Education in South Africa

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education or computer-aided instruction for learners as well. This type of learning reflected behavioral philosophy and focused on drilling and practicing. The next phase of ICT adoption, between 2001 and 2005, saw a focus on creating more access for learners, including “basic connectivity, wired schools and educator development.” Computer use for students expanded, while staff were introduced to email and the internet. During this time, ICTs were most often used to find information and for word processing tasks.

295:. The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in government schools, but independent schools are funded privately. Government schools may, under certain circumstances, supplement their funds through parent contributions. Normally the School Governing Body (SGB) is responsible for fundraising in schools. The School Governing Body in primary schools consists of parents, teachers and the support staff. In high school, it consists of parents, teachers, support staff and learners. 1142:

worked to include information and communication technology (ICT) within the education system. However, since South Africa is a developing nation, barriers to educational technology adoption and implementation exist, including lack of resources such as tablets and computers, lack of internet infrastructure, and a large gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots” when it comes to access to personal devices which can be used for education. This section will examine ICT use in South Africa prior to the

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fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools. There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set. Parents may apply to the school for full or partial reduction of school fees. Many affluent schools provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parents are alumni), but it is not a legal requirement.

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ICTs as a tool to enhance students access to education. Despite the identification and introduction of ICTs in most African education system, the expansion and its adoption remain slow due to a lack of effective ICT policies and a long run supporting ICT infrastructure (e.g., electricity, Internet, software, and hardware devices), teacher capacity, and financial resources. These challenges are being recognized and addressed.

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access by the year 2030. Rwanda provides another example of an African government placing ICT in the forefront of policy creation towards transforming their Education and consequently their economy. Aligned with the Smart Rwanda Master Plan, the Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP), and the Draft ICT in Education Policy, the ICT in Education Master Plan is seen as a strategic lever for achieving this transformational vision.

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mentioned referring students to Mindset, a government-developed program “which enables students to access on-line videos related to mathematics.” As the decade progressed, education continued to embrace varying educational technologies, and with the arrival of the COVID-19 global pandemic, educational ICTs were pushed even more to the forefront of education across the world, including in South Africa.

1069:, the Mandela government restructured these departments as well as tertiary education departments, splitting responsibilities between nine newly formed provincial education departments and a single national education department. It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools. 1271:

and programs were developed to address the various barriers previously discussed. In particular the national broadband policy positions the enhancement of teachers’ and principals’ internet connectivity as necessary to support access to, and the use of, learning materials that can enhance learning in classrooms and foster the development of students’ digital skills.

676:" is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country's universities, colleges and universities of technology. All the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government. The 988:

mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people.

912:, was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites. 1202:

pandemic, was the lack of a solid infrastructure and internet access throughout the entire country. In 2017, only about 22% of the population had access to the internet. Public internet access, at places such as internet cafes, existed for students in urban areas, but rural areas sometimes lacked the

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can be defined as a shorthand for the computers, software, networks, satellite links, and related systems that allow people to access, analyze, create, exchange, and use data, information, and knowledge in ways that were almost imaginable. As with many countries throughout the world, South Africa has

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Since 2006, the Education Department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40% of schools. If the school charges no school fees, the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees. It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest

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In 2010, the basic education system comprised 12,644,208 learners, 30,586 schools, and 439,394 teachers. In 2009, the higher education and training system comprised 837,779 students in HE institutions, 420,475 students in state-controlled FET institutions and 297,900 in state-controlled ABET centres.

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Teachers faced challenges moving their classroom content to the online environment in a short period of time, especially in rural areas. Teachers had limited knowledge and training regarding online platforms and technologies. Mpungose suggested the importance of emotional connections in the teaching

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pandemic. In a 2010 study by Chigona and Chigona, a participant stated “On average our class sizes are 40 plus learners...the Khanya lab has capacity to support 25 learners only. There are only 25 computers in the lab.” Another participant stated, “if you got 2000 kids in a school and you have 25 or

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Within the schools, additional barriers existed to ICT usage. One such barrier was a lack of teachers who were competent and comfortable with ICTs. Research has revealed that discomfort faced by Ghanaian teachers in integrating ICTs into their work was due to, inter alia, insufficient digital skills

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in South Africa. The court ruled that "It is an important socioeconomic right directed, among other things, at promoting and developing a child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to his or her fullest potential" and that "Basic education also provides a foundation for a child's

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Under Apartheid South Africa, there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality. This included nationwide departments for coloured people, for Indians and for black people, a department for independent schools, and provincial

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in the schools to build its support. The NP's narrow election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans new standing in the schools and, after that, all high-school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding

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The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated, as well as unemployment rate and the general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood. Consequently, schools in more affluent areas must raise more

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According to the DBE's 2010 statistics report (published in 2012), there are, on average, 30 learners per teacher, 480 learners per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces, but the ratio of learners per school varies by province. For

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researchers found that undue union influence and "critical educational factors", including weak institutional functionality, uneducated teachers and insufficient learning time, were responsible for poor academic performance in South Africa. Due to poor academic performance, teen pregnancy and crime

