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on buffalo hunts. The US Army had the role of keeping the two apart, using lethal force against the
Indians. Consequently the western frontier saw very high levels of organized and unorganized violence between settlers and Indians, with the army playing a major role in keeping transportation lines open, keeping feuding tribes apart, and moving Indians back to their reservations. Another perspective of course is out of the white threat to Indian homeland security. The national policy was that Native Americans had two choices: they could enter the main society and be subject to state government laws like everyone else, or they could live on designated reservations, largely subsidized by the federal government, where they had self-government. What was not allowed were Indian warriors leaving the reservation to attack other tribes, or whites.
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397:" and that Britain and France would intervene to protect the cotton supply. The French government wanted to intervene, but needed British help. Top officials in London favored the Confederacy, but realized that much of its food supply came from the North, and in a war the Union navy would sink much of the British merchant fleet. wanted British and French intervention, but its diplomacy was poor. Its main success was borrowing some cash used to spread propaganda, and in getting Britain to build a warship "
33:
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Filloux heavy field gun in 1917. Until 1944 it was the weapon of choice in coastal defense, with the circular or semicircular Panama mount. In anticipation of a conflict with Japan, most of the limited funds available between 1933 and 1938 were spent on the
Pacific coast. In 1939–40 the threat of war in Europe prompted larger appropriations and the resumption of work along the Atlantic coast. Under a major program developed in the wake of the
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and be hostile to
American values. The early success of the Irish in Boston and New York to gain political influence underlined the threat. The Protestant fear was that Catholics would disregard fair election procedures and thereby threatened to ruin the democratic process. Furthermore the Catholics were brought unprecedented violence poverty and disease to newly emerging slums. The main result was explosive overnight growth of the
203:
rescuing shipwreck victims, to form the modern Coast Guard. The service was later transferred to the
Department of the Treasury before becoming part of the Department of Transportation in 1967 and eventually the Department of Homeland Security in 2003. Prior to 1900, the Coast Guard primarily focused on enforcing tariffs, preventing smuggling, and rescuing shipwreck victims.
300:
which the
Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.
533:
have shaped
American sensibilities regarding the need for homeland security. The new emphasis includes systematic maltreatment of the Indians. Multiple solutions were attempted, including: Lincoln's aggressive policy against the Sioux 1862; Army imprisonment of the entire Navajo tribe in 1864; the Colorado militia's
634:
punished activity supporting the enemy war effort, or activity reducing support for the
American war effort. The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag or armed forces. Government police action,
145:
rendered these open topped emplacements vulnerable to air attack. Therefore, the next, and last, generation of coastal artillery was mounted under thick concrete shields covered with vegetation to make them virtually invisible from above. The US Army adopted the French 155-millimeter Grande
Puissance
532:
Sympathies have reversed over time, now favoring the
Indians today rather than Colonel Custer. However at the time the American public demanded and got federal action to guarantee security in the West. Given the enormous attention in film fiction and folklore to these episodes, and it is likely they
528:
The Indian wars involved attacks by the
Indians on White settlers and railroads, and the attacks by the US army on Indian braves off the reservation. The arena was the contest for control between the expanding American railway and ranching system versus the expanding Sioux and Comanche domains based
316:
By 1860, overshadowed by issues of slavery and civil war, anticatholicism faded. The Catholic support for the Union in the Civil War demonstrated they were good citizens willing to fight for their new country, and most fears dissipated by 1865. But not all, there was a resurgence of anti-Catholicism
267:
I do conscientiously and sincerely believe that the Order of Freemasonry, if not the greatest, is one of the greatest moral and political evils under which the Union is now laboring ... a conspiracy of the few against the equal rights of the many ...Masonry ought forever to be abolished. It is wrong
231:
are a secret fraternal group that originated in Europe and became popular in elite circles in the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Members are sworn to secrecy about who belongs and what they do. In the U.S., popular fears emerged that the aim of Freemasonry was "to overthrow
78:
and a Navy was built up by President John Adams. After 1801 President Thomas Jefferson minimized the Navy and set up the Second System to protect major ports by the use of small inexpensive gunboats manned by unpaid volunteers. The gunboats proved inadequate when facing the Royal Navy in the War of
639:
When a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured. . . . The question is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they
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massacre of innocent Indians in 1864; civil war between tribes in Oklahoma 1861-1865; building a network of army forts to control the Plains; President Grant's peace policy and sending in the missionaries; enforcement of a tough reservation policy; destruction of the buffalo (the food supply of the
461:
A condition of affairs now exists in some of the States of the Union rendering life and property insecure, and the carrying of the mails and the collection of the revenue dangerous....That the power to correct these evils is beyond the control of State authorities, I do not doubt. That the power of
299:
The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban
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where governmental law enforcement was inadequate. In frontier areas they promised security and mediated land disputes. In ranching areas, they ruled on ranch boundaries, registered brands, and protected cattle and horses. In the mining districts, they protected claims, settled claim disputes, and
388:
The United States government made it a high priority to keep Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy—threatening war if they did so. The Union diplomacy was successful. In late 1861 the Union Navy seized a British ship and took off Confederate diplomats. Union public opinion celebrated
308:
reawakened old historic fears based in British history regarding the threat of the Catholic Church. The new fear was that the Catholics were controlled by their priests, who in turn were controlled by their bishops, who in turn were controlled by the Pope in Rome. Their votes would all be dictated
272:
Though few states passed laws directed at Freemasonry by name, laws regulating and restricting it were passed and many cases dealing with Freemasonry were seen in the courts. Antimasonic legislation was passed in Vermont in 1833, including a provision by which the giving and willing taking of an
202:
in 1790 when Congress authorized the construction of 10 vessels to enforce tariffs and prevent smuggling. This fleet was originally known as the Revenue Marine and later as the Revenue Cutter Service. In 1822, the Revenue Marine was merged with the Life-Saving Service, which was responsible for
576:
Of the tens of thousands of lynchers and onlookers during this period, it is reported that fewer than 50 whites were ever indicted for their crimes, and only four were sentenced. Because Black people were disenfranchised, they could not sit on juries or have any part in the political process,
502:
emerged in Kentucky, West Virginia, and nearby poor rural areas areas in the late 19th century. These were secret vigilante committees aimed at suppressing local criminal gangs in rural areas. In the "Black Patch war" poor tobacco farmers in Kentucky and Tennessee fought against the monopoly
329:
in New York City made Catholicism a political factor. The negative aspects were largely muted until John F. Kennedy ran for president in 1960, when his religion increased his vote. The election of a Catholic as president in 2020 was remarkable in how little attention was paid to Joe Biden's
466:
The new laws allowed Grant's team to suppress the Klan in the early 1870s. It disappeared by the mid-1870s. The KKK of the 1920s was an entirely new secret organization with a nationwide membership in the millions. It copied the original Klan white uniforms and used some of the same titles.
236:
disappeared from the small town of Batavia, New York. Rumors spread that he had been kidnapped by Freemasons and murdered after threatening to expose Freemasonry's secrets by publishing its rituals. Morgan's disappearance sparked a series of protests and suspicion against Freemasonry, which
87:
requested, and Congress funded, a defensive system along Atlantic harbors. It featured cast-iron, muzzle-loading cannon protected by masonry, and supported by a modern navy. Britain so fully dominated the world naval situation that peace prevailed and the system was never needed.
374:. A biographer of Brown has written that Brown's purpose was "to force the nation into a new political pattern by creating terror." In 2009, the 150th anniversary of Brown's death, prominent news publications debated over whether or not Brown should be considered a terrorist.
70:
many coastal fortifications already dotted the Atlantic coast, as protection from pirate raids and French incursions. The Revolutionary War led to the construction of many additional fortifications, mostly comprising simple earthworks erected to meet specific threats.
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unnecessary oath was made a crime. The state of New York enacted a Benevolent Orders Law to regulate such organizations. Freemason membership declined sharply, and the Antimasons like Adams transferred their deep concern to antislavery.
556:
era accompanied the most cruel wave of "racial" suppression that America has yet experienced. Between 1890 and 1940, millions of African Americans were disenfranchised and brutalized. According to newspaper records kept at the
635:
private vigilante groups, and public war hysteria compromised the peacetime civil liberties of many Americans who opposed the nation's policies. In March 1919 the Supreme Court upheld the convictions in a unanimous opinion:
291:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected in 1854 on the new "American Party" ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress that the un-American Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat
2224:(Praeger, 1969), 874pp; essays by scholars; a one-volume edition of 2 volume report of National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Task Force on Historical and Comparative Perspectives.
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including local offices. Meanwhile, the lynchings were used as a weapon of terror to keep millions of African-Americans living in a constant state of anxiety and fear. Most Black people were denied their
796:. Police and militias prepared for the worst, but May Day passed without incident. Soon, public opinion and the courts turned against Palmer, putting an end to his raids and the First Red Scare.
287:
The arrival after 1840 of hundreds of thousands and indeed millions of Catholic immigrants from Europe, especially Ireland and Germany, ignited a Protestant nativist fear for American security.
