901:
941:
20:
801:
889:
291:
961:
853:
913:
873:
830:
316:
49:
612:
735:
in the 4th century BCE provided some data on lion distribution, behaviour, breeding and also anatomy. According to him, lions were more numerous in North Africa than in Europe; they had approached towns, and attacked people only if they were old, or had poor dental health.
940:
900:
1624:
912:
800:
960:
432:, Spain, and are about 11,600–9,000 years old, although the dating is only context-dated and therefore regarded as not too accurate. Moreover, there are doubts if this was a modern lion or a late surviving
764:. He also referred to a story about Polydamas of Skotoussa, an Olympic winner in the 5th century BCE, who allegedly used his bare hands to kill a lion on Thessalian part of Mount Olympus; and to one about
124:, and is 191,000 to 57,000 years old. Since then, older lion skull fragments were excavated in Germany and in other parts of Europe, including in Western Europe. Some of them were described by
872:
888:
1610:
553:, the lion was present until the 10th century. The peak of its historic range covered all of the plains and foothills of eastern Transcaucasia, westward almost to
829:
852:
242:
and public spectacles was a prized endeavor. These practices likely contributed significantly to the decline and eventual disappearance of lions from Europe.
19:
1986:
1905:
1849:
1256:
290:
768:
who according to the
Macedonians, raised a trophy that was thrown down and destroyed by a lion that was rushing down from Mount Olympus.
2065:
1352:
Schnitzler, A. E. (2011). Past and present distribution of the North
African-Asian lion subgroup: a review. Mammal Review 41: 220−243.
1460:
125:
1739:
Sommer, R. S.; Benecke, N. (2006). "Late
Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: A review".
429:
1992:
57:
1776:
1625:"Pyrénées-Orientales : des ossements d'un lion de 400 kg datant de 100 000 ans découverts dans une grotte du Conflent"
1180:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987-2007"
2075:
667:), was allegedly killed by a female lion due to his holding a newborn lion cub, after finding it on a hunting expedition.
436:
cave lion. Other early
Holocene lion finds, come from different places of Italy and are dated to 12,000-9,000 years old.
2070:
1006:
1329:
1398:
Thomas, N.R. (2014). Touchais, G.; Laffineur, R.; Rougemeont, F. (eds.). "A lion's eye view of the Greek Bronze Age".
1936:
1119:(Goldfuss, 1810: Felidae) of the Zoolithen Cave hyena den (South Germany) and their palaeo-ecological interpretation"
1688:
Altuna, J. (1986). "The mammalian faunas from the prehistoric site of La Riera". In Straus, L.G.; Clark, G. (eds.).
574:
322:
98:
1150:
Reichenau, W. V. (1906). "Beiträge zur näheren
Kenntnis der Carnivoren aus den Sanden von Mauer und Mosbach".
254:
lions indicate that they were bigger than the modern lion and had less specialized lower teeth, reduced lower
1865:
Schnitzler, A.E. (2011). "Past and present distribution of the North
African-Asian lion subgroup: a review".
1414:
616:
1499:
Bökönyi, S. (1989). "Erster vorläufiger
Bericht über Tierknochenfunde der Karanovo-V-Besiedlung in Drama".
749:
393:
1030:(Goldfuss 1810) population from the Zoolithen Cave, Germany: specialised cave bear predators of Europe".
1604:
1367:
1212:
130:
110:
67:
is part of the wider history of the lion species. The rediscovery and confirmation of their presence in
966:
Mosaic from Pella (ancient
Macedonia), late 4th century BC, depicting Alexander the Great and Craterus.
42:
1800:
Alden, M. (2005). "Lions in paradise: Lion
Similes in the Iliad and the Lion Cubs of IL. 18.318-22".
1662:
1523:
1277:
Alden, M. (2005). "Lions in paradise: Lion similes in the Iliad and the Lion Cubs of IL. 18.318-22".
