556:
the liberals, but opposed by the advocates of the
Friedemann reform. While it was generally agreed that establishing a fully-fledged university in the Grand-Duchy was not viable, the question of how to organise higher education was a divisive one. As in other areas, the Luxembourgers examined the neighbouring countries's systems to determine the best course to follow. The clerical faction was in support of the German system, while the Belgian model had liberal support. This latter system entrusted university examinations to a jury of professors as well as learned and reputable men drawn from different parts of society, and this was the system eventually chosen by Luxembourg. It was clear that, far from just being a demonstration of academic knowledge, degrees were seen as a test of one's ability to exercise public office, and therefore it was only seen as fitting that they should be brought under tight state control. For the government, academic examinations were a matter of national sovereignty, which could not be entrusted to foreign universities. Automatically recognising foreign diplomas was out of the question.
583:(obtainable after only one year) in physical sciences and mathematics on the one hand, and in philosophy and letters on the other. Degrees were to be awarded by examination juries in Luxembourg. Qualifications obtained elsewhere were not recognised in the Grand Duchy. The law did, however, oblige students to take courses at foreign universities, the contents of which would be tested by Luxembourgish juries. The law of 1848 was continually adapted over the next half-century. These changes, accompanied by passionate debates, concerned the subject matter to be examined, the creation of new degrees for certain professions, and an adaptation to the realities of university education: there were cases where the state prescribed the attendance of courses that were no longer offered anywhere. From 1882, the need to reform secondary education set off an argument over the nature, and indeed the purpose, of the
239:
86:
469:
607:. The familiar atmosphere and the money saved were the reasons behind this, as well as the fact that these professors would be on the examination juries. Until 1884, the letters section was predominant, attended by students preparing for law, philology or theology. Towards the end of the century, interest in the science section increased, with young adults devoting themselves to the hard sciences, pharmaceutics, and industrial studies.
705:(1888–1915) attempted to respond to the changes in society. Eyschen was an advocate of the idea of specialisation of schools: the Athénée de Luxembourg for those intending to later pursue university studies, an industrial school for those destined for a technical occupation, an agriculture school for farmers' sons, and a craftwork school for the sons of craftsmen. Particular attention was given to vocational education.
852:(PISA) ranked Luxembourgish students 30th out of 32 countries. The government therefore launched a "back to basics" programme. The conservative-socialist government from 2004 to 2009 also set up several new schools outside of the mainstream system, with innovative teaching methods: the "Neie Lycée" (now "Lycée Ermesinde"), "Eis Schoul", the "École de la 2e chance," and the Deutsch-Luxemburgisches Schengen-Lyzeum Perl.
620:
Even legislators and legal experts of the day had no definitive answer. They were described in 1882 by the Athénée's director as a "hybrid institution" between secondary and tertiary education; twenty years later, the jury for pharmacy termed them a "mockery, a caricature of university courses." The courses' practical organisation was partly to blame. After 1848, the Athénée consisted of three establishments: the
789:
country, and the government pledged its help, but the
Chamber of Deputies was opposed. In any case, the new university was established in Fribourg in Switzerland instead. In 1881, Luxembourgish priests attempted to establish a university run by the Jesuits, who had been expelled from France. Neighbouring countries, however, were against the Jesuits setting up in the Grand Duchy, and the project was abandoned.
35:
660:
take into account the subject matter taught in the universities, and the examiners themselves were not up to speed with the latest research. The composition of the exam juries was problematic: without a university, the country did not have enough qualified teachers of an academic calibre. Their qualifications were questioned: a letter written to the
727:. This abolished school fees, and made school mandatory for 7 years. Most controversially, it rolled back the Church's position in schools: teachers no longer needed a certificate of morality from their priest to be employed, and were no longer obliged to teach religious education. The law of 1912 was the subject of bitter arguments between the
810:
system: it aligned girls' education—previously in separate Lycées—with that of boys, and introduced co-education. Secondary education (as opposed to technical secondary education) was unified: two streams could be chosen, "classical" with Latin, and "modern", without Latin. For the upper school years, four sections were introduced.
552:
William I's measures of 1835 and 1837 had oriented the education system towards
Germany, but the specific geographical nature of the country also required links with French-speaking countries. The professors of the Athénée demanded a reform of secondary education and the re-establishment of the academic courses.
