Education in Zimbabwe

1045: 450: 365: 808: 1160: 723: 189: 37: 849:. The Ordinary Level Certificate Examination is taken after four years in Form 4 and expects students to pass a minimum of five subjects including Science, English, Mathematics, History and a practical subject like woodwork or agriculture. This examination is ranked on a letter scale and can determine student achievement, selection for "A-Level" schools and employment status. 243:

is collected by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative. The initiative also breaks down the right to education by calculating Primary and Secondary School Enrolment. Keeping Zimbabwe's income level in mind, Zimbabwe is doing only 61.9% of what should be possible at its income level for secondary school enrolment and 92.4 percent for primary school enrolment.

943: 437:. Dr. Dzingai Mutumbuka was elected the Minister of Education to support Zimbabwe through another education reform and to keep students in school. His leadership changed the climate of the education system because the Ministry of Education focused on fostering self-sufficient students that are productive, motivated and dedicated 441:. The government allocated 17.3% of the total national budget toward education. This was politically considered an "education miracle" as cited by scholar Clayton Mackenzie. Ultimately, Zimbabwe's education system reform was to ensure equal access to education by providing primary and secondary education to all children. 920:

Council for Higher Education (ZIMCHE) was formed in 2006 as another measure to guarantee quality and accreditation for university education. As of 2012, there were fifteen registered universities (nine public and five private), fifteen teachers' colleges, eight polytechnics and two industrial training colleges.

985:

and vulnerable children from dropping out of primary school due to the expenses. BEAM pays for tuition and other basic fees, but only serves less than half of the target population. As of 2014, only 10 percent of pupils ages 15 to 24 have not completed primary education which can be attributed to the

497:

Communities also rapidly built more infrastructure for education. For example, from 1979-1984, the number of primary schools in operation increased by 73.3% and the number of secondary schools increased by 537.8%. Despite the challenges following the magnitude of students to educate, Zimbabwe claimed

489:

for a short period of time to fill the teaching gaps. Schools expanded their human resources to serve as many children as possible with limited infrastructure by practicing "hot-seating," also known as double session schooling. "Hot-seating" is the practice of offering class in the morning to half of

242:

Despite education being recognised as a basic human right in Zimbabwe, in 2017, the Zimbabwean Government did only 77.2% of what was possible at its income level to ensure that the right to education was being fulfilled, categorically, the government's ability to fulfil this right as "bad". This data

938:

in the past decade. UNICEF claims that only a third of schools are considered to be in "good condition." Schools also face capacity challenges, including double session schooling, or "hot seating," and overcrowded classrooms. "Hot seating" means that half of students attend school in the morning and

1126:

and jobs rather than females. The study by Gudhlanga et al. found that active and productive roles are more commonly held by males in textbooks, while female roles in textbooks are passive and dependent. In addition, the study found that English language textbooks are written from male perspectives

919:

was established in 1990 as a measure of quality insurance of higher education in Zimbabwe. Increasing access to education in recent decades has increased the number of higher level institutions in the country. For example, eight more universities were established between 1999 and 2005. The Zimbabwe

461:

focused on providing equal and free education for all through the rapid expansion of education resources to keep up with the demand. Within one year, the education system nearly doubled the number of students it served from 885,801 students to 1,310,315 students in primary and secondary education.

385:

that denied housing opportunities for Africans, reinforcing segregation based on ethnicity and race. Group B schools required a low-fee payment and C schools did not require a fee beyond educational materials. Both were only available for African students. Group B and C schools had less resources,

380:

system based on residency. Before the act, Zimbabwe's education system was divided between African and European schools. After the shift in policy and leadership the education system split into government schools, community schools and private schools. Government schools were also split into three

360:

of schools based on funding was most extreme in the 1970s because Europeans only represented a few per cent of Zimbabwe's population, but were allocated around 90% of government spending on education. Funding secondary school was also disproportionally offered to Europeans rather than Africans. In

852:

Students have the option to enroll in A-Level secondary education or can attend teacher training, technical, agricultural, polytechnic and nursing colleges. If a student chooses to enroll in A-Level education, they must take the Advanced Level Certificate Examination after a total of six years of

685:

Currently, government primary and secondary schools are run by the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) and non-government schools are run by local authorities including churches and non-profit organizations. The Minister of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education is Evelyn

1030:

and account for students with disabilities; therefore, most drop out by third grade. Schools are finding alternative ways of performing inclusionary education on an individual basis, but there is still a lack of standardization and quality, especially for rural schools. Researcher Regis Chireshe

1283:

2017 AND THE NEW CURRICULUM Dr Lazarus Dokora, the current Minister of Primary and Secondary Education, has overseen the implementation of a new curriculum which is designed to create a new student totally different from the pre2017 students. This curriculum is focused more on raising heritage

615:

The Education Act of 2006 established School Development Committees. These committees are overseen and established by the School Parents Assembly for parents and guardians of school-going children to participate in the development of Zimbabwe's schools. According to the government's Statutory

707:

and the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality, Zimbabwe is prioritizing and expanding Early Childhood Development by offering early childhood education at primary schools. These programs are currently available in mostly urban areas and can be owned by the

1163:

Mercy Mehlomakulu, a teacher who has come from Zimbabwe in search of work and who has recently prequalified in South Africa with assistance from AusAid, teaches some of her pupils in St Albert's school which is part of the Methodist Mission, Johannesburg, South Africa on 4 June 2009.

602:

by requiring that "all students, regardless of race, religion, gender, creed, and disability, have access to basic or primary education (up to Grade 7)." These nondiscrimination provisions expanded the right to education in Zimbabwe for all students, including students with

959:

and low compensation. Many teachers in rural areas lack training due to the high demand for labor and less concern for quality. Not only are teachers under compensated, but teaching materials are also allocated less than one percent of the federal budget for education.

324:

schools perpetuated social and economic repression of the indigenous population by reducing their chances of earning well-paying jobs or positions of power. Rugare Mapako claims education to Africans offered limited academic and foundational skills in order to promote

1010:. Inclusionary schools involve "identification and minimization or elimination of barriers to students’ participation in traditional settings (i.e., schools, homes, communities, and workplaces) and the maximization of resources to support learning and participation." 2345: 1231:. The GNU also allocated every civil servant, including teachers, the equivalent of $ 100 US dollars. Teachers were encouraged to reenter the profession and move back to Zimbabwe, but thousands never returned and found higher paying positions elsewhere. 1064:

Zimbabwe claims in 2009, 85 percent of females, compared to 80 percent of males, completed primary school. As of 2010, 48.8 percent of females achieved secondary education or higher, while 62 percent of males achieved secondary education or higher.

