History of modern period domes

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connectors to attach a 115 millimeter thick reinforced concrete dome shell to the outside of the 1870 wrought iron arches. They reduced the dome's total weight by 100 tons, so that either the shell or the arches could each support the total weight of the dome independently of the other. No flammable materials were used. The exterior was covered in traditional hand-finished lead sheeting. The interior was covered with a 25 millimeter thick layer of plaster attached to the wrought iron arches with a metal

1295: 1927: 967: 1283: 1684: 33: 1985:, who received a patent for them in 1954. Geodesic domes have been used for radar enclosures, greenhouses, housing, and weather stations. Early examples in the United States include a 53-foot-wide dome for the Ford Rotunda in 1953 and a 384-foot-diameter dome for the Baton Rouge facility of the Union Tank Car Company in 1958, the largest clear-span structure in the world at that time. The 1207:, with a low exterior elevation. Subsequent design revisions resulted in a double dome, with a raised external profile on an octagonal drum, and construction did not begin until 1822. The interior dome was built of stone and brick except for the upper third, which was made of wood. The exterior dome was wooden and covered with copper sheeting. The dome and building were completed by 199: 2155: 641:. The central dome is 72 feet in diameter and 52 feet above the nave floor. The onion domes over the two towers were built according to Latrobe's designs. The church was extended to the east by 33 feet in 1890. Before initial construction of the church was completed, two other neoclassical domed churches would be built in Baltimore. The 1485:. Six similar Schwedler-type domes were used over gasholders in Leipzig beginning in 1885 and in Vienna using steel, in the 1890s. Rather than using traditional iron ribs, the domes consist of a thinner arrangement of short straight iron bars connected with pin joints in a lattice shell, with cross-bracing provided by light iron rods. 818:, in Saint Petersburg, was built by 1842 with one of the largest domes in Europe. A cast iron dome nearly 26 meters wide, it had a technically advanced triple-shell design with iron trusses reminiscent of St. Paul's Cathedral in London. The design for the cathedral was begun after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 and given to 771:, "borrowing the motifs of umbrella dome, portico, multi-mullioned windows, and arcaded friezes". He built more than 200 churches in Galicia, establishing a uniformity of Greek Catholic churches there to the extent of influencing the work of other architects. Examples include his Greek Catholic parish churches of 807: 1786:

theory of a thick spherical shell had been published in 1912, based on general equations from 1888, it was too complex for practical design work. A simplified and more approximate theory for domes was published in 1926 in Berlin. The theory was tested using sheet metal models with the conclusion that

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In the United States, an 1815 commission to build the Baltimore Exchange and Custom House was awarded to Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Maximilian Godefroy for their design featuring a prominent central dome. The dome design was altered during construction to raise its height to 115 feet by adding a tall

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granary in Paris with a dome of iron and glass, the "earliest example of metal with glass in a dome". The dome was 37 meters in diameter and used 51 cast iron ribs to converge on a wrought iron compression ring 11 meters wide containing a glass and wrought iron skylight. The outer surface of the dome

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with a wrought iron dome. The dome was made of flat iron sections and reinforced with ties that passed through the interior of the dome. Such dome reinforcement was one of the two established techniques, the other being the use of a combination of horizontal rings and vertical ribs. The span may have

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was a landmark construction. Geiger's solution to a 90% reduction in the budget for the pavilion project was a "low profile cable-restrained, air-supported roof employing a superelliptical perimeter compression ring". Its very low cost led to the development of permanent versions using teflon-coated

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and higher strength, allowing for larger spans. Because domes themselves were relatively rare, the first examples made from iron date well after iron began to be used as a structural material. Iron was used in place of wood where fire resistance was a priority. In Russia, which had large supplies of

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in Chicago became the first planetarium to open in the Western Hemisphere. Planetarium domes required a hemispherical surface for their projections, but most 20th century shell domes were shallow to reduce the material costs, simplify construction, and reduce the volume of air needing to be heated.

