205:, further improved stimulated cycles by incorporating the use of a follicle-stimulating hormone (uHMG). This then became known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Another step forward was the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHA), thus decreasing the need for monitoring by preventing premature ovulation, and more recently gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH Ant), which have a similar function. The additional use of the oral contraceptive pill has allowed the scheduling of IVF cycles, which has made the treatment far more convenient for both staff and patients.
166:, India was performing experiments on his own with primitive instruments and a household refrigerator and this resulted in a test tube baby, later named as "Durga" (alias Kanupriya Agarwal) who was born on 3 October 1978. However, state authorities prevented him from presenting his work at scientific conferences and, in the absence of scientific evidence, his work is not recognised by the international scientific community. These days, however, Mukhopadhyay's contribution is acknowledged in works dealing with the subject.
26:(IVF) goes back more than half a century. In 1959 the first birth in a nonhuman mammal resulting from IVF occurred, and in 1978 the world's first baby conceived by IVF was born. As medicine advanced, IVF was transformed from natural research to a stimulated clinical treatment. There have been many refinements in the IVF process, and today millions of births have occurred with the help of IVF all over the world.
82:
and John
Biggers published a landmark paper in the journal Nature, outlining how they had successfully grown mouse embryos in vitro and transferred them into female mice. This showed it was possible to mix a sperm and an egg outside a women's reproductive system and create a healthy embryo.
260:
This has enabled men with minimal sperm production to achieve pregnancies. ICSI is sometimes used in conjunction with sperm recovery, using a testicular fine needle or open testicular biopsy. Using this method, some men with
Klinefelter's syndrome, and so would be otherwise infertile, have
239:
became publicly available. The pregnancy from egg donation occurred in 1983. In the United States, the first child born from egg donation occurred on
February 3, 1984. This has allowed for those who are unable to conceive a child due infertility, or lack of eggs to become parents.
185:
It was the subsequent use of stimulated cycles with clomiphene citrate and the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to control and time oocyte maturation, thus controlling the time of collection, that converted IVF from a research tool to a clinical treatment.
304:
In the US, ART cycles started in 2006 resulted in 41,343 births (54,656 infants), which is slightly more than 1% of total US births. In 2012 it was estimated that five million children had been born worldwide using IVF and other assisted reproduction techniques.
308:
The
Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) reported that in 2012 alone IVF resulted in about 61,740 babies born in the United States. The CDC estimates that IVF results in about 1 to 2 percent of births in the United States every year.
94:, proved fertilisation in vitro was capable of proceeding to a birth of a live rabbit. Chang's discovery was seminal, as it clearly demonstrated that oocytes fertilised in vitro were capable of developing if transferred into the uterus.
312:
It is estimated that in 2016 IVF resulted in about 76,930 live-born infants in a single year in the United States. As of 2015 over one million babies have been born as a result of IVF in the U.S. and over 8 million world wide.
232:(frozen eggs). The ability to freeze sperm has also been possible for generations. Both of these options have been beneficial in IVF use to allow people who must undergo radiation or menopause to still have children.
146:
started collaborating in human IVF research in 1968. In 1977, Steptoe and
Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF,
261:
occasionally been able to achieve pregnancy. Thus, IVF has become the ultimate solution for most fertility problems, moving from tubal disease to male factor, idiopathic subfertility, endometriosis,
771:
683:
670:
The birth of the world's first "test tube baby" has been announced in
Manchester (England). Louise Brown was born shortly before midnight in Oldham and District General Hospital
49:
and Ernst
Vincenz Enzmann tried to perform IVF in rabbits. Although the pregnancy was successful, it was later determined that the fertilisation occurred in vivo (in the body).
1177:
Okada H, Goda K, Muto S, Maruyama O, Koshida M, Horie S (2005). "Four pregnancies in nonmosaic
Klinefelter's syndrome using cryopreserved-thawed testicular spermatozoa".
822:
854:
169:
Steptoe and
Edwards were responsible for the world's first confirmed boy conceived by IVF, Alastair Montgomery, born on 14 January 1979 in Glasgow. A team led by
479:
91:
72:
221:(frozen human embryos). However, this embryo was not carried to term. In December 1983, the first baby was born using this method which happened to be twins.
1293:
710:
became the first to successfully carry out IVF by extracting an egg, impregnating it with sperm and planting the resulting embryo back into the mother
579:
277:
544:
Cohen, J.; Trounson, A.; Dawson, K.; Jones, H.; Hazekamp, J.; Nygren, K. G.; Hamberger, L. (2005). "The early days of IVF outside the UK".
155:, Greater Manchester, UK. Her younger sister, Natalie Brown, was the first person conceived with IVF to have children of her own, in 1999.