2261:
Hill, Joshua, Willard M. Oliver, and Nancy E. Marion. " 'Shaping history' or 'Riding the wave'?: President Bush's influence on the public opinion of terrorism, homeland security, & crime."
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party in the mid 1850s, it briefly came to power in Massachusetts and nearby states. However the Know Nothing leadership was weak and it had few strong leaders and seldom won reelection.
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918:
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441:(KKK). With the Union Army in charge of the South, the secret society soon spread across the region. The KKK used violence, lynching, murder and acts of intimidation such as
2478:
1074:
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2108:– a nonprofit, nonpartisan civic initiative – and includes information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state and local health departments. See a
263:, president of the United States during the Morgan affair, ran for governor of Massachusetts on the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1833. He denounced the Freemasons, declaring:
119:
514:, newly elected Democratic governor of Kentucky because he had seized control of the machinery of the state and seemed on the verge of becoming a local dictator.
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449:, as well as "Carpetbaggers" (new arrivals from the North) who worked with blacks in the Republican Party. The Klan's political goal was a return to
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56:
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as well as the Bolshevik success in the Russian Revolution. Americans saw the factor of communist action in several labor union areas, such as the
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directed by anarchist groups at political and business leaders. Fueled by labor unrest and the anarchist bombings, and then spurred on by the
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religion. After his 8 years as vice president and after a rhetorically nasty campaign in 2020, only 58% of the voters knew he was a Catholic.
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Kenny; Stephen. "Prejudice That Rarely Utters Its Name: A Historiographical and Historical Reflection upon North American Anti-Catholicism."
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740:
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110:, whose recommendations led to a large-scale modernization program of harbor and coastal defenses. It emphasized well dispersed, open topped
52:
489:
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871:
383:
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p. 63. Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr, "The Clear and Present Dangers of the Clear and Present Danger Test: Schenck and Abrams Revisited."
959:
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1027:
60:
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the Executive of the United States, acting within the limits of existing laws, is sufficient for present emergencies, is not clear.
1716:
Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872
1973:
805:
2183:
Davis, David Brion. "Some Themes of Counter-subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic and Anti-Mormon Literature",
2200:
Dugan, Laura, and Daren Fisher. "Far-Right and Jihadi Terrorism within the United States: From September 11th to January 6th."
1263:
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2307:
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Michael Helquist. “Resistance, Dissent, and Punishment in WWI Oregon.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 118#2 (2017), pp. 256–59.
453:. Each local was entirely independent and focused on its own vicinity; there was no central direction above the local level.
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attempted to protect miners and other residents. The committees closed down when stable legal systems appeared. The most
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2304:
Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA
1780:
1749:
Jonathan Obert, and Eleonora Mattiacci, "Keeping vigil: The emergence of vigilance committees in pre-civil war America."
655:
was the largest of many private patriotic associations that sprang up to support the war by identifying slackers, spies,
249:. This political Party ran presidential candidates in 1828 and 1832, and elected local and state officials. They elected
151:
2285:
MacKenzie, Scott A. "But There Was No War: The Impossibility of a United States Invasion of Canada after the Civil War"
704:. At its height, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of
367:
74:
With Europe at war during 1793-1815, a new national program of fortification building was begun under the leadership of
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A newspaper editorial cartoon from October 1917, calling the IWW's antiwar stance an anti-American plot made in Germany
578:
233:
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80:
2139:
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Keep the Wretches in Order: America's Biggest Mass Trial, the Rise of the Justice Department, and the Fall of the IWW
24:. It also includes public attitudes regarding specific fears. Coverage is from the colonial period to the present.
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1685:
1990:
1795:
1497:
Michael J. Hostetler, "Gov. Al Smith confronts the Catholic question: The rhetorical legacy of the 1928 campaign."
652:
325:, a liberal Democrat in aa largely conservative era. His opposition to prohibition and his long-standing ties with
84:
1605:
1320:
Ronald P. Formisano, and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826-1827."
751:
351:
195:
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nomads); Dawes Act requiring Indians to become farmers; and the forced assimilation via federal Indian schools.
2143:
2104:. Run your cursor over the map to see the dates and data for each state. "The data on this page is courtesy of
1961:
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were a critical component of the defense, and smaller guns were also employed to protect the mine fields from
2442:
953:
717:
1523:"Most Democrats and Republicans Know Biden Is Catholic, but They Differ Sharply About How Religious He Is"
595:
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that paid low prices for tobacco. The vigilantes threatened farmers that sold their crops to the monopoly.
