until the establishment of English
498:
administration, Brunei saw the introduction of a dualistic educational system: the new non-religious system, which covered subjects like science and mathematics and functioned on their own of religious components in Malay,
395:, but strained relations after Brunei's refusal to join Malaysia hindered the execution of these policies. This highlights how foreign political forces, rather than internal dynamics as seen in countries like Malaysia,
1148:
Perhaps in 1953, since the author noticed on a sign in the conference room behind the stage that Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III had officially opened SMLM in 1953, while the author was a student there from 1976 to
1084:, 'Bilingual Education Policy' in response to the failure of the 1972 National Education Policy. This policy characterised a major change in that English would serve as the main medium of teaching from
1058:
Following its independence, Brunei became increasingly vocal in its support of bolstering Islamic sovereignty. This included outlawing alcohol and prohibiting its sale, as well as enacting laws pertaining to
1027:
schools, whether they were private establishments or overseas ones. By the late 1970s, this preference was more apparent, as demonstrated by the notable decline in the number of students attending Malay
705:
When the Malay people in Brunei started to realise how important an English education was for improving their job opportunities, they raised concerns about mission schools' possible Christian influence.
897:
that threw the nation into anarchy. The government's efforts to restore calm had to take precedence over educational operations, resulting in a stagnation of policy as many schools were converted into
2274:
551:. The mosque was the best location for educational activity at the time. at reality, teaching at the mosque will not only reassure parents that this new education system does not violate
987:
a major subject, indicating a larger regional tendency towards the integration of Islamic ideals in education. This change corresponds with Malaysia's then-heightened understanding of
632:
Pengiran Anak Hashim, took the decision to start officially teaching religious topics at a Malay school at Jalan Pemanca, in 1931, realising the need of religious education. The first
770:
in Brunei published its official policy, which emphasised the importance of educated and talented personnel for the country's growth. This policy was in line with the country's first
792:, particularly following World War II. Before Malaysia was reformed, the Bruneian community understood the value of formal education thanks to the influence of Malay professors from
961:
2389:
1800:
1694:
968:
In order to create an integrated national education policy that would reflect the goals and economic progress of the nation, Brunei formed an entirely new
358:
2919:
2924:
2249:
3004:
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452:
education system, students sit in a circle called "beliun," with the teacher positioned on the side ("siring"). The students gather daily after the
177:
2679:
2599:
2204:
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who are enrolled in English-language schools abroad. Since 1919, this service has been made to two students annually. That went on until 1941.
2729:
375:, Brunei developed four education policies from 1954 to 1984. The 1962 and 1972 policies faced challenges due to deteriorating relations with
1970:
1938:
1772:
1702:
1669:
2894:
2794:
2764:
2149:
949:. The situation at hand highlighted the significant impact of Malaysia on Brunei's educational system and the execution of its policies.
2999:
2804:
2799:
2624:
2604:
1989:
232:
2699:
2914:
2759:
2574:
2564:
2534:
2499:
2494:
2144:
2039:
1725:
1634:
777:
726:
285:
237:
22:
2949:
2814:
2769:
2539:
2374:
2329:
2224:
2094:
2019:
2844:
2719:
2529:
1829:
1762:
2974:
2879:
2864:
2859:
2689:
2559:
2509:
2269:
2129:
2114:
2014:
260:
222:
2199:
2929:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2364:
2309:
2284:
2254:
2209:
2124:
2089:
2069:
2034:
1999:
1994:
351:
2664:
682:. The infrastructure for education in this nation was destroyed at the same time as a result of the occupation. Following the
2889:
2849:
2829:
2784:
2754:
2714:
2684:
2659:
2634:
2629:
2544:
2444:
2439:
2289:
2139:
2104:
2074:
2009:
975:
767:
747:
463:. The duration for each topic is at the teacher's discretion, and students can request breaks if they feel tired ("singal").