234:

was to achieve universal education for all students; however, the goal was not achieved as of 2015 due to a public health crisis, economic downturn and inability to afford costs associated with education. The country is currently working toward the

1238:

of Zimbabwe claims that thousands of teachers are unmotivated due to low salaries, limited resources, pressure, political harassment and the shortage of teachers. Researchers Regis Chireshe and Almon Shumba assert that teachers believe their

1155:

including the Progressive Teacher's Union of Zimbabwe organize strikes to catalyze salary negotiations and better working conditions. In the first decade of the 21st century, 45,000 out of 100,000 teachers in the country left the profession.

490:

the students and in the afternoon to the other half. "Hot-seating" was still not enough to meet the demands of the population; therefore, the Ministry of Education expanded teacher education colleges rapidly by providing "on-the-spot"

1284:

awareness and creating employers rather than employees. However, the success of this move is hovering on dark waters because of the present melting economy. It has been affected by intense resource shortage in terms of books and IT.

968:

Zimbabwe's education reform in 1980 aspired to provide free and universal education to all children through the Zimbabwe Education Act; however, tuition fees and education costs have accumulated over time. Many families pay for

933:

Despite the initiative during independence to rapidly expand education opportunities, the demand for education was still greater than the supply. Education quality was hindered by teacher shortages, infrastructural pressure and

1176:

for every three months of teaching. Their salaries in 2009 were as low as one US dollar for every month of teaching with grocery vouchers worth $ 100 USD per month. Thousands of teachers protested, left public education and

973:, even if it is a small fee at public government schools. Families that do not pay for tuition due to education subsidies are still required to pay additional fees including building fees, transportation costs, exam fees, 1035:

associated with people experiencing disabilities. The government has recently expanded the Schools Psychological Services and Special Needs Education Division to better serve students experiencing disabilities in school.

708:

government, organizations or individuals. In fact, 98 percent of primary schools have ECD centers for ages four to five and 60 percent of primary schools have ECD centers for ages three to four with trained teachers.

1263:

and encouraged private donations. Accumulation and distribution of textbooks has been the focus of ETF in recent years. In 2008, The National Education Advisory Board states that 20 percent of students did not have

2130: 2360: 954:

in Zimbabwe are for primary education training, leaving less opportunity to meet the demand of trained secondary school teachers. Teacher shortages surge is rural areas more than urban areas due to unfavorable

1025:

by keeping students with disabilities in classrooms with all other students and teaching them the same curriculum without documentation of their specific disability. Teachers and schools are not equipped to

2909: 566:

comparable to other Africa countries at 51% from ages 15 to 24. As of 2014, 3,120,000 students were enrolled in primary and secondary education and 76% of these students were enrolled in primary education.

344:

Due to large investments in education by the Southern Rhodesian government prior to 1960, Europeans were disproportionately funded more for education than the majority African population because the

3047: 1212:

at the time. Teachers would use their off time during the year to hoard goods from other country and resell them in Zimbabwe to earn a livable living that their teaching salaries did not satisfy.

1044: 686:

Ndlovu as of 2021. The Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development (MoHTES&TD) oversees public and private universities and technical and teacher education.

1014:, including the Education Act of 1996 and the Disabled Persons Act of 1996, neither catalyze inclusive education for schools in Zimbabwe nor protect students experiencing disability from 524:

by 40% from 2000-2008 marked a period of economic downturn in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Social expenditures on health and education also decreased by more than half.

381:

divisions called Group A, B and C. White students historically attended Group A schools that offered highly trained teachers and a quality education. These schools were located in white

939:

the second half attends school in the afternoon. These methods enable more students to attend school, but quality declines because students are given less attention and time to learn.

215:

encompasses 13 years of primary and secondary school and runs from January to December. The school year is a total of 40 weeks with three terms and a month break in-between each term.

977:

and stationery for their children. Education is not completely free in Zimbabwe due to historical government expenditures focusing on infrastructure for education and recent years of

1118:

and roles in Zimbabwe's curriculum based on the research of Gudhlanga et al. Gudhlanga et al. claims that gender stereotyping is prevalent in textbooks as males are used to describe

2043: 425:. The ZANU party democratised education by promising free and compulsory primary and secondary education to all children in Zimbabwe. The party's claims were backed by the national 1031:

claims inclusionary education needs legislative and policy support, more quality inclusionary education training for teachers and inclusionary education campaigns to improve the

449: 1634: 884: 200: 785:. Zimbabwe's government system requires education for all, but this examination can determine the type of secondary school students can attend based on the school's criteria. 2962:

Emina, Jacques B.O.; Chirwa, Tobias; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin (August 2014). "Trend in the use of modern contraception in sub-Saharan Africa: does women's education matter?".

679: 659: 587:

took over Zimbabwe and formed an independent country in 1980. The newly formed government created free and compulsory primary and secondary education, valuing education as a

3349: 584: 1080:

and families are more likely to educate their sons to increase their earning potential. A lack of education for females correlates with developmental risks including

2067: 2420: 916: 831: 2629: 2559: 548: 3271: 1216: 544: 2462:

Mutepfa, Magen; Mpofu, Elias; Chataika, Tsitsi (2007). "Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe: Policy, Curriculum, Practice, Family, and Teacher Education Issues".

477:

emigrated to Zimbabwe, increasing the number of children attending public schools and demand for teachers. The Minister of Education brought in teachers from

908: 858: 1259:

In 2009, the Educational Transition Fund (ETF) was launched to improve the quality of education by distributing education materials. The ETF partnered with

3494: 1053: 1507: 734:, encompassing Grades 1 to 7. Urban primary schools teach in English. Rural primary schools teach students in their local native language, typically in 1418:

Chikoko, Vitallis (2008). "The Role Of Parent Governors In School Governance In Zimbabwe: Perceptions Of School Heads, Teachers And Parent Governors."

320:

education system was a structural institution that reinforced the superiority of White settlers even though, they were the minority of the population.

3334: 527:

By the end of 2008, most schools and hospitals were shut down due to thousands of teachers leaving the profession, an economic crisis, an increase in

414: 376:

called for an education reform that created a three-tier school system. The Education Act of 1979 regulated access to each type of school through a

2304: 773:

At the end of Grade 7, students take a national examination in Mathematics,*Agriculture* English, Shona or Ndebele and the General Paper covering

2560:"An Evaluation of the Mushrooming of new 'Independent Colleges' in Zimbabwe with Special Emphasis on the Education of the Urban Child, 2000-2009" 3003: 3354: 293: 2068:"Negotiating Roles and Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralised School Governance: A Case Study of One Cluster of Schools in Zimbabwe" 502:

by the end of the 1980s. By the 1990s, primary schooling was nearly universal and over half the population had completed secondary education.