719:
In the latter half of the 19th century, Echternach and
Diekirch had each received a so-called "pro-gymnasium", which operated under the supervision of the headteacher of the Athénée. Later, these too became autonomous institutions, and the Athénée lost its tight grip on secondary and higher education
659:
The failure rates in the exams by the
Luxembourgish juries was relatively low in the beginning, but increased steadily to reach 50% in 1901-1902. Results did not improve over the next few years. Some contemporaries saw this as a result of inherent flaws in the Luxembourgish system: the exams did not
619:
was partly due to their confusing nature. Accessible after an entrance exam, they took place in the building of the Athénée, a secondary school, and led to the award of certain degrees. But it was unclear whether these were an extension of secondary education, or the early stage of higher education.
555:
William II came to the throne in 1840, ending his father's policies of reaction and
Germanisation. The Constitution of 1841 allowed a free choice of universities, and laid the foundation for an education policy that took account of the specificities of the country. The coming reform was supported by
418:
From pre-school onwards, Luxembourgish is spoken with the children. For the large number of foreign children in the country, this may be their first exposure to
Luxembourgish. From the age of 6, children are taught to read and write German. The year after, French is introduced, while the language of
771:
every Sunday and
Thursday. Some criticised the philosophy lessons, firmly in the hands of the philosopher-preachers, as being a "theology course in disguise." In 1903 the Athénée's director tried to forbid students from attending a conference on the subject of the formation of the world, given by a
809:
went on strike, demanding a reform of higher education and the awarding of academic degrees. The Werner-Cravatte government drafted a law which would not, however, come to a vote until the next government was in office. The Werner-Cravatte
Ministry did introduce changes in the secondary education
805:): these were intended to cater to young people not quite suited for a university education, in order to prepare them for mid-level careers in the administration or the private sector, and to take the weight off the over-crowded Lycées. May 1968 also saw unrest in Luxembourg: the students of the
686:(1874–1885) enacted a decisive reform of primary education when it introduced obligatory schooling over the opposition of conservative deputies. School absenteeism was particularly widespread in rural areas, where the children helped on the fields. The "loi Kirpach" of 10 April 1881 (named after
539:
therefore sought to prevent young
Luxembourgers from attending Belgian universities, which were hotbeds of anti-Dutch revolutionary sentiment. Belgian academic degrees were no longer recognised in Luxembourg from 1832, and an 1835 decree forced Luxembourgish students to study exclusively in the
434:. English is added as a further obligatory language in all secondary schools. In Lycées classiques, pupils may optionally also choose to take lessons in Latin, Spanish or Italian. The number of hours per week devoted to language teaching at all levels of school is high, at 50% of teaching time.
551:
When the country became independent in 1839 (while remaining under personal union with the Dutch king), it needed its own administrative and political institutions: one major problem was the education of future elites, who would replace the foreign functionaries and play a key role in society.
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in Luxembourg. In 1867, the General Assembly of Catholic Associations in Germany was looking for a location for a new free Catholic university—that is to say, one run by the Church. Luxembourgish priests campaigned for this to be in Luxembourg, emphasising the benefits this would bring to the
678:
The period both before and after the turn of the 20th century saw education reform. In the late 19th century, the political class became aware that the traditional system of education was not well-adapted to the needs of an industrial society. Economic developments had created new social and
712:, to later become the Lycée des Garçons de Luxembourg. The law of 1896 created an artisanal school. These efforts were accompanied by an increase in students attending secondary school under the Eyschen government: 875 in 1879-1880 compared to 2500 in 1919-1920. In 1891, the
323:
The vast majority of schools are state-run and free. However, some non-public schools exist. Some of these teach the same curriculum as state schools for the same diplomas, but charge tuition. Others teach foreign curricula and award foreign qualifications.
840:
The initial idea of creating a Luxembourgish university was raised in a debate in the Chamber in 1993. In 2000, the government introduced a white paper on the matter. The law creating a University of Luxembourg was approved by the Chamber on 17 July 2003.
837:(1980–1984) introduced a move that harmonised public and private secondary schools: the law of 31 May 1982 provided for state subsidies for private schools, in return for allowing the state to supervise their curricula and their teachers' qualifications.