2959:
1714:"Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad ke-21, Brunei Darussalam Dalam Melestari Ketamadunan Islam Negara Zikir: Cabaran dan Harapan"
2484:
2339:
2964:
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2819:
2809:
2744:
2694:
2594:
2524:
2479:
2429:
2414:
2399:
2369:
2349:
2314:
2239:
2164:
2119:
2079:
793:
675:
167:
2834:
2724:
2404:
2244:
2044:
2994:
2934:
2869:
2854:
2739:
2674:
2519:
2449:
2424:
2379:
2299:
2229:
2189:
2179:
2154:
2054:
1894:
921:
880:
683:
255:
2654:
2609:
2489:
2029:
1979:
2824:
2779:
2774:
2669:
2644:
2514:
2434:
2354:
2264:
2219:
2214:
2169:
2134:
2099:
2059:
639:
265:
83:
2954:
2939:
2909:
2884:
2789:
2749:
2704:
2619:
2549:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2409:
2359:
2324:
2304:
2259:
2234:
2184:
2174:
2064:
2049:
2024:
2004:
845:, 'National Education Policy' in 1962, suggesting that the opposition's idea had garnered some traction. The
742:, in 1952 gave the local kids more educational options. Concurrent with these advancements were a growth in Chinese,
2969:
2904:
2899:
2709:
2554:
2504:
2459:
2419:
2394:
2344:
2334:
2319:
2194:
2084:
853:
schools will not have an impact on Chinese schools in the state, which are granted a 50% subsidy by the government.
2874:
2839:
2734:
2649:
2614:
2589:
2294:
2159:
1746:
555:, but it also pique their interest in allowing their kids to participate in the newly introduced education system.
344:
2639:
2454:
2384:
2279:
1928:
1783:
908:
The 1962 National Education Policy was not successfully implemented, partly due to the influence of Malaysia. The
1963:
1661:
1453:
1060:
307:
290:
88:
820:. Students could choose to attend Malay, English, or vocational schools. It also provided financial support for
909:
576:
470:
system of schooling, the teacher's capacity to communicate understanding was essential. Writing abilities and
187:
98:
1123:
and pupils with physical, mental, or learning disabilities' special needs education were part of the reform.
1628:
1072:
917:
781:
330:
197:
150:
1093:
since having fluency in English was considered essential for opportunities both domestically and globally.
434:
got its start. Islamic teachings prior to 1906 were the main focus of early education programs offered via
1912:
946:
280:
155:
140:
113:
670:, growth in education resumed with the opening of mission and private English schools, especially in the
93:
938:
930:
898:
875:
805:
731:
431:
423:
388:
372:
204:
118:
558:
At the time, there were thirty pupils, all of whom were male. The school was then relocated to the old
1067:, which faced harsh criticism from other nations, and beyond that, introducing the concept of "Negara
636:, the Raja Isteri Girls' High School (STPRI), was established in 1930 with a student body of just 24.
1956:
1690:
925:
846:
543:. Because no dedicated structure had been constructed, this school temporary began operations in the
427:
392:
227:
474:
capacity were used to evaluate the success of the students. Local and international professors used
18:
1116:
1020:
813:
407:
312:
1794:
913:
832:
schools, demonstrating the influence of Malayan education that the British introduced to Brunei.
789:
613:
593:
108:
507:
schools, replaced the already present Islamic religious education system, which concentrated on
1934:
1876:
1768:
1698:
1665:
1120:
1043:
1008:
996:
902:
679:
508:
403:, played a significant role in shaping the success or failure of Brunei’s education programs.
302:
78:
40:
1855:"The role of English and the sociocultural structure of Bahasa: a study of Brunei Darussalam"
750:(BMPC), with BMPC's Senior Staff School in Seria serving the children of European personnel.
1866:
1028:
988:
817:
652:
633:
588:
532:
504:
500:
460:
384:
297:
862:
and religious groupings, the report suggested placing children of all races under a single
1809:
1016:
1012:
984:
945:'s backing of the PRB during the 1962 revolt, Brunei also refrained from implementing the
739:
718:
671:
667:
644:
617:
275:
172:
64:
1837:
957:
829:
825:
821:
743:
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380:
182:
131:
1933:(in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan.