453:

Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015)

2187: 1871: 1782: 1643: 793:

typically have performance requirements, but many rural public schools allow "mass admission" regardless of performance on the examination.

854: 2040: 646:

the education system by enabling parents to elect five other parents to lead a school. The decentralization of schools combats the highly

368:

Training of Royal Air Force Aircrew in Rhodesia, 1943. This is an example of the focus on White education during colonial rule until 1980.

1802: 599: 364: 3579: 562:

Zimbabwe's focus on expanding education opportunities for the past 25 years has led to national accomplishments including achieving a

670:

and educational development in primary and secondary schools. The Minister of the Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture was

3264: 1898: 1620: 1189:. This strike led to nearly 94 percent of all rural schools closing and school attendance rates fell from 80 percent to 20 percent. 746:

by Grade 3. Student to teacher ratios are typically from 30 to 50 students per teacher; however, this varies based on location, the

1337: 762:. Based on the Education Secretary's Policy Circular No. 12 in 1987, "the minimum expected educational outcome for all students is 2892: 2865: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1060:

in education still exist. Gender differences are less predominant in primary education than they are in secondary education. The

874: 862: 827: 2798:

Nhundu, Tichatonga J. (1992). "A Decade of Educational Expansion in Zimbabwe: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Contradictions".

3209: 3181: 3153: 1372: 835: 466: 410: 3116: 1537: 539:

asserted that 94 percent of rural schools, serving the majority of the population, closed in 2009. During this period of time

3678: 3369: 3103: 2842: 2204: 699:

Preschools are directed by the Early Childhood Development (ECD) system under the Ministry of Primary and Second Education.

462:

Exponential increases in the number of students attending school heightened the need for more infrastructure and teachers.

361:

the 1970s, only 43.5% of African children attended school, while only 3.9% of these children enrolled in secondary school.

3652: 3243: 2078: 1473: 236: 1365: 3257: 634:

School Development Committees have many functions to control the quality of the school system. Their powers include the

273: 231: 2638: 2525: 2001:

Matereke, Kudzai (2012). "Whipping into Line': The dual crisis of education and citizenship in postcolonial Zimbabwe".

239:

of providing universal and free education to all students by 2030. Zimbabwe had an adult literacy rate of 88% in 2014.

199:

under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education for primary and secondary education, and the

1858: 1773: 1298: 1092:. In times of economic hardship, resources for education are allocated to males more than females due to labor roles, 1015: 915:. The nation's independency in 1980 expanded the University of Zimbabwe's enrollment from 2,240 to 9,017 by 1990. The 802: 717: 532: 499: 349: 3605: 2910:"The State of Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe: Bachelor of Education (Special Needs Education) Students' Perceptions" 591:. This fundamental right was clearly articulated in the Education Act of 1987. The act also abolished all methods of 543:

also claimed that attendance rates plummeted from over 80% to 20%. The economy regained momentum after 2009 once the

3648: 3409: 1224: 630:

promote the welfare of the school for the benefit of its present and future students and their parents and teachers

513: 2716: 3644: 3519: 3509: 3314: 739: 700: 94: 1147:

and left the profession in recent years over low salaries, poor working conditions, political victimization and

3524: 3414: 3344: 426: 418: 334: 313: 267: 1515: 3584: 3504: 3469: 3454: 3439: 3394: 3329: 2275: 1182: 935: 896: 892: 819: 2344:

The Legal Framework Governing Parental Involvement with Education in Zimbabwe, S.G.; Ngwenya, V.C. (2013).

2237: 1002:. There is a current push for inclusionary schools in order to provide quality education for students with 807: 678:

fired Langa in September 2015. Langa was replaced by Makhosini Hlongwan and the ministry's name changed to

3635: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3459: 1186: 950:

Quality of education is also impacted by the lack of trained teachers in secondary schools. A majority of

912: 647: 638:

and dismissal of teachers, the preservation of facilities and the act of borrowing money and applying for

521: 1891:

Southern African Political History: A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997

3609: 3534: 3384: 3379: 3359: 3324: 3309: 2777: 2595: 1697:

Mapako, and Mareva (2013). "The Concept of Free Primary School Education in Zimbabwe: Myth or Reality".

1073: 1048:

School children in Zimbabwe digging a shallow pit for an Arborloo toilet (a variation of a pit latrine).

778: 763: 54: 1914: 1803:

Towards the Elimination of Disparities in Educational Provision: A Look Into Zimbabwe and South Africa"

1097: 1159: 226:

party, which changed the constitution to recognize primary and secondary public education as free and

3544: 3514: 3499: 3484: 3474: 3464: 3429: 3424: 3374: 3319: 3294: 3018: 2747: 1964: 1173: 904: 667: 528: 330: 227: 3238: 3004:"Towards a Gender Inclusive Curriculum in Zimbabwe's Education System: Opportunities and Challenges" 3554: 3549: 3489: 3444: 3404: 3299: 3280: 2112: 1293: 1172:, teachers were one of the lowest paid professions in the 2000s, receiving the equivalence of $ 10 1007: 1003: 815: 782: 747: 517: 252: 204: 1068:

Females are increasingly more likely to drop out than their male peers in secondary school due to

512:, although the system continues to suffer from a contemporary decline in public funding linked to 3529: 3479: 3434: 3419: 3399: 3389: 3364: 3304: 3070: 2932: 2815: 2479: 2018: 1980: 1741: 1011: 956: 880: 588: 395: 357: 326: 301: 1673:

Kanyongo, Gibbs (2005). "Zimbabwe's public education system reforms: Successes and challenges".

17: 2684: 1443: 1268:

for core subjects and the student to textbook ratio was 10:1. Thousands of textbooks have been

1215:

In 2009, the national economy stabilized because of the actions taken by the newly established

722: 3539: 3449: 3339: 3099: 2979: 2312: 2245: 2183: 1894: 1867: 1839: 1778: 1733: 1639: 1616: 1244: 1240: 1119: 1105: 1081: 1027: 951: 900: 552: 509: 491: 399: 373: 345: 263: 3062: 2971: 2924: 2807: 2471: 2175: 2010: 1972: 1831: 1725: 1228: 1057: 987: 970: 790: 743: 675: 208: 86: 650:

structure of the government in hopes to assist the operation and development of education.

2846: 2390: 2047: 1955:

MacKenzie, C.G. (1988). "Zimbabwe's educational miracle and the problems it has created".

1581: 1209: 1178: 1148: 978: 774: 663: 2768:

Garwe, Evelyn Chiyevo (April 2014). "Quality assurance in higher education in Zimbabwe".