750:
The state and the middle-class liberals who ran the government steadfastly refused to allow the opening of non-state schools, as demanded by the Church. At the same time, they allowed the clergy a lot of influence in teaching. The liberal Deputy
651:
was sufficient to teach until 1857, when a doctorate became a requirement for many teaching posts, and demanded by law from 1874. The professors' pay, on the other hand, did not increase. No special compensation was offered for those teaching
1170:
Thewes, Guy. "Le gouvernement de Blochausen", "Le gouvernement Werner/Cravatte", "Le gouvernement Werner-Schaus II", "Le gouvernement Werner-Thorn-Flesch", "Le gouvernement Juncker-Polfer", "Le gouvernement Juncker-Asselborn I". In: Ibid.,
801:(1964–1969) once again saw an urgent need to reform the education system, due to economic and social changes. The government attempted to respond by diversifying the types of Lycées in existence. 1965 saw the creation of middle schools (
817:
that the system of academic awards dating back to 1848 was finally abolished, fulfilling the demands of the 1968 students. The law of 18 June 1969 stipulated that instead, degrees from other countries would be certified in Luxembourg.
670:, such as law, medicine, the profession of notary, pharmacy, and veterinary studies. To resolve this issue, professional persons were appointed to juries: high-ranking state functionaries, practising doctors, and notables.
449:: in addition to being the oldest, and for a long time the only, secondary school in the country, it was also the home of Luxembourg's fledgling higher education courses for a while. It was founded as the Jesuit College (
510:
from 1824) were founded: these taught metaphysics, logic, physical sciences and mathematics, and were intended to compensate to an extent for the lack of a university in Luxembourg. Around the 1830s, the time of the
135:): Geared towards a university education. It offers a general, all-round education. The objective is for the students to acquire fundamental knowledge of human sciences, literature, mathematics and natural sciences
694:. The law also provided for a single system of public schools, and made it the state's duty to organise education. At the same time, however, the church remained involved, since the local parish priest was an
679:
professional classes. A middle class of employees and civil servants emerged from the growth of state services and administration. Artisanship and trade were transformed by industrial and commercial progress.
690:, the Director-General for the Interior) made school attendance mandatory between the ages of 6 and 12. This reform provoked bitter debates over the role of the state in society and the relations between
644:
was taught by professors of the gymnasium, the science section by those of the industrial school. While many refused to admit it, these courses hardly fulfilled the requirements of university studies.
591:
was against abolishing them, as this would entail a reform of the law on academic awards. The debate was to flare up again in the early 20th century, but national sentiment prevailed: abandoning the
389:
civil servants, and those whose parents work for other organisations with some special agreement. Other parents may also send their children, spaces permitting, but must pay tuition. They consist of
211:
32 public Lycées and 5 private Lycées teach the state curriculum. Out of these, the following 4 have a special status to use innovative teaching techniques, while still using the public curriculum:
738:
for young girls in 1909 and 1911 revealed the government's preoccupation with denying girls access to the Latin section, which granted sole access to universities. It was not until after the
359:
548:
into a preparatory school for German universities, and abolished the academic courses that had existed there since 1817, depriving Luxembourg of its embryo of higher education.
1376:
1033:
1061:
1366:
515:, a distinction started to be made in the higher school years of the Athénée, between the "gymnasium," for those intending to attend university, and the "middle school" (
996:
563:
at the Athénée, which were, however, just a pale imitation of higher education. The Luxembourgish state thereby gave itself the prerogative to confer academic degrees.
257:
Open University Luxembourg: A cooperation between the Luxembourg Lifelong Learning Center, the Luxembourg Chamber of Employees in the private sector, and the British
755:
complained of a "clericalisation of education". Around 20% of the secondary school professors were clerics, and this did not include the lay members of the Jesuits (
632:, for example, often consisted of lessons combined with the two highest years of the industrial school. There was barely a consensus on whether there was one or two
891:
849:
306:
1872:
1398:
1290:
1176:
1806:
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273:
238:
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While in the rest of Europe, universities were opening their doors to women, Luxembourg was a late-comer in this regard. The establishment of two
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Similarly, for the University of Luxembourg, one of its defining features is its "multi-lingual character": it uses English, French and German.