758:
2988:
1889:
1713:
1651:
894:
797:
711:
659:
552:
471:
192:
103:
1948:
1256:
1254:
1085:
1052:
869:
785:
699:
695:
663:
540:
519:
419:
160:
145:
1680:
1313:
1311:
548:
453:
1871:
1854:
1735:""Manufacturing Consensus": The Role of the State Council in Brunei Darussalam"
494:, and other Islamic disciplines to teach the students. With the arrival of the
54:
1582:
1580:
1064:
1048:
1004:
609:
475:
1880:
1519:
1517:
1492:
1490:
1436:
1434:
1409:
1407:
1657:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1090:
1032:
942:
584:
565:
400:
73:
1810:"Commemorative exhibition showcases phases of formal education in Brunei"
889:
536:
376:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
587:. There are 38 students enrolled in this institution as of right now.
601:
544:
487:
479:
443:
1260:
1023:, demonstrating the expanding significance of English in education.
1734:
1298:
1296:
1139:
In 1955, work on a new school started, and it was finished in 1957.
1078:
On 9 April 1984, Brunei unveiled a new education policy called the
1068:
1042:
956:
874:
801:
735:
638:
572:, and the Front Hall with its stone pillars was then operational.
569:
527:
Due to a shortage of professionals in the sector, the first Malay
518:
491:
396:
17:
707:
483:
1952:
1633:(PhD thesis) (in Malay). Fakulti Pengurusan Pembangunan Islam,
1317:
1271:
1269:
1859:
Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education
937:
any kind of Malaysian backing. Due to linguistic barriers and
804:. This led to the establishment of a link between Brunei and
391:, Brunei benefited from close educational collaboration with
1586:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1508:
1496:
1481:
1440:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1192:
1180:
762:
Aerial photograph of Jalan Sultan, Brunei Town in the 1950s
828:
programs. This system resembled Malaya's but did not have
788:, but there was also a significant drive for a structured
575:
To provide more regular schooling for their children, the
1853:
Morve, Roshan K.; Wen, Xu; Mansour, Nasser (2 May 2023).
1338:
1784:"Dua Orang Lagi Penuntut2 Dari Brunei Berangkat Ka U.K."
839:
Surprisingly the administration intended to draft a new
523:
Pekan Brunei Mosuque served as Brunei Town's main mosque
466:
Due to the shortage of educational resources in the old
1241:
1239:
1237:
1630:
Implikasi 25 Tahun Pemerintahan Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
1362:
780:' (RKN) from 1953 to 1958. The public and Sultan
600:
or travel overseas. The government sends students to
1682:
Sejarah perkembangan pendidikan di Brunei, 1950-1985
678:was primarily concerned with teaching and learning
531:was founded in 1914 with the intention of offering
1890:"SEKOLAH MELAYU LELA MENCHANAI: BEBERAPA RISTAAN"
1687:History of the development of education in Brunei
1089:education overseas and to get them ready for the
1035:for improved career chances and higher learning.
1712:Yahya, Masuriyati; Sa'ari, Che Zarrina (2015).
1610:
1598:
1386:
1302:
1275:
1228:
1216:
1204:
379:, which impacted Brunei’s efforts to implement
1119:. Specialised programs including gifted kids'
1101:National Education System for the 21st Century
662:religious school was founded as well, but the
515:Colonial influence and formal education system
1964:
1911:Awang Haji Zainuddin bin Haji Hassan (2008).
1828:Awang Asbol bin Haji Mail (3 December 2018).
1571:
1350:
352:
8:
1799:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1374:
1106:
1079:
969:
863:
840:
771:
559:
1971:
1957:
1949:
1718:Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam
1287:
430:, and Islamic culture in Brunei, is where
359:
345:
27:
1870:
1679:Asbol bin Haji Mail (Haji Awang) (2006).
1261:Awang Haji Zainuddin bin Haji Hassan 2008
1245:
746:, and private English schools run by the
686:' liberation of Brunei in June 1945, the
666:interrupted. Meanwhile, propelled by the
1927:Adanan Haji Abdul Latiff (Haji) (2011).