2131:

Challenges in financing education, health, and social protection expenditures in Zimbabwe

1185:. During a year-long strike from 2008 to 2009, teachers demanded higher salaries paid in 551:

developed to resolve national challenges. The Government of National Unity suspended the

2975: 2419:

Colclough, C.; Ltifstedt, J.I; Manduvi-Moyo, J; Maravanyika, O.E.; Ngwata, W.S. (1990).

2156: 1968: 1235: 1169: 1077: 1069: 1061: 981:. Programs like the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) have developed to prevent 786: 735: 731: 704: 592: 482: 338: 90: 1538:"UNICEF Zimbabwe - Media centre - Sustainable development goals: all you need to know" 312:

and building. N.J. Atkinson claims that in order to control the local population, the

3672: 2483: 2022: 2014: 1984: 1745: 1391: 1248: 1220: 1205: 1140: 1093: 1032: 703:

is offered for children from the ages of three to five through the ECD. According to

643: 639: 570:

As of early 2020s, the education system has been reported to be grossly underfunded.

556: 316:

limited education and censored knowledge in schools. Furthermore, he argues that the

300:

schools to serve local communities. Missionary schools provided an education for the

219: 3246:, Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) 3074: 2936: 3066: 2928: 2662: 2475: 2041:

Moving forward in Zimbabwe: Reducing poverty and promoting growth, Ch. 6: Education

1247:. The researchers also believe that teachers will continue to threaten or actually 1201: 1193: 671: 434: 430: 353: 58: 2869: 2839: 1545: 458: 223: 2781: 3048:"Teaching as a Profession in Zimbabwe: Are Teachers Facing a Motivation Crisis?" 1860:

Education and Development in Zimbabwe: A Social, Political and Economic Analysis

1152: 1144: 1115: 1101: 826:, all with an enrollment fee. Secondary education is made up of two cycles, the 759: 635: 438: 406: 317: 305: 3135: 2602:. The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality 2346:"The Legal Framework Governing Parental Involvement with Education in Zimbabwe" 1716:

Parker, Franklin (October 1959). "Education of Africans in Southern Rhodesia".

1477: 750:

and yearly budget for education. The curriculum in primary schools encompasses

188: 36: 1123: 999: 888: 823: 604: 508:

claims that the country's education system was once the most developed on the

474: 321: 297: 2600:

The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality

2497: 2316: 2249: 1835: 1737: 1196:, during the economic crisis. They participated in cross-border trading with 201:

Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development

2895:| Inter Press Service." Inter Press Service News. Retrieved 19 October 2015. 1111: 842: 624: 616:

Instrument 87 of 1992, the purpose of School Development Committees is to:

494:. In 1986, 8,000 additional teachers were trained to meet national demands. 478: 309: 3217:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27 3189:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27 3161:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27 2983: 1843: 1638:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1366:"Adult and Youth Literacy: National, regional and global trends, 1985-2015" 1276:

currently reports that the student to textbook ratio is now 1:1 because of

3002:

Gudhlanga, Enna; Chirimuuta, Chipo & Bhukuvhani, Crispen (June 2012).

2179: 2113:

Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition 2010 Report Evaluation

998:

It is estimated that over 300,000 school-aged children in Zimbabwe have a

841:

Students take classes in Mathematics, English, Science, Shona or Ndebele,

1318: 1269: 1265: 1251:

in the future unless their needs are better addressed by the government.

1197: 1085: 1022: 767: 751: 598:

The Education Act of 1996 and the Disabled Persons Act of 1996 furthered

563: 422: 281: 277: 212: 3096:'Progress' in Zimbabwe?: The Past and Present of a Concept and a Country 2051:. Brooks World Poverty Institute 2009, p.73. Retrieved 13 September 2011 1076:

in secondary schools. Females are considered a source of income through

942: 834:, or Advanced Level, for two years. This structure was adopted from the 2819: 2724: 2428:. Sweden: Swedish International Development Authority. pp. 151–152 1976: 1136: 1089: 974: 946:

A student works on a school project at Gateway High School in Zimbabwe.

846: 470: 403: 3249: 1273: 1260: 982: 620:

provide and assist in the operation and development of public schools

540: 536: 505: 486: 382: 377: 289: 285: 2811: 1822:

Gordon, Rosemary (1994). "Education Policy and Gender in Zimbabwe".

1567: 1127:

and leave out important female leaders and perspectives in history.

2391:"A Study on Children and Adolescents with Disabilities in Zimbabwe" 1729: 907:

Tertiary education was first introduced to Zimbabwe in 1957 by the

1043: 941: 806: 721: 448: 363: 2866:"Inter Press Service | News and Views from the Global South" 2893:

For Zimbabweans, Universal Education May be an Unattainable Goal

1866:. Canada: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–24. 1613:

Teaching Rhodesians: A History of Educational Policy in Rhodesia

1272:

in the past few years along with additional learning materials.

402:

war, catalysed the shift in power from British colonial rule to

337:

subordinate and inferior to White colonists in order to advance

3253: 1635:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

1277: 755: 559:, reducing hyperinflation and increasing social expenditures. 1052:

Although education is accepted as a fundamental right by the

3211:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe 3183:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe 3155:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe 386:

funding and qualified faculty compared to Group A schools.

3244:

Education Statistics and Quality of Education in Zimbabwe

1338:"Is Zimbabwe's education sector on the road to recovery?" 818:

is not funded by the government and students can attend

3094:

Moore, David; Kriger, Norma; Raftopoulos, Brian (2013).

2305:"Why Zimbabwe's schools have taken to selling chickens" 623:

advance the moral, cultural, physical and intellectual

433:. All primary school tuition fees were abolished after 218:

In 1980, education was declared a basic human right by

3117:

Is Zimbabwe's education sector on the road to recovery

2422:

Education in Zimbabwe: Issues of Quality and Quantity

861:. The "A-Level" examination is required for entry to 811:

School children outside of Chisungu secondary school.

583:

After nearly a century of British colonial rule, the

192:

Zimbabwe is located in the southern region of Africa.