2468:
1473:
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1908:(New York: Random House, 2002). For the systematic oppression and terror inflicted, see Leon F. Litwack,
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for encouraging young men to defy the draft laws. After the war ended all those convicted were pardoned.
1631:
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627:
609:
127:
2225:
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For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
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estimated that lynchings not reported by the newspapers, plus similar executions under the veneer of "
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207:
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67:
40:
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The Encyclopedia of American Intelligence and Espionage: From the Revolutionary War to the Present
457:
was determined to stamp out terrorism but first he asked Congress for new laws on March 23, 1871:
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but London strongly objected and sent soldiers to Canada. Lincoln sent the diplomats back and the
32:
20:
covers specific issues and programs designed to protect the United States from foreign enemies or
887:
697:
454:
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344:
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The strongest repression affected antiwar groups in the Western states. The main target was the
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governor of Pennsylvania. By 1835 the party had disbanded everywhere except Pennsylvania., but
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under Jim Crow laws, and they were therefore unable to protect themselves or their families.
2273:
2256:
1118:
Fortress America: The Corps of Engineers, Hampton Roads, and United States Coastal Defenses.
499:
479:, concerned citizens formed extra-legal "vigilance committees." The goals were to maintain
126:. Defenses of a given harbor were initially designated artillery districts, redesignated as
103:
96:
66:
The U.S.A.'s coastal defense became a significant priority starting in 1776. Prior to the
2195:
The fear of conspiracy: Images of un-American subversion from the revolution to the present
321:
of the late 1880s, The nomination of a Catholic for president in 1928 focused attention on
842:
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679:
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in 1940, a near-total replacement of previous coast defenses was implemented, centered on
1696:
Herbert Shapiro, . “The Ku Klux Klan During Reconstruction: The South Carolina Episode.”
788:
in the form of display of certain flags and banners. In April 1920, concerns peaked with
2418:
2407:
2246:
1163:
Gene A. Smith, "A means to an end: Gunboats and Thomas Jefferson's theory of defense."
778:
759:
645:
511:
402:
292:
238:
147:
107:
1223:
William H. Dorrance, "Evolution of Major-Caliber US Coastal Defense Guns, 1888-1945."
2462:
2006:
553:
442:
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of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists. In addition, the growing anti-
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in 1859. Local forces soon recaptured the fort and Brown was tried and executed for
845:, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management.
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In areas with inadequate law enforcement agencies, especially in the newly settled
438:
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348:
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36:
1871:
David Rich Lewis, "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in
1043:
List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
232:
the established religion and government in every country in the world". In 1826,
2032:
1985:
David L. Sterling, "In Defense of Debs: The Lawyers and the Espionage Act Case."
1415:
866:. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the
754:
to suppress radical organizations, it was characterized by exaggerated rhetoric,
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922:
856:. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third-largest cabinet department
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2129:
Conspiracy theories in United States politics § Further reading#Historical
1660:
833:
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), created in 2002, is responsible for
1486:
Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s
1847:"It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West
1682:
Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations
1427:
640:
will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.
561:, about 5,000 were murdered in documented extrajudicial mob violence—called "
2208:
709:
705:
693:
689:
134:
was divided into field artillery and coast artillery units, and in 1907 the
2222:
The history of violence in America: historical and comparative perspectives
2215:
In the Name of God and Country: Reconsidering Terrorism in American History
2171:
Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism
1777:
Dirty Deeds: Land, Violence, and the 1856 San Francisco Vigilance Committee
696:, due to real and imagined events. Real events included the Russian 1917
562:
322:
155:
2157:
Natural Disasters and Public Health: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma
2188:
1860:
The great father: the United States government and the American Indians
1325:
793:
371:
355:
268:- essentially wrong - a seed of evil, which can never produce any good.
2270:
Fortress America: the forts that defended America, 1600 to the present
2197:(Cornell UP, 1971), primary sources that tried to expose conspiracies.
206:
In June 1942 during World War II a Coast Guard patrol of the beach in
1820:
For historiography see Michael A, Bellesiles, "Western Violence," in
1339:
The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society
684:
The First Red Scare of 1919-1920 was marked by a widespread fear of
670:, which was effectively closed down by convictions in federal court.
241:
a highly controversial politician was a Mason and one of his enemies
118:, which sat protected behind the walls, but could be raised to fire.
92:
47:, with low earthworks. These cannons were added in late 19th century/
644:
The most dramatic case was the conviction of Socialist Party leader
114:
emplacements protected by sloped earthworks. Many of these featured
1189:
Jamie W. Moore, "The Bernard Board and Coastal Defense Evolution."