1653:Pembentukan Malaysia: Isu dan Perdebatan
1047:Pelambayan Religious School sits on the
757:
1695:Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan
1166:
1132:
39:
33:This article is part of a series on the
1792:
1007:and find entry-level positions in the
612:administrators—might be influenced by
1888:Maslin Bin Haji Jukim (August 2018).
1733:Hussainmiya, B. A. (September 2000).
1650:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail (2011).
1454:"The Roman Catholic Church in Brunei"
7:
1318:Adanan Haji Abdul Latiff (Haji) 2011
1071:," which was directly influenced by
647:and Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin, 1942–1945
1108:Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad ke-21
459:for religious studies, focusing on
1782:Pelita Brunei, 16 September 1956.
1764:The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009
1739:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1726:Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali
1635:Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali
1063:, compulsory religious education,
727:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College
442:(hall for study, communal prayer,
238:Golden Jubilee of Hassanal Bolkiah
23:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College
14:
1980:History of education in the World
1728:– via www.researchgate.net.
1674:– via www.researchgate.net.
1587:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1560:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1548:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1536:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1524:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1509:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1497:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1482:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1441:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1426:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1414:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1193:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1181:Haji Awg Asbol bin Haji Mail 2011
1019:—achieved important positions in
748:British Malayan Petroleum Company
734:, a government English school in
448:, and religious studies). In the
438:education systems in mosques and
2730:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2205:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1922:(in Malay). Bandar Seri Begawan.
1399:Pelita Brunei, 16 September 1956
824:and Chinese schools, as well as
223:Brunei National Solidarity Party
53:
3005:History of education by country
1039:1984 Bilingual Education Policy
688:British Military Administration
579:in Brunei Town, also founded a
2275:Federated States of Micronesia
1339:Awang Asbol bin Haji Mail 2018
1003:them to drop out of school in
976:Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
953:1972 National Education Policy
857:1962 National Education Policy
754:1954 National Education Policy
1:
1808:Zee Yusri (10 October 2014).
1387:Morve, Wen & Mansour 2023
1105:The goal of the 21st Century
947:Indonesian educational system
794:Sultan Idris Training College
719:Pengiran Anak Muhammad Salleh
676:Japanese occupation of Brunei
1895:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
865:Sistem Pendidikan Kebangsaan
624:Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman,
415:Traditional education system
1627:Zullkiflee A. (July 2020).
842:Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan
784:exerted pressure for early
668:expansion of the oil sector
535:, including instruction in
3021:
3000:History of Brunei by topic
1872:10.1186/s40862-023-00186-5
1836:(in Malay). Archived from
1747:Cambridge University Press
1363:Maslin Bin Haji Jukim 2018
1081:Dasar Pendidikan Dwibahasa
962:Religious Teachers College
620:dignitaries consisting of
387:of teaching. Prior to the
233:National Development Party
1986:
1830:"Perkembangan pendidikan"
1767:. Oxford Business Group.
1662:Universiti Teknologi MARA
806:Malayan education systems
778:National Development Plan
773:Rancangan Kemajuan Negara
628:Anak Haji Mohd Yasin and
568:has been replaced with a
537:basic reading and writing
408:Brunei’s education system
2150:Central African Republic
1724:(1). Fakulti Usuluddin,
881:Muda Hashim Malay School
1913:"Ristaan Bandar Brunei"
1611:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1599:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1303:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1276:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1229:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1217:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1205:Yahya & Sa'ari 2015
1073:Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
879:Educators and staff of
782:Omar Ali Saifuddien III
768:Department of Education
674:. Education during the
331:List of years in Brunei
198:North Borneo Federation
114:Manila conflict of 1769
2095:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1107:
1080:
1055:
970:
965:
910:Malayan prime minister
884:
864:
841:
772:
763:
730:batch. The opening of
648:
596:were forced to attend
583:in 1916, located in a
560:
524:
119:Sabah conflict of 1771
25:
2845:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2720:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2700:Republic of the Congo
1920:Brunei History Centre
1046:
971:Suruhanjaya Pelajaran
960:
939:political instability
931:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
899:military headquarters
878:
761:
732:Anthony Abell College
696:Kampong Lorong Sikuna
642:
522:
432:traditional education
424:administrative centre
389:formation of Malaysia
205:Bruneian Independence
188:Brunei People's Party
21:
2915:United Arab Emirates
1834:Media Permata Online
1691:Pusat Sejarah Brunei
926:Malaysian Federation
916:, suggested Brunei,
847:Partai Rakyat Brunei
373:independence in 1984
84:Rajahnate of Maynila
2995:Education in Brunei
2880:Trinidad and Tobago
2015:Antigua and Barbuda
1761:The Report (2009).