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exposed even more. For socioeconomically disadvantaged schools, the ability to effectively shift to online learning was elusive with the lack of resources “such as computers, tablets, the internet, skilled teachers, and other digital learning devices.” In addition to the lack of resources available

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Other examples of projects to expand technology enhanced learning in South Africa include Connect-ED project to put computers and Internet points of presence in teacher colleges, ICT-based curriculum materials, supporting connectivity and training in schools, e-libraries etc. These various policies

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In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans medium decree" in which the use of both English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in black secondary schools. In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English,

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By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance—ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. But during

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The size of the government grant per child depends on the "quintille" of the school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, respectively, and as schools in quintille 4 and quintile 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per

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Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs, such as maintaining the grounds, administrative costs, salaries, books and educational materials, and extramural activities. Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income, such as school

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that South Africa is fulfilling only 57.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary

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South Africa Connect, the country’s national broadband policy of 2013, mandates the introduction of a broadband connection (with a download speed of at least 100 Mbps) to every primary school and secondary school as part of an initiative to ensure the countrywide availability of broadband internet

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In developing countries, ICTs are proposed as tools to assist in reducing the digital divide, especially in education where they can, among other things, provide access to secondary learning materials with hard-copy textbooks still being the recommended primary sources. South Africa has identified

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As seen in this section, while South Africa did have some ICT adoption starting around 1996, it was a slow process, with South Africa lagging behind due to several barriers. Two of the largest barriers – lack of internet access and lack of resources – have been addressed through several government

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In the 2010s decade, a few other ICTs were introduced including MELFA (Mobile E-Learning for Africa), the Dr. Maths initiative, Yoza, and M-Thuto. Each of these ICTs were focused on multilingual language learning, and the Dr. Maths initiative also supported mathematics learning. Some teachers also

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Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows. If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt. If the income is more than ten times the

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Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school. Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay the school fees, but schools are permitted to sue parents for nonpayment of school fees.

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The DBE's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R, for "reception". Grade R is compulsory, but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 00 and grade

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Before 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in Afrikaans language schools). Since 2009, all schools teach English as a subject from grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English

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The white education system was restructured, in anticipation of democracy, by the apartheid government. From the beginning of 1991, white schools were required to select one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" was a semi-private structure, with decreased funding from the state, and greatly

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Teacher-pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in coloured schools, and 1:39 in black schools. Moreover, whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified.

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The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition, the independent homelands were given universities of their own. After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands, there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa,

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The GET band is subdivided further into "phases" called the Foundation Phase (Grades R to 3), the Intermediate Phase (Grades 4 to 6), and the Senior Phase (Grades 7 to 9). On an international level, the Foundation and Intermediate phases correspond to elementary education, while the Senior Phase

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The DBE officially groups grades into two "bands" called General Education and Training (GET), which includes Grade R (South Africa's equivalent of Kindergarten) plus Grades 1 to 9, and Further Education and Training (FET), which includes Grades 10 to 12 as well as non-higher education vocational

1313:, and projectors are referred to as information and communication technologies (ICTs). ICTs can enhance learning for disadvantaged students who are unable to attend classes but at the same time, barriers may exist such as lack of resources, poor internet access, and lack of training for teachers 1154:

The early years of ICT adoption occurred from 1996 to 2000. During this time, some South African higher education institutions began using computers and many institutions built computer labs. At this time, computers were used mainly by staff, but some institutions also implemented computer-based

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A final barrier faced by schools that is worth mentioning is the same as stated in the paragraph above – lack of a solid infrastructure and internet access. Besides internet access, infrastructure needed by schools included reliable electricity. Some rural schools had unreliable internet, which

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for all racial groups, but at different ages, and the law was enforced differently. Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen. Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen. This law was

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requiring schools to move to distance learning. The challenge of offering traditional face-to-face teaching-learning sessions to fully online or digital sessions shifted the former teacher-driven process into the hands of learner-parent and technology processes. Measures put into place such as

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Despite these efforts ICT is at an embryonic stage in the majority of African countries. Supporting evidence is scene in school policy prohibiting student use of personal digital devices (with the exception of calculators) on school premises and suggest a potential disconnect between bottom-up

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screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. They selected educated families, for the most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Throughout this time, most religious schools in the

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are usually required to purchase and wear school uniforms although it is often possible to buy them second-hand. Most schools offer extramural activities such as a variety of sports and cultural activities, which require money to maintain. Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well.

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Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as grade 13 or "post-matric". The South African governmental school system does not have a grade 13 yet, but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes

1003:, when students and those able to take a stand demanded to be taught in their mother tongue. Many were killed and injured that day due to police intervention. They are remembered as martyrs. Schools were vandalized and teachers left unable to teach and students were unable to come to school. 346:

The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect the division of bands and phases, however. For historical reasons, most schools are either "primary" schools (grade R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high schools (grades 8 to 12).

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The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and

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In 2005, The concept of Outcomes Based Education (OBE), Curriculum identifies the new national curriculum framework introduced in grade 1 in 1998 and progressively is being included to subsequent grades of the basic education. Outcome Based Education regards learning in South Africa as an

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caused by lack of integration of ICT adoption into teaching and learning. Technical support assists in bridging that gap of ICT competency in teachers, but other barriers persist. Teachers sometimes resisted ICT adoption, believing ICTs were useless or even a hindrance to learning.