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proposed in 1858 an iron-supported domed ceiling with a single central source of light similar to the British reading room, but changed the design due to concerns about insufficient light for readers. His completed 1869 design was a grid of nine domes, each with an oculus, supported by 16 thin cast

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spans 230 meters. The pleated effect seen in some of these domes is the result of lower radial cables stretching between those forming trusses in order to keep the membrane in tension. The lightweight membrane system used consists of four layers: waterproof fiberglass on the outside, insulation, a

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Tension membrane design has depended upon computers, and the increasing availability of powerful computers resulted in many developments being made in the last three decades of the 20th century. Weather-related deflations of some air-supported roofs led David Geiger to develop a modified type, the

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spherical balloon. First, a concrete floor slab and ring beam was poured. The ring beam included voids for air inlets and outlets and an inflatable tube that held the balloon membrane in place. The balloon was laid out uninflated over the floor slab and secured at the ring beam, reinforcement bars

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and the demonstrated vulnerability of exposed steel to damage from intense fires during the war may have contributed to the popularity of concrete architectural shells beginning in the late 1940s. In the 1960s, improvements in welding and bolting techniques and higher labor costs made steel frames

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constructed a triangulated frame of light steel bars and mesh with a domed formwork suspended below it. By spraying a thin layer of concrete onto both the formwork and the frame, he created a 16 meter wide dome that was just 30 millimeters thick. The second dome was still thinner at 40 meters wide

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was used as a porous aggregate. Neither dome included reinforcement, although iron bars have been detected at irregular distances in the outer dome that may have been part of the formwork needed for the building process, and which may act as partial reinforcement. Other concrete domes at this time

1171:, also inspired by the reading room dome at the British Museum, was built between 1889 and 1897 in a classical style. It is 100 feet wide and rises 195 feet above the floor on eight piers. The dome has a relatively low external profile to avoid overshadowing the nearby United States Capitol dome. 1897:

was laid over the concrete, then the balloon was inflated and lifted the material into the dome shape. After inflation, the concrete was vibrated using rolling carts attached to cables. After drying, the balloon could be removed and openings for door or windows could be cut out of the dome. This

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in New York City was built by the son in 1909. A part-spherical dome, it measures 30 meters in diameter from the top of its merging pendentives, where steel rods embedded in concrete act as a restraining ring. With an average thickness 1/250th of its span, and steel rods also embedded within the

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as an inexpensive structure to store winter road service sand and salt, has been used in countries around the world. The first was built in 1968. The domes have twenty sides and are normally 100 feet in diameter and a little more than 50 feet tall. The conical shape is meant to conform to the 45

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in 1892 to apply to "other shell-type truss frameworks". By the 1860s and 1870s, German and other European engineers began to treat iron domes as collections of short straight beams with hinged ends, resulting in light openwork structures. Other than in glasshouses, these structures were usually

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in Munich, Germany, was built between 1894 and 1897 with a dome of two lightweight concrete shells, using reinforcing rings only in the underlying octagonal tambour. The 11.2 meter wide hemispherical inner dome is 15 cm thick with eight ribs on its outer surface increasing that thickness to

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The dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem experienced an earthquake in 1927, a fire in 1934, and a fire in 1949, which partially destroyed its lead roof. In 1977 it was decided to renovate the dome to better resist earthquakes and fire. A British team of contractors used steel

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required heavy reinforcement. Early examples used a relatively thick bordering girder to stabilize exposed edges. Alternative stabilization techniques include adding a bend at these edges to stiffen them or increasing the thickness of the shell itself at the edges and near the supports. In

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in the courtyard of its museum building between 1854 and 1857. The round room, about 42.6 meters in diameter and inspired by the Pantheon, was surmounted by a dome with a ring of windows at the base and an oculus at the top. Hidden iron framing supported a suspended ceiling made of

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in Indiana was built in 1903 with the largest span dome in the world at 200 feet. Its metal and glass skin was supported by steel trusses resting on metal rollers to allow for expansion and contraction from temperature changes. It was surpassed in span by the Centennial Hall of

1808:, Spain, with a thin shell concrete dome. The shallow dome is 48 meters wide, 9 centimeters thick, and supported at points around its perimeter. The indoor stadium for the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin used an oval dome of concrete shell 35 meters wide and 45 meters long. 1058:

was one of the earliest and included a 10.8 meter span iron and glass dome by Charles Fowler built between 1820 and 1827. The glass panes are set in panels joined by copper or brass ribs between the 23 main cast iron ribs. Another example was the conservatory at

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consisting of radial trusses made from steel cables under tension with vertical steel pipes spreading the cables into the truss form. They have been made circular, elliptical, and other shapes to cover stadiums from Korea to Florida. While the first permanent

963:, built in 1862 by Cuthbert Brodrick, features an elliptical plan dome 38.9 meters by 26.7 meters with wrought iron ribs along the long axis that radiate from the ends and others spanning the short axis that run parallel to each other, forming a grid pattern. 614: 1310:, although painted white and crowning a masonry building, is made of cast iron. The dome was built between 1855 and 1866, replacing a lower wooden dome with copper roofing from 1824. It has a 30-meter diameter. It was completed just two years after the 1063:, completed in 1827 but demolished in 1832 upon the death of the owner. It had a 16 meter wide central dome of thin wrought iron ribs and narrow glass panes on a cast iron ring and iron columns. The glass acted as lateral support for the iron ribs. 1230:

was the earliest to combine all the elements that would subsequently become characteristic of state capitol buildings: dome, rotunda, portico, and two legislative chambers. Like the design of the national capitol, the design was chosen through a

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vapor barrier, then an acoustic insulation layer. This is semitransparent enough to fulfill most daytime lighting needs beneath the dome. The first large span examples were two Seoul, South Korea, sports arenas built in 1986 for the Olympics,

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in Saint Petersburg. Built between 1806 and 1811, the 17.7 meter wide outer dome of the cathedral was one of the earliest iron domes. The iron outer dome covers two masonry inner domes and is made of 15 mm thick sheets set end to end.

882:, Italy, was built between 1844 and 1880. Revisions by the architect during construction transformed what was initially going to be a drum, hemispherical dome, and lantern 42.22 meters tall into a structure with two superimposed drums, an 1455:

was built in the Gothic style, although most of the 1882 design competition entries used Neo-Renaissance, and it includes a domed central hall. The large, ribbed, egg-shaped dome topped with a spire was influenced by the dome of the

785: 1711:. With a 213 foot wide central dome surrounded by stepped rings of vertical windows, it was the largest building of its kind in the world. Other examples of ribbed domes made entirely of reinforced concrete include the 2239:

The variety of modern domes over sports stadiums, exhibition halls, and auditoriums have been enabled by developments in materials such as steel, reinforced concrete and plastics. Their uses over department stores and

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and, by the start of the 20th century, similarly triangulated frame domes had become fairly common. Schwedler built three wrought-iron domes over gasholders in Berlin between 1876 and 1882 with spans of 54.9 meters,

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Proportional rules for an arch's thickness to span ratio were developed during the 19th century, based on catenary shape changes in response to weight loads, and these were applied to the vertical forces in domes.

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was completed in 2014 with the largest dome in the world at 310 meters in span. It uses a post-tensioned concrete ring beam to support steel trusses that enable two halves of a section of the dome to retract.

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was added to the building from 1843 to 1849. A dome was included as a possibility in the original late Neoclassical design of 1830, but as a wooden construction. Iron was used instead by the later architects.

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Rehm, Jörg (2018). "The first concrete dome in Germany? A church building using modern techniques". In Wouters, Ine; Voorde, Stephanie; Bertels, Inge; Espion, Bernard; Jonge, Krista; Zastavni, Denis (eds.).

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was completed as the largest cable dome in the world with a diameter of 320 meters and uses a different system of membrane support, with cables extending down from the 12 masts that penetrate the membrane.

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that became known as the "Schwedler dome". He published the theory behind five such domes and a structural calculation technique in 1866. Schwedler's work on these axially symmetric shells was expanded by

1902:" system was used to built over 1,500 elliptical-section domes in countries around the world between 1970 and 1990, with diameters between 12 and 36 meters. Examples include the Edinburgh Sports Dome in 503:

domes with minimal thickness and no scaffolding. The vaults were typically 3 inches thick and workers, standing on the completed portions, used simple templates, wires, and strings to align their work.

318:. Most iron domes were built with curved iron ribs arranged radially from the top of the dome to a ring at the base. The material of choice for domes changed over the course of the 19th century from 5196:

Structures and Architecture - Bridging the Gap and Crossing Borders: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Structures and Architecture (ICSA 2019), July 24-26, 2019, Lisbon, Portugal

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in Vienna. It has a sixteen sided outer shell with an iron skeleton that rises 96 meters high, and an inner shell star vault supported on sixteen stone pillars. The Dome Hall is used to display the

1432:, included a dome made of iron and glass as part of its unusual mixture of Renaissance and Baroque components. Controversially, the 74 meter tall dome stood seven meters taller than the dome of the 4322:

Managing Snow Removal and Ice Control Programs: A Practical Guide to the How, When, where and why of Effective Public Work Practices. Issue 42 of Special report (American Public Works Association)

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has a span of 106 meters. It was designed by Branko Žeželj, using a pre-stressing system developed by him, and was the largest dome in the world until 1965. It remains the largest dome in Europe.

657:, also known as "Old Red Top Church", was a domed cylindrical rotunda with a porch block and portico. The dome had a shallow exterior profile and its oculus was covered by a low lantern, called a 1196:, built from 1816-1819, featured a dome crowned by a gilded eagle. When the dome was replaced after an 1864 project to double the size of the building, the eagle was transferred to the new dome. 649:

was begun in 1817 and covered the interior space with a 55 foot wide shallow coffered dome on pendentives with an oculus at the center. To improve acoustics, the interior was modified. The First

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of Toronto opened in 1989 with a rigid system in four parts: one that is fixed, two that slide horizontally, and one that rotates along the edge of the 213 meter wide span. In Japan, the 1993

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Beginning in the late 19th century, the Guastavino family, a father and son team who worked on the eastern seaboard of the United States, further developed the masonry dome. They perfected a

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Metal-framed domes of the 19th century often imitated earlier masonry dome designs in a variety of styles, especially in church architecture, but were also used to create glass domes over

724: 743: 1997:, Canada, was enclosed by a 76.5-meter-wide and 60-meter-tall dome made of steel pipes and acrylic panels. It is used today as a water monitoring center. Other examples include the 1699:

reading room, presumably inspired by the British Museum, had a diameter of 31.5 meters and was briefly the widest reinforced concrete dome in the world until the completion of the

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iron columns, four of which were free-standing under the central dome. The domes themselves, supported on iron arches, were covered in white ceramic panels nine millimeters thick.

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According to Irene Giustina, dome construction was one of the most challenging architectural problems until at least the end of the 19th century, due to a lack of knowledge about

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was covered with copper, with additional windows cut near the dome's base to admit more light during an 1838 modification. Cast-iron domes were particularly popular in France.

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built a 30 meter (100 foot) dome using an inflated balloon of sailcloth as formwork. The balloon was made airtight by wetting, inflated, then supported steel reinforcement as

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of the 19th century led to many domes being re-translations of the great domes of the past, rather than further stylistic developments, especially in sacred architecture. The

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hidden behind ceilings. Dome types that used lengths of rolled steel with riveted joints included "Schwedler domes", "Zimmermann domes", "lattice domes", and "Schlink domes".

1594: 330:. Excluding domes that simply imitated multi-shell masonry, the century's chief development of the simple domed form may be metal framed domes such as the circular dome of 478:

Domes made of radial trusses were analyzed with a "plane frame" approach, rather than considering three dimensions, until an 1863 Berlin gasometer dome design by engineer

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was built in 2001 as a mostly fixed semi-spherical roof 274 meters wide with two large membrane-covered panels that can slide down from the center to opposite sides. The

1314:, which has the first cast iron dome built in the United States. The initial design of the capitol dome was influenced by a number of European church domes, particularly 1070:

would have had the largest span dome in the world in 1833 at 50 meters but the circular cast-iron dome collapsed when the scaffolding was removed. It had been built for

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exhibition hall was built in London in 1951. It was the largest domed building in the world at the time, 365 feet wide. Other aluminum domes include the 61 meter wide "

1966:. Aluminum reticular domes allow for large dimensions and short building times, suitable for sports arenas, exhibition centers, auditoriums, or storage facilities. The 552:

in Jerusalem was replaced from 1808-1810 after a fire and replaced again from 1868-1870. The dome completed in 1870 was a Russian design made with wrought iron arches.

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Barnes, Michael R.; Dickson, Michael (2000). "Preface and Overview: The Evolution of Longspan Lightweight Structures". In Barnes, Michael R.; Dickson, Michael (eds.).

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domes at their cross intersections. The dome of the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (1863–1867) rises to 145 feet above the ground and has the same span as the dome of

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Although iron production in France lagged behind Britain, the government was eager to foster the development of its domestic iron industry. In 1808, the government of

629:, was begun in 1806 and dedicated in 1821, although the porch and towers would not be completed until the 1870s. An influence on the interior design may have been the 594:

with a dome modeled after that of St. Paul's Cathedral. An early example of an iron dome in Britain is the fanciful iron-framed dome over the central building of the

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dome, although matched during the Renaissance, remained the largest in the world until the middle of the 19th century. The large domes of the 19th century included

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Domes built in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries benefited from more efficient techniques for producing iron and steel as well as advances in structural analysis.

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Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Construction History (6ICCH 2018), July 9-13, 2018, Brussels, Belgium

2204:, was completed in 1965 with a rigid 641 foot wide steel dome filled with 4,596 skylights. Other early examples of rigid stadium domes include the steel frame 1791:

in domes are small with little reinforcement required, especially at the top, where openings could be cut for light. Only the concentrated stresses at point

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7th International Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control of Vibrations of Structures, Assisi, Italy, October 2–5, 2001

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The higher expense of rigid large span domes made them relatively rare, although rigidly moving panels is the most popular system for sports stadiums with

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in Mexico, architectural shells had their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, peaking in popularity shortly before the widespread adoption of computers and the

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Wooden domes in thin-wall shells on ribs were made until the 1930s. After World War II, steel and wooden laminate structural members made with waterproof

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Le Cœur, Marc (2012). "The Bibliothèque Nationale: Between Rationalism and Illusionism". In Bélier, Corinne; Bergdoll, Barry; Le Cœur, Marc (eds.).

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allow for the creation of dome forms with complex geometry, such as the 2004 ellipsoid bubbles of Nardini Company's production district designed by

738: 606:. The dome was not one of the prominent onion domes but instead the dome-like structure of twelve cast iron ribs resting on cast iron columns over 5884: 2216:, an arena for ice hockey, earned the title of largest hemispherical building in the world with a diameter of 110 meters and height of 85 meters. 2189: 2008:"Grid-domes", using a structural grid of roughly orthogonal members adjusted to create a double-curved surface, were employed in 1989 to create a 314:

New production techniques allowed for cast iron and wrought iron to be produced both in larger quantities and at relatively low prices during the

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Inspired by the prestigious British Museum reading room, the first iron dome in Canada was built in the early 1870s over the reading room of the

4623:"On the art and the culture of domes. Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century" 4571: 871:

in Paris dates from 1870 and spans 25.2 meters. A wrought-iron dome was also built over Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre in 1870, spanning 23 meters.

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was built from 1834-1842 as a large domed rotunda with four rectangular annexes in a cruciform plan, combining the central plan popular with

4572:"Roof Structures in Motion: On Retractable and Deployable Roof Structures Enabling Quick Construction or Adaptation to External Excitations" 2104:(201 meters). The restraining cables of such domes are laid diagonally to avoid the sagging perimeter found to occur with a standard grid. 1759:

in Munich, 15 domed projection planetariums using concrete shells up to 30 meters wide had been built in Europe by 1930, and that year the

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Morganti, R.; Tosone, A.; Abita, M.; Di Donato, D. (2019), "Symbol and technique of steel domes in Italy", in Cruz, Paulo J.S. (ed.),

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from 1847 to 1849, included a dome 18 meters wide made from 32 iron ribs cast as single pieces. It was demolished in the early 1960s.

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Also reminiscent of St. Paul's dome and that of the Panthéon in Paris, both of which the original designer had visited, the dome of

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that the thickness to span ratio was lower for a dome than it was for an arch due to the more distributed loads of a dome. Ideas on

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structures when the loads are borne by point-to-point members. A geodesic dome made of welded steel tubes was made in 1935 for the

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and World War I. Most capitols built between 1864 and 1893 were landmarks for their cities and had gilded domes. Examples from