1240:
1039:
680:
668:
1514:
Lewis, M.; Pacher, M.; Turner, A. (2010). "The larger
Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed".
2045:
1251:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95.
598:
1082:
Bartosiewicz, L. (2009). "A Lion's share of attention: Archaeozoology and the historical record".
315:
48:
1055:
765:
704:
566:
527:
121:
1362:
Thomas, N.R. (2004). "The Early Mycenaean Lion up to Date". Hesperia Supplements (33): 161−206.
1982:
1901:
1845:
1321:
1252:
806:
696:
624:
558:
519:
459:, lions first appeared around 6,500–6,000 years ago as indicated by a front leg bone found in
401:
351:
178:
1893:
1841:
1828:
273:, and lacked abdominal and lateral manes as well as limb hair. Οn the other hand, lions from
1874:
1805:
1748:
1719:
1670:
1569:
1531:
1313:
1282:
1191:
1130:
1091:
1047:
978:
813:
720:
708:
499:
495:
448:
440:
409:
405:
389:
384:
25:
475:
region, which are estimated at around 5,500 to 3,000 years old. Remains were also found in
1380:
927:
859:
737:
632:
480:
444:
400:, and are between 109,000 and 14,000 years old. This lion was widely distributed from the
174:
166:
143:
114:
92:
1923:
The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on HJ Rose's Handbook of Greek Mythology
1898:
Art in the era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of manhood and their cultural traditions
655:
mentioned lions 45 times in his poems, but this could have been due to his experience in
1666:
1527:
1043:
2060:
2018:
1000:
761:
688:
531:
372:
346:
231:
200:
182:
155:
2054:
1878:
1752:
1135:
1110:
809:
550:
416:. In Eurasia, it became extinct between 14,900 and 14,100 years ago, and survived in
305:
274:
170:
34:
1674:
1573:
1152:
Abhandlungen der Großherzoglichen Hessischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Darmstadt
1059:
105:
since the early 19th century. The first excavated lion fossil was found in southern
1967:
994:
984:
817:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
664:
602:
235:
2038:
1937:
https://ds-drupal.haverford.edu/dcc/pl/callimachus-aetia/book-3/phalaecus-ambracia
134:
in 1906. These are estimated at between 621,000 and 533,000 years old. The modern
1770:
1552:
Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene
1535:
1051:
839:
648:
643:, which was believed to be a supernatural lion that occupied the sacred town of
640:
570:
523:
270:
196:
84:
76:
1483:
The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders
1095:
1302:"Sculptures archaïques de Délos : deux lions, une sirène et deux oiseaux"
676:
656:
543:
539:
186:
30:
1649:
Stuart, A. J.; Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion
1325:
1981:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41.
1301:
1221:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1
989:
732:
684:
606:
511:
472:
342:
239:
204:
611:
1196:
1175:
951:
947:
835:
716:
672:
660:
562:
535:
515:
460:
452:
417:
397:
360:
326:
255:
147:
88:
1935:
Stephens, S. Callimachus (2015). Aetia. Dickinson College Commentaries.
1809:
1286:
329:, where the fragments of a lion's tooth about 6,000 years old were found
931:
879:
843:
724:
620:
586:
582:
554:
507:
503:
476:
468:
464:
266:
259:
223:
208:
106:
2020:
Dawn of Art: The Chauvet Cave. The oldest known paintings in the world
1724:
1707:
1690:
La Riera Cave, Stone Age Hunter Gatherer Adaptations in Northern Spain
1587:
Baryshnikov, G. and Boeskorov, G. (2001). "The Pleistocene cave lion,
1317:
923:
863:
821:
757:
753:
745:
728:
700:
692:
581:
river. From there, the boundary of its range narrowly turned east to
456:
413:
376:
368:
159:
151:
102:
80:
68:
38:
946:
Stone relief of a lion with a polychrome decorations, Zhaba Mogila,
919:
741:
740:
mentions that European lions were stronger compared to those from
712:
652:
644:
610:
578:
364:
356:
265:
As indicated by numerous artistic depictions, modern lions in the
219:
212:
191:
47:
18:
546:
regretted that no more lions could be furnished for beast-shows.
