Education in Portugal

1648:- The professional schools courses are a special modality of education that has a primary goal: the development of professional qualification. In this type of course the students spend most of their time in practical, technological, technical and artistic qualification, which allows the development of specific skills indispensable to an occupation. The professional courses are drawn to give answers to both local and regional labour market needs. These courses function under the regulation of the Ministry of Education, although under the direct initiative and responsibility of civil society institutions, such as municipalities, enterprises, trade unions, etc. The professional courses are available in the third cycle of basic education (level II) – only a few - and in the secondary education (level III). 3903:

chegará por e-mail. Alguém, claro, terá de fornecer esses trabalhos aparentemente inúteis neste novo conceito. Mas, a acreditar na lógica do Governo, para isso estão cá os brasileiros, os angolanos, os ucranianos e os que não têm direito às oportunidades. Para Sócrates quem não é célebre não interessa e quem não é reconhecido não tem identidade. Esta campanha do Governo não vende ilusões: trafica desejos. E está a alimentar ainda mais um conceito cruel que se desenvolveu na sociedade portuguesa: conhecem-te, existes. "Novas Oportunidades" é a cara do PS "terceira via" de Sócrates. O sucesso está acima de todos os valores. E deve achincalhar o trabalho útil, mas invisível. "Novas Oportunidades" é, simplesmente, um filme de terror governamental. Com sabor a caramelo.", 5DIAS.net

2910:, adults (18 years old and older) with the 9th grade might be granted an equivalence to the 12th grade after a process ranging from a part-time 3-month programme or a 1-day per week 8-month programme; those who have less than 9th grade have a similar programme to get the 9th grade certification and can then apply to the 12th grade programme). The curricula do not include any classical high school discipline or a traditional examination process. These diplomas are awarded based on vaguely construed life experience. Some critics alleged this policy was an effort to make up the poor national statistical indicators on education, with little impact on the quality of the work force's qualification of Portugal in the European Union context. 859: 2864:

education system and a desire to be upgraded into university-like institutions grew among the polytechnic institutions' administrations. This desire of emancipation and evolution from polytechnic status to university status, was not followed by better qualified teaching staff, better facilities for teaching or researching, or by a stronger curricula with a more selective admission criteria, comparable with those enforced by almost all public university institutions. Criteria ambiguity and the general lower standards in polytechnic higher education and admission, were fiercely criticised by education personalities like university

1218: 1230: 978: 1654:- The courses of initial qualification can be promoted by schools lecturing the third cycle of mandatory education. If it is necessary, schools can establish protocols with other institutions such as municipalities, enterprises or professional qualification centres. These courses are open to a) youngsters who have a 9th grade diploma, without any professional qualification, and who do not intend to continue their studies; and b) youngsters who, having reached fifteen years of age and attended the 9th grade, did not achieve the basic education certificate. 959:

guardians to the school nearest to their residence (or place of work) during the annual enrolment period. State-run schools are free of charge; private school tuition is refunded by the State in part or fully, when state-run schools in the area are filled to capacity. The first cycle of basic mandatory education covers years 1st-4th, the second cycle years 5th-6th and the third cycle years 7th-9th. The curriculum contains only general education until the 9th year at which point professional subjects are introduced.

1911:

transfer from one to the other by extraordinary competition. It is also possible to transfer from a public institution to a private one and vice versa. Admission to public university programmes are often more demanding and selective than to their equivalent in public polytechnic and private institutions. Many specific university institutions and degrees are also regarded as more prestigious and reputed than their peers from the polytechnic system or from certain less notable university institutions.

3840:

nos afigura como um objectivo socialmente louvável, concretizá-lo pela expansão da oferta das fileiras menos prestigiadas do secundário, segmento com clara sobre-representação das categorias sociais mais desfavorecidas, e que proporcionam acesso às ocupações com remunerações mais modestas, pode criar a ilusão de uma certa democratização (desde logo quantitativa), e até melhorar a posição do país no ranking europeu da escolarização (sempre importante para fins de "cosmética política"),..."

2457:. For the public institutions the exam scores count for the final evaluation, which includes the secondary school average marks. Then the students have to choose six institutions/courses they prefer to attend, in preferential order. The ones, who reach the marks needed to attend the desired institution/course, given the attributed vacant, will be admitted. This means that the students could not be admitted at its first or second choice, but be admitted at the third or even sixth choice. 2461:

enforced minimum grades of 95 (out of 200) in the national access examinations for all candidates in every sector of public higher education. In practical terms, and unlike what happened in the past, the new rule meant the exclusion of a large number of applicants who otherwise would have been admitted with negative grades to the less selective courses of some public institutions, and consequently lead to a number of available places for students left vacant every year in many courses.

2716:(When violence goes to school) by journalist Mafalda Gameiro. Using hidden cameras in the classrooms, the program shows the violent behavior of many young students (with ages between 10 and 13 years old) inside the classroom of an unidentified school and the resulting chaos and fear. Students and teachers privacy was protected during image recording for TV. In 2004 and 2005, the Portuguese Ministry of Education reported over 1,200 aggressions inside Portuguese schools. 1658:

qualification system alternating between the school and the workplace, addressing mainly youngsters aged between fifteen and twenty five years who are not included in the mandatory school system. The qualification process alternates between the professional (where the socio-cultural, scientific-technological and the practice qualification in qualification context takes place) and the workplace (where the practice qualification in work context takes place).

1742: 555:, specially secondary and higher education, only happened in the 1980s. After mid-2000s programs of modernization of schools (basic and secondary) and the construction of new elementary schools called "educational centres" (mostly to reduce the number of overloaded elementary schools, to widespread the 9 AM to 5h30 PM schedule system, because in most overloaded schools there are classes with 8 AM-1 PM schedule and other with 1 PM-6 PM) are being held. 1052: 37: 1621:

technical courses that are work-oriented and confer a level III professional certificate, although they also permit the access to higher education. Any of the secondary courses, professional courses, apprenticeship courses (level III), recurrent courses and others (artistic and those of technological schools) share a three-dimensional structure (although the importance of each dimension could vary according to the specific course):

2493:(ENES), the Extraordinary Exam Process for over-23-year-old candidates is more demanding and has a much higher selectiveness in public universities than in the public polytechnics. Humanities and other non-mathematical-intensive fields have also much higher admission rates than classical university engineering, economics or medicine. This implies that almost all new students admitted by this extraordinary process enter a 1687: 4292: 1730: 1750: 1947:. Before that, this was the rule only for university institutions. Virtually all university institutions award master's degrees as a second cycle of study, but some university departments are offering integrated master's degrees (joint degrees) through a longer single cycle of study. Some polytechnic institutions offer the second study cycle in cooperation with a partner university. 1253:

conclusion of secondary education (general, technological or artistic programmes) with passing grades confers a diploma, which will certificate the qualification thus obtained and, in the case of work-oriented programmes the qualification for specific jobs. All General and Technological programmes share the following subjects known as General Formation:

2641:

profile to reach the highest teaching and research standards of the major Portuguese public universities. In addition, a lack of collaboration between the most prominent private sector enterprises and the private universities is also restrictive, and represents another comparative disadvantage between public and private higher education institutions.

1770: 590:(PISA), the average Portuguese 15-years old student was for many years underrated and underachieving in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge in the OECD, nearly tied with the Italian and just above countries like Greece, Turkey and Mexico. However, since 2010, PISA results for Portuguese students improved dramatically. 1242: 1928:(higher school). The change of status and the integration of some institutions in universities or in polytechnics, keeping the original names, meant that presently universities can include divisions named faculties, higher institutes or schools and polytechnic institutes can include either higher schools or higher institutes. 2655:

the private ones, the public system has a much older implantation, and for the other side it covers well the entire territory. There are also some students who simply desire and can afford to attend an elite private institution, even if they have availability to attend one of the largest or most renowned public institutions.

3742:, "O facto de cada instituição poder definir regras próprias de ingresso para os seus cursos é, no entender de Seabra Santos, mais um factor de «concorrência desqualificada e de nivelamento por baixo»: Uma escola de Engenharia, por exemplo, pode decidir que os seus estudantes não precisam de Matemática para entrar.", 537:, secondary and university education experienced the fastest growth of Portuguese education's history. After 1974 the number of basic and secondary schools as well as of higher education institutions, increased until the end of the century, sometimes without the necessary allocation of quality material and qualified 3086: 1617:

included in the regular progression of the education system. The recurrent education provides a second opportunity of qualification for those who did not undertake qualification at the normal age or who left school early. Recurrent education covers the three cycles of basic education and the secondary education.

1991:

parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).