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and learning environment as a way to promote successful learning by sharing stories, discussion of case studies, use of critical reflection, and incorporating engaging activities in the online environment such as break out rooms for small group discussion. Adu et al. suggest the

232:. The public schools and private schools are collectively known as ordinary schools, which are roughly 97% of schools in South Africa. Unlike in most countries, many public schools charge tuition (referred to as fees). No-fee schools were introduced on a limited basis in 2007. 1340:(ICTs) in teaching and learning. Mhlanga and Moloi recommend fiscal expansion of funding for online education. There is also a need to equip teachers and students with ICT skills for maximum benefit of digital education and move forward in South Africa’s educational goals. 1365:

schools (down from 9 the previous year, and among 18 nationwide) obtained a 0% pass rate in the National Senior Certificate exams. The locally dismal performance was ascribed to uncommitted teachers, proximity of schools to taverns, inactive governing bodies and the

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education. While taking into consideration South Africa's income level, the nation is achieving 70.8% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 80.9% for secondary education, but 19.6% in general for education quality.

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the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance.

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In 1994, the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations. This was completed by January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from the previous 36. Ten of the universities got new names.

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As discussed, ICT usage in South African education has slowly developed from computer use for basic functions like word processing to mobile technology and app usage by students and into web conferencing and massive distance learning prompted by the

904:. To counter the British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program, Christian National Education, to serve as the core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but 331: 1390:. More than a fifth of sexual assaults on South African children were found to have taken place in schools. Gang fighting in schools, whereby dangerous weapons which include guns, are used, has also become common in recent years, specifically in 952:

The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity.

999:, where practically no one spoke Afrikaans. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. This is known as the 1022:—for whites, coloureds, and Indians—had an education department for one racial group. Each of the ten homelands had its own education department. In addition, several other government departments managed specific aspects of education. 655:

A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks (NQF) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017. NQFs are a key component of the South African higher education

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In 1997, the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005, which would be based on "outcomes based education" (OBE). By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed, and it was quietly shelved.

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school fee but less than thirty times the school fee, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, those regulations help only very poor families, not working-class and middle-income families.

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sentiment at the level of rural schools and the top-down South Africa Connect drive for increased ICT use. There is still enormous work to be done in Africa’s education system to ensure that all countries uniformly meet the 2030

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money from other sources to maintain the same standard of education, but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway.

3276:. (12 March 2008). In Venda, children are violeted by teachers by beating them by sticks. So can the government have a word about schools like Mulenca Secondary School & Mutititi Primary against school violence 308:

National Education Policy Act of 1996 inscribes law into policies, legislative and monitoring responsibilities of the Minister of Basic Education, including the formal relationship between national and provincial

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000 (although the 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"), particularly in previously white schools, where the usage was once common.

330: 949:(No. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely. 1847: 932:

Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religious organizations. These schools provided schooling of the same quality that white children received in state schools. This changed after the

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South African Schools Act of 1996 facilitate access to education, promotes quality and democratic governance in the schooling system, and ensures that all learners have access to quality education without

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pandemic caused the shutdown of businesses and institutions across the globe affecting daily activities including the teaching and learning process in schools. On March 26, 2020, South Africa opted for

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The Education Department and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention initiated a program named Hlayiseka, the purpose of which is to curb the epidemic of school violence in South African schools.

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pandemic. Furthermore, in rural areas, less personal resources, such as personal computers and tablets, were available, often due to low socioeconomic status and being unable to afford such luxuries.

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for educational purposes, institutions lagged behind and did not generally implement learning opportunities via mobile-based teaching. Furthermore, social media use exploded with the advent of

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pandemic was a motivating factor towards digital transformation in South Africa that should have already been in process. In the post-pandemic era, there is an increasing global call to adopt

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Basic Education in South Africa takes place in primary and secondary level from Grade 1 (6 - 7-year-olds) to Grade 12 (18 - 20-year-olds). Students who succeed in Grade 12 graduate with a

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pandemic. Though barriers exist, including lack of internet infrastructure, lack of resources, and inequity in access, ICT likely will continue to be embraced in South African education.

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The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system.

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Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly, and many schools are secretive about it, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa:

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Barakabitze, Alcardo Alex; William-Andey Lazaro, Anangisye; Ainea, Neterindwa; Mkwizu, Michael Hamza; Maziku, Hellen; Matofali, Alex Xavery; Iddi, Aziza; Sanga, Camillius (2019-02-03).

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30 computers, it is absolutely no good.” These quotes illustrate the difficulty with implementing ICTs for education when resources are limited and schools are overcrowded.

643:. Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive a grant from the state, depending on the community served and fees charged. 1872: 3531: 1029:

enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable. For Asians and coloured children, education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen.

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Although the form of "Model C" was abolished by the post-apartheid government, the term is still commonly used to describe former whites-only government schools, as of 2013.

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Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by a trust, church or community, or by a

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example, in Gauteng, there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school, whereas in the Eastern Cape, there are 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school.