791:
636:
589:, with its northern boundary then extending westward to Turkey.
227:
135:
95:
72:
1956:Боев, З. 2016. Левът наш балкански. – Списание Осем, 6: 98-105.
1400:
Aegaeum. Annales Liégeoises et PASPiennes d'Archéologie égéenne
428:
The earliest Holocene lion remains to date were excavated in
1562:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
1708:"Western European Quaternary lions: new working hypotheses"
1692:. Arizona: Arizona State University Press. pp. 237–47.
1900:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–118.
1184:
Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis
375:, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and
215:, where various sculptures of lions survive to this day.
1245:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
675:
city got its name, when during around the period of the
627:
during the Pleistocene, about 35,000 to 40,000 years ago
1434:Αριστοτέλης, 4th century BCE: Των περί τα ζώα ιστοριών.
683:
during a lion hunt was killed by a lion. According to
463:. Bone fragments of the modern lion were excavated in
1979:
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
1234:
1232:
1230:
906:
Depiction of the lion from the 4th century BC, Greece
561:. Northwards, its range extended through the eastern
2016:
Chauvet, J.-M.; Brunel, D. E.; Hillaire, C. (1996).
719:
stated around 400 BCE that lions were hunted around
302:
Orange: locations mentioned by ancient Greek authors
1223:. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222.
1084:
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
2017:
1827:
1348:
1346:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1026:Diedrich, C.G. (2011). "The largest European lion
878:Depiction of a hunting scene on a dagger found in
349:are estimated at 680,000 years old, and represent
203:also depicted them in sculpture, such as with the
1821:
1819:
1485:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
1547:
1545:
218:It is believed that most of them were killed by
1701:
1699:
1560:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland".
1494:
1492:
1454:
1452:
1430:
1428:
1249:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2
150:. Overall, lion fossils and remains span from
1393:
1391:
296:Records of modern lion in southeastern Europe
8:
1764:
1762:
1609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1591:(Carnivora, Felidae) from Yakutia, Russia".
1501:Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission
522:. Around 1000 BCE, it became extinct in the
1840:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp.
1169:
1167:
1165:
894:Marble lion from Greece, mid-4th century BC
1795:
1793:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1442:
1440:
1723:
1712:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1421:. London: Jones and Co. pp. 321−380.
1239:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskiy, A. A. (1992) .
1195:
1134:
1123:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1446:Ξενοφών, 5th-4th century BC: Κυνηγετικός
1111:"The holotypes of the upper Pleistocene
185:, made frequent references to lions, in
16:Lions in prehistoric and historic Europe
1272:
1270:
1268:
1018:
796:
534:not before the 2nd century CE and from
455:, and is estimated 6,000 years old. In
1602:
1556:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene
1376:
1365:
1947:Gedoyn, A. 1738: 186 Récits de Conon.
1894:"Master of Lions (and other Animals)"
1306:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique
443:lion tooth fragment representing the
7:
79:, was made possible by the finds of
1772:Birds and Beasts of Greek Anthology
1706:Masseti, M.; Mazza, P.P.A. (2013).
1419:Herodotus translated from the Greek
222:during Ancient history, notably by
752:referred to lion presence east of
530:around the first century CE, from
420:until 13,800 to 13,300 years ago.
341:The oldest fossils excavated near
162:, covering most of the continent.
14:
1925:. London and New York: Routledge.
1462:Pausanias's Description of Greece
498:, the lion inhabited part of the
355:. Lion fossils were excavated in
1966:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996).
1879:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00181.x
1753:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00040.x
1136:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00425.x
1115:(Goldfuss, 1823: Hyaenidae) and
959:
939:
911:
899:
887:
871:
851:
828:
799:
314:
289:
1998:from the original on 2005-05-29
1779:from the original on 2024-08-17
1675:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023
1332:from the original on 2024-08-17
1300:Hermary, Antoine (2020-12-01).