2086:(implemented in 2006 - 2007), a political decision was taken to maintain the names of some older degrees, but with new significances. This still causes some confusion, especially in fields like engineering, medicine or law, in which the access to the respective professions was made through a pre-Bologna 3902:

Fernando Sobral: "Novas Oportunidades", como conceito, é uma vergonha. Vende a ideia de que as pessoas que passam a ferro, os caixas de lojas ou os executantes de milhares de tarefas indispensáveis à sociedade, são Zés Ninguém. Cria a noção de que se todos aderirem às "Novas Oportunidades", o sucesso

2640:

Without large endowments like those received, for example, by many of the US private universities and colleges, and with little tradition of excellence in the sector, the private higher education institutions of Portugal, with a few exceptions, do not have either the financial support or the academic

2636:

On the other side there are some people who prefer to attend private institutions because they don't trust in the public educational infrastructure they have near their residential area. This could be related with overcrowded classes, bad reputation, criminality levels, incidence of ethnic minorities

1603:

The average of grades obtained in all subjects (now including Physical Education) represents a part of the application grade to enter university. The other part is based on the grade of the specific exams that the university requests, which are related with the course the student is applying for. The

2611:

in Lisbon and Porto, or some private primary, basic and secondary schools, mainly located in the biggest cities), existing among them many religious or speciality institutions. Many of the best ranked secondary schools in the country are private schools, as well as some of the worst ranked secondary

1990:

Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen,

1910:

Private higher education institutions cannot operate if they are not recognized by the Ministry of Education. Access is regulated by the same procedures as those for state higher education institutions. The two systems of higher education (university and polytechnic) are linked and it is possible to

845:

3rd term - from the Monday right after Easter to the 2nd half of June / 1st half of July. The 1st years ending school are 9th, 11th and 12th, since they have National Exams (they end school usually 1 week earlier than 7th, 8th and 10th grades). Kids from 1st to 6th grade usually leave school 2 weeks

421:

Under Salazar the number of elementary schools grew from 7,000 in 1927 to 10,000 in 1940. While the illiteracy rate under the twenty years of the First Republic had only dropped a modest 9%, under Salazar in twenty years, the illiteracy rate dropped 21%, from 61,8% in 1930 to 40,4% in 1950. In 1940,

2654:

revolution of 1974, and some have today a great reputation. There are both public and private institutions considered of the highest standard and quality. However, a large majority of Portuguese students attend public schools, universities and colleges because it is considerably less expensive than

2073:

Portugal, like other European States, has conducted educational policies and reforms to accomplish these objectives. This include the reorganization of both university and polytechnic subsystems and the implementation of extensive legal and curricular changes. Since its field application in 2006 it

1657:

b) Initial professional education and qualification in the labour market (under the regulation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity through the Institute of Employment and Professional Qualification): - Apprenticeship system. The apprenticeship courses are part of an initial professional

1616:

All of these programmes offer initial professional and education qualification, although the recurrent studies also offer general education. Recurrent education consists of non-regular programmes of study or modular or single units because they are not complete qualification cycles and they are not

3839:

A Página da Educação, "Estas considerações surgem como necessárias à problematização e questionamento da bondade da muito propalada "Iniciativa Novas Oportunidades", nomeadamente no eixo de intervenção jovens. Se "fazer do nível secundário o patamar mínimo de qualificação para jovens e adultos" se

2855:

The failure of many private universities and other higher education institutions in providing higher education to students due to generalized lack of quality and rigour has also been a major problem - for several years those institutions were awarding degrees to thousands of people who were spread

2757:

is a progressive English speaking international secondary school, with an excellent exam result history, and VVIS International School Algarve reports that it has obtained a 100% academic success rate for the last four years for first attempt IGCSE examinations. Other private schools have obtained

433:

In 1952 a vast multi-pronged Plan for Popular Education was launched with the intent of finally extirpate illiteracy and put into school every child of school age. This plan included fines for parents who did not comply, and these were strictly enforced. By the late 1950s Portugal had succeeded in

1612:

There are also special modalities of school education. The programmes offered by professional schools, those of the apprenticeship system and those of recurrent studies are considered as a special modality of school education. These programmes are not regular, because they are not included in the

605:

in the late 2000s, and the subsequent IMF-EU financial assistance to the Portuguese Republic from 2011 onward, many universities and other higher education institutions suffered financially. Many were on verge of bankruptcy and were forced to increase its admissions and tuition fees as the budget

593:

The Portuguese Ministry of Education announced a 2010 report published by its office for educational evaluation GAVE (Gabinete de Avaliação do Ministério da Educação) which criticized the results of PISA 2009 report and claimed that the average Portuguese teenage student had profound handicaps in

2693:

in Portugal is not unique to public schools or the major urban centers. Public and private Portuguese schools have all experienced an increase in school violence. However, due to the general wealth and educational background of private school students' families and the increased private security

2619:

Among the best ranked public and private secondary schools are those of Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra. Schools from littoral areas are better ranked than schools from interior and less populated regions. The worst gap between internal school marks by course and the national examination marks is seen

2460:

In some cases, those entering polytechnics or nursing and health technologies schools, should have some previous professional qualification and preference will be given to applicants from the catchment area of the institution concerned. From the academic year 2005/2006 onwards, access rules have

1599:

At the end of 11th grade, students have national exams in the two specific subjects of their course. At the end of the 12th grade, the exams are in Portuguese language and the main subject of the course. The access to higher education is made through a national online process, where the students

1252:

It is only after the 9th year of basic schooling that the Portuguese General Education system branches out into different secondary programmes, a higher education-oriented (general secondary programmes), a work-oriented (technological secondary programmes) and an artistic-oriented programme. The

2267:

was not so much equivalent to the international master's degree, instead being more comparable to an intermediate graduate qualification between the Master's and the Doctor's degrees. Courses lasted from two to four semesters, including lectures and the preparation and discussion of an original

962:

At the end of each cycle, students take national evaluation exams for the subjects of Portuguese Language and Mathematics. Schools do not give (or sell) any books or materials; financial assistance is available for poorer families. The school books are chosen at school's level every four years.

1666:

of 1974, when many professional schools were administratively upgraded to higher education technical colleges and other were simply closed. This happened despite those professional schools have been generally regarded as reputed institutions with a record of very high standards in professional

958:

Children aged six by 15 September must be enrolled in their first school year in that calendar year. In addition, children who reach the age of six between 16 September and 31 December may be authorized to attend the first stage of education, provided a request is submitted by their parents or

935:

Access to Secondary Education is made through the Certificate of Basic Education. There are three types of programmes: general programmes, professional programmes, and artistic programmes, providing instruction in technical, technological, professional fields and in the Portuguese language and

2863:

Non-university intermediate professionals and skilled workers for the industry, agriculture, commerce and other services where needed. As more new public university institutions were founded or expanded, polytechnics didn't feel comfortable with their subaltern status in the Portuguese higher

2697:

Violence in Portuguese schools became an educational issue for the first time during the 1990s, mainly through the persistence of parental associations and teacher claims. The causes are diverse, ranging from poverty to psychological problems. Theft, random or systematic physical aggression,

2628:

concept, leading to easier entrance criteria and lower teaching standards. Some private institutions are known for making it easy for students to enter and also to get higher grades - as long as they pay. Others claim that the private systems could prevent a significant portion of Portugal's

1620:

The recurrent education is characterized by the flexibility and adaptability to the students’ learning cycle, availability, knowledge and experiences. The recurrent secondary education branches into two types of courses: the general course for those who want to continue their studies and the

1888:

and is recognized by the Portuguese State since 1971. The current public polytechnic subsystem was founded in the 1980s, but is an evolution of previous systems of higher professional education that existed before. So, although only integrated in the system in the 1980s, several polytechnic

1633:

The Portuguese educational/professional system is open. This means that once any student finishes his/her basic studies successfully he/she can choose, freely, any kind of course in any domain/area. Any secondary course completed successfully allows the student apply to any course of higher

2633:, who get automatically a place in those institutions also creates a big problem in terms of fairness, as some of these students can enter with very low grades excluding a portion of the Portuguese born students from studying in the public institutions and first choice courses they want. 2906:(the government headed by PM José Sócrates), created a policy of certification and equivalence of qualifications for adult people with low levels of formal education who want a 4th, 6th, 9th or 12th grade equivalence without returning to school (for example, through this process, called 2676:(2009), among others), and a general perception of many of those institutions as having a tendentially relaxed teaching style with less rigorous criteria, have contributed to their poor reputation which originated a state-run inspection of private higher education institutions in 2007. 1661:

In the mid-2000s, education policy was reorganised aiming more choice and better quality in professional technical education. Enhanced and improved technical education programs where implemented in 2007 in an effort to revitalize this sector which had been almost discontinued after the

2355:

is conferred by universities to those who have passed the Doctorate examinations and have defended a thesis, usually to pursue a teaching and researching career at university level. There is no fixed period to prepare for the Doctorate examinations. Candidates must hold a degree of

566:

has been adopted since 2006. However the higher-education rate in the country still remains the lowest in the European Union, this rate was around 7% in 2003 (Source: OECD (2003) Education at a Glance and OECD Statistical Compendium), and improved to 11% in 2007 - as compared to

344:(Portuguese Institute for National Statistics), only 3.7 million Portuguese workers (67% of the working active population) completed basic education (81% of the working population attained the lower basic level of education and 12% attained the intermediate level of education). 2868:, regarding issues like the lack of admission exams in mathematics for polytechnic engineering applicants, and the proliferation of administration and management courses everywhere, many without a proper curriculum in mathematics, statistics and economics-related disciplines. 3871:

SPN - Sindicato dos Professores do Norte, Direcção da Área de S. João da Madeira, "A ideia generosa das Novas Oportunidades a massificar-se e a ser aplicada sem condições materiais e humanas, o que a transformará num embuste estatístico para melhorar os índices educativos

834:

Each school year starts in mid September and ends in mid June. There are three holiday breaks during the year: Christmas break (2 weeks), Carnival break (3 days) and Easter break (2 weeks). The school year is divided in three terms, usually limited by the following dates:

1651:- The technical recurrent courses. In the secondary education, the recurrent studies branches into two different types of courses: the general courses and the technical courses. The latter are work-oriented, oriented to confer a level III professional certificate; 2860:. In the following decades after their creation in the 1970s and 1980s, the polytechnic institutions didn't assume their specific role as tertiary education professional schools, which were created to award practical diplomas in more technical or basic fields. 2555:, according to the issuing institution. Educators and basic and secondary education teachers, with practice in regular or special education, may obtain a qualification to teach in specialized education. Continuous qualification for teachers is offered in 1640:

a) Initial professional education and qualification in the education system (under the regulation of the Ministry of Education): - The technological secondary courses are work-oriented and confer qualification for specific jobs, which correspond to the

547:

also endeavored to increase the adult literacy rate. Though children often had high rates of literacy, many adults still could not read or write at the time. There is some evidence the government's measures to increase adult literacy were successful.