912:
453:
731:
702:
The 28-year-old, whose pioneering conception by in-vitro fertilisation made her famous around the world.. The fertility specialists
244:
213:
The ability to freeze and subsequently thaw and transfer embryos has significantly improved the feasibility of IVF use. In 1983,
159:
514:
122:
attempted to perform IVF in 1973, but his departmental chairman interdicted the procedure at the last moment. There was also an
1407:
198:
1120:
1015:
Zeilmaker, Gerard H.; Alberda, Albert Th.; van Gent, Imprinetta; Rijkmans, Camilla M. P. M.; Drogendijk, Aat C. (1984-08-01).
42:, was doing research on reproduction in animals. In 1891, Heape reported the first successful embryo transfer in a mammal.
1352:
143:
1289:
968:"Seven pregnancies and deliveries from non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome patients using fresh and frozen testicular sperm"
224:
The ability to freeze and preserve a woman's eggs to be used at a later date has also had impacts on IVF use. In 1986,
651:
636:
603:
631:
173:
and Alex Lopata were responsible for
Australia's first baby conceived by IVF, Candice Reed, born on 23 June 1980 in
1377:
797:
189:
This was followed by a total of 14 pregnancies resulting in nine births in 1981 with the Monash University team.
747:
707:
273:
229:
218:
194:
152:
131:
39:
46:
22:
477:
Menken, Miriam F.; Rock, John (1948-01-01). "In Vitro Fertilization and Cleavage of Human Ovarian Eggs".
360:
1212:
859:
262:
170:
75:. There was a transient biochemical pregnancy reported by Australian Foxton School researchers in 1953.
56:
1321:"The number of babies born globally after treatment with the assisted reproductive technologies (ART)"
1234:
Gosden, Roger (7 September 2017). "Jean Marian Purdy remembered – the hidden life of an IVF pioneer".
1065:
917:
248:
361:"Walter Heape, FRS: a pioneer in reproductive biology. Centenary of his embryo transfer experiments"
102:
The first pregnancy achieved through in vitro human fertilisation of a human oocyte was reported in
589:
1259:
1101:
398:
118:
in 1973, although it lasted only a few days and would today be called a biochemical pregnancy.
1251:
1194:
1128:
1093:
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1046:
1038:
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832:
727:
561:
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202:
123:
107:
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1276:
1243:
1186:
1077:
1028:
987:
979:
553:
487:
372:
225:
119:
855:"Test tube triumph & tragedy – Nobel for UK scientist stirs memory of a Bengal doctor"
703:
688:
190:
127:
87:
992:
967:
1337:
1320:
1081:
1033:
1016:
491:
1401:
1190:
827:
522:
338:
214:
115:
60:
52:
1154:"Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte"
1105:
402:
288:
were not eligible for consideration as the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.
1263:
236:
148:
79:
35:
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68:
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983:
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420:
394:
377:
1153:
656:
889:
798:"Sister of first IVF baby hits out at Dolce and Gabbana's IVF comments"
243:
The other very significant milestone in IVF was the development of the
18:
1378:"At least 8 million IVF babies born in 40 years since historic first"
64:
1017:"Two pregnancies following transfer of intact frozen-thawed embryos"
772:"World's first test-tube baby Louise Brown has a child of her own"
684:"World's first test-tube baby Louise Brown has a child of her own"
1319:
Adamson, G.D.; Tabangin, M.; Macaluso, M.; Mouzon, J. de (2013).
941:
893:. Educational Multimedia Research Centre, Kolkata. 23 August 2013
1213:"The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release"
296:
fertilisation)" for having pioneered the use of frozen embryos.
1290:"2006 Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Report: Section 2"
966:
Kyono K, Uto H, Nakajo Y, Kumagai S, Araki Y, Kanto S (2007).
608:
55:
was the first to extract an intact fertilised egg. In 1948,
831:. Vol. 80, no. 1125. p. 159. Archived from
454:"The female scientist who changed human fertility forever"
265:, and anovulation not responding to ovulation induction.
942:"The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine website"
217:
and Linda Mohr reported the first pregnancy which used
748:"World's first "test tube" baby born | July 25, 1978"
1121:"INFERTILE WOMAN HAS BABY THROUGH EMBRYO TRANSFER"
913:"'Perfect' Test-Tube Baby Is Third Born in World"
1072:. Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 8486.
414:
412:
1066:"Pregnancy After Human Oocyte Cryopreservation"
961:
959:
726:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
71:in vitro. They published their findings in the
235:Another important development in IVF was when
796:Pietras, Emma; Jefferies, Mark (2015-03-15).
73:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
8:
34:Prior to the development of IVF in humans,
1294:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
823:"India reveals deep-frozen test-tube baby"
1336:
1279:. Encyclopedia of Australian Science 2010
1032:
991:
630:Henig, Robin Marantz (28 December 2003).
376:
931:The Times, London, 24 June 1980, page 7.
724:Robert G. Edwards – A Personal Viewpoint
228:reported the first pregnancy which used
181:Development of stimulated IVF treatments
322:
300:Statistics of successful IVF treatments
158:In October 1978, it was reported that
278:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1353:"IVF by the Numbers - Penn Medicine"
821:Jayaraman, K. S. (19 October 1978).