1711:
1430:
1087:
56:
43:
1635:
1604:
1341:
1015:
102:) consists of preschool and primary school. It is obligatory from the age of 4 onwards and is composed of 4 cycles instead of school years:
2000:
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The law of 1892 split off the industrial and commercial school from the Athénée and added to it a commercial section. In 1908, it moved to
1930:
1549:
666:
claimed that most examiners would not be able to pass their own exams. The problem was most serious for the subjects not taught in the
1559:
1393:
365:
264:
224:École de la 2e chance (School of the second chance), for adolescents or adults who have left the school system without a certification
1865:
1403:
907:
294:
1030:
2260:
1786:
1706:
1670:
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Verordnungs- und Verwaltungsblatt des Großherzogthums Luxemburg/Mémorial legislatif et administratif du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
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was a means of keeping a check on the students' ideology, whereas those who studied abroad might pick up foreign, radical ideas.
2239:
2137:
1950:
1574:
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1283:
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1213:
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1975:
1796:
1781:
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588:
394:
814:
410:
292:, in the areas of business and management, arts, and healthcare. After three years of study, this leads to the award of a
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142:): Emphasis more on vocational education. It may, however, also allow access to university studies. It is divided into 4
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1388:
1256:- Contains indicators and information about Luxembourg and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
834:
327:
Among secondary schools, the following private schools teach the state curriculum and receive state subsidies:
247:
2092:
2052:
2012:
1915:
1716:
1675:
1569:
1435:
1418:
1361:
1346:
1236:
595:, and the end of awarding degrees, would mean abandoning a part of the Luxembourgish nation's independence.
544:. This Germanisation policy continued with the Friedemann reform in 1837, which had the goal of turning the
268:
175:
resulting in a Certificate of technical and professional aptitude (CATP) (75% practical and 25% theoretical)
48:
2223:
2155:
2203:
2027:
1791:
1726:
1589:
1579:
1525:
1445:
728:
683:
398:
1204:"Gesetz vom 26. Juli 1843 über den Primär-Unterricht/Loi du 26 juillet 1843 sur l’instruction primaire".
82:
Most schools are run by the state and are free. Attending school is obligatory from the ages of 4 to 16.
2208:
2107:
2102:
2077:
1935:
1825:
1764:
1746:
1618:
1440:
1308:
866:
768:
724:
716:
had responded to the government's invitation by opening a domestic agricultural school for young girls.
2193:
1224:
Das Luxemburgische Primärschulgesetz. Eine rechtsgeschichtliche und kirchengeschichtliche Untersuchung.
929:. Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle. Retrieved on 4 November 2013.
910:. Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
2132:
2082:
2042:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1759:
1331:
541:
1184:. Service Information et Presse, 2011. pp. 42-47, 52-63, 160-171, 172-181, 192-203, 232-241, 242-255
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Tri-lingualism is a feature of the state education system, and of Luxembourgish society in general.
2218:
2160:
2127:
2117:
2097:
2087:
2072:
2067:
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2017:
1985:
1970:
1945:
1881:
1834:
1801:
1776:
1326:
1321:
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member of the local commune's school commission, and the schoolteacher was under his supervision.
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The European schools are public schools, in the sense that they accept (for free) the children of
17:
2112:
2037:
2007:
1769:
1594:
1484:
1253:
1131:
742:, when they received the right to vote, that the first women attended exams for academic awards.
636:. The Chamber of Deputies debated this in 1892, and decided in the end that there was one set of
625:
528:
512:
490:
79:
is multilingual and consists of fundamental education, secondary education and higher education.
1839:
1356:
1316:
628:, and the industrial school. But this was only a nominal division: the science section of the
312:
603:
Those graduating from the last year of gymnasium in the Athénée mostly went on to attend the
691:
662:
468:
277:
465:
instead of Jesuits. The French occupation from 1795 to 1814 put an end to its activities.
1455:
1180:
1091:
1065:
1037:
1000:
895:
752:
739:
536:
453:) in Luxembourg city in 1603, and from this it derives its nickname "Kolleisch". When the
258:
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Another five private schools teach a different curriculum, and receive fewer subsidies:
188:
Schools of secondary education (that is, aimed towards university education) are called
1754:
1489:
764:
462:
386:
964:
939:
250:, this being the only fully-fledged university in Luxembourg. It was founded in 2003.
2254:
1721:
687:
709:
702:
454:
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The professors' training was not necessarily of a higher standard. The degree of
848:
also introduced further changes in secondary education. Tests conducted for the
182:, for those who have not yet fulfilled the requirements of fundamental education
527:
In 1830, most of Luxembourg (with the exception of the capital) sided with the
208:, established in 1603. For a long time, it was also the only secondary school.