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year. Schools in quintile 1-3 may apply for classification as a "No Fee" school; 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools.

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legacy. School curricula and structuring of exams has been criticized as following an antiquated paradigm which does not cater to the requirements of innovation or the

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disease while use of innovation and technology were implemented to continue learning while navigating unknown territory. Computers, laptops, the internet, tablets,

821:—primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of 774:

and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and their values. Throughout the nineteenth century, Dutch farmers resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the

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prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students.

4312: 3416: 3249: 2905:"Teachers' Perceptions of Adopting Information and Communication Technologies in Teaching and Learning at Rural Secondary Schools in Eastern Cape, South Africa" 1329:(DHET) provide schools with digital equipment and teachers are trained in digital skills and strategies for teaching and learning in the digital arena. 1170:, which started around the same time as Facebook, also became an educational tool over the years. Instant messaging and other short message services such as 4101: 1033:

Secondary-school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide, standardised high-school graduation exams were less than one-half the pass rate for whites.

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recommended establishing a separate education system for blacks under the Ministry of Native Affairs. Minister of Native Affairs and future Prime Minister

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60% of schools by 2009. The incentive applies only to children in the GED band, and children who wish to complete grade 10-12 must still pay the full fee.

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The DHET department deals with further education and training (FET) colleges now known as Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges,

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Employment of Educators Act of 1998 regulates the professional, moral, and ethical responsibilities of educators and competency requirements for teachers.

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Starting around 2005-2006, ICT use within the South African student population began to include mobile phones. However, while students began using their

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also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing the policies of the national department and dealing with local issues.

4375: 3751: 2282: 1337: 1138: 217:- Central Intelligence Agency as of 2019, 95% of the population aged from 15 and over can read and write in South Africa were respectively literate. 4008: 3655: 2105: 2001: 3847: 3640: 2319: 2468:"Factors influencing Grade 7 teachers' implementation of outcomes-based approaches in the National Curriculum when teaching "Human Reproduction"" 2392: 1966: 1321:

for remote learning, focusing on learning while in the home environment was difficult due to lack of space available for uninterrupted learning.

3056:"Lecturers' reflections on use of Zoom video conferencing technology for e-learning at a South African university in the context of coronavirus" 4395: 4106: 2055: 2030: 1418: 681: 210: 1554: 2540:"Transforming African Education Systems in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Using ICTs: Challenges and Opportunities" 2215: 1716: 1383: 695: 3768: 3741: 3645: 1066: 661: 277:. The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director-general, Gwebs Qonde, and its policy is made by the minister 3615: 1880: 853: 809:

By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the

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from grade 4. Afrikaans language schools are an exception, in that all subjects (other than other languages) are taught in Afrikaans.

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Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial

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The Department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general, Hubert Mathanzima Mweli, and its policy is made by the minister

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The Department of Basic Education action plan in 2015 provides strategies to integrate the use of ICT in South African education:

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and enforced mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. The government gave strong management control to the

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Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the

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interactive process between educators and learners, with the learner at the centre and the educator serving as a facilitator.

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economy, while not addressing real-life problems like finding a job, thinking critically or conducting original research.

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In 2008, some 5 million learners in 14,264 schools benefited from the No Fee school program, and most of them were in the

515: 324: 186: 35: 4298: 4118: 4066: 4036: 3867: 3726: 3696: 3593: 3402: 1371: 673: 3154:"Reinforcing the Role of ICT in Enhancing Teaching and Learning Post-COVID-19 in Tertiary Institutions in South Africa" 3004:"Innovation and Technology: A Panacea to Teaching and Learning Challenges during the Covid-19 Lockdown in South Africa" 802:-speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed 3963: 3943: 3794: 1631:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 4646: 4689: 4450: 4205: 4018: 3938: 3918: 3746: 3721: 3706: 1204: 1113: 873: 254: 852:

established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch. The government established Grey College—later the

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Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty-linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees.

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Information and communication technology (ICT) use in South African education used during and post-COVID-19

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Goal number 4, which is to “Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.”

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was promulgated to "provide for a uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools".

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spent 21% of the national budget on education. Some 10% of the education budget is for higher education.

4650: 4600: 4575: 4425: 4420: 4400: 4365: 4350: 4274: 4239: 4234: 4096: 4081: 4076: 4051: 4013: 3913: 3466: 2258:"Global Perspectives on Human Language: The South African Context - Timeline of Education and Apartheid" 1109: 1019: 833: 813:(ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low—only 12 percent in the 775: 744: 687: 213:. Among sub-Saharan African countries, South Africa has one of the highest literacy rates. According to 1977: 4585: 4555: 4540: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4470: 4465: 4415: 4360: 4335: 4131: 3486: 3342: 3055: 2904: 2840: 1025: 206: 3110:"COVID-19 and the Digital Transformation of Education: What Are We Learning on 4IR in South Africa?" 2034: 825:

in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education.

17: 4595: 4590: 4530: 4485: 4445: 4340: 4321: 4279: 4195: 3731: 2950:

Padayachee, Keshnee (2017-10-13). "A Snapshot Survey of ICT Integration in South African Schools".