286:

Several reforms and reorganizations of the overall educational system were performed, including changes on the polytechnics competences, introduction of new exams in basic and secondary schools, and extensive changes in the curricula of all levels of

2026:

system, that began offering higher education in the 1980s after the former industrial and commercial schools were converted into engineering and administration higher education schools (so its origins could be traced back to some earlier

1204:

Sexual Education (depending on the schools, this class might be taught in different ways: for example, 1 session every 2 weeks; or one session every week that takes up the time from a different class from the pre-existing curriculum;

2477:

exam. The process consists of the general Portuguese exam, an interview to evaluate motivation and CV, and additional exams specific to each school and course, obligatorily written and oral. Candidates approved go through a separate

2879:

with lower educational standards and ambiguous academic integrity, was responsible for unnecessary and uneconomic allocation of resources with no adequate quality output in terms of both new highly qualified graduates and research.

1793:

or private. The university subsystem is intended to have a strong theoretical basis and to be highly research-oriented. The polytechnic subsystem is intended to provides a more practical qualification and is profession-oriented.

493:

From the 1960s, the country made public education available for all children between the ages of six and twelve, expanded a robust network of industrial and commercial technical schools aimed at intermediate education of future

2623:

Some Portuguese employers and families are of the opinion that the existence of private education institutions, where accessibility is based primarily on ability to pay, is not as fair as the public system and could gloom the

3944:

SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Education Database (note: As of February 27, 2012, the Global Education Database is no longer being maintained and its data and analytical tools are no longer available on the

3315: 1634:

education, independently of the domain the student chose in the secondary level of education. However, to ingress university each superior course requires specific exams correspondent to subjects of a knowledge domain.

273:

The Industrial Institutes were created in 1852. Discontinued the industrial professional studies policy, they will gave bird to some of the older schools and institutes that compose today's Polytechnic Institutes. Some

936:

culture. Permeability between the programmes is guaranteed. The teaching and practice of technical, technological or artistic programmes are provided by professional schools and special schools for education in Arts.

422:

the regime celebrated the fact that for the first time in Portuguese History, the majority of the population could read and write. Nevertheless Portugal's literacy rate by the 1940s and early 1950s was still low for

2579:

University: assistente estagiário (Licenciado); assistente (Mestre); professor auxiliar (Doutor); professor associado (Doutor and five years' service); professor catedrático (Agregação and three years' service).

891:

Pre-primary education is optional from the ages of three to five and is provided in both state-run and private kindergartens schools. State-run kindergartens provision is free of charge. The schools are known as

1976: 1613:

mainstream regular progression of the education system to which they are an alternative given that they were designed to respond to specific educational needs of different target-groups of the population.

3812: 2796:

is a non profit private Catholic School, founded 40 years ago in Funchal, with an excellent reputation. It offers the International Bacallaureate Diploma Programme and the Portuguese regular curriculum.

1962:. These specific institutions have generally a good reputation and are popular among the youngsters because its courses are a passport to the military/police career. These state-run institutions are the 2782:, opening in September 2017, offering a tutorial method of learning. Greene's accepts students from all over the world to study a wide range of A level subjects and for the Greene's Geoscience Diploma. 883:). The large majority of nurseries are private. Other nurseries are run by the Portuguese Social Security and are partly financed by the state. In these nurseries parents pay according to their income. 2052:

Area by 2010. It was an unusual process in that it was loosely structured and driven by the 45 countries participating in it in cooperation with a number of international organisations, including the

598:, as well as a low performance when asked to solve problems. They also claimed that those fallacies are not exclusive of Portugal but indeed occur in other countries due to the way PISA was designed. 3169: 410:

Although the militants of the First Republic had chosen education as one of their banner causes, the evidence shows that the more democratic First Republic was less successful than the authoritarian

2074:

has been widely contested by students (many lost an academic year with the change), and several universities had disrepute the concept by introducing integrated master's degrees in several courses.

2069:

the European Higher Education Area provides Europe with a broad, high quality and advanced knowledge base, and ensures the further development of Europe as a stable, peaceful and tolerant community.

3224: 2705:

revolution of 1974 the occurrence of violent situations reached the highest point. This was a politically socialized and framed violence, quite different from the kind of violence found today.

407:

rate was over 80 percent and higher education was reserved for a small percentage of the population. 68.1 percent of Portugal's population was still classified as illiterate by the 1930 census.

3626: 414:

in expanding elementary education. Under the First Republic, literacy levels in children aged 7 to 14 registered a modest increase from 26 per cent in 1911 to 33 per cent in 1930. Under the

388: 262: 2805:

Education has been a subject of controversy in Portugal due to a number of erratic policies and the state of flux it has experienced by several long periods, particularly between the

3312: 2031:

schools of the 19th century). It is composed of fifteen state-run polytechnic institutes, public and private non-integrated polytechnic institutions, and other similar institutions.

1924:(higher institute). When the present polytechnic system was created in the early 1980s, the standard designation adopted for the divisions of the polytechnic institutes was that of 2979: 3587: 3390: 4191: 306:

until the age of 18, when students usually complete their year 12. However, only one of those requirements is necessary. The education is regulated by the State through the

2396:

degree. It requires the capacity to undertake high level research and special pedagogical competence in a specific field. It is awarded after passing specific examinations.

3520: 850:

After the end of the 3rd term, there are national exams during June and July for students in 9th, 11th and 12th years, and measurement exams in 2nd, 5th and 8th years.

2759: 1604:

average of both averages is the application grade to university. That number is between zero and 20; the higher it is, the better the chance to enter the university.

3057: 2629:

population from being able to attend these schools that is also unfair. The quotas imposed on public education institutions to create room for students from former

2364:(if their grade average is equal or higher than 16/20) (or a legally equivalent qualification) and have competences and merit that are recognized by the university. 1983:

Over 35% of university-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the

1645:

level III of professional qualifications. There are eleven technological courses in the domain of natural sciences, arts, social-economic sciences and humanities;

1637:

In Portugal, initial professional education and qualification can be divided into two main modalities according to the Ministry responsible for the qualification:

587: 348: 4778: 2929: 1936: 2856:

into the economically active population. Some higher education institutions, in particular from the private and polytechnic sector, have been regarded as true

969:

At State-run schools, 1st Cycle students and kindergarten students get free mid-morning or mid-afternoon snacks, generally consisting of a 20 cl milk carton.

3340: 271:

Two Polytechnic Schools were originally created in 1837 in Lisbon and Porto, and were later merged into the Universities of Lisbon and Porto created in 1911.

3494: 3179: 2428:), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. 2413:

exams. An extraordinary exam process is available to anyone aged 23 or older. Admission to private institutions is at the total discretion of each school.

3781: 3531: 1209:(*) In the 9th year the student has to choose between Visual Education, Technological Education, Music and Drama, according to the school's availability. 3895: 3236: 1891: 2953: 2607:

Private Basic and Secondary schools and also private higher education institutions do exist in Portugal and are sometimes elite institutions (like the

2090:

but are not accessible by a post-Bologna degree of the same name. In ascending order of importance, the academic degrees and other qualifications are:

4011: 2440:, but they are not required to have previously specialised in any specific area at the secondary school. Students sit for one or more entrance exams, 2263:

Pre-Bologna: advanced degree in a specific scientific field, indicating capacity for conducting practical research. The name caused confusion, as the

1897: 3269:

Candeias, António (2004). Alfabetização e Escola em Portugal nos SÈculos XIX e XX. Os Censos e as Estatísticas (Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian)

4705: 3634: 2613: 2490: 351:(PISA) 2018, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, near above the 3363: 2832:(48% functional illiterates in Portugal, among the adult population; all over U.S.A. 30 million (14% of adults) are functionally illiterate) and 2771: 2066:

the attractiveness of European higher education is increased so many people from non-European countries also come to study and/or work in Europe;

955:

In Portugal, Basic Education consists of nine years of schooling divided into three sequential cycles of education of four, two and three years.

3762: 4675: 2063:

it is easy to move from one country to the other (within the European Higher Education Area) – for the purpose of further study or employment;

1385:

Optional subjects - 12th year - Art Atelier, Multimedia Atelier, Materials and Technologies, Psychology, Philosophy A or others (two of these)

932:- public, private or cooperative - is compulsory since the school year of 2012/2013 and consists of a three-year cycle after basic education. 434:

pulling itself out of the educational abyss in which it had long found itself: illiteracy among children of school age virtually disappeared.

4440: 3440: 2701:

However, it must be said that this was not the first time that violence appeared in Portuguese schools as a significant situation. After the

1903: 1754: 4126: 3939: 3561: 4906: 4378: 4337: 3873: 579:, Spain's and Ireland's 28%; or Belgium's, Netherlands', Denmark's, Finland's, Cyprus's and UK's, over 30% (Source: EuroStat, March 2007). 4206: 4181: 4141: 266: 3948: 4836: 4491: 4435: 3422: 2608: 3778: 3279:

Gomes, Isabel Pereira; Amorim, José Pedro; Correia, José Alberto; Menezes, Isabel (27 May 2015). Loff, Manuel; Menezes, Isabel (eds.).

3135: 2562:

The government as passed a law (February/2007) that makes a teacher to have also a " mestre " degree in Basic and Secondary Education.

2535:

The government as passed a law (February/2007) that makes a teacher to have also a " mestre " degree in Basic and Secondary Education.

4731: 4509: 4024: 2612:

schools. This secondary schools ranking has been released every year in Portugal, and is based on the student's average grades in the

2469:

Even without a complete secondary school education, anyone 23 or above can apply to state-run higher learning institution through the

2448:

for private institutions. In addition to passing entrance exams, students must fulfil particular prerequisites for the chosen course.

226: 3438:

MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA E ENSINO SUPERIOR, Decreto-Lei nº 74/2006 de 24 de Março, Artigo 29º - Atribuição do grau de doutor

4771: 2287:) in a university. Students have to present their public thesis defense in order to be awarded the degree. Many of the post-Bologna 293:

lead to a new wave of reforms and changes in education since the late 1990s onwards, specially in the universities and polytechnics.

3739: 3151: 1217: 858: 3323: 3005: 2576:

Teachers at this level receive no formal professional qualification, but minimum qualifications are laid down for each category.