95:
and heavy guns rendered masonry forts obsolete. New steamships and
2314:
A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction
2057:
1924:"The Second Amendment: Toward an Afro-Americanist Reconsideration"
1701:
938:
930:
594:
407:
168:
31:
2164:
American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic
1510:
Philip E. Converse, "Religion and politics: the 1960 election."
1138:
2084:
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of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism,
510:
In 1900 a conspiracy led by Republican politicians assassinated
2253:
Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925
1792:
Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890-1915
1309:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848
43:
harbor, typifies an early seacoast defense system prior to the
1906:
At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America
2243:
Understanding terrorism in America: From the Klan to al Qaeda
1251:
The United States Coast Guard 1790–1915: A Definitive History
1236:
Konrad F. Schreier, Jr. 'The Panama Mount 155-MM G.P.F. Gun"
618:
Industrial Workers of the World § Government suppression
1369:
The Character, Claims, and Practical Workings of Freemasonry
773:
movement among Americans viewed increasing immigration from
130:
in 1913 and as harbor defense commands in 1924. In 1901 the
2352:
Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America
1738:
The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace
214:. The 8-man sabotage team was soon captured and executed.
2373:
Fear Itself: Enemies Real and Imagined in American Culture
2333:(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT), 2020).
2232:
From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776
784:
Fear of radicalism was used to explain the suppression of
2207:
FAS.ORG: Homeland Defense, Joint Publication 3-27 (2018)
1910:
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
412:
An editorial cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch
2378:
Uscinski, Joseph E. "The study of conspiracy theories."
1566:
The Secret Six: John Brown and the Abolitionist Movement
943:
Cumulative COVID-19 death rates by state. 2021 and 2022.
781:
as a threat to American political and social stability.
437:
in December, 1865, six Confederate veterans founded the
354:(1800–1859) advocated and practiced armed opposition to
1470:
The life and times of John Kelly, tribune of the people
862:
policy is coordinated at the Presidential level by the
848:
It began operations in 2003, formed as a result of the
792:
telling the nation to prepare for a bloody uprising on
401:" that captured American merchant ships. After the war
2178:
Conspiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American History
1888:
History, Adeyemi College of Education Dept of (2008).
1383:
The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States, 1826–1843
1033:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
919:
Lower Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic of 1878
393:
ended quietly. The Confederacy falsely believed that "
2427:(CQ 2004) 142 documents in 520pp. Most are 1990-2003.
2395:
Bellesiles, Michael A. and Christopher Waldrep, eds.
659:
and anti-war organizations. They worked with the new
2366:
Lynching: Violence, rhetoric, and American identity
2070:Jane Bullock, George Haddow, and Damon P. Coppola,
1949:
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
1406:
1404:
358:, launching several attacks between 1856 and 1859,
1075:Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States
810:Internment of German Americans § World War II
1904:For the story of the lynchings, see Philip Dray,
1894:. Dept. of History, Adeyemi College of Education.
1568:(Murphys, Calif.: Uncommon Books, 1979, 1983), 3.
622:Internment of German Americans § World War I
18:history of homeland security in the United States
1655:Charles Francis Adams, Jr., "The Trent Affair",
210:, discovered the landing of German saboteurs in
79:1812. In the Third System set up in 1816, the
573:", may have amounted to about 20,000 killings.
2413:Hofstadter, Richard, and Michael Wallace, ed.
2220:Graham, Hugh Davis, and Ted Robert Gurr, eds.
2484:United States Department of Homeland Security
2176:Curry, Richard O., and Thomas M. Brown, eds.
1143:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 5–13.
1140:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1089:United States Department of Homeland Security
1005:United States Department of Homeland Security
965:Conspiracy theories in United States politics
825:United States Department of Homeland Security
8:
2331:Rightist violence: An historical perspective
2268:Kaufmann, Joseph E., and Hanna W. Kaufmann.
1875:ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143-161.
1824:ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 162-178.
1580:"Let's debate John Brown: terrorist, or no?"
1891:Themes in humanities and African experience
1410:Albert Gallatin Mackey, and H. L. Haywood,
1238:Council on America's Military Past. Journal
490:famous committees operated in San Francisco
2474:Disaster preparedness in the United States
2397:Documenting American violence a sourcebook
1922:Diamond, Robert J. Cottrol and Raymond T.
237:eventually spread to the political realm.
2479:Emergency management in the United States
2345:Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories
1070:Outline of terrorism in the United States
1053:Mass racial violence in the United States
176:October 10–13, 1814; a painting from the
2425:Homeland Security: A Documentary History
2415:American Violence: A Documentary History
2375:(Purdue UP, 1998), 27 essays by experts.