304:Yellow: locations mentioned in
277:exhibited all these features.
211:or in the island-sanctuary of
58:Natural History Museum, Vienna
1:
1826:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975).
518:until the 4th or 3rd century
2024:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
1775:. Florence: Norman Douglas.
1536:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.022
1052:10.1080/08912963.2010.546529
1007:Cultural depictions of lions
787:, and lions from Greece for
635:and writings, including the
538:possibly in the 4th century
1574:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117
1465:. London: Macmillan and Co.
1459:Frazer, J. G., ed. (1898).
299:Red: excavated lion remains
195:, or with the story of the
120:. It probably dates to the
2092:
1655:Quaternary Science Reviews
1096:10.1556/AArch.59.2008.2.28
882:, Greece, 16th century BCE
695:, being plentiful between
671:refers to the myth of how
596:
75:, historical accounts and
65:history of lions in Europe
2066:Extinct mammals of Europe
1554:Panthera spelaea fossilis
748:. In the 2nd century CE,
731:mountains and elsewhere.
659:. Phalaecus, a tyrant of
631:Lions feature in ancient
250:Bone fragments of fossil
146:at least since the early
1558:Panthera spelaea spelaea
1516:Quaternary International
918:Silver stater struck in
715:were attacked by lions.
575:Azerbaijan-Russia border
323:Nova Zagora Municipality
1802:The Classical Quarterly
1631:(in French). 2021-07-10
1279:The Classical Quarterly
1113:Crocuta crocuta spelaea
1109:Diedrich, C.G. (2008).
934:and lion devouring prey
711:in 480 BC, the troops'
687:lions occurred between
514:period. It survived in
2046:The Last European Lion
1838:Wild Cats of the World
1481:Uhm, D.P. van (2016).
1375:Cite journal requires
1211:Pocock, R. I. (1939).
922:334-300 BCE depicting
628:
623:has been dated to the
526:. It disappeared from
394:Weichselian glaciation
60:
45:
2040:Panthera leo europaea
1197:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59
614:
142:) inhabited parts of
126:Wilhelm von Reichenau
111:Georg August Goldfuss
51:
29:skull excavated near
22:
2076:Holocene extinctions
1769:Douglas, N. (1927).
1415:"Book VII. Polymnia"
1117:Panthera leo spelaea
1028:Panthera leo spelaea
617:Löwenmensch figurine
569:to the mouth of the
388:bone fragments were
226:or by using them in
2071:Extinct carnivorans
1667:2011QSRv...30.2329S
1528:2010QuInt.228..116L
1044:2011HBio...23..271D
599:Damnatio ad bestias
577:, extending to the
337:Pleistocene records
269:had less developed
109:, and described by
71:, already known by
1892:Cohen, A. (2010).
1741:Journal of Zoology
1629:France 3 Occitanie
1413:Beloe, W. (1830).
1174:Sabol, M. (2014).
1032:Historical Biology
954:, 5th century BCE.
766:Caranus of Macedon
679:, son of Strymon,
629:
567:Apsheron Peninsula
487:Historic range of
240:gladiatorial games
169:, notably in some
61:
46:
43:Muséum de Toulouse
1988:978-2-8317-0045-8
1921:Hard, R. (2003).
1907:978-0-5217-6904-4
1851:978-0-8008-8324-9
1833:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1810:10.1093/cq/bmi035
1725:10.1111/bij.12032
1661:(17): 2329–2340.
1287:10.1093/cq/bmi035
1258:978-90-04-08876-4
1178:Panthera fossilis
930:decorated with a
807:Upper Paleolithic
760:, in the area of
625:Upper Paleolithic
573:near the current
408:, across most of
402:Iberian Peninsula
390:radiocarbon dated
382:Late Pleistocene
352:Panthera fossilis
238:, using lions in
179:European cultures
2083:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1976:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
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1918:
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1911:
1889:
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1855:
1835:
1823:
1814:
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1797:
1788:
1787:
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1784:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1651:Panthera spelaea
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1589:Panthera spelaea
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1522:(1–2): 116–135.