1117:Wawasan Brunei 2035
1065:Sharia criminal law
1021:government agencies
814:vocational training
651:Under the reign of
630:Pengiran Shahbandar
168:Japanese occupation
99:Bruneian–Tundun War
2225:Dominican Republic
1689:] (in Malay).
1572:Zullkiflee A. 2020
1562:, p. 100–101.
1351:Zullkiflee A. 2020
1195:, p. 101–102.
1056:
966:
914:Tunku Abdul Rahman
893:1962, the PRB-led
885:
790:educational system
764:
649:
622:Pengiran Bendahara
614:Christian doctrine
594:government schools
525:
256:Capital punishment
26:
2982:
2981:
2250:Equatorial Guinea
1940:978-99917-0-770-9
1814:www.sultanate.com
1774:978-1-907065-09-5
1704:978-99917-34-48-4
1671:978-967-363-273-2
1538:, p. 99–100.
1121:special education
1005:forms five or six
985:Islamic education
903:detention centers
716:Pengiran Digadong
658:in 1940–1941, an
577:Chinese community
509:religious studies
369:
368:
217:Post-independence
94:Bruneian–Igan War
79:Sultanate of Sulu
44:
3012:
2665:Papua New Guinea
2530:Marshall Islands
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1930:Bangunan ristaan
1923:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1884:
1874:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1729:
1708:
1675:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:. pp. 47–57
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1511:, p. 98–99.
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1484:, p. 97–98.
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1428:, p. 96–97.
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1375:Hussainmiya 2000
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1305:, p. 68–69.
1300:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1207:, p. 69–70.
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1110:
1083:
1029:secondary school
989:Islamic theology
973:
867:
844:
818:higher education
775:
626:Pengiran Pemanca
563:
561:Pejabat Monopoli
533:formal education
496:British Resident
461:Quran recitation
385:primary language
361:
354:
347:
134:
67:
57:
47:
42:
34:
28:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2785:Solomon Islands
2630:North Macedonia
1982:
1977:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1840:on 19 July 2022
1827:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1732:
1711:
1705:
1678:
1672:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1288:The Report 2009
1286:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1103:
1061:law enforcement
1041:
1013:private sectors
997:anti-government
955:
859:
756:
740:Belait District
672:Belait District
645:Maeda Yoshinori
598:mission schools
517:
417:
365:
336:
335:
326:
318:
317:
251:
243:
242:
218:
210:
209:
173:Borneo campaign
136:
132:
124:
123:
69:
66:Bruneian Empire
65:
45:
41:
32:
12:
11:
5:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Western Sahara
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:United Kingdom
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Czech Republic
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1908:
1885:
1850:
1825:
1805:
1779:
1773:
1758:
1730:
1709:
1703:
1676:
1670:
1647:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1589:, p. 101.
1576:
1564:
1552:
1550:, p. 100.
1540:
1528:
1513:
1501:
1486:
1474:
1445:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1377:, p. 334.
1367:
1355:
1343:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1290:, p. 165.