1223:

of the national economy which curved the effects of

730:

Zimbabwe's education system mandates seven years of

3593: 3568: 3287: 2850:. Inter Press Service. Retrieved 13 September 2011. 2075:

International Studies in Educational Administration

2038:Brooks World Poverty Institute (11 December 2009). 1309:

Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Zimbabwe

1243:did not prepare them for the classroom or to teach 1096:and gender expectations. However, reports from the 465:Teachers were in high demand immediately following 178: 170: 162: 154: 149: 141: 133: 125: 120: 108: 100: 82: 77: 69: 64: 48: 43: 2498:"Ministry of Sport Arts and Culture - About MoSAC" 1586:Human Rights Measurement Initiative Rights Tracker 726:Primary school classroom and lecture in Zimbabwe. 308:production and industrial development including 203:for higher education. Both are regulated by the 1314:National Council for Higher Education, Zimbabwe 832:General Certificate of Education Advanced Level 2748:"Zimsec boss speaks on Cambridge Examinations" 1921:. South African History Outline. 16 March 2011 1192:Many teachers joined the informal economy, or 924:Recent factors affecting education in Zimbabwe 660:Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture 348:controlled access to quality schools based on 3265: 2685:"Zimbabwe Education spending, percent of GDP" 1392:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016" 333:. Limited access to a quality education kept 8: 3142:. September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2015. 2631:Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2238:"How Zimbabwe and the Dollar Beat Inflation" 2174:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 29. 1771:Edward Shizha and Michael T. Kariwo (2011). 1364:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (May 2013). 909:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 859:Cambridge Assessment International Education 830:, or Ordinary Level, for four years and the 49:Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education 29: 2723:. Embassy of Zimbabwe. 2007. Archived from 3272: 3258: 3250: 35: 3239:Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education 2170:Besada, Hany (2011). Besada, Hany (ed.). 1809:. 11(1): 43-51. Retrieved 9 October 2015. 1386: 1384: 1382: 885:Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education 51:Ministry of Tertiary and Higher Education 1857:Kariwo, Michael; Shizha, Edward (2012). 1359: 1357: 1355: 1158: 1104:in education is smaller than many other 853:secondary education administered by the 535:in 2008 leading to a national epidemic. 429:, which recognises education as a basic 187: 1807:Journal of Social Development in Africa 1777:. Boston: Sense Publishers. pp. 20–30. 1329: 3131: 3129: 3041: 3039: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2903: 2901: 2793: 2791: 2763: 2761: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2590: 2588: 2567:Zimbabwe Journal of Education Research 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2520: 2518: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2034: 2032: 1996: 1994: 1909: 1907: 1885: 1883: 1817: 1815: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1181:to other countries in response to the 28: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2205:"Dollarization: The Case of Zimbabwe" 2150: 2148: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1774:Education and Development in Zimbabwe 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1414: 1412: 917:National Council for Higher Education 7: 2526:"Sports minister Andrew Langa fired" 2283:National Education Profile: Zimbabwe 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 855:Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council 658:In 2013, the government created the 3136:"Zimbabwe education crisis worsens" 2976:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.02.001 2891:Moyo, Jeffrey (24 December 2014). " 2837:Stanley Kwenda (18 November 2008). 2160:. UNICEF. Retrieved 1 October 2015. 2133:(Report). World Bank. pp. 1–78 1072:, cost of continuing education and 1021:Most schools perform "unplanned or 417:in 1980 and took over the historic 2663:"Education in Zimbabwe | UsapGloba 2276:"Education Policy and Data Center" 1889:Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999). 294:Company administration of Rhodesia 73:$ 750 million (public, all levels) 25: 2861:Zimbabwe’s School System Crumbles 2840:Zimbabwe’s School System Crumbles 2746:Zhakata, Ivan (24 January 2024). 2717:"Zimbabwe Health & Education" 2157:Zimbabwe education crisis worsens 2003:Educational Philosophy and Theory 1957:International Review of Education 1420:International Review Of Education 680:Ministry of Sports and Recreation 469:. In the mid-1980s, thousands of 390:National education reform in 1980 3580:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3350:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2637:. pp. 25–28. Archived from 2628:United Nations Zimbabwe (2012). 2066:Chikoko, Vitallis (March 2007). 2015:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2011.00799.x 1699:Education Research International 1474:"Education in Zimbabwe - SACMEQ" 1304:List of Universities in Zimbabwe 883:of education is operated by the 875:List of universities in Zimbabwe 828:General Certificate of Education 822:, government boarding school or 595:from the Education Act of 1979. 65:National education budget (2013) 18:History of education in Zimbabwe 2172:Zimbabwe: Picking Up the Pieces 1915:"South African History Outline" 1675:International Education Journal 1508:"Millennium Development Goal 2" 1373:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 770:by the end of primary school." 585:Zimbabwe African National Union 411:Zimbabwe African National Union 398:from 1964-1979, a fifteen-year 372:In 1979, the new government of 3067:10.1080/09718923.2011.11892935 2929:10.1080/09718923.2013.11893133 2882:). Retrieved 13 September 2011 2800:The Journal of Negro Education 2596:"Education Fact Sheet: SACMEQ" 2476:10.1080/00094056.2007.10522947 2111:UNICEF Zimbabwe (June 2011). " 1490:). Retrieved 13 September 2011 1120:scientific or technical fields 341:political and economic gains. 1: 1632:Keepel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 929:Access to a quality education 611:Decentralization of authority 574:Governance after independence 3208:Zimbabwe Government (2012). 3180:Zimbabwe Government (2012). 3152:Zimbabwe Government (2012). 