1511:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1435:
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1378:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1318:10.4000/bch.1045
1297:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1038:(2–3): 271–311.
1023:
979:Panthera leo leo
963:
943:
915:
903:
891:
875:
858:Lion sculpture,
855:
832:
803:
500:Balkan Peninsula
496:Southeast Europe
424:Holocene records
410:northern Eurasia
406:Southeast Europe
385:Panthera spelaea
318:
293:
26:Panthera spelaea
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2086:
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1908:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1804:(55): 335–342.
1799:
1798:
1791:
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1768:
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1760:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1705:
1704:
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1356:
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1344:
1335:
1333:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1281:(55): 335–342.
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1210:
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944:
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928:Phrygian helmet
916:
907:
904:
895:
892:
883:
876:
867:
860:4th century BCE
856:
847:
833:
824:
816:, found in the
804:
738:Pliny the Elder
633:Greek mythology
609:
595:
492:
481:European Turkey
445:Atlantic Period
426:
392:to between the
339:
334:
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331:
330:
319:
310:
309:
308:
303:
300:
297:
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283:
248:
246:Characteristics
175:Ancient history
167:Prehistoric art
165:Represented in
144:Southern Europe
122:Würm glaciation
115:scientific name
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2033:External links
2031:
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1906:
1884:
1873:(3): 220–243.
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1789:
1758:
1731:
1718:(109): 66–77.
1695:
1680:
1641:
1616:
1579:
1568:(3): 339–351.
1541:
1506:
1503:(70): 123–127.
1488:
1468:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1405:
1387:
1377:|journal=
1354:
1342:
1292:
1264:
1257:
1226:
1203:
1190:(1–2): 59–70.
1161:
1142:
1129:(4): 822–831.
1101:
1090:(1): 759–773.
1065:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:Panthera atrox
997:
992:
987:
982:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
958:
956:
945:
938:
936:
917:
910:
908:
905:
898:
896:
893:
886:
884:
877:
870:
868:
857:
850:
848:
842:, c. 540 BCE,
834:
827:
825:
805:
798:
707:advanced near
689:Achelous river
594:
591:
532:Western Thrace
491:
485:
430:Basque Country
425:
422:
373:United Kingdom
347:United Kingdom
338:
335:
320:
313:
312:
311:
295:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
282:
279:
247:
244:
232:Roman Republic
201:Ancient Greeks
183:ancient Greece
171:cave paintings
156:United Kingdom
131:Felis fossilis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Mammal Review
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1402:(37): 375−92.
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:(in French).
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:
976:
975:
971:
962:
957:
953:
949:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
881:
874:
869:
865:
861:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:cave painting
808:
802:
797:
795:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Barbary lions
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Transcaucasia
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:was found in
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
336:
328:
324:
317:
307:
306:Greek legends
301:
292:
280:
278:
276:
275:Transcaucasia
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:. During the
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:Felis spelaea
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
36:
35:Haute-Garonne
32:
28:
27:
21:
2039:
2019:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1978:
1970:Panthera leo
1969:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1897:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1837:
1831:Panthera leo
1830:
1801:
1781:. Retrieved
1771:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1715:
1711:
1689:
1683:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1605:cite journal
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1482:
1461:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1368:cite journal
1357:
1334:. Retrieved
1309:
1305:
1295:
1278:
1248:
1244:
1220:
1215:Panthera leo
1214:
1206:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
999:
995:Barbary lion
985:Asiatic lion
977:
818:Chauvet Cave
789:gladiatorial
785:lion-baiting
781:North Africa
770:
721:Mount Kissos
663:(modern-day
630:
603:Gulf of Lion
548:
493:
489:Panthera leo
488:
438:
433:
427:
383:
381:
350:
340:
298:
281:Distribution
264:
258:and smaller
251:
249:
236:Roman Empire
228:public games
217:
190:
164:
140:Panthera leo
139:
129:
117:
64:
62:
53:
52:Skeleton of
24:
1747:(1): 7–19.