1280:
1265:
1250:
1246:Zee Yusri 2014
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1102:
1099:
1040:
1037:
954:
951:
941:aggravated by
858:
855:
826:adult literacy
755:
752:
744:Roman Catholic
656:Ahmad Tajuddin
643:The forces of
581:Chinese school
529:primary school
516:
513:
422:, the ancient
416:
413:
371:Following its
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
349:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
201:
200:
190:
185:
183:Barisan Pemuda
180:
175:
170:
165:
164:
163:
158:
153:
143:
137:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
37:
36:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3017:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:United States
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Liechtenstein
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Guinea-Bissau
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:, p. 73.
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:, p. 72.
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:, p. 49.
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 99.
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1499:, p. 98.
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1443:, p. 97.
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:, p. 96.
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:, p. 14.
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 48.
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:, p. 92.
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:, p. 68.
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:, p. 19.
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:, p. 67.
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:, p. 66.
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:, p. 95.
1182:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1145:
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798:Tanjong Malim
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766:In 1954, the
760:
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712:State Council
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104:Castilian War
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2945:Vatican City
2895:Turkmenistan
2795:South Africa
2765:Sierra Leone
2745:Saudi Arabia
2120:Burkina Faso
2109:
1929:
1919:
1900:. Retrieved
1893:
1862:
1858:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1833:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1763:
1752:14 September
1750:. Retrieved
1742:
1738:
1721:
1720:(in Malay).
1717:
1686:
1681:
1656:(in Malay).
1652:
1639:. Retrieved
1629:
1606:
1594:
1567:
1555:
1543:
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1504:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:
1421:
1401:, p. 5.
1394:
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1365:, p. 2.
1358:
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1283:
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1135:
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1104:
1095:
1086:fourth grade
1077:
1057:
1053:Brunei River
1025:
1001:
999:tendencies.
993:
981:
967:
935:
907:
886:
870:labour force
860:
851:
838:
834:
810:
786:independence
765:
724:
715:
704:
700:Kampong Saba
692:
664:World War II
650:
629:
625:
621:
606:
574:
557:
541:Roman script
526:
472:memorisation
467:
465:
454:
449:
444:
439:
435:
420:Kampong Ayer
418:
405:
370:
270:
261:Constitution
161:North Borneo
146:White Rajahs
133:Colonial era
31:
15:
2835:Switzerland
2805:South Sudan
2800:South Korea
2725:Saint Lucia
2680:Philippines
2625:North Korea
2605:New Zealand
2600:Netherlands
2405:Ivory Coast
2245:El Salvador
1990:Afghanistan
1789:(in Malay).
890:monarchical
616:. Bruneian
549:Brunei Town
440:balai-balai
43:History of
2989:Categories
2935:Uzbekistan
2855:Tajikistan
2760:Seychelles
2740:San Marino
2575:Mozambique
2565:Montenegro
2535:Mauritania
2500:Madagascar
2495:Luxembourg
2450:Kyrgyzstan
2425:Kazakhstan
2230:East Timor
2180:Costa Rica
2145:Cape Verde
2055:Bangladesh
2040:Azerbaijan