307: 2620:

among private schools, with higher grades attributed by the school to students who perform poorly in the national examinations.

2583:

Polytechnics: assistente (Licenciado); professor adjunto (Mestre or DESE); professor coordenador (Doutor and 3-years' service).

5145: 5043: 4856: 4347: 3535: 3031: 2699: 1873: 1789:, in polytechnic institutes and in separate university or polytechnic schools. The previous institutions can be either public, 52: 3842: 5166: 5104: 4881: 4519: 4041: 3706: 602: 503: 330: 279: 928:(3rd Cycle). Children are required to do two exams at the end of the third stage: Portuguese and Maths. Secondary Education 4393: 4352: 4317: 4226: 4004: 1229: 900:). Most international schools offer an international approach to pre-primary learning and follow a curriculum such as the 418:, literacy levels in children aged 7 to 14 increased to 56 per cent in 1940, 77 per cent in 1950 and 97 per cent in 1960. 2283:

complemented with one or two extra years in a polytechnic or university; or, in some cases, a 5- to 6-year joint degree (

5119: 5071: 4968: 4963: 4764: 4700: 4543: 4481: 4267: 4262: 2919: 2887:

teachers from all the country in the capital city of Lisbon (March 8), criticizing the Portuguese Minister of Education

2754: 2000: 1963: 1697: 1676: 563: 284:

The Polytechnic Institutes were created during the 1970s and 1980s as groups of new and existing institutes and schools.

222: 3087:"População residente com 15 e mais anos segundo os Censos: total e por nível de escolaridade completo mais elevado (%)" 4685: 4413: 4327: 4221: 4136: 4121: 3940:

Funding higher education in Portugal: between State and market, Educ. Soc. vol.25 no.88 special, Campinas October 2004

2924: 2767: 2727:

provides a safety program to 11 thousand schools, it involves 600 police officers a day, 300 cars and 160 motorbikes.

2637:

generally considered problematic, lack of quality teaching staff or bad infrastructures in that specific institution.

1967: 1773:

Higher School of Education of the Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, one of the many polytechnics created in the 1980s.

916:

lasts for nine years divided into three stages of four, two and three years respectively. The stages are respectively

901: 3681: 842:

2nd term - from the first Monday of January (after January 1, which is a National Holiday) to two weeks before Easter

4928: 4342: 4312: 4196: 4166: 3796: 2672: 2571: 1920:(faculty). In the early 20th century, some higher education schools not integrated in universities were designated 1704: 3337: 977: 552: 4332: 4272: 4246: 4216: 4211: 3498: 2888: 2666: 966:

1st Cycle State-run schools are owned by the municipalities; all other State-run schools are owned by the State.

5076: 2451:

Enrollment is limited; each year the institution establishes the number of places available. This is called the

5081: 5028: 4615: 4580: 4560: 4418: 4383: 4131: 3997: 2416:

Every higher education institution has also a number of other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen,

2126: 515: 3888: 2763: 3391:"Ranking Escolas 2020. Médias subiram e colégios ocupam os primeiros lugares. Veja aqui o Top 10 (com áudio)" 875:

Children from four months (the usual maternity leave) until they are three years old may frequent a nursery (

4998: 4958: 4938: 4918: 4821: 4643: 4590: 4565: 4471: 4430: 4423: 4236: 2934: 1971: 1745:

Instituto Superior Técnico, the largest and most prestigious school of engineering in Portugal built in 1937

5129: 5061: 2251:

was not traditional in Portugal, only being introduced in the 1980s, as an intermediate degree between the

5109: 4933: 4670: 4398: 4231: 4176: 4171: 4151: 2883:

In March 2008, a mega-protest hit many Portuguese cities along the country, joining over 85,000 basic and

2876: 2698:

bullying, destruction of school or teachers properties are realities which become current in many schools.

2494: 2417: 2028: 2023: 1833:

or health care technician degrees are only offered in the polytechnic system. The other fields, including

1782: 1400: 1195: 519: 329:, were created in the 13th century, and the national higher education system is fully integrated into the 2268:

dissertation. It was only accessible to those who had obtained a grade average of 14/20 or higher in the

1365:

Optional subjects - 12th year - Economics, Geography, Sociology, Psychology, Law or others (two of these)

5114: 5013: 5008: 4841: 4665: 4595: 4529: 4445: 4403: 4388: 4300: 4277: 4156: 3656: 2829: 2775: 2748: 2059:

The reform aim was to create by 2010 a higher education system in Europe, organised in such a way that:

1865: 1830: 1734: 1323: 1085: 943:(Secondary School Credential/Diploma), which is the prerequisite for access to higher education through 376: 326: 322: 246: 5099: 3766: 3367: 1494: 1272:

Catholic (or other confessions) Moral and Religious Education (10th, 11th and 12th years - facultative)

551:

Education more than basic (4th or 6th grade) wasn't affordable for most Portuguese families, the real

5038: 4988: 4948: 4901: 4896: 4886: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4846: 4831: 4826: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4690: 4600: 4366: 4241: 3743: 3349: 3174: 2806: 2660: 2405:

Admission to state-run higher education level studies requires either a secondary school credential,

2304: 2098: 2016: 1786: 1663: 1498: 1299: 534: 523: 303: 2836:

rates (7.5% = ~ 800,000 illiterates) - a quite mediocre statistical record when compared with other

5124: 5066: 5033: 5023: 5003: 4993: 4978: 4973: 4953: 4923: 4891: 4876: 4851: 4787: 4724: 4635: 4610: 4585: 4524: 4499: 4459: 4116: 4110: 4032: 2837: 2821: 2630: 2592: 2153: 2012: 1869: 1158: 998: 392: 341: 240: 201: 81: 3437: 2896: 1889:

institutions are much older, some having their origins back to the 19th century (examples are the

340:

rate of the Portuguese population is 99.44 (99.48% male, 99.38% female, aged 15–24). According to

5018: 4943: 4913: 4653: 4648: 4575: 4504: 4486: 4099: 3980: 2980:"OE 2024: Orçamento de cinco instituições de ensino superior cresce mais de 20% com nova fórmula" 2644:

Traditionally, public system's institutions are regarded in general as having higher quality and

1915: 1914:

Traditionally, the Portuguese universities were organized in autonomous schools, each designated

1024: 527: 275: 211: 2547:

degree and follow courses that last for between four and six years. Studies are sanctioned by a

2240: 1944: 17: 3058:"Alunos matriculados nos ensinos pré-escolar, básico e secundário: total e por nível de ensino" 1741: 4740: 4695: 4680: 4625: 4605: 4555: 4476: 4322: 4146: 3581: 2865: 2514: 2425: 2053: 1881: 1154: 507: 380: 258: 221:

The Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Science covers all education levels including

3419: 2871:

According to studies and reports, in the 1990s and 2000s, a fast growth and proliferation of

2011:

system, which is the oldest, has its origins in the 13th century. It is composed of thirteen

4620: 4104: 3759: 3292: 2884: 2825: 2049: 1806: 1586: 1505: 1246: 1141: 1133: 1080: 1016: 826:

Students must turn 6 years old by the end of the civil year of entry in 1st year of school.

511: 3601: 3482:

ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL, European Federation of National Engineering Associations

2473:(extraordinary exam to assess the capacity to enter higher-level studies), also called the 2436:

Students must have studied the subjects for which they are entering to be prepared for the

2319:

are qualifications but not academic degrees, so their holders keep their previous degrees.

1667:

education across the decades they were supplying the technical labor needs of the country.

4745: 4658: 4514: 4408: 3984: 3899: 3800: 3444: 3426: 3344: 3319: 3280: 2810: 2690: 2685: 2453: 2083: 2041: 1932: 1145: 1137: 1029: 559: 538: 495: 290: 236: 108: 36: 3934: 3924: 2223:

Post-Bologna: three-year course in a university or polytechnic. Many of the post-Bologna

1362:

Specific subjects - 10th and 11th years - Economics, History B, Geography (two of these)

1051: 4186: 2872: 2645: 2498: 2197: 1642: 1379: 1222: 982: 637: 427: 315: 3481: 5160: 4161: 3495:"OECD-Portugal International Conference Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society" 3225:"Alfabetização e escola em Portugal no século XX: Censos Nacionais e estudos de caso" 2845: 2373: 1322:

Specific subjects - 10th and 11th years - Geography A, Foreign Language II (or III),

897: 423: 384: 261:, the Portuguese founded in 1792 the oldest engineering school of Latin America (the 4201: 3846: 2857: 2849: 2817: 2217: 1405: 670: 311: 3763:

Ensino superior cresceu nas instituições menos procuradas e com médias mais baixas

3714: 3203:"Can Autocracy Promote Literacy? Evidence from a Cultural Alignment Success Story" 3202: 2658:

A number of scandals and affairs involving private higher education institutions (

1729: 245:

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest such institution, the

4059: 4049: 2702: 2650: 2625: 2208:, meaning dual-stage licentiate program) or university. Many of the pre-Bologna 1850: 1834: 1749: 1493:

Every year secondary school rankings are divulged by several newspapers such as

1478: 1474: 1410: 1089: 1006: 372: 3170:"E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática" 1378:

Specific subjects - 10th and 11th years - Descriptive Geometry, Mathematics B,

4094: 4084: 3929: 3281:"The Portuguese Literacy Campaigns After the Carnation Revolution (1974-1977)" 2833: 2502: 2471:

Exame Extraordinário de Avaliação de Capacidade para Acesso ao Ensino Superior

2421: 2008: 1858: 1842: 1838: 1818: 1814: 1778: 1423: 1342: 1306: 1263: 506:

in 1971, and by 1973 a wave of new state-run universities were founded across

404: 3296: 941:

Certificado de Habilitações do Ensino Secundário/Diploma de Ensino Secundário

4089: 4069: 4064: 3875:, SPN - Sindicato dos Professores do Norte (Teachers' Union of Norte Region) 2778:

and Vilamoura International School. The latest addition to this set, is the

2694:

measures adopted, private schools generally have a lower level of violence.