840:Nemean lion
649:Peloponnese
641:Nemean lion
571:Samur River
565:, from the
524:Peloponnese
510:during the
367:, Belgium,
197:Nemean lion
85:Pleistocene
77:ancient art
2055:Categories
2002:2018-02-02
1783:2018-08-31
1635:2024-08-17
1599:(1): 7–24.
1336:2024-08-17
1013:References
926:wearing a
814:cave lions
812:depicting
677:Trojan War
657:Asia Minor
597:See also:
593:In culture
585:in modern
557:in modern
544:Themistius
434:P. spelaea
321:Karanovo,
234:and later
187:literature
181:, such as
113:using the
54:P. spelaea
31:Montmaurin
1326:0007-4217
1158:(2): 125.
990:Cape lion
750:Pausanias
733:Aristotle
709:Echedorus
685:Herodotus
619:found in
607:Lion Gate
528:Macedonia
512:Neolithic
473:Black Sea
441:neolithic
343:Pakefield
256:premolars
205:Lion Gate
189:, in the
99:excavated
41:, in the
1993:Archived
1777:Archived
1330:Archived
1060:86638786
972:See also
952:Bulgaria
948:Strelcha
866:, Greece
846:, Greece
838:and the
836:Heracles
717:Xenophon
697:Akanthos
681:Olynthos
673:Olynthus
661:Amvrakia
563:Caucasus
536:Thessaly
516:Bulgaria
502:, up to
461:Philippi
453:Bulgaria
449:Karanovo
418:Beringia
398:Holocene
396:and the
361:Portugal
327:Bulgaria
260:incisors
148:Holocene
89:Holocene
1842:138–179
1663:Bibcode
1593:Cranium
1524:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
932:centaur
880:Mycenae
844:Boeotia
725:Pangaio
703:. When
647:in the
639:of the
621:Germany
587:Armenia
583:Yerevan
559:Georgia
555:Tbilisi
508:Ukraine
504:Hungary
477:Romania
469:Ukraine
467:and in
465:Hungary
345:in the
267:Balkans
252:spelaea
224:hunting
209:Mycenae
177:, some
154:to the
107:Germany
93:Ancient
81:fossils
56:in the
1985:
1904:
1848:
1829:"Lion
1324:
1255:
1241:"Lion"
1058:
924:Athena
864:Koropi
822:France
773:Romans
762:Abdera
758:Thrace
754:Nestus
746:Africa
729:Pindus
727:, the
713:camels
705:Xerxes
701:Thermi
693:Nestus
605:, and
457:Greece
414:Alaska
377:Russia
369:France
220:humans
160:Russia
152:Greece
128:under
103:Europe
69:Europe
39:France
2061:Lions
1996:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1312:(1).
1247:[
1056:S2CID
920:Velia
792:games
779:from
775:used
742:Syria
669:Conon
653:Homer
645:Nemea
579:Araks
412:into
365:Italy
357:Spain
271:manes
213:Delos
192:Iliad
173:, in
96:lions
73:myths
1983:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1611:link
1381:help
1322:ISSN
1253:ISBN
783:for
771:The
744:and
699:and
691:and
665:Arta
637:myth
615:The
506:and
479:and
158:and
136:lion
91:and
63:The
1875:doi
1806:doi
1749:doi
1745:269
1720:doi
1716:109
1671:doi
1653:".
1570:doi
1566:258
1532:doi
1520:228
1314:doi
1310:144
1283:doi
1192:doi
1131:doi
1127:154
1092:doi
1048:doi
756:in
549:In
520:BCE
494:In
471:'s
325:in
207:of
101:in
83:of
2057::
1991:.
1977:.
1896:.
1871:41
1869:.
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1836:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