1299:
168:(50% theoretical and 50% practical; allows access to higher technical studies)
1655:
1494:
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was organised in the organic law of 23 July 1848: the Athénée would provide
253:
The following foreign universities have campuses or outposts in Luxembourg:
1506:
1336:
34:
1474:
701:
Through a far-reaching reform of the education system, the government of
495:
445:
The history of education in Luxembourg is closely linked to that of the
1640:
242:
The University of Luxembourg's main building on the Limpertsberg campus
1850:
1268:
204:
offer both types of education. The oldest Lycée in the country is the
763:
were obliged to participate in religious processions, and to attend
157:
equivalent and allows access to university studies; replaced by the
830:
were integrated into the new "Centre universitaire de Luxembourg".
1262:- Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages.
519:), later the industrial and commercial school, for everyone else.
467:
237:
84:
723:
Eyschen's government also tackled primary education through the
458:
1854:
1272:
772:
Brussels professor. To some, it appeared that maintaining the
28:
422:
In secondary school, German is the vehicular language in the
1247:
559:
The authorities decided, as a minimum, to re-establish the
106:
1st cycle: children aged 3–5 (at the beginning of the year)
1197:
Koenig, Siggy. "Luxemburg". In: Hans Döbert et al. (ed.),
1174:
Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848
784:
Until 1881, the Church still had plans for establishing a
119:
This system was introduced in the law of 21 January 2009.
1242:
221:
Sportlycée, for pupils engaging in sport at a high level
218:
Schengen Lycée, a bi-national school in Perl in Germany
1094:. Athénée de Luxembourg. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
196:), while schools of secondary technical education are
127:
Secondary education lasts 6–7 years, and consists of:
2232:
2184:
2146:
1888:
1745:
1688:
1617:
1524:
1417:
1307:
472:
The old building of the Athénée de Luxembourg, 1828
461:in 1773, it became a Royal College, staffed by the
246:Higher education in Luxembourg is dominated by the
731:(socialists and liberals) and the clerical Right.
430:. From the age of 15, however, French is used in
1260:Diagram of Luxembourgian education system, OECD
480:was created in its place from 1802, renamed an
358:St. George's International School (teaches the
261:, offering evening or distance-learning courses
1250:- Ministry of Education Resources and Services
1218:. Le Luxembourg 1960-2010 (in French). STATEC.
1068:. luxembourg.lu. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
1040:. luxembourg.lu. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
1018:. luxembourg.lu. Retrieved on 4 November 2013.
1003:. luxembourg.lu. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
898:. luxembourg.lu. Retrieved on 3 November 2013.
850:Programme for International Student Assessment
1866:
1399:Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
1284:
1132:"Les débuts de l'enseignement du Luxembourg."
8:
1254:Information on education in Luxembourg, OECD
1215:L' Ă©volution de l ' enseignement depuis 1960
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
288:Higher education is also offered by several
1873:
1859:
1851:
1694:
1623:
1530:
1423:
1291:
1277:
1269:
1166:
674:Reform around the turn of the 20th century
376:Lycée Vauban: Lycée francais du Luxembourg
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
274:Miami University Dolibois European Center
378:(teaches the French national curriculum)
59:of all important aspects of the article.
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
878:
862:List of secondary schools in Luxembourg
759:) alleged by Brasseur. Students in the
599:Cours supérieurs and examination juries
571:The system of academic degrees and the
362:of England, Wales and Northern Ireland)
1248:Luxembourg's national Education Portal
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
55:Please consider expanding the lead to
1201:Baltmannsweiler 2010. p. 428-441
343:École privée Notre-Dame Sainte Sophie
7:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
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1024:
1011:
1009:
989:
987:
985:
922:
920:
918:
916:
884:
882:
351:Waldorf School (teaches towards the
1243:Luxembourg's Ministry of Education
366:International School of Luxembourg
265:Sacred Heart University Luxembourg
215:Lycée Ermesinde, an all-day school
25:
18:History of education in Luxembourg
1636:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
1212:Reiff, Paul (17 September 2012).