3017:(1 ed.). Archived from 2770:Research in Higher Education 2359:(2): 135–144. Archived from 2119:. Retrieved 15 November 2015 1901:. Retrieved 20 November 2015 1718:Comparative Education Review 1615:. London: Longman. pp 5-14. 1397:. World Economic Forum. 2015 1340:. IRIN News. 24 January 2013 1217:Government of National Unity 905:vocational training centers. 545:Government of National Unity 274:British South Africa Company 237:Sustainable Development Goal 232:Millennium Development Goals 3123:. Retrieved 19 October 2015 1785:. Retrieved 10 October 2015 1646:. Retrieved 10 October 2015 1444:"Zimbabwe Education System" 1299:List of Schools in Zimbabwe 1219:(GNU). The GNU enacted the 1168:Marked by a time period of 836:British system of education 803:List of schools in Zimbabwe 718:List of schools in Zimbabwe 579:Non-discriminatory policies 500:universal primary education 258:Colonial government to 1980 3695: 3055:Journal of Social Sciences 2917:Journal of Social Sciences 2669:Retrieved 10 October 2015. 2558:Tichagwa, K (March 2012). 2353:The Social Science Journal 1623:Retrieved 19 October 2015. 1426:. Retrieved November 2015. 1208:were not required to have 1114:are a method to analyzing 994:Students with disabilities 872: 800: 715: 261: 250: 3115:IRIN (24 January 2013). " 1919:Zimbabwe Independence Day 701:Early childhood education 409:in 1980. The ZANU party, 34: 3335:Central African Republic 3098:. Routledge. pp. 87–91. 3046:Chireshe, Regis (2011). 2908:Chireshe, Regis (2013). 1836:10.1080/0954025940060203 1544:. UNICEF. Archived from 1424:Academic Search Complete 1135:Thousands of Zimbabwean 820:private boarding schools 748:country's economic state 642:. These committees also 600:nondiscriminatory policy 457:Since independence, the 280:, the area now known as 276:arrived in the 1890s to 268:Company rule in Rhodesia 1611:Atkinson, N.D. (1972). 549:inclusionary government 547:was formed. This is an 467:Zimbabwe's independence 1514:. UNDP. Archived from 1187:international currency 1165: 1100:claim that Zimbabwe's 1049: 1012:Nondiscriminatory laws 979:global economic crisis 947: 913:University of Zimbabwe 812: 727: 518:economic mismanagement 454: 369: 193: 3679:Education in Zimbabwe 3495:São Tomé and Príncipe 3355:Republic of the Congo 2203:Noko, Joseph (2011). 2180:10.1057/9780230116436 2046:29 March 2014 at the 1801:Zindi, Fred (1996). " 1469:Education in Zimbabwe 1162: 1074:gender-based violence 1047: 945: 903:colleges and various 810: 779:Environmental Science 742:, then transition to 725: 452: 367: 302:indigenous population 197:Education in Zimbabwe 191: 44:Educational oversight 30:Education in Zimbabwe 1824:Gender and Education 1548:on 25 September 2018 1124:leadership positions 1082:adolescent pregnancy 668:economic empowerment 654:Education ministries 346:Rhodesian government 331:indentured servitude 230:. One of Zimbabwe's 222:, the leader of the 3570:States with limited 3281:Education in Africa 3011:Gender and Behavior 2845:15 May 2009 at the 2721:Embassy of Zimbabwe 2644:on 19 November 2015 2532:. 17 September 2015 2464:Childhood Education 2242:Wall Street Journal 2129:World Bank (2011). 2084:on 20 November 2015 1969:1988IREdu..34..337M 1570:. 27 November 2016. 1518:on 21 November 2015 1294:Education in Africa 1023:de facto inclusion" 1008:mental disabilities 911:, now known as the 816:Secondary education 797:Secondary education 783:Religious Education 764:functional literacy 533:outbreak of cholera 253:History of Zimbabwe 205:Cabinet of Zimbabwe 31: 2727:on 15 October 2015 2689:The Global Economy 1977:10.1007/BF00598220 1166: 1098:UN Children's Fund 1088:, poor health and 1058:gender disparities 1050: 1040:Gender differences 957:working conditions 948: 869:Tertiary education 813: 728: 555:to implement full 455: 396:Rhodesian Bush War 370: 327:labor exploitation 296:created Christian 194: 55:Dr. Tonderayi Moyo 3666: 3665: 3597:other territories 3370:Equatorial Guinea 2366:on 13 August 2017 2244:. 29 March 2011. 2189:978-0-230-11019-9 1873:978-94-6091-604-5 1783:978-94-6091-606-9 1644:978-0-7735-0534-6 1568:"Zimbabwe-UNESCO" 1422:54 (2): 243-263. 1278:international aid 1245:special education 1106:African countries 988:cost of education 952:teaching colleges 791:religious schools 712:Primary education 589:fundamental right 553:Zimbabwe currency 415:national election 374:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 264:Southern Rhodesia 186: 185: 150:Enrollment (2023) 83:Primary languages 16:(Redirected from 3686: 3658: 3657:(United Kingdom) 3653:Tristan da Cunha 3649:Ascension Island 3641: 3628: 3619: 3595:Dependencies and 3288:Sovereign states 3274: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3133: 3124: 3113: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3008: 2999: 2988: 2987: 2959: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2868:. Archived from 2859:Stanley Kwenda. 2857: 2851: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2681: 2670: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2564: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2502:MOSAC Government 2494: 2488: 2487: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2395: 2387: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2365: 2350: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2280: 2272: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2077:. Archived from 2072: 2063: 2052: 2036: 2027: 2026: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1952: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1911: 1902: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1865: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1819: 1810: 1799: 1786: 1769: 1750: 1749: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1694: 1683: 1682: 1670: 1647: 1630: 1624: 1609: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1512:UNDP in Zimbabwe 1504: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1480:on 23 March 2009 1476:. Archived from 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1440: 1427: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1361: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1334: 1241:teacher training 1229:informal economy 1116:gender relations 1018:in high school. 