2343:Butter, Michael, and Peter Knight, eds.
2074:(Butterworth-Heinemann, 2011) pp 81-112.
1018:Illegal immigration to the United States
990:History of the United States Coast Guard
868:Departments of Health and Human Services
190:History of the United States Coast Guard
136:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
57:History of the United States Coast Guard
2438:George W Bush on Homeland Security 2008
2159:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
1604:Reynolds, David S. (December 1, 2009).
1396:John Quincy Adams: His Theory and Ideas
1109:
1065:Domestic terrorism in the United States
1023:Jihadist extremism in the United States
1010:National Strategy for Homeland Security
915:1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic
138:was created to operate these defenses.
2009:, is the scholarly history of the APL.
1849:(U of Oklahoma Press, 1991) pp 85-118.
1809:William Goebel – The Politics of Wrath
1764:Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes
1457:Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620-1860
1293:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1286:
1038:List of massacres in the United States
927:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
158:batteries. These were supplemented by
99:could overcome Third System defenses.
2316:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2009).
2185:Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
1811:(University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
1578:Tomasky, Michael (December 2, 2009).
1385:(University Press of Kentucky. 1983).
1206:. United States National Park Service
403:London paid Washington $ 15.5 million
283:Anti-Catholicism in the United States
53:Seacoast defense in the United States
7:
2359:American Review of Canadian Studies.
2148:Berlet, Chip, and Matthew N. Lyons.
2018:H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite,
1468:Quoted in James Fairfax McLaughlin,
524:American frontier § Indian Wars
2368:(Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2019).
2287:American Review of Canadian Studies
2087:. Homeland Security. June 29, 2016.
2060:. Homeland Security. June 27, 2012.
984:Federal Emergency Management Agency
720:fueled a general sense of concern.
384:Diplomacy of the American Civil War
1630:Horwitz, Tony (December 1, 2009).
1191:Journal of America’s Military Past
960:Civil defense in the United States
429:Ku Klux Klan terrorism, 1866-1870s
245:set up a movement that became the
198:was created by Treasury Secretary
14:
2321:Introduction to Homeland Security
2280:Introduction to homeland security
2072:Introduction to homeland security
1964:, March 1919, quoted in Kennedy,
1512:Elections and the political order
1028:List of attacks on U.S. territory
723:The Scare had its origins in the
141:By 1917 the rapid development of
61:History of the United States Navy
1873:A Companion to the American West
1822:A Companion to the American West
935:Weekly confirmed COVID-19 deaths
806:Internment of Japanese Americans
2180:(1972). 19 articles by experts.
1951:(Oxford University Press, 1980)
1444:John Quincy Adams and the union
1253:(Naval Institute Press, 1949).
1099:Xenophobia in the United States
896:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
819:Department of Homeland Security
814:Internment of Italian Americans
668:Industrial Workers of the World
661:Federal Bureau of Investigation
319:American Protective Association
218:Anti-Masonic fears, 1820s-1830s
91:By the 1860s advances in steel
2150:Right-Wing Populism in America
1794:(Duke University Press, 1993)
1766:(U of California Press, 1984).
1060:Terrorism in the United States
749:United States Attorney General
591:Anarchism in the United States
471:Vigilante committees 1850-1920
295:as president, stating in 1856:
1:
2371:Schultz, Nancy Lusignan, ed.
1178:The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy
1137:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
1048:Lynching in the United States
1000:Homeland Security Act of 2002
892:1906 San Francisco earthquake
852:, enacted in response to the
850:Homeland Security Act of 2002
548:Lynching in the United States
178:Works Progress Administration
166:, also in new installations.
2402:Brown, Richard Maxwell, ed.
2299:(1988), strong on biography.
2278:McElreath, David H., et al.
2202:Annual Review of Criminology
2102:U.S. News & World Report
1862:(U of Nebraska Press, 1995).
1352:Eckert, Eduard Emil (1852).
837:, roughly comparable to the
2319:Van Slyke, Jeffrey et al.
2263:Journal of Criminal Justice
2020:Opponents of War, 1917-1918
1987:Indiana Magazine of History
1459:(Cambridge UP, 2018) ch. 5.