319:Private and international schools
140:enseignement secondaire technique
714:Soeurs de la Doctrine Chrétienne
426:, and in the lower years of the
33:
331:École privée Marie-Consolatrice
284:Non-university higher education
47:may be too short to adequately
579:, preparing for the degree of
498:'s defeat. It was renamed the
295:Brevet de technicien supérieur
89:Education system in Luxembourg
57:provide an accessible overview
1:
815:second Werner-Schaus ministry
640:: the letters section of the
502:in 1817. That same year, the
411:Multilingualism in Luxembourg
1199:Die Bildungssysteme Europas.
1085:"L'Athénée – "de Kolléisch""
965:"Open University Luxembourg"
303:Lycée classique d'Echternach
1500:Valley of the Seven Castles
1208:, 39, 1843. p. 561-592
370:International Baccalaureate
353:International Baccalaureate
2277:
940:"University of Luxembourg"
799:Werner-Cravatte government
408:
340:Lycée technique Émile Metz
1819:
1697:
1626:
1533:
1426:
846:Juncker-Polfer government
615:The controversy over the
1431:Administrative divisions
1140:, No. 92, 2009. p. 44-49
1016:"Enseignement supérieur"
944:University of Luxembourg
889:"Post-primary education"
835:Werner-Flesch government
682:The government of Baron
334:École privée Sainte-Anne
248:University of Luxembourg
100:enseignement fondamental
2261:Education in Luxembourg
1362:Second Treaty of London
1031:"International schools"
757:JĂ©suites en courte robe
531:against the Dutch King
419:instruction is German.
269:Sacred Heart University
133:enseignement secondaire
98:Fundamental education (
77:Education in Luxembourg
1931:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1347:First Treaty of London
1237:Education et formation
473:
399:European Baccalaureate
381:École privée Grandjean
243:
90:
1560:Consultative Assembly
1550:Council of Government
1222:Vuillermoz, Georges.
867:Education Law of 1912
725:Education Law of 1912
546:Athénée de Luxembourg
484:in 1805. It became a
471:
457:was abolished by the
447:Athénée de Luxembourg
368:(teaches towards the
337:École privée Fieldgen
308:classes préparatoires
276:(MUDEC): A campus of
241:
206:Athénée de Luxembourg
115:4th cycle: ages 10–11
94:Fundamental education
88:
1882:Education in Europe
1807:World Heritage Sites
1394:Military occupations
1332:Austrian Netherlands
542:German Confederation
451:Collège des Jésuites
164:Technician training
2147:States with limited
1797:RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
1565:Diplomatic missions
1538:Chamber of Deputies
1327:Spanish Netherlands
1322:House of Luxembourg
969:The Open University
786:Catholic university
780:Catholic university
746:Religious influence
684:FĂ©lix de Blochausen
567:Organic law of 1848
360:National Curriculum
192:(or, colloquially,
123:Secondary education
112:3rd cycle: ages 8–9
109:2nd cycle: ages 6–7
1671:Telecommunications
1646:Electricity sector
1485:Luxembourg plateau
1480:Little Switzerland
1342:Belgian Revolution
1179:2016-03-03 at the
1090:2015-02-23 at the
1064:2013-11-04 at the
1036:2013-11-18 at the
999:2013-10-26 at the
994:"Higher education"
894:2013-09-21 at the
529:Belgian Revolution
523:Belgian Revolution
513:Belgian Revolution
474:
391:European Schools I
244:
138:Technical system (
131:Classical system (
91:
2248:
2247:
1848:
1847:
1815:
1814:
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1600:Political parties
1575:Foreign relations
1520:
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1357:Luxembourg Crisis
1317:Celtic Luxembourg
813:It was under the
508:cours académiques
432:Lycées classiques
428:Lycées classiques
424:Lycées techniques
290:lycées techniques
198:Lycées techniques
74:
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16:(Redirected from
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2185:Dependencies and
1889:Sovereign states
1875:
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1792:Radio Luxembourg
1782:National symbols
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1372:Second World War
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828:cours supérieurs
807:cours supérieurs
774:cours supérieurs
761:cours supérieurs
692:church and state
668:cours supérieurs
663:Luxemburger Wort
654:cours supérieurs
642:cours supérieurs
638:cours supérieurs
634:cours supérieurs
630:cours supérieurs
622:cours supérieurs
617:cours supérieurs
605:cours supérieurs
593:cours supérieurs
589:Council of State
585:cours supérieurs
577:cours supérieurs
573:cours supérieurs
561:cours supérieurs
504:cours supérieurs
488:in 1808, then a
486:Collège communal
482:École Secondaire
397:, and award the
301:Since 2013, the
278:Miami University
229:Higher education
159:régime technique
155:régime classique
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1409:Railway history
1367:First World War
1352:1848 Revolution
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1192:Further reading
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311:for the French
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2187:other entities
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1737:Social welfare
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1490:Moselle Valley
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1470:Extreme points
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1264:Also in French
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267:: A campus of
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65:September 2019
51:the key points
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2171:South Ossetia
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826:In 1970, the
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688:Henri Kirpach
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27:
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2176:Transnistria
2032:
1732:Social class
1702:Demographics
1223:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1172:
1137:
1130:Elz, Marco.