901:teacher training 690:Education stages 676:President Mugabe 520:. A decrease in 492:teacher training 471:refugee children 352:, prejudice and 304:that focused on 209:education system 114:17 October 1982 39: 32: 21: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3639: 3626: 3617: 3598: 3596: 3589: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3283: 3278: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3134: 3127: 3114: 3110: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3024:on 4 March 2016 3021: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2991: 2961: 2960: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2875: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2847:Wayback Machine 2836: 2827: 2812:10.2307/2295630 2797: 2796: 2789: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2461: 2460: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154:UNICEF (2009). 2153: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2110: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2048:Wayback Machine 2037: 2030: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1954: 1953: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1800: 1789: 1770: 1753: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1672: 1671: 1650: 1631: 1627: 1610: 1593: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1471:. SACMEQ 2010 ( 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1417: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1380: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1290: 1257: 1183:economic crisis 1133: 1070:early marriages 1042: 996: 966: 936:economic crisis 931: 926: 887:which includes 881:tertiary sector 877: 871: 805: 799: 775:Social Sciences 758:, Contents and 720: 714: 697: 695:Early education 692: 664:social cohesion 656: 613: 581: 576: 447: 445:1980s and 1990s 392: 270: 260: 255: 249: 121:Literacy (2023) 115: 110: 78:General details 57: 50: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3692: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3642: 3629: 3620: 3606:Canary Islands 3602: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3233:External links 3231: 3229: 3228: 3200: 3172: 3144: 3125: 3108: 3087: 3061:(2): 113–118. 3035: 2989: 2970:(2): 154–161. 2949: 2923:(3): 223–228. 2897: 2884: 2872:on 15 May 2009 2852: 2825: 2787: 2757: 2738: 2701: 2671: 2655: 2613: 2584: 2543: 2514: 2489: 2470:(6): 342–346. 2439: 2411: 2377: 2329: 2296: 2285:. FHI360. 2014 2262: 2229: 2195: 2188: 2162: 2144: 2121: 2095: 2053: 2028: 1990: 1963:(3): 337–353. 1932: 1903: 1893:. pp 711-713. 1879: 1872: 1849: 1830:(2): 131–139. 1811: 1787: 1751: 1730:10.1086/444803 1708: 1684: 1648: 1625: 1591: 1573: 1559: 1529: 1492: 1460: 1428: 1408: 1378: 1351: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1280:from the ETF. 1256: 1253: 1236:United Nations 1225:hyperinflation 1206:civil servants 1170:hyperinflation 1153:Teacher unions 1145:teacher unions 1132: 1129: 1062:United Nations 1041: 1038: 1016:discrimination 995: 992: 965: 962: 930: 927: 925: 922: 870: 867: 798: 795: 732:primary school 713: 710: 705:United Nations 696: 693: 691: 688: 655: 652: 632: 631: 628: 621: 612: 609: 593:discrimination 580: 577: 575: 572: 514:hyperinflation 446: 443: 421:government in 419:White minority 391: 388: 259: 256: 251:Main article: 248: 245: 184: 183: 180: 179:Post secondary 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 52: 46: 45: 41: 40: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3691: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3410:Guinea-Bissau 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3201: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:Contraception 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2640: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:The Economist 2306: 2300: 2297: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899:9780313302473 1896: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1705:(1): 135–147. 1704: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621:9780582641242 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:dollarization 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:have gone on 1138: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:social values 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 963: 961: 958: 953: 944: 940: 937: 928: 923: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 868: 866: 865:in Zimbabwe. 864: 860: 856: 850: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 809: 804: 796: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 724: 719: 711: 709: 706: 702: 694: 689: 687: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 653: 651: 649: 645: 644:decentralized 641: 637: 629: 626: 622: 619: 618: 617: 610: 608: 606: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 578: 573: 571: 568: 565: 564:literacy rate 560: 558: 557:dollarization 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 501: 495: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 460: 451: 444: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 397: 389: 387: 384: 379: 375: 366: 362: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 269: 265: 257: 254: 246: 244: 240: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:Robert Mugabe 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 190: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 113: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 63: 60: 56: 53: 47: 42: 38: 33: 27: 19: 3645:Saint Helena 3616: 3559: 3520:South Africa 3510:Sierra Leone 3315:Burkina Faso 3219:. Retrieved 3210: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3182: 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3154: 3147: 3139: 3120: 3111: 3095: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3058: 3054: 3026:. Retrieved 3019:the original 3014: 3010: 2967: 2963: 2940:. Retrieved 2920: 2916: 2887: 2876:13 September 2874:. Retrieved 2870:the original 2863:. IPS 2008 ( 2860: 2855: 2838: 2806:(1): 78–98. 2803: 2799: 2773: 2769: 2751: 2741: 2729:. Retrieved 2725:the original 2720: 2692:. Retrieved 2688: 2667:USAP Global. 2666: 2658: 2646:. Retrieved 2639:the original 2630: 2604:. Retrieved 2599: 2575:. Retrieved 2570: 2566: 2534:. Retrieved 2530:New Zimbabwe 2529: 2505:. Retrieved 2501: 2492: 2467: 2463: 2430:. Retrieved 2421: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2397: 2368:. Retrieved 2361:the original 2356: 2352: 2320:. Retrieved 2308: 2299: 2287:. Retrieved 2282: 2253:. Retrieved 2241: 2232: 2220:. Retrieved 2218:(2): 339–343 2215: 2212:Cato Journal 2211: 2198: 2171: 2165: 2155: 2135:. Retrieved 2124: 2116: 2086:. Retrieved 2079:the original 2074: 2039: 2009:(2): 84–99. 2006: 2002: 1960: 1956: 1923:. Retrieved 1918: 1890: 1859: 1852: 1827: 1823: 1806: 1772: 1724:(2): 27–32. 