1412:Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
839:interior or home ministries
756:illegal search and seizures
579:right to keep and bear arms
174:Defense of the cutter Eagle
81:Presidency of James Madison
2500:
2445:Homeland Defense Solutions
2323:(2nd ed. CRC Press. 2013)
2126:
1657:American Historical Review
1366:Charles Grandison Finney,
1012:, response to 9-11 in 2001
908:
885:
822:
803:
800:Opposition to World War II
677:
653:American Protective League
607:
588:
545:
521:
455:President Ulysses S. Grant
381:
280:
277:Catholic threat 1840s-1928
221:
187:
85:Presidency of James Monroe
50:
2338:Historiography and memory
864:Homeland Security Council
604:Opposition to World War I
362:was launched against the
196:United States Coast Guard
28:Coastal Defense 1800-1945
2312:Summers, Mark Wahlgren.
2193:Davis, David Brion, ed.
2098:COVID-19 Deaths per 100K
1962:Schenck v. United States
1751:Perspectives on Politics
1698:Journal of Negro History
1446:(1956) vol 2 pp 302-303.
1381:William Preston Vaughn,
762:and detentions, and the
739:. Most alarming was the
505:American Tobacco Company
253:governor of Vermont and
2350:Goldberg, Robert Alan.
2272:(Da Capo Press, 2004).
1700:49#1 (1964), pp. 34–55
1499:Communication Quarterly
1354:The Order of Freemasons
1337:Ridley, Jasper (1999).
954:Alien and Sedition Acts
718:American labor movement
445:to oppress newly freed
2417:(Knopf. 1970) 478 pp.
2361:32#4 (2002). pp: 639+.
2187:47#2 (1960), 205–224.
2138:(HarperCollins, 1995)
2003:The Price of Vigilance
1431:Catholic Encyclopedia,
1324:29.2 (1977): 139-165.
944:
936:
733:Seattle General Strike
642:
600:
518:Indian wars, 1860-1890
464:
425:
360:his most famous attack
302:
270:
180:
128:coast defense commands
120:Underwater mine fields
48:
2382:3.2 (2018): 233-245.
2265:38.5 (2010): 896-902.
2241:Hewitt, Christopher.
2134:Andrew, Christopher.
2127:Further information:
1858:Francis Paul Prucha,
1790:Christopher Waldrep,
1753:16.3 (2018): 600-616.
1671:Herring, pp. 224-264.
1455:Maura Jane Farrelly,
1414:Part 3 1909 p. 1286,
1240:(1998) 25#1 pp.72-78.
1167:55.2 (1995): 111-121.
972:Espionage Act of 1917
942:
934:
909:Further information:
886:Further information:
786:freedom of expression
688:movements, including
637:
628:Espionage Act of 1917
610:Espionage Act of 1917
598:
542:Lynching, 1870s-1920s
459:
411:
297:
265:
172:
35:
2423:Maxwell, Bruce, ed.
2110:detailed methodology
1989:(1987) 83#1: 17-42.
1775:Nancy J. Taniguchi,
1541:"The Good Terrorist"
1442:Samuel Flagg Bemis,
1341:. Arcade Publishing.
1307:Daniel Walker Howe,
1080:Right-wing terrorism
977:Sedition Act of 1918
854:September 11 attacks
737:Boston Police Strike
632:Sedition Act of 1918
614:Sedition Act of 1918
208:Amagansett, New York
124:minesweeping vessels
2245:(Routledge, 2003).
2230:Herring, George C.
2155:Brennan, Virginia.
1740:(2013) pp. 463-479.
1545:The Washington Post
1526:Pew Research Center
1501:46.1 (1998): 12-24.
1394:George A. Lipskey,
1176:Spencer C. Tucker,
760:unwarranted arrests
565:." The journalist
422:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
418:Independent Monitor
378:Civil War 1861-1865
212:Operation Pastorius
112:reinforced concrete
68:American Revolution
2451:Pentagon Library:
2443:Homelanddense.com
2347:(Routledge, 2020).
2302:O'Toole, G. J. A.
2295:O'Toole, G. J. A.
2282:(CRC Press, 2021).
2234:(Oxford UP, 2008)
2213:Fellman, Michael.
2169:Brown, Richard M.
2166:(Oxford UP, 2012).
2162:Bristow, Nancy K.
1947:David M. Kennedy,
1807:James C. Klotter,
1762:Roger D. McGrath,
1719:. 10 February 1872
1659:17#3 (April 1912)
1632:"The 9/11 of 1859"
1606:"Freedom's Martyr"
1322:American Quarterly
1311:(2007) pp 268-270.
1249:Stephen H. Evans,
945:
937:
888:Great Chicago Fire
752:A. Mitchell Palmer
702:anarchist bombings
698:October Revolution
601:
559:Tuskegee Institute
435:Reconstruction era
426:
345:American Civil War
289:Henry Winter Davis
247:Anti-Masonic Party
224:Anti-Masonic Party
200:Alexander Hamilton
181:
102:In 1885 President
76:Alexander Hamilton
49:
22:domestic terrorism
2404:American violence
2173:(Oxford UP, 1975)
1912:(New York, 1998).