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
903:
843:
839:
832:
827:
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812:
806:
802:
796:
793:1968 reforms
783:
773:
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749:
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710:Limpertsberg
707:
703:Paul Eyschen
700:
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455:Jesuit order
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234:Universities
210:
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179:
178:Preparatory
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75:
62:
46:
44:lead section
26:
2214:Isle of Man
2149:recognition
2123:Switzerland
2058:Netherlands
1631:Accountancy
1585:LGBT rights
1135:(in French)
1059:"Languages"
2093:San Marino
2053:Montenegro
2033:Luxembourg
2013:Kazakhstan
1916:Azerbaijan
1787:Newspapers
1712:Euthanasia
1651:Euro coins
1389:Partitions
1377:Occupation
1300:Luxembourg
873:References
769:confession
696:ex officio
409:See also:
2204:Gibraltar
2028:Lithuania
1717:Languages
1707:Education
1676:Transport
1656:RTL Group
1570:Elections
1495:Red Lands
1436:Districts
1419:Geography
1382:Holocaust
974:24 August
729:Left Bloc
626:gymnasium
611:Criticism
533:William I
491:Gymnasium
49:summarize
2255:Category
2224:Svalbard
2209:Guernsey
2156:Abkhazia
2108:Slovenia
2103:Slovakia
2078:Portugal
1936:Bulgaria
1835:Category
1727:Religion
1590:Military
1580:Monarchy
1526:Politics
1475:Guttland
1461:quarters
1446:Communes
1177:Archived
1138:Ons Stad
1088:Archived
1062:Archived
1034:Archived
997:Archived
892:Archived
856:See also
649:candidat
581:candidat
506:(called
496:Napoleon
149:General
2133:Ukraine
2083:Romania
2043:Moldova
2001:Ireland
1996:Iceland
1991:Hungary
1981:Germany
1976:Georgia
1966:Finland
1961:Estonia
1956:Denmark
1941:Croatia
1926:Belgium
1921:Belarus
1911:Austria
1906:Armenia
1901:Andorra
1896:Albania
1826:Outline
1765:Cuisine
1747:Culture
1690:Society
1641:Benelux
1619:Economy
1441:Cantons
1309:History
441:History
305:offers
298:(BTS).
200:. Some
190:Lycées
144:régimes
2219:Jersey
2161:Kosovo
2128:Turkey
2118:Sweden
2098:Serbia
2088:Russia
2073:Poland
2068:Norway
2048:Monaco
2018:Latvia
1986:Greece
1971:France
1946:Cyprus
1840:Portal
1760:Cinema
1722:People
1595:Police
1512:Rivers
1507:Éislek
1337:ForĂŞts
949:23 May
736:Lycées
624:, the
587:. The
535:. The
494:after
202:Lycées
180:régime
173:régime
166:régime
151:régime
2194:Ă…land
2113:Spain
2038:Malta
2008:Italy
1802:Sport
1777:Music
1661:Steel
1451:Towns
1770:Wine
976:2017
951:2016
844:The
833:The
797:The
767:and
765:Mass
459:Pope
393:and
1755:Art
476:An
2257::
1145:^
1099:^
1073:^
1045:^
1023:^
1008:^
984:^
967:.
942:.
915:^
881:^
656:.
401:.
395:II
315:.
146::
1874:e
1867:t
1860:v
1292:e
1285:t
1278:v
978:.
953:.
372:)
355:)
161:)
153:(
67:)
63:(
53:.
20:)
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