2340: 1948: 1846: 1826: 1810: 1790: 1431: 1415: 1346: 1334: 1168: 2424:, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions ( 1201:

Catholic (or other confessions) Moral and Religious Education (facultative)

1108:

Catholic (or other confessions) Moral and Religious Education (facultative)

3949:

NATIONAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BOLOGNA PROCESS (AUGUST 2003)

3627:"Violence Prevention in School Using the Internet: A European Perspective" 2747:

region. These places have a large number of settled foreign families from

4291: 4074: 4054: 4020: 3562:"Encerramento: Ministério vai averiguar a base de dados das instituições" 3155: 2384:

is a qualification but not an academic degree, so their holders keep the

2200:

or master's degree with a four- to six-year course in a university, or a

2173: 2015:, one public university institute, a public open university, and several 1955: 1885: 1798: 572: 568: 544: 364: 337: 319: 232: 3793: 3322:, GAVE (Gabinete de Avaliação do Ministério da Educação) 2010 report in 2899:) and her new policies, including a new system of teacher's evaluation. 2735:

There are some foreign international schools in Portugal, especially in

2744: 1868:

founded in 1290, and the biggest by number of enrolled students is the

1822: 1295: 1291: 1163: 863: 576: 254: 4756: 3457: 3136:

Alunos portugueses pela primeira vez "perto da média" - relatório PISA

1769: 1305:

Optional subjects - 12th year - Biology, Geology, Physics, Chemistry,

839:

1st term - from 15–21 September to the end of the 2nd week of December

3139: 2954:"OE2024: Ensino básico e secundário com aumento de quase 400 milhões" 2841: 2736: 2045: 1959: 1954:

There are also special higher education institutions linked with the

1854: 1707:

and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

1573: 1395: 1234: 1096: 368: 250: 3989: 3112: 1241: 862:

Children and educators from the Santa Clara Community kindergarten,

3313:

Estudo do ministério aponta graves problemas aos alunos portugueses

2311:(Specialization) - Academic title: No specific academic title. The 1349:, Political Sciences, Anthropology, Greek, or others (two of these) 4079: 2793: 2740: 2709: 2204:

complemented with one or two extra years in a polytechnic (called

2118: 1931:

After the mid-2000s, with the approval of new legislation and the

1777:

Higher education in Portugal is divided into two main subsystems:

1768: 1748: 1740: 1728: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1338: 1309:, Informatic Applications B, Philosophy A or others (two of these) 1228: 1216: 1189: 1185: 1056: 1050: 976: 857: 595: 383:, the Portuguese founded in 1792 the oldest engineering school of 3420:

A candidatura ao ensino superior politécnico: Escolha ou recurso?

2168:

in some fields could also have specific professional titles like

2113:

in some fields could also have specific profissional titles like

3959: 3953: 3568:(in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 2437: 2410: 1984: 1469: 944: 583: 352: 4760: 3993: 3978:

Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education

3930:

Euroeducation.net - Structure of Educational System in Portugal

606:

dwindled and the staff members and bonuses were being reduced.

3209:. Economics Discussion Paper Series. University of Manchester. 2790:

There is one international school in Madeira Island Portugal.

2520:

Qualification of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers

2272:

course. Those with less than 14/20 may also be eligible for a

1802: 1680: 1330: 846:

after years 7, 8 and 10; and 3 weeks after years 9, 11 and 12.

2392:

This is the highest qualification reserved to holders of the

1042:

Foreign Languages (usually only available in private schools)

1039:

Catholic (or other confessions) Moral and Religious Education

2648:, but private institutions have developed quickly after the 2482:

or enroll directly at the discretion of the school's board.

1977:

Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna

3843:"As "novas oportunidades" e a "democratização segregativa"" 3740:"Ausência de regras favorece a concorrência desqualificada" 3364:"Direção-Geral de Inovação e de Desenvolvimento Curricular" 3006:"Taxa de analfabetismo segundo os Censos: total e por sexo" 2786:

Portuguese international school in Madeira Island, Portugal

2409:, given after passing twelve study years, and the required 278:

of Lisbon's universities also originated from the original

3758:

Prof. Manuel Caldeira Cabral, Economics Department, EEG -

3032:"Alunos matriculados no ensino superior: total e por sexo" 2276:

course after analysis of the curriculum by the university.

1198:/ an alternative of the school (only in 7th and 8th years) 3972: 2591:

At present, distance higher education is provided by the

3218: 3216: 2779: 1630:

c) technical / technological / practical / professional

1600:

enter the university by priority based on their grades.

1359:

Main subject - 10th, 11th and 12th years - Mathematics A

1287:

Main subject - 10th, 11th and 12th years - Mathematics A

2227:

programmes resulted from the conversion of pre-Bologna

1326:, Math Applied to Social Sciences, Latin (two of these) 3977: 1861:

are found both in university and polytechnic systems.

391:), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (the 265:), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (the 2758:

world-renowned status, including schools such as the

2524:

Teachers of basic education attend 4-year courses in

2291:

programs resulted from the conversion of pre-Bologna

2180:(architect). Popularly but incorrectly, holders of a 1055:

André Soares Basic School of the 2nd and 3rd Cycles,

2323:

Usually one year of specific study for holders of a

1939:, is able to award a first cycle of study, known as 1375:

Main subject - 10th, 11th and 12th years - Drawing A

1319:

Main subject - 10th, 11th and 12th years - History A

799: 666: 633: 355:'s average. Although, with a sharp downwards trend. 257:. Historically, within the scope of the now defunct 5138: 5090: 5052: 4794: 4634: 4542: 4458: 4365: 4299: 4255: 4192:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

4040: 4031: 2708:In May 2006, a television program was broadcast in 530:was the Minister in charge for education by then). 389:

Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho

263:

Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho

210: 200: 195: 187: 179: 171: 163: 158: 150: 142: 134: 129: 95: 87: 77: 72: 64: 59: 48: 43: 2816:There has been also concerns related to the large 1937:polytechnic or university institution of Portugal 3586:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2760:Carlucci American International School of Lisbon 2133:Pre-Bologna: three-year course in a polytechnic. 2048:reform process aimed at establishing a European 1785:. It is provided in autonomous universities, in 2616:which are used for higher education admission. 2216:programs. Students had to present their public 1257:Portuguese Language (10th, 11th and 12th years) 703:1st Cycle / Primary School / Primary Education 377:Portuguese universities have existed since 1290 3338:Universidades sem dinheiro para pagar salários 2136:Post-Bologna: no longer used. Many of the old 1260:Physical Education (10th, 11th and 12th years) 588:Programme for International Student Assessment 349:Programme for International Student Assessment 4772: 4005: 2930:List of universities and colleges in Portugal 700:1º Ciclo / Escola Primária / Ensino Primário 8: 3152:"Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE" 3081: 3079: 2776:Prime School Trilingual International School 2762:(CAISL), VVIS International School Algarve, 2543:Teachers of secondary education must hold a 403:However, by the end of the 19th century the 29: 3925:Education in Portugal - country-studies.com 3859:, A Página da Educação (education magazine) 3223:Candeias, António; Simoes, Eduarda (1999). 3128: 3126: 2553:Licenciatura - Ramo de Formação Educacional 1821:are only offered in the university system. 4779: 4765: 4757: 4548: 4464: 4371: 4305: 4037: 4012: 3998: 3990: 3285:JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education 2828:systems), and the high multi generational 2566:Qualification of higher education teachers 2539:Qualification of secondary school teachers 2220:defense in order to be awarded the degree. 2140:programmes were converted in post-Bologna 1892:Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa 1290:Specific subjects - 10th and 11th years - 436: 2751:. In general, they have good reputation. 2731:Foreign international schools in Portugal 1898:Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto 1884:status), was instituted by decree of the 2212:programs were converted in post-Bologna 1686: 1510: 1302:, Physics and Chemistry A (two of these) 1240: 706: 613: 3794::: Guia de Acesso ao Secundário :: 2945: 594:terms of expression, communication and 3960:JVCosta - Higher Education in Portugal 3579: 3201:Reis, Jaime; Palma, Nuno (May 2021) . 1951:are only awarded by the universities. 1512:Secondary school rankings in Portugal 1269:Foreign Language (10th and 11th years) 318:at all levels of education. The first 28: 3935:country-data.com Portugal - EDUCATION 3257: 2491:Exames Nacionais do Ensino Secundário 1943:plus a second cycle which confer the 1755:University of Coimbra General Library 1583:Colégio de Nossa Senhora da Assunção 7: 3920:(4th ed.). A Esfera dos Livros. 3458:"XXII Governo- República Portuguesa" 1504:As of 2020 the ranking according to 2528:or at the universities to obtain a 1245:Colégio Nossa Senhora da Assunção, 1221:Diogo de Gouveia Secondary School, 3389:Romeira, Almerinda (21 May 2021). 1904:Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra 1696:appears to contradict the article 227:Science and technology in Portugal 25: 3560:Diana Ramos (30 September 2007). 2772:St Dominic's International School 1531:Colégio Nossa Senhora do Rosário 1233:Daniel Sampaio Secondary School, 1182:Technological Education (Crafts)* 1074:History and Geography of Portugal 939:Programmes are sanctioned by the 4290: 3973:Portuguese Ministry of Education 3893:: Um conceito que é uma vergonha 2986:(in Portuguese). 31 October 2023 2960:(in Portuguese). 10 October 2023 2609:Universidade Católica Portuguesa 2432:With secondary school credential 1872:with about 28,000 students. The 1685: 1329:Optional subjects - 12th year - 603:Portuguese sovereign debt crisis 60:National education budget (2024) 35: 18:History of education in Portugal 4182:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 3178:(in Portuguese). Archived from 2714:Quando a violência vai à escola 2036:The Bologna process in Portugal 1874:Catholic University of Portugal 1797:Degrees in some fields such as 1608:Other types of school education 1450:Specialized Artistic Programmes 1436:Environment and Territory Order 1179:Visual Education (Visual arts)* 981:Basic School of the 1st Cycle, 3602:"Polícia de Segurança Pública" 3521:"Ranking SIC das Escolas 2007" 2526:Escolas Superiores de Educação 2196:Pre-Bologna: equivalent to an 504:Portuguese Catholic University 331:European Higher Education Area 280:Instituto Industrial de Lisboa 267:Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa 1: 2082:When Portugal adhered to the 1864:The oldest university is the 239:related, including the first 3235:(1): 163–194. Archived from 2920:Higher education in Portugal 2755:Aljezur International School 2557:Centros de Formação Continua 2420:, foreign students from the 2407:Diploma de Ensino Secundário 2184:were generically treated as 1761:(New Building, 1962) in the 1698:Higher education in Portugal 1677:Higher education in Portugal 1624:a) general / socio-cultural 553:democratization of education 545:The revolutionary government 3631:www.bullying-in-school.info 2925:List of schools in Portugal 2904:XVII Governo Constitucional 2893:XVII Governo Constitucional 2768:Oeiras International School 2444:for public institutions or 2105:(Bachelour), abbreviation: 2001:systems of higher education 1176:Citizenship and Development 1129:English (levels 3, 4 and 5) 990:1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years 945:national access examination 902:International Baccalaureate 533:From the 1960s to the 1974 371:was the main player in the 367:nationality, the Christian 249:, was first established in 121:1970s - 1980s (established) 5183: 2877:polytechnical institutions 2683: 2673:Universidade Internacional 2572:Academic ranks in Portugal 2569: 2512: 2465:Extraordinary exam process 2160:(Licensee), abbreviation: 2019:and university institutes. 1995:University and polytechnic 1674: 1595:Access to higher education 1544:Colégio D. Diogo de Sousa 1380:History of Culture and Art 575:'s around 16%; Germany's, 379:. Within the scope of the 113:12th century (established) 4718: 4551: 4467: 4374: 4308: 4288: 3661:www.portugaldiario.iol.pt 2889:Maria de Lurdes Rodrigues 2667:Universidade Independente 2485:As what happens with the 1627:b) specific / scientific 1557:Grande Colégio Universal 1489:Secondary school rankings 1341:, Geography, Psychology, 1314:Social and Human Sciences 1282:Sciences and Technologies 1095:Technological Education ( 768: 745: 699: 622: 363:In the beginnings of the 220: 34: 4492:Exclusive Economic Zone 4379:Administrative divisions 3484:, accessed December 2006 3462:Agenda do Trabalho Digno 3447:, accessed December 2006 3443:17 February 2007 at the 3418:Cláudia Valadas Urbano, 3397:(in European Portuguese) 3297:10.2390/JSSE-V14-I2-1418 2873:private higher education 2780:Greenes Tutorial College 2380:(Professor Doctor). The 2127:engineering technologist 1077:English (levels 1 and 2) 516:New University of Lisbon 104:Polytechnical Institutes 4207:Constitutional monarchy 3898:24 October 2007 at the 3799:3 February 2011 at the 2935:Open access in Portugal 2743:areas, and also in the 2587:Non-traditional studies 2495:polytechnic institution 2188:(doctor), abbreviated: 1390:Professional Programmes 1354:Socio-Economic Sciences 1012:Enrichment Activities: 430:standards at the time. 310:. There is a system of 4837:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4510:Science and technology 4177:1761 Lisbon earthquake 4172:1755 Lisbon earthquake 2418:international students 2206:licenciatura bietápica 2029:professional education 1999:Portugal has two main 1774: 1766: 1746: 1738: 1703:Please discuss at the 1249: 1238: 1226: 1118:7th, 8th and 9th years 1059: 986: 867: 212:Post-secondary diploma 5167:Education in Portugal 4212:Republican Revolution 4157:Treaty of Tordesillas 4142:Portuguese golden age 4127:1383–1385 interregnum 3813:"Governo de portugal" 3343:16 April 2009 at the 2830:functional illiteracy 2820:rates (mostly in the 2749:high income countries 2614:National Examinations 2570:Further information: 1866:University of Coimbra 1831:accounting technician 1787:university institutes 1772: 1757:main building – 1752: 1744: 1737:is Portugal's oldest. 1735:University of Coimbra 1733:Founded in 1290, the 1732: 1324:Portuguese Literature 1266:(10th and 11th years) 1244: 1232: 1220: 1054: 980: 861: 854:Pre-primary education 399:19th and 20th century 327:University of Coimbra 323:medieval universities 308:Ministry of Education 300:Education in Portugal 247:University of Coimbra 106:Major reorganizations 102:Industrial Institutes 44:Ministry of Education 30:Education in Portugal 4788:Education in Europe 4706:World Heritage Sites 4242:Carnation Revolution 3983:22 July 2005 at the 3954:Engenharia do Séc.XX 3918:História de Portugal 3686:www.setubalnarede.pt 3425:16 July 2011 at the 3370:on 29 September 2009 2941:Notes and references 2809:coup of 1974 to the 2807:carnation revolution 2661:Universidade Moderna 2549:Licenciado em Ensino 2376:) - Academic title: 2343:) - Academic title: 2243:) - Academic title: 2156:) - Academic title: 2101:) - Academic title: 2017:private universities 1664:Carnation Revolution 1570:Colégio de S. Tomás 1523:Location (district) 1401:Architect Technician 1300:Descriptive Geometry 1113:3º Ciclo - 3rd Cycle 1047:2º Ciclo - 2nd Cycle 973:1º Ciclo - 1st Cycle 908:Pre-higher education 830:School year calendar 634:Infantário / Creche 535:Carnation Revolution 524:University of Aveiro 243:established in 1290. 5053:States with limited 4117:Kingdom of Portugal 4111:Manifestis Probatum 3916:Ramos, Rui (2010). 3889:Fernando Sobral in 3682:"Account Suspended" 3637:on 25 February 2012 3318:10 May 2011 at the 3229:Análise Psicológica 3182:on 13 December 2018 3119:. 27 November 2016. 2908:Novas Oportunidades 2838:developed countries 2631:Portuguese colonies 2593:Universidade Aberta 2499:private institution 2164:. The holders of a 2109:. The holders of a 2078:Degree significance 2013:public universities 1870:University of Porto 1513: 1213:Secondary education 1148:(levels 1, 2 and 3) 1123:Portuguese Language 1068:Portuguese Language 999:Portuguese Language 930:(Ensino Secundário) 894:Jardins de Infância 803:Secondary Education 667:Jardim de Infância 520:University of Évora 466:Children aged 7–14 393:Goa Medical College 241:medieval university 100:Polytechnic Schools 31: 4520:Telecommunications 4197:Liberal Revolution 4100:County of Portugal 3891:Jornal de Negócios 3887:António Figueira, 3849:on 26 October 2007 3746:(February 2, 2009) 3501:on 23 October 2008 3395:O Jornal Económico 2764:St Julian's School 2603:Private vs. public 2285:Mestrado Integrado 2123:engenheiro técnico 1922:instituto superior 1775: 1767: 1763:Alta Universitária 1747: 1739: 1511: 1406:Civil Construction 1277:General Programmes 1250: 1239: 1227: 1173:Physical Education 1102:Physical Education 1060: 1025:Physical Education 1021:Artistic Education 994:General subjects: 987: 868: 610:Years of schooling 502:), recognized the 125:2007 (established) 115:1290 (established) 98:University Schools 53:Fernando Alexandre 5154: 5153: 4754: 4753: 4714: 4713: 4538: 4537: 4454: 4453: 4441:Political parties 4394:Foreign relations 4361: 4360: 4323:Iberian Peninsula 4286: 4285: 4132:Treaty of Windsor 3769:(January 8, 2007) 3744:Diário de Coimbra 3738:Andrea Trindade, 3231:(in Portuguese). 