1898:(in Malay)
1620:References
1157:References
1049:river bank
1009:government
710:Besar and
476:literature
428:government
178:BMO Borneo
2950:Venezuela
2815:Sri Lanka
2770:Singapore
2655:Palestine
2610:Nicaragua
2540:Mauritius
2490:Lithuania
2375:Indonesia
2330:Guatemala
2030:Australia
2020:Argentina
1881:2363-5169
1795:cite news
1658:Shah Alam
1467:17 August
1461:rcvbd.com
1162:Citations
1091:workforce
1033:bilingual
943:Indonesia
610:Christian
585:shophouse
566:old Lapau
401:Sri Lanka
313:Transport
271:Education
266:Diplomacy
109:Civil War
74:Lupah Sug
2975:Zimbabwe
2865:Thailand
2860:Tanzania
2825:Suriname
2780:Slovenia
2775:Slovakia
2690:Portugal
2670:Paraguay
2645:Pakistan
2560:Mongolia
2515:Maldives
2510:Malaysia
2435:Kiribati
2355:Honduras
2270:Ethiopia
2265:Eswatini
2220:Dominica
2215:Djibouti
2170:Colombia
2135:Cameroon
2130:Cambodia
2115:Bulgaria
2100:Botswana
2060:Barbados
680:Japanese
589:Mandarin
377:Malaysia
325:See also
298:Monarchy
286:Military
2955:Vietnam
2940:Vanuatu
2930:Uruguay
2910:Ukraine
2885:Tunisia
2790:Somalia
2750:Senegal
2705:Romania
2620:Nigeria
2585:Namibia
2580:Myanmar
2570:Morocco
2550:Moldova
2475:Liberia
2470:Lesotho
2465:Lebanon
2410:Jamaica
2390:Ireland
2365:Iceland
2360:Hungary
2325:Grenada
2310:Germany
2305:Georgia
2285:Finland
2260:Estonia
2255:Eritrea
2235:Ecuador
2210:Denmark
2185:Croatia
2175:Comoros
2125:Burundi
2090:Bolivia
2070:Belgium
2065:Belarus
2050:Bahrain
2045:Bahamas
2035:Austria
2025:Armenia
2005:Andorra
2000:Algeria
1995:Albania
1902:26 July
1844:25 July
1819:25 July
1641:26 July
1051:of the
964:in 1971
924:form a
918:Sarawak
883:in 1963
822:Mission
776:, '
714:member
570:new one
505:English
501:Chinese
383:as the
303:Slavery
151:Sarawak
2970:Zambia
2905:Uganda
2900:Tuvalu
2890:Turkey
2850:Taiwan
2830:Sweden
2755:Serbia
2715:Rwanda
2710:Russia
2685:Poland
2660:Panama
2635:Norway
2555:Monaco
2545:Mexico
2505:Malawi
2460:Latvia
2445:Kuwait
2440:Kosovo
2420:Jordan
2395:Israel
2345:Guyana
2335:Guinea
2320:Greece
2300:Gambia
2290:France
2195:Cyprus
2140:Canada
2110:Brunei
2105:Brazil
2085:Bhutan
2075:Belize
2010:Angola
1937:
1879:
1771:
1701:
1668:
1463:. 2019
920:, and
660:Arabic
653:Sultan
602:Labuan
545:mosque
503:, and
492:Akhlak
488:Tauhid
480:Sufism
457:prayer
445:hadrah
399:, and
393:Malaya
308:Sultan
250:Topics
156:Labuan
46:Brunei
2965:Yemen
2875:Tonga
2840:Syria
2820:Sudan
2810:Spain
2735:Samoa
2695:Qatar
2650:Palau
2615:Niger
2595:Nepal
2590:Nauru
2525:Malta
2480:Libya
2430:Kenya
2415:Japan
2400:Italy
2370:India
2350:Haiti
2315:Ghana
2295:Gabon
2240:Egypt
2165:China
2160:Chile
2080:Benin
1916:(PDF)
1865:(1).
1787:(PDF)
1745:(2).
1685:[
1457:(PDF)
1149:1979.
1127:Notes
1069:Zikir
1017:women
830:Tamil
802:Perak
736:Seria
618:wazir
468:balai
450:balai
436:balai
397:India
381:Malay
276:Islam
89:Tondo
2870:Togo
2675:Peru
2640:Oman
2520:Mali
2455:Laos
2385:Iraq
2380:Iran
2280:Fiji
2190:Cuba
2155:Chad
1935:ISBN
1904:2024
1877:ISSN
1846:2024
1821:2024
1801:link
1769:ISBN
1754:2014
1699:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1643:2024
1469:2024
901:and
816:and
725:The
708:Kadi
698:and
484:Fiqh
455:Zuhr
291:Navy
281:LGBT
1867:doi
1011:or
796:in
547:of
539:in
478:on
2991::
1918:.
1892:.
1875:.
1861:.
1857:.
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1812:.
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1793:{{
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1737:.
1722:16
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1433:^
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1310:^
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1268:^
1253:^
1236:^
1169:^
1075:.
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1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
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1906:.
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1869::
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1823:.
1803:)
1777:.
1756:.
1707:.
1645:.
1471:.
1341:.
1248:.
360:e
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