1584:The Guardian (UK)
1539:Blight, David W.
1528:(March 30, 2021)
1227:37 (1996): 14-20.
1204:"Coastal Defense"
1150:978-0-9748167-3-9
995:Homeland security
911:List of epidemics
900:Hurricane Katrina
882:Natural disasters
860:Homeland security
829:Homeland security
725:hyper-nationalism
477:American Frontier
451:white supremacist
447:African Americans
405:for the damages.
306:nativist rhetoric
261:John Quincy Adams
251:William A. Palmer
143:military aviation
116:disappearing guns
97:ironclad warships
2491:
2453:Homeland Defense
2217:(Yale UP, 2010).
2117:
2112:at the USAFacts
2095:
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2061:
2054:
2048:
2043:Dean A. Strang,
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:(1957) pp 18-21.
2016:
2010:
2001:Joan M. Jensen,
1999:
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747:and attempts by
741:bombing campaign
334:Slave rebellions
104:Grover Cleveland
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2390:Primary sources
2364:Ore, Ersula J.
2354:(Yale UP, 2001)
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2306:(2nd ed. 2014)
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2123:Further reading
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790:J. Edgar Hoover
775:Southern Europe
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680:First Red Scare
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2019:
2014:
2002:
1997:
1986:
1981:
1969:
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1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
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1715:
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1651:
1641:February 25,
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1625:
1615:February 25,
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
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1589:February 25,
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
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1565:
1564:Otto Scott,
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
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1308:
1303:
1278:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1258:
1250:
1245:
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1232:
1225:Army History
1224:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1198:
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1117:
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858:
847:
832:
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745:Palmer Raids
722:
683:
665:
651:The private
650:
643:
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625:
575:
567:Ida B. Wells
551:
531:
527:
509:
500:Night riders
496:Whitecapping
494:
474:
465:
460:
439:Ku Klux Klan
432:
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391:Trent Affair
387:
349:abolitionist
342:
327:Tammany Hall
315:
311:Know Nothing
303:
298:
286:
271:
266:
259:
243:Thurlow Weed
227:
205:
193:
152:16-inch guns
140:
101:
90:
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37:Fort McHenry
17:
15:
2142:; see also
2085:"About DHS"
1928:Guncite.com
1094:Vigilantism
923:Spanish flu
768:immigration
764:deportation
729:World War I
571:due process
433:During the
399:CSS Alabama
184:Coast Guard
45:War of 1812
2463:Categories
1723:2021-01-13
1356:. Dresden.
1280:2019-08-29
1210:2009-11-29
690:Bolshevism
535:Sand Creek
352:John Brown
164:90 mm guns
2380:Argumenta
2204:6 (2022).
1966:Over Here
1933:28 August
1193:14: 3-13.
956:, of 1798
905:Epidemics
714:anarchism
710:communism
706:socialism
694:anarchism
585:Anarchism
563:lynchings
416:, in the
156:casemated
41:Baltimore
2289:(2017):
2106:USAFacts
1289:cite web
948:See also
771:nativist
735:and the
686:far-left
630:and the
554:Jim Crow
323:Al Smith
83:and the
2410:, 200pp
2406:(1970)
2325:excerpt
2308:excerpt
2255:(1955)
2236:excerpt
2140:excerpt
2114:website
2047:(2020).
2005:(1968)
1796:excerpt
1779:(2016)
1686:excerpt
1684:(2010)
1488:(1992).
1433:(1911).
1428:Vermont
1180:(1993).
872:Justice
794:May Day
716:in the
372:treason
356:slavery
317:in the
154:in new
2419:online
2408:online
2399:(2005)
2384:online
2291:online
2274:online
2257:online
2247:online
2226:online
2209:online
2189:online
2152:(2000)
2033:online
2007:online
1991:online
1974:online
1877:online
1826:online
1702:online
1661:online
1550:May 4,
1474:online
1416:online
1326:online
1147:
1120:(1990)
986:, FEMA
925:, and
898:, and
876:Energy
874:, and
812:, and
620:, and
424:, 1868
364:armory
160:6-inch
93:armour
59:, and
1274:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1105:Notes
339:1850s
1960:See
1935:2017
1643:2014
1617:2014
1591:2014
1552:2010
1426:See
1295:link
1145:ISBN
827:and
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712:and
700:and
692:and
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