3154:(in Portuguese). 2902:In addition, the 2515:Teacher education 2509:Teacher education 2487:Concurso Nacional 2442:Concurso nacional 2426:academic transfer 2154:Licenciate degree 2099:Bachelor's degree 2054:Council of Europe 1964:Air Force Academy 1722: 1721: 1592: 1591: 1063:5th and 6th years 1003:Environment Study 824: 823: 800:Ensino Secundário 582:According to the 508:mainland Portugal 491: 490: 381:Portuguese Empire 347:According to the 297: 296: 259:Portuguese Empire 253:before moving to 202:Secondary diploma 78:Primary languages 16:(Redirected from 5174: 5091:Dependencies and 4795:Sovereign states 4781: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4734: 4727: 4549: 4495: 4482:Economic history 4465: 4372: 4306: 4294: 4105:Treaty of Zamora 4038: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3991: 3921: 3904: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3845:. Archived from 3838: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3809: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3760:Minho University 3757: 3753: 3747: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717:on 4 August 2008 3713:. Archived from 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3633:. Archived from 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3566:Correio da Manhã 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3534:. Archived from 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3497:. Archived from 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3366:. Archived from 3360: 3354: 3353:(April 13, 2009) 3336: 3332: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2885:secondary school 2826:higher education 2378:Professor Doutor 2050:Higher Education 1968:Military Academy 1807:natural sciences 1717: 1714: 1708: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1671:Higher education 1514: 1442:Social Animation 1420:Equipment Design 1151:Natural Sciences 1134:Foreign language 1086:Visual Education 1081:Natural Sciences 1017:English Language 924:(2nd Cycle) and 912:Basic Education 614: 564:higher education 512:Minho University 437: 428:Western European 312:public education 223:higher education 39: 32: 21: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5134: 5092: 5086: 5072:Northern Cyprus 5054: 5048: 4969:North Macedonia 4790: 4785: 4755: 4750: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4710: 4686:Public holidays 4630: 4534: 4493: 4450: 4414:Law enforcement 4357: 4295: 4282: 4251: 4167:Restoration War 4027: 4018: 3985:Wayback Machine 3969: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3900:Wayback Machine 3885:(in Portuguese) 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869:(in Portuguese) 3868: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3837:(in Portuguese) 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3817:portugal.gov.pt 3811: 3810: 3806: 3801:Wayback Machine 3792: 3788: 3777: 3773: 3756:(in Portuguese) 3755: 3754: 3750: 3736:(in Portuguese) 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3707:"General Facts" 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3445:Wayback Machine 3436: 3432: 3427:Wayback Machine 3416:(in Portuguese) 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3345:Wayback Machine 3335:(in Portuguese) 3334: 3333: 3329: 3320:Wayback Machine 3310:(in Portuguese) 3309: 3308: 3304: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3133:(in Portuguese) 3132: 3131: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3093:(in Portuguese) 3085: 3084: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3064:(in Portuguese) 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3038:(in Portuguese) 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3012:(in Portuguese) 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2916: 2811:Bologna process 2803: 2788: 2733: 2722: 2691:School violence 2688: 2686:School violence 2682: 2680:School violence 2605: 2597:Open University 2589: 2574: 2517: 2511: 2480:numerus clausus 2467: 2454:numerus clausus 2434: 2403: 2309:Especialização 2241:Master's degree 2084:Bologna process 2080: 2042:Bologna Process 2038: 1997: 1945:master's degree 1933:Bologna Process 1926:escola superior 1727: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1702: 1690: 1679: 1673: 1610: 1597: 1491: 1452: 1392: 1279: 1215: 1196:Computer and IT 1115: 1105:Music Education 1049: 1030:Music Education 975: 953: 951:Basic education 914:(Ensino Básico) 910: 889: 873: 856: 832: 801: 770: 747: 710:Basic Education 708: 701: 669: 636: 612: 560:Bologna process 539:human resources 496:skilled workers 401: 361: 316:private schools 291:Bologna process 288: 285: 283: 272: 270: 244: 237:catholic church 230: 130:Literacy (2021) 124: 123:1990s and 2000s 122: 120: 118: 116: 114: 109:Bologna process 107: 105: 103: 101: 99: 97: 73:General details 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5180: 5178: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5146:European Union 5142: 5140: 5139:Other entities 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5093:other entities 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5044:United Kingdom 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4857:Czech Republic 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Stock Exchange 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4247:Third Republic 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4217:First Republic 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Peninsular War 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3968: 3967:External links 3965: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3877: 3861: 3829: 3804: 3786: 3784:, 8 March 2008 3771: 3748: 3728: 3711:lovetoread.org 3698: 3673: 3648: 3618: 3593: 3552: 3541:on 9 June 2012 3512: 3486: 3474: 3449: 3430: 3408: 3381: 3355: 3327: 3302: 3291:(2): 4.17 MB. 3271: 3262: 3260:, p. 641. 3250: 3239:on 12 May 2014 3212: 3193: 3161: 3143: 3122: 3117:uis.unesco.org 3104: 3075: 3049: 3023: 2997: 2971: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2875:and state-run 2802: 2799: 2794:Escola da APEL 2787: 2784: 2732: 2729: 2721: 2718: 2684:Main article: 2681: 2678: 2646:accountability 2604: 2601: 2588: 2585: 2513:Main article: 2510: 2507: 2466: 2463: 2446:Concurso local 2438:entrance exams 2433: 2430: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2366: 2365: 2333: 2332: 2317:Especialização 2305:Postgraduation 2297: 2296: 2279:Post-Bologna: 2277: 2247:(Master). The 2233: 2232: 2221: 2146: 2145: 2134: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2020: 1996: 1993: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1693: 1691: 1684: 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1609: 1606: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1472: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1428:Administration 1426: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382:(two of these) 1376: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1327: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1093: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1001: 983:Tunes (Silves) 974: 971: 952: 949: 909: 906: 888: 885: 872: 869: 855: 852: 848: 847: 843: 840: 831: 828: 822: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 806: 805: 798: 795: 791: 790: 787: 783: 782: 779: 775: 774: 767: 764: 760: 759: 756: 752: 751: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 729: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 713: 712: 705: 698: 695: 691: 690: 687: 683: 682: 679: 675: 674: 665: 662: 658: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641: 632: 629: 625: 624: 621: 618: 611: 608: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 440:Literacy Rate 424:North American 400: 397: 360: 357: 338:basic literacy 325:, such as the 314:and also many 295: 294: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 188:Post secondary 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 111: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 68:€ 10.2 billion 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 55:(2024–present) 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5179: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Faroe Islands 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077:South Ossetia 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:Liechtenstein 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4162:Iberian Union 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137:Consolidation 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3872:portugueses." 3865: 3862: 3848: 3844: 3833: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2897:José Sócrates 2895:headed by PM 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2858:diploma mills 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846:North America 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2725:Escola Segura 2720:School safety 2719: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2313:Pós-Graduação 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Pós-Graduação 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:non-state-run 1876:, the oldest 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1759:Edifício Novo 1756: 1751: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1694:This article 1692: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1439:Social Action 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035:Facultative: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 992: 991: 984: 979: 972: 970: 967: 964: 960: 956: 950: 948: 946: 942: 937: 933: 931: 927: 923: 920:(1st Cycle), 919: 915: 907: 905: 903: 899: 898:Kindergartens 895: 886: 884: 882: 878: 870: 865: 860: 853: 851: 844: 841: 838: 837: 836: 829: 827: 819: 816: 815: 811: 808: 807: 804: 796: 793: 792: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 776: 773: 765: 762: 761: 757: 754: 753: 750: 742: 739: 738: 734: 731: 730: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 714: 711: 707:Ensino Básico 704: 696: 693: 692: 688: 685: 684: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 663: 660: 659: 655: 652: 651: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 630: 627: 626: 623:School Stage 620:Age of entry 619: 616: 615: 609: 607: 604: 599: 597: 591: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 556: 554: 549: 546: 542: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 438: 435: 431: 429: 425: 419: 417: 413: 408: 406: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 385:Latin America 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 358: 356: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 292: 281: 277: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 242: 238: 235:schools were 234: 228: 225:, as well as 224: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 112: 110: 94: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 51: 47: 42: 38: 33: 27: 19: 5082:Transnistria 4983: 4644:Architecture 4616:Prostitution 4581:Homelessness 4570: 4561:Demographics 4477:Central bank 4419:Human rights 4384:Constitution 4237:Overseas War 4202:Liberal Wars 4109: 3962:(Portuguese) 3956:(Portuguese) 3917: 3890: 3880: 3864: 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3832: 3820:. Retrieved 3816: 3807: 3789: 3774: 3751: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3710: 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3685: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3660: 3651: 3639:. Retrieved 3635:the original 3630: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3605: 3596: 3570:. Retrieved 3565: 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3527: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499:the original 3489: 3477: 3465:. Retrieved 3461: 3452: 3433: 3411: 3399:. Retrieved 3394: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3368:the original 3358: 3348: 3330: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3265: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3237:the original 3232: 3228: 3206: 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3180:the original 3173: 3164: 3146: 3116: 3107: 3095:. Retrieved 3090: 3066:. Retrieved 3061: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3035: 3026: 3014:. Retrieved 3009: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2983: 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2957: 2948: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2882: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2850:Eastern Asia 2815: 2804: 2792: 2789: 2753: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2707: 2696: 2689: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2618: 2606: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2505:programmes. 2489:through the 2486: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2362:Licenciatura 2361: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2337:Doutoramento 2336: 2334: 2328: 2325:Licenciatura 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2293:Licenciatura 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281:Licenciatura 2280: 2273: 2270:Licenciatura 2269: 2264: 2257:doutoramento 2256: 2253:licenciatura 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2225:licenciatura 2224: 2218:dissertation 2213: 2210:licenciatura 2209: 2205: 2201: 2189: 2185: 2182:licenciatura 2181: 2177: 2169: 2166:licenciatura 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150:Licenciatura 2149: 2147: 2142:licenciatura 2141: 2137: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2092: 2088:licenciatura 2087: 2081: 2072: 2058: 2039: 1998: 1989: 1987:countries). 1982: 1975: 1972:Naval School 1953: 1941:licenciatura 1940: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1880:university ( 1877: 1863: 1796: 1776: 1762: 1758: 1710: 1695: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1506:Agencia Lusa 1503: 1492: 1369: 1368: 1353: 1352: 1313: 1312: 1281: 1280: 1251: 1208: 1117: 1116: 1062: 1061: 1034: 1011: 993: 989: 988: 968: 965: 961: 957: 954: 940: 938: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 911: 893: 890: 887:Kindergarten 880: 876: 874: 849: 833: 825: 802: 771: 748: 709: 702: 671:Kindergarten 668: 635: 617:School Year 600: 592: 581: 557: 550: 543: 532: 500:ensino médio 499: 492: 432: 420: 415: 411: 409: 402: 362: 346: 335: 302:is free and 299: 298: 119:1852 to 1974 117:1837 to 1911 26: 5120:Isle of Man 5055:recognition 5029:Switzerland 4964:Netherlands 4591:Immigration 4566:Drug policy 4472:Agriculture 4348:Earthquakes 4232:Estado Novo 4222:World War I 4152:Renaissance 4060:Lusitanians 4050:Oestriminis 3572:15 February 3467:15 February 2703:25 de Abril 2670:(2007) and 2651:25 de Abril 2626:meritocracy 2374:Aggregation 2347:(Doctor). 2229:bacharelato 2202:Bacharelato 2138:bacharelato 2111:bacharelato 2095:Bacharelato 2024:polytechnic 1851:agriculture 1835:engineering 1829:education, 1783:polytechnic 1479:Audiovisual 1411:Electronics 1370:Visual Arts 1126:Mathematics 1090:Visual arts 1071:Mathematics 1007:Mathematics 601:Due to the 528:Veiga Simão 416:Estado Novo 412:Estado Novo 395:) in 1842. 375:endeavour. 373:educational 88:System type 4999:San Marino 4959:Montenegro 4939:Luxembourg 4919:Kazakhstan 4822:Azerbaijan 4666:Literature 4436:Parliament 4399:Government 4227:28 de Maio 4095:Al-Andalus 3945:Internet.) 3853:9 December 3505:31 October 3374:26 October 3258:Ramos 2010 3113:"Portugal" 2958:Renascença 2834:illiteracy 2545:Licenciado 2530:Licenciado 2503:humanities 2422:Lusosphere 2170:engenheiro 2158:Licenciado 2115:enfermeiro 2009:university 1949:Doctorates 1859:humanities 1843:management 1839:technology 1819:veterinary 1815:psychology 1779:university 1424:Multimedia 1343:Philosophy 1307:Psychology 1264:Philosophy 877:Infantário 522:, and the 405:illiteracy 365:Portuguese 320:Portuguese 304:compulsory 287:education. 269:) in 1842. 231:The first 196:Attainment 159:Enrollment 82:Portuguese 5110:Gibraltar 4934:Lithuania 4676:Monuments 4596:Languages 4571:Education 4530:Transport 4446:President 4404:Judiciary 4389:Elections 4353:Volcanoes 4318:Mountains 4301:Geography 4090:Visigoths 4070:Gallaecia 4065:Lusitania 3207:Economics 2822:secondary 2813:of 2007. 2801:Criticism 2712:, titled 2401:Admission 2382:Agregação 2370:Agregação 2353:Doutorado 2341:Doctorate 2295:programs. 2231:programs. 2178:arquiteto 2144:programs. 1917:faculdade 1882:concordat 1847:education 1827:preschool 1811:economics 1791:concordat 1765:, Coimbra 1713:June 2015 1705:talk page 1432:Marketing 1416:Computing 1347:Economics 1335:Sociology 1169:Geography 1159:Chemistry 817:12th year 809:11th year 794:10th year 772:3rd Cycle 749:2nd Cycle 746:2º Ciclo 276:faculties 180:Secondary 167:2,025,082 5161:Category 5130:Svalbard 5115:Guernsey 5062:Abkhazia 5014:Slovenia 5009:Slovakia 4984:Portugal 4842:Bulgaria 4741:Category 4691:Religion 4601:Naturism 4431:Military 4367:Politics 4278:Language 4268:Military 4256:By topic 4122:Monarchs 4075:Hispania 4055:Ophiussa 4042:Timeline 4025:articles 4021:Portugal 3981:Archived 3896:Archived 3822:10 April 3797:Archived 3721:10 April 3691:10 April 3666:10 April 3641:10 April 3611:10 April 3582:cite web 3545:10 April 3441:Archived 3423:Archived 3350:Expresso 3341:Archived 3316:Archived 3175:Expresso 2984:Expresso 2914:See also 2664:(1998), 2532:degree. 2388:degree. 2358:Mestrado 2329:Mestrado 2315:and the 2289:Mestrado 2274:Mestrado 2265:Mestrado 2255:and the 2249:Mestrado 2237:Mestrado 2214:mestrado 2174:engineer 2103:Bacharel 2046:European 1974:and the 1958:and the 1956:military 1901:and the 1886:Holy See 1799:medicine 1725:Overview 1517:Ranking 1499:Expresso 926:3º Ciclo 922:2º Ciclo 918:1º Ciclo 786:9th year 778:8th year 769:3º Ciclo 763:7th year 755:6th year 740:5th year 732:4th year 724:3rd year 716:2nd year 694:1st year 573:Slovenia 569:Slovakia 233:medieval 91:National 49:Minister 5039:Ukraine 4989:Romania 4949:Moldova 4907:Ireland 4902:Iceland 4897:Hungary 4887:Germany 4882:Georgia 4872:Finland 4867:Estonia 4862:Denmark 4847:Croatia 4832:Belgium 4827:Belarus 4817:Austria 4812:Armenia 4807:Andorra 4802:Albania 4725:Outline 4701:Symbols 4654:Cuisine 4636:Culture 4611:Poverty 4586:Housing 4544:Society 4525:Tourism 4500:Fishing 4460:Economy 4338:Regions 4328:Islands 4263:Economy 4033:History 3910:Sources 3767:Público 3657:"TVI24" 3528:sapo.pt 3401:20 July 3186:28 July 3097:21 June 3091:Pordata 3068:21 June 3062:Pordata 3042:21 June 3036:Pordata 3016:21 June 3010:Pordata 2990:21 June 2964:21 June 2866:rectors 2818:dropout 2745:Algarve 2198:honours 1823:Nursing 1520:School 1495:Público 1296:Geology 1292:Biology 1164:History 1155:Physics 1142:Spanish 871:Nursery 864:Funchal 638:Nursery 577:Estonia 571:'s and 359:History 255:Coimbra 191:433,217 183:958,215 175:633,650 172:Primary 96:Origins 5125:Jersey 5067:Kosovo 5034:Turkey 5024:Sweden 5004:Serbia 4994:Russia 4979:Poland 4974:Norway 4954:Monaco 4924:Latvia 4892:Greece 4877:France 4852:Cyprus 4746:Portal 4649:Cinema 4606:People 4576:Health 4505:Mining 4487:Energy 4343:Rivers 4313:Cities 4147:Empire 4023: 3606:psp.pt 3243:10 May 3140:Destak 2842:Europe 2737:Lisbon 2475:Ad-Hoc 2394:Doutor 2386:Doutor 2345:Doutor 2245:Mestre 2186:doutor 2044:was a 1970:, the 1966:, the 1960:police 1895:, the 1855:sports 1587:Aveiro 1574:Lisbon 1484:others 1475:Visual 1470:Cinema 1445:others 1396:Sports 1247:Anadia 1235:Almada 1146:German 1138:French 1097:Crafts 881:Creche 518:, the 514:, the 369:clergy 251:Lisbon 151:Female 65:Budget 5100:Åland 5019:Spain 4944:Malta 4914:Italy 4732:Index 4696:Sport 4681:Music 4671:Media 4626:Women 4556:Crime 4494:(EEZ) 4333:Lakes 4273:Music 4080:Suebi 3539:(PDF) 3524:(PDF) 3156:Visão 2741:Porto 2710:RTP 1 2551:or a 2501:, or 2307:) or 2176:) or 2121:) or 2119:nurse 2107:Bach. 1857:, or 1561:Porto 1548:Braga 1535:Porto 1466:Drama 1461:Dance 1456:Music 1339:Latin 1205:etc.) 1190:Music 1186:Drama 1057:Braga 596:logic 510:(the 461:1960 458:1950 455:1940 452:1930 449:1920 446:1911 443:1900 387:(the 216:19.8% 206:23.5% 164:Total 154:96.0% 146:97.9% 138:96.9% 135:Total 4659:Wine 4621:Time 4424:LGBT 4085:Buri 3855:2007 3824:2018 3723:2018 3693:2018 3668:2018 3643:2018 3613:2018 3588:link 3574:2023 3547:2018 3507:2008 3469:2023 3403:2021 3376:2009 3245:2014 3188:2018 3099:2024 3070:2024 3044:2024 3018:2024 2992:2024 2966:2024 2848:and 2824:and 2739:and 2411:ENES 2368:6 - 2351:The 2335:5 - 2299:4 - 2235:3 - 2162:Lic. 2148:2 - 2093:1 - 2040:The 2022:The 2007:The 1985:OECD 1935:any 1781:and 1753:The 1643:E.U. 1508:is: 1497:and 1481:Arts 1477:and 1468:and 1294:and 1223:Beja 1157:and 1132:2nd 584:OECD 562:for 558:The 487:97% 484:77% 481:56% 478:33% 475:31% 472:26% 469:20% 426:and 353:OECD 336:The 289:The 143:Male 4409:Law 3782:SIC 3532:SIC 3324:RTP 3293:doi 2840:of 2599:). 2360:or 2327:or 2259:. 2190:Dr. 2129:). 1907:). 1817:or 1803:law 1345:A, 1331:Law 1144:or 879:or 820:17 812:16 789:14 781:13 758:11 586:'s 342:INE 5163:: 3815:. 3780:, 3765:, 3709:. 3684:. 3659:. 3629:. 3604:. 3584:}} 3580:{{ 3564:. 3530:. 3526:. 3460:. 3393:. 3347:, 3289:14 3287:. 3283:. 3233:17 3227:. 3215:^ 3205:. 3172:. 3138:, 3125:^ 3115:. 3089:. 3078:^ 3060:. 3034:. 3008:. 2982:. 2956:. 2852:. 2844:, 2774:, 2770:, 2766:, 2559:. 2497:, 2192:. 2056:. 2003:: 1980:. 1853:, 1849:, 1845:, 1841:, 1837:, 1825:, 1813:, 1809:, 1805:, 1801:, 1580:5 1567:4 1554:3 1541:2 1528:1 1501:. 1337:, 1333:, 1298:, 1140:, 1136:- 947:. 904:. 797:15 766:12 743:10 735:9 727:8 719:7 689:5 681:4 656:2 648:1 541:. 526:- 333:. 4780:e 4773:t 4766:v 4013:e 4006:t 3999:v 3857:. 3826:. 3725:. 3695:. 3670:. 3645:. 3615:. 3590:) 3576:. 3549:. 3509:. 3471:. 3405:. 3378:. 3299:. 3295:: 3247:. 3190:. 3158:. 3101:. 3072:. 3046:. 3020:. 2994:. 2968:. 2891:( 2595:( 2372:( 2339:( 2331:. 2303:( 2239:( 2172:( 2152:( 2125:( 2117:( 2097:( 1715:) 1711:( 1701:. 1237:. 1225:. 1192:* 1188:/ 1099:) 1092:) 1088:( 985:. 896:( 866:. 697:6 686:- 678:- 664:3 661:- 653:- 645:- 631:0 628:- 498:( 282:. 229:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.