2183: 1218:

Lack of resources and overcrowding were also major barriers within schools to ICT use prior to the

844:. Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852 the independent 3347: 2009: 4570: 4520: 4475: 4460: 4440: 4430: 4405: 4345: 4055: 3839: 3511: 3183: 3083: 3033: 2932: 2868: 2816: 2756: 2690: 2233: 1722: 1457: 1298: 1293: 965: 961: 920: 707: 289: 225: 214: 202: 2312:"'Model C' is the model to emulate - 1 February 2011 - South AfricanInstitute of Race Relations" 1530: 1062:

that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments.

2661:

Lembani, Reuben; Gunter, Ashley; Breines, Markus; Dalu, Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice (2019-11-22).

2588:"An Investigation of Factors affecting the Use of ICT for Teaching in the Western Cape Schools" 4580: 4490: 4380: 4041: 3506: 3481: 3471: 3328: 3250:"Our archaic matric exam system dates back to 1858 and can inflict a lifetime of mental scars" 3175: 3153: 3131: 3075: 3025: 2967: 2924: 2860: 2748: 2682: 2561: 2221: 2211: 1712: 1509: 1302: 1178:, launched in 2014, were also adopted, mainly by students. Web conferencing via programs like 1143: 1117: 942: 889: 849: 814: 752: 740: 703: 699: 229: 1939: 806:

classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century.

3165: 3121: 3067: 3015: 2959: 2916: 2852: 2806: 2798: 2738: 2730: 2674: 2632: 2622: 2551: 1501: 1134:

Information and communication technology (ICT) use in South African education prior to COVID

938: 861: 818: 803: 785:

After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the

771: 484: 194: 168: 86: 1609: 1046:, by 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white public schools became "Model C" schools. 991:

This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the

3521: 2903:

Chisango, Grasia; Marongwe, Newlin; Mtsi, Nomxolisi; Matyedi, Thembisile E. (2020-03-03).

2341:"Curriculum reform in South Africa : a critical analysis of outcomes-based education" 2257: 1387: 1121: 1000: 799: 790: 691: 270: 236: 51: 2786: 2130: 1474: 1014:

The Department of Education and Training was responsible for black education outside the

900:

to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former

868:

in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. The Christian College was founded at

2785:

Ng'ambi, Dick; Brown, Cheryl; Bozalek, Vivienne; Gachago, Daniela; Wood, Denise (2016).

1490:"The implementation of inclusive education in South Africa after ten years of democracy" 4217: 3516: 3298: 3003: 2031:"ISASA | Independent Schools Association of Southern Africa - Search the Database" 1822: 901: 897: 865: 634: 278: 274: 190: 55: 3273: 2721:

Mwapwele, Samuel Dick; Marais, Mario; Dlamini, Sifiso; Biljon, Judy Van (2019-12-06).

1773: 1747: 651: 4713: 4227: 4156: 4151: 3187: 3087: 3037: 3002:

Adu, Kemi O.; Badaru, Kazeem Ajasa; Duku, Ntombozuko; Adu, Emmanuel O. (2022-04-19).

2936: 2872: 2760: 2694: 2192: 945:

and educate Africans "in accordance with their opportunities in life." Following the

869: 618: 511: 456: 445: 282: 3387: 2820: 680:(NQF) system of administering higher education broadly in the country is run by the 4166: 4161: 4146: 4141: 3501: 3425: 2958:(2). South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists. 2662: 1395: 1203:

infrastructure needed for consistent internet access. In a study undertaken at the

1194:

Barriers to Implementing ICT Faced by South African Educational Institutions

1159: 992: 905: 857: 795: 748: 614: 466: 417: 392: 372: 221: 181: 3071: 2920: 2856: 2678: 1248:

Introducing a link between the usage of ICT in the classroom and learning outcomes

2416: 4222: 4171: 4136: 3852: 3496: 3476: 1310: 1198:

One of the biggest barriers to ICT usage in South Africa, at least prior to the

934: 786: 779: 763: 476: 437: 427: 402: 382: 3325:

The Education Triple Cocktail: System-wide Instructional Reform in South Africa

3228:"Limpopo Education MEC blames 'lazy teachers' for 0% pass rate in some schools" 1253:

Analysing the status quo of electronic education initiatives and their results.

1058:

departments for white people in each of the former four provinces. Some of the

4200: 4188: 3346: 860:

in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The

3179: 3135: 3079: 3029: 2971: 2928: 2864: 2752: 2722: 2686: 2627: 2565: 2225: 1513: 1316:

Inequalities were already known in the education system in South America and

4212: 3536: 3126: 3109: 2963: 1726: 1391: 1367: 1059: 1015: 822: 715: 173: 3020: 2734: 2556: 2539: 1706: 1243:

Establishing collaborations with stakeholders to drive electronic education

1101:, and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages. 2179: 1042:

increased autonomy for schools. Although most white schools opted for the

4183: 3491: 3170: 2056:"South African graduates may be employed but skills and jobs don't match" 1345: 1333: 1317: 1306: 1288: 1219: 1208: 1199: 1175: 1163: 810: 3394: 1681: 694:

are continuing problems, since most students continue to enroll for the

4178: 2802: 2743: 2587: 2368:"OBE's cost too high to calculate among SA's young people - Times LIVE" 1505: 1362: 1167: 622: 559: 4290: 2811: 2637: 1630: 739:

The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the

698:. Too few students are choosing to study high-demand subjects such as 2841:"Educator Perceptions and Use of Technology in South African Schools" 1652: 1650: 1489: 1183: 996: 957: 3381: 2441: 2504:"South African government loses court case to bar child education" 1804:. South African Qualifications Authority. October 2018. p. 28 1403: 1386:

has found that 40% of children interviewed said they had been the

1179: 767: 747:

elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for

292: 167: 2191:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1708:

Systematic Reviews of Research in Basic Education in South Africa

625:. Not all schools that qualify for the incentive make use of it. 1171: 327:, which enables them to transition to tertiary level education. 4294: 3398: 2417:"South Africa: Foundation Phase Learners to Take More Subjects" 782:, and many educated their children at home or in the churches. 209:. Prior to 2009, both departments were represented in a single 3366: 1452: 1450: 1448: 766:

by 1827, but their presence rankled among some members of the

1657: 1873:"Is there a difference between Gr0 and Gr00 ? - Sprogs" 329: 589:

Middelburg hoerskool, Middelburg: R25000 per child per year

546:

Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) are available.

586:

Monument Park High, Kraaifontein: R9000 per child per year

3371: 2106:"Unisa Online - the restructuring of SA higher education" 224:, private schools (also referred to by the department as 3376: 798:

children who applied for admission; in Natal many other

722:

often in close proximity and offering the same courses.

583:

The Settler's High, Bellville: R15200 per child per year

239:(ABET) centres, and higher education (HE) institutions. 2283:"The Afrikaans Medium Decree & the Soweto Uprising" 1258:

South Africa Connect and other Governmental Initiatives

1238:

Knowledge of various technologies accessible in schools

878:

Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education

3372:(Ministry) Department of Higher Education and Training 319:

Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)

2131:"AllBursaries - list of universities in South Africa" 892:, the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, 2727:

The African Journal of Information and Communication

1555:"Free schooling for five million - SouthAfrica.info" 968:, who were elected by the parents in each district. 185:

is governed by two national departments, namely the

48:

Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology

4634: 4609: 4328: 4117: 4027: 3895: 3781: 3683: 3580: 3555: 3436: 1361:the country has a high dropout rate. In 2020 seven 1186:also gained popularity in South African education. 158: 150: 142: 134: 129: 121: 113: 105: 100: 92: 79: 74: 66: 61: 45: 34: 2208:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid 2081:"SA graduates may get the job but lack the skills" 1940:"NO fees Schools in South Africa - Policy Brief 7" 334:Grouping of grades into phases, bands, and schools 228:), early childhood development (ECD) centres, and 1934: 1932: 896:, brought thousands of teachers from across the 3377:(Ministry) Department of Science and Technology 3203:"Education in South Africa: A system in crisis" 2586:Chigona, Agnes; Chigona, Wallace (2010-01-01). 2251: 2249: 1848:"Going to primary school | Sprogs Q and A" 1608:. Department of Basic Education. Archived from 3327:. University of Cape Town Press. p. 196. 1439:"Budget Speech 2022: Expenditure on education" 4306: 3410: 2839:Torres, Kelly M.; Giddie, Lord (2020-03-14). 1150:History of ICT use in South African Education 530:followed by private schools in South Africa. 8: 3382:(Ministry) Department of Education Bursaries 1772:Macha, Wilson; Kadakia, Aditi (2017-05-02). 1746:Macha, Wilson; Kadakia, Aditi (2017-05-02). 1231:initiatives, discussed in the next section. 872:in 1869 and was later incorporated into the 29: 2206:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016). 1606:"Education Statistics in South Africa 2009" 1494:European Journal of Psychology of Education 1327:Department of Higher Education and Training 1125:lifetime learning and work opportunities." 919:(NP) was able to capitalise on the fear of 199:Department of Higher Education and Training 40:Department of Higher Education and Training 4313: 4299: 4291: 3901: 3787: 3689: 3586: 3442: 3417: 3403: 3395: 3158:Journal of Culture and Values in Education 3008:Research in Social Sciences and Technology 2442:"Education | Statistics South Africa" 2238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1525: 1523: 1338:information and communication technologies 1116:ruled against the ban of children without 351:Primary and secondary educational levels 349: 343:corresponds to lower secondary education. 3169: 3125: 3019: 2810: 2791:British Journal of Educational Technology 2742: 2636: 2626: 2555: 1469: 1467: 3367:(Ministry) Department of Basic Education 3355:. London: John Murray. pp. 575–586. 2667:Journal of Geography in Higher Education 908:, the Transvaal leader who later became 650: 298:The Department of Basic Education Acts: 4725:History of the Dutch East India Company 3108:Mhlanga, David; Moloi, Tankiso (2020). 2002:"Monument Park School fees (Afrikaans)" 1711:(1 ed.). African Sun Media. 2021. 1430: 3147: 3145: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 2231: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1823:"High School - Roseway Waldorf School" 1419:Educational management in South Africa 1277:United Nations Sustainable Development 1227:impeded ICT usage within the schools. 682:South African Qualifications Authority 483:Further Education and Training Phase ( 28: 3256:. dailymaverick.co.za. Daily Maverick 3054:Mpungose, Cedric Bheki (2021-03-19). 3049: 3047: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2656: 2654: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 1384:South African Human Rights Commission 1182:and learning management systems like 1166:, launched in 2005, and other sites. 973:Extension of University Education Act 888:Following the British victory in the 696:humanities, arts, and social sciences 7: 4127:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 1658:"South Africa - HRMI Rights Tracker" 956:Although CNE advanced principles of 662:List of universities in South Africa 647:Higher education and training system 18:History of education in South Africa 2062:. Blue Sky Publications. 2021-04-14 854:University of the Orange Free State 743:in the late seventeenth century by 2210:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. 1018:. Each of the three houses of the 941:designed Bantu education to teach 635:Private school § South_Africa 237:adult basic education and training 25: 3348:"Education in South Africa" 3274:Violence rife in S Africa schools 1488:Engelbrecht, Petra (2006-09-01). 1305:tried to limit the spread of the 678:National Qualifications Framework 288:Both departments are funded from 201:(DHET), which is responsible for 4621:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4391:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2544:Education Research International 1778:World Education News and Reviews 1752:World Education News and Reviews 189:(DBE), which is responsible for 62:National education budget (2022) 3248:Workman, Michael (2023-07-16). 2502:Africa, Ventures (2019-12-20). 2475:University of the Witwatersrand 1531:"Education Policy: School Fees" 1475:"Literacy - the World Factbook" 1074:South African Schools Act, 1996 3226:Sadike, Mashudu (2021-02-26). 2952:South African Computer Journal 2619:www.sajournalofeducation.co.za 2281:Boddy, Alistair (1976-06-16). 1458:"South Africa - Literacy rate" 1332:Mhlanga and Moloi suggest the 668:Academic ranks in South Africa 220:The DBE department deals with 1: 3201:Masondo, Sipho (2016-05-31). 3072:10.1080/14725843.2021.1902268 2921:10.1080/18146627.2018.1491317 2857:10.1080/0161956X.2020.1745611 2679:10.1080/03098265.2019.1694876 842:South African College Schools 836:, which later split into the 187:Department of Basic Education 36:Department of Basic Education 3297:. 2008-08-22. Archived from 2845:Peabody Journal of Education 2256:Ocampo, Lizet (2004-09-19). 759:arrived in the Cape Colony. 672:For university entrance, a " 3152:Shava, Elvin (2022-03-28). 1902:"Education Statistics 2013" 1774:"Education in South Africa" 1748:"Education in South Africa" 46:Minister of Basic Education 4741: 3390:. Statistics South Africa. 3353:The Empire and the century 2180:South Africa country study 1780:. World Education Services 1754:. World Education Services 1635:humanrightsmeasurement.org 1388:victims of crime at school 1205:University of South Africa 1129:Educational Technology Use 1114:High Court of South Africa 960:, it promoted teaching of 874:University of South Africa 665: 659: 632: 550:School income and expenses 4720:Education in South Africa 4252: 3904: 3790: 3692: 3589: 3445: 2448:. Statistics South Africa 2187:Federal Research Division 924:philosophy of education. 757:London Missionary Society 674:Matriculation Endorsement 482: 443: 408: 363: 325:matriculation certificate 244:provinces of South Africa 30:Education in South Africa 4376:Central African Republic 2628:10.15700/saje.v36n3a1274 2287:africanhistory.about.com 1686:South African Government 1356:An independent study by 1174:, released in 2005, and 1026:Education was compulsory 768:Dutch-speaking community 281:and the deputy minister 273:and the deputy minister 255:South African government 3848:State-owned enterprises 3547:Democratic South Africa 3323:Fleisch, Brahm (2018). 