334:"The History of IVF -The Milestones"
328:
326:
632:"THE LIVES THEY LIVED; Second Best"
513:Gladwell, Malcolm (10 March 2000).
38:, a physician and professor at the
14:
1338:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1807
682:Moreton, Cole (14 January 2007).
1215:. Nobelprize.org. 4 October 2010
1191:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.033
1119:Blakeslee, Sandra (1984-02-04).
1064:Chen, Christopher (1986-04-19).
245:intracytoplasmic sperm injection
425:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
292:was dubbed "the father of IVF (
199:Eastern Virginia Medical School
67:, of which 138 were exposed to
1:
1277:Wood, Edwin Carlyle (1929 – )
1248:10.1080/14647273.2017.1351042
1082:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90989-X
1034:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48029-5
921:. 15 January 1979. p. 1.
652:"First 'test tube baby' born"
492:10.1016/S0002-9378(15)32963-X
359:Biggers, J. D. (1991-09-01).
284:fertilization". Steptoe and
98:Early, non-viable pregnancies
722:Schulman, Joseph D. (2010).
1376:Susan Scutti (2018-07-03).
637:The New York Times Magazine
247:(ICSI) of single sperms by
1424:
1158:Abstract: Total Fertility
984:10.1007/s10815-006-9079-4
546:Human Reproduction Update
972:J. Assist. Reprod. Genet
421:"In Vitro Fertilization"
419:Zhu, Tian (2009-07-22).
280:"for the development of
30:Steps prior to human IVF
1325:Fertility and Sterility
1021:Fertility and Sterility
480:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
230:oocyte cryopreservation
219:embryo cryopreservation
195:Georgeanna Seegar Jones
153:Oldham General Hospital
40:University of Cambridge
1408:In vitro fertilisation
209:Subsequent refinements
47:Gregory Goodwin Pincus
23:in vitro fertilisation
558:10.1093/humupd/dmi016
378:10.1530/jrf.0.0930173
276:was awarded the 2010
263:advanced maternal age
151:, on 25 July 1978 in
1357:www.pennmedicine.org
944:. Jonesinstitute.org
918:The Montreal Gazette
249:Gianpiero D. Palermo
226:Dr. Christopher Chen
92:Worcester Foundation
835:on 11 December 2022
515:"John Rock's Error"
251:et al.in Brussels (
162:, a physician from
160:Subash Mukhopadhyay
63:retrieved over 800
1125:The New York Times
604:"Landrum Shettles"
114:, John Leeton and
45:As early as 1934,
1300:on March 31, 2009
1076:(8486): 884–886.
452:Gross, Rachel E.
203:Norfolk, Virginia
124:ectopic pregnancy
108:Monash University
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1296:. Archived from
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863:. 5 October 2010
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621:
620:
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593:
592:on 20 July 2008.
588:. Archived from
580:"History Of IVF"
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534:
532:
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521:. Archived from
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120:Landrum Shettles
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1236:Human Fertility
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776:The Independent
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704:Patrick Steptoe
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689:The Independent
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191:Howard W. Jones
183:
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128:Patrick Steptoe
100:
88:Min Chueh Chang
32:
12:
11:
5:
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1179:Fertil. Steril
1169:
1144:
1111:
1056:
1027:(2): 293–296.
1007:
955:
933:
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904:
884:Test Tube Baby
874:
846:
813:
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763:
739:
733:978-1456320751
732:
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674:
660:. 25 July 1978
643:
622:
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571:
552:(5): 439–459.
536:
525:on 11 May 2013
519:The New Yorker
505:
486:(3): 440–452.
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444:
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371:(1): 173–186.
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274:Robert Edwards
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144:Robert Edwards
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132:Robert Edwards
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61:Miriam Menkin
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53:Miriam Menkin
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20:
1385:. Retrieved
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1360:. Retrieved
1356:
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1324:
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1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1284:
1272:
1242:(2): 86–89.
1239:
1235:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1207:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:
1152:Palermo, G.
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1073:
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1024:
1020:
1010:
978:(1): 47–51.
975:
971:
946:. Retrieved
936:
927:
916:
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895:. Retrieved
888:
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865:. Retrieved
858:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
826:
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805:. Retrieved
801:
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780:. Retrieved
778:. 2007-01-14
775:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
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694:. Retrieved
687:
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662:. Retrieved
655:
646:
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613:. Retrieved
607:
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590:the original
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549:
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527:. Retrieved
523:the original
518:
508:
483:
478:
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461:. Retrieved
457:
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436:. Retrieved
424:
368:
365:Reproduction
364:
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343:. Retrieved
337:
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293:
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272:
259:
257:
242:
237:egg donation
234:
223:
212:
188:
184:
171:Ian Johnston
168:
157:
149:Louise Brown
142:Steptoe and
141:
138:Early babies
126:reported by
101:
85:
80:Anne McLaren
77:
51:
44:
36:Walter Heape
33:
17:
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438:2021-03-22
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253:UZ Brussel
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255:), 1992.
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