1721: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1678: 1674: 1633: 1628: 1612: 1585: 1576: 1562: 1550:. Retrieved 1546:the original 1541: 1532: 1520:. Retrieved 1516:the original 1511: 1482:. Retrieved 1478:the original 1468: 1463: 1451:. Retrieved 1447: 1423: 1419: 1399:. Retrieved 1342:. Retrieved 1332: 1282: 1258: 1233: 1214: 1202:South Africa 1194:black sector 1191: 1167: 1134: 1110: 1086:HIV and AIDs 1067: 1054:constitution 1051: 1020: 997: 967: 949: 932: 889:universities 878: 863:universities 851: 840: 814: 772: 729: 698: 684: 682:as of 2015. 672:Andrew Langa 657: 633: 614: 605:disabilities 597: 582: 569: 561: 529:HIV and AIDS 526: 504: 496: 464: 456: 435:independence 427:constitution 393: 371: 343: 306:agricultural 271: 241: 217: 196: 195: 109:Established 59:Amon Murwira 26: 3572:recognition 3525:South Sudan 3415:Ivory Coast 3221:15 November 3193:15 November 3165:15 November 3080:20 November 2942:17 November 2606:20 November 2432:20 November 2404:20 November 2255:20 November 2222:20 November 1925:20 November 1681:(1): 65–74. 1552:20 November 1522:20 November 1401:19 November 1344:10 November 1234:Today, the 897:polytechnic 648:centralized 636:recruitment 627:of students 498:to achieve 431:human right 407:sovereignty 358:Segregation 318:eurocentric 101:System type 3627:(Portugal) 3585:Somaliland 3505:Seychelles 3470:Mozambique 3455:Mauritania 3440:Madagascar 3395:The Gambia 3330:Cape Verde 3104:1317983092 3028:2 November 2782:1535263267 2752:The Herald 2731:21 October 2694:21 October 2648:10 October 2573:(1): 36–46 2536:2 November 2507:2 November 2370:1 November 2289:21 October 2137:21 October 2088:1 November 1582:"Zimbabwe" 1453:19 October 1448:Class Base 1325:References 1174:US dollars 1102:gender gap 1000:disability 873:See also: 824:day school 801:See also: 716:See also: 662:to foster 475:Mozambique 459:government 413:, won the 322:Missionary 298:missionary 262:See also: 228:compulsory 116:4 May 1980 3460:Mauritius 3121:IRIN News 2577:1 October 2484:154684666 2322:23 August 2317:0013-0613 2250:0099-9660 2023:143982358 1985:144125858 1746:144102459 1738:0010-4086 1371:. UNESCO 1266:textbooks 1255:Textbooks 1143:, joined 1112:Textbooks 893:technical 843:Geography 531:, and an 510:continent 479:Australia 400:guerrilla 354:ethnicity 310:carpentry 182:10 % 171:Secondary 158:4 659,993 111:Initiated 3673:Category 3651: / 3647: / 3640:(France) 3634: / 3612: / 3608: / 3560:Zimbabwe 3535:Tanzania 3385:Ethiopia 3380:Eswatini 3360:Djibouti 3325:Cameroon 3310:Botswana 3075:67843180 2984:24835827 2937:43643835 2843:Archived 2778:ProQuest 2776:: 1–10. 2400:. UNICEF 2115:"(PDF). 2044:Archived 1844:12290971 1484:23 March 1467:SACMEQ. 1319:Zimbabwe 1288:See also 1227:and the 1204:because 1198:Botswana 1179:migrated 1149:violence 1137:teachers 1131:Teachers 1078:marriage 1004:physical 975:uniforms 768:numeracy 752:Language 439:citizens 423:Rhodesia 335:Africans 282:Zimbabwe 278:Rhodesia 213:Zimbabwe 3636:Réunion 3632:Mayotte 3623:Madeira 3618:(Spain) 3614:Melilla 3545:Tunisia 3515:Somalia 3500:Senegal 3485:Nigeria 3475:Namibia 3465:Morocco 3430:Liberia 3425:Lesotho 3375:Eritrea 3345:Comoros 3320:Burundi 3295:Algeria 2820:2295630 1965:Bibcode 1805:(PDF). 1270:donated 1141:strikes 1090:poverty 1028:educate 983:orphans 971:tuition 964:Funding 847:History 787:Private 744:English 740:Ndebele 625:welfare 483:Britain 404:de jure 383:suburbs 339:British 314:Company 247:History 163:Primary 95:Ndebele 87:English 3655: 3638: 3625: 3555:Zambia 3550:Uganda 3490:Rwanda 3445:Malawi 3405:Guinea 3300:Angola 3140:UNICEF 3102: 3073: 2982: 2935: 2818: 2780: 2482: 2398:UNICEF 2315: 2248: 2186: 2117:UNICEF 2021: 1983: 1897: 1870: 1842: 1781: 1744: 1736: 1642: 1619: 1542:UNICEF 1274:UNICEF 1261:UNICEF 1249:strike 1033:stigma 845:, and 674:until 640:grants 541:UNICEF 537:UNICEF 506:UNICEF 487:Canada 378:zoning 292:. The 290:Zambia 286:Malawi 207:. The 142:Female 70:Budget 3610:Ceuta 3530:Sudan 3480:Niger 3435:Libya 3420:Kenya 3400:Ghana 3390:Gabon 3365:Egypt 3305:Benin 3215:(PDF) 3187:(PDF) 3159:(PDF) 3071:S2CID 3051:(PDF) 3022:(PDF) 3007:(PDF) 2933:S2CID 2913:(PDF) 2816:JSTOR 2642:(PDF) 2635:(PDF) 2563:(PDF) 2480:S2CID 2426:(PDF) 2394:(PDF) 2364:(PDF) 2349:(PDF) 2279:(PDF) 2208:(PDF) 2082:(PDF) 2071:(PDF) 2019:S2CID 1981:S2CID 1864:(PDF) 1742:S2CID 1395:(PDF) 1369:(PDF) 1210:visas 736:Shona 473:from 174:73.8% 166:93.9% 155:Total 145:89.1% 137:91.0% 129:90.7% 126:Total 104:State 91:Shona 3540:Togo 3450:Mali 3340:Chad 3223:2015 3195:2015 3167:2015 3100:ISBN 3082:2015 3030:2015 2980:PMID 2944:2015 2878:2011 2733:2015 2696:2015 2665:l". 2650:2015 2608:2015 2579:2015 2538:2015 2509:2015 2434:2015 2406:2015 2372:2015 2324:2023 2313:ISSN 2291:2015 2257:2015 2246:ISSN 2224:2015 2184:ISBN 2139:2015 2090:2015 1927:2015 1895:ISBN 1868:ISBN 1840:PMID 1779:ISBN 1734:ISSN 1640:ISBN 1617:ISBN 1554:2015 1524:2015 1486:2009 1455:2015 1403:2015 1346:2015 1200:and 1006:and 899:and 879:The 781:and 766:and 760:Math 516:and 485:and 394:The 350:race 329:and 288:and 272:The 266:and 224:ZANU 134:Male 3119:?". 3063:doi 2972:doi 2925:doi 2808:doi 2472:doi 2176:doi 2011:doi 1973:doi 1832:doi 1726:doi 857:or 789:or 756:Art 738:or 522:GDP 211:in 3675:: 3138:. 3128:^ 3069:. 3059:28 3057:. 3053:. 3038:^ 3015:10 3013:. 3009:. 2992:^ 2978:. 2968:90 2966:. 2952:^ 2931:. 2921:34 2919:. 2915:. 2900:^ 2828:^ 2814:. 2802:. 2790:^ 2774:23 2772:. 2760:^ 2750:. 2719:. 2704:^ 2687:. 2674:^ 2616:^ 2598:. 2587:^ 2571:24 2569:. 2565:. 2546:^ 2528:. 2517:^ 2500:. 2478:. 2468:83 2466:. 2442:^ 2396:. 2380:^ 2357:34 2355:. 2351:. 2332:^ 2311:. 2307:. 2281:. 2265:^ 2240:. 2214:. 2210:. 2182:. 2147:^ 2098:^ 2073:. 2056:^ 2031:^ 2017:. 2007:44 2005:. 1993:^ 1979:. 1971:. 1961:34 1959:. 1935:^ 1917:. 1906:^ 1882:^ 1838:. 1826:. 1814:^ 1790:^ 1754:^ 1740:. 1732:. 1720:. 1701:. 1687:^ 1677:. 1651:^ 1594:^ 1584:. 1540:. 1510:. 1495:^ 1446:. 1431:^ 1411:^ 1381:^ 1354:^ 1151:. 1122:, 1108:. 1084:, 1056:, 990:. 895:, 891:, 838:. 777:, 754:, 666:, 607:. 481:, 356:. 284:, 93:, 89:, 3273:e 3266:t 3259:v 3225:. 3197:. 3169:. 3106:. 3084:. 3065:: 3032:. 2986:. 2974:: 2946:. 2927:: 2880:. 2822:. 2810:: 2804:6 2784:. 2754:. 2735:. 2698:. 2652:. 2610:. 2581:. 2540:. 2511:. 2486:. 2474:: 2436:. 2408:. 2374:. 2326:. 2293:. 2259:. 2226:. 2216:3 2192:. 2178:: 2141:. 2092:. 2025:. 2013:: 1987:. 1975:: 1967:: 1929:. 1876:. 1846:. 1834:: 1828:6 1748:. 1728:: 1722:3 1703:1 1679:6 1588:. 1556:. 1526:. 1488:. 1457:. 1405:. 1375:. 1348:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Education in Zimbabwe

Index