3127:10.3390/educsci10070180 2964:10.18489/sacj.v29i2.463 2909:Africa Education Review 1358:Stellenbosch University 838:University of Cape Town 594:Poverty and school fees 211:Department of Education 84:South African Languages 3388:"Education Statistics" 3021:10.46303/ressat.2022.5 1409: 846:South African Republic 794:Eastern Cape accepted 657: 335: 265:Structure and policies 176: 4536:São Tomé and Príncipe 4396:Republic of the Congo 3467:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 2592:ECIS 2010 Proceedings 2466:Megan Doidge (2014). 1407: 1110:Eastern Cape Division 1108:In December 2019 the 1099:12 official languages 1020:Tricameral Parliament 834:South African College 817:and 8 percent in the 770:, who considered the 745:Dutch Reformed Church 688:Graduate unemployment 654: 560:South African schools 339:training facilities. 333: 230:special needs schools 171: 4102:World Heritage Sites 3878:Water and sanitation 3487:Mthethwa Paramountcy 3171:10.46303/jcve.2022.7 2735:10.23962/10539/28658 2557:10.1155/2019/6946809 1827:Rosewaywaldorf.co.za 1577:"Photographic image" 1559:www.southafrica.info 1067:Interim Constitution 4611:States with limited 4322:Education in Africa 3295:Mail & Guardian 3291:"Children of wrath" 2397:StateUniversity.com 2348:Repository.up.ac.za 2184:Library of Congress 1408:Map of South Africa 947:Bantu Education Act 864:was established in 764:British Cape Colony 749:church confirmation 409:Intermediate Phase 352: 226:independent schools 207:vocational training 172:School children in 31: 3512:Transvaal Republic 3114:Education Sciences 3060:African Identities 2803:10.1111/bjet.12485 2473:. Doctors Thesis, 2135:allbursaries.co.za 1967:"SCHOOL FEES 2013" 1506:10.1007/BF03173414 1410: 1118:birth certificates 962:cultural diversity 958:racial inferiority 935:Eiselen Commission 921:racial integration 753:itinerant teachers 751:. In rural areas, 658: 641:for-profit company 575:Sample school fees 350: 336: 290:central government 215:The World Factbook 203:tertiary education 177: 4707: 4706: 4638:other territories 4411:Equatorial Guinea 4288: 4287: 4248: 4247: 3891: 3890: 3883:Wealth inequality 3830:Income inequality 3777: 3776: 3752:Political parties 3717:Foreign relations 3679: 3678: 3576: 3575: 3507:Orange Free State 3482:Dutch Cape Colony 3472:Kingdom of Mutapa 2217:978-1-138-12444-8 2060:The South African 1718:978-1-991201-14-0 1662:rightstracker.org 1303:social distancing 1144:COVID-19 pandemic 1097:South Africa has 894:Sir Alfred Milner 890:South African War 850:Orange Free State 815:Orange Free State 741:Dutch Cape Colony 623:Limpopo Provinces 522: 521: 364:Foundation Phase 195:secondary schools 166: 165: 80:Primary languages 16:(Redirected from 4732: 4699: 4698:(United Kingdom) 4694:Tristan da Cunha 4690:Ascension Island 4682: 4669: 4660: 4636:Dependencies and 4329:Sovereign states 4315: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4268: 4261: 4087:National symbols 4009:Social movements 3902: 3843: 3815:Economic history 3788: 3690: 3656:Populated places 3587: 3527:Great Depression 3443: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3396: 3391: 3356: 3350: 3338: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3287: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3230:. iol.co.za. IOL 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3173: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3105: 3092: 3091: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3023: 2999: 2976: 2975: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2900: 2877: 2876: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2782: 2765: 2764: 2746: 2718: 2699: 2698: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2630: 2611: 2596: 2595: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2535: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2477:. Archived from 2472: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2370:. Archived from 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2318:. Archived from 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2289:. Archived from 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2203: 2197: 2177: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2108:. Archived from 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2033:. Archived from 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2008:. Archived from 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1976:. Archived from 1971: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1944: 1936: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1911:. Archived from 1906: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1879:. Archived from 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1850:. Archived from 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1583:. Archived from 1581:Education.gov.za 1573: 1567: 1566: 1561:. Archived from 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1065:In terms of the 939:Hendrik Verwoerd 848:and in 1854 the 804:teacher training 776:English language 772:English language 353: 32: 21: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4680: 4667: 4658: 4639: 4637: 4630: 4614: 4612: 4605: 4324: 4319: 4289: 4284: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4244: 4113: 4092:Public holidays 4023: 3989:Sexual violence 3969:Life expectancy 3887: 3841: 3835:Mining industry 3773: 3737:Law enforcement 3675: 3641:Mountain ranges 3572: 3551: 3522:Second Boer War 3432: 3423: 3386: 3363: 3341: 3335: 3322: 3319: 3317:Further reading 3314: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3001: 3000: 2979: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2902: 2901: 2880: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2784: 2783: 2768: 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B. 3339: 3334:978-1775822462 3333: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3282: 3266: 3240: 3218: 3193: 3141: 3093: 3066:(2): 266–282. 3043: 2977: 2942: 2878: 2851:(2): 117–126. 2826: 2797:(5): 843–858. 2766: 2700: 2650: 2597: 2571: 2519: 2494: 2458: 2446:Statssa.gov.za 2433: 2408: 2393:"South Africa" 2384: 2359: 2332: 2303: 2273: 2245: 2216: 2198: 2147: 2122: 2097: 2072: 2047: 2022: 1993: 1958: 1947:Create-rpc.org 1928: 1893: 1864: 1839: 1814: 1790: 1764: 1738: 1717: 1698: 1673: 1646: 1622: 1597: 1568: 1565:on 2013-01-28. 1546: 1519: 1480: 1463: 1444: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1379: 1376: 1353: 1350: 1284: 1281: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1195: 1192: 1151: 1148: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1094: 1093:2006 until now 1091: 1081: 1078: 1054: 1051: 1038: 1035: 1008: 1005: 984: 981: 929: 926: 917:National Party 910:Prime Minister 902:Boer Republics 898:British Empire 885: 882: 866:Port Elizabeth 862:Grey Institute 780:British values 736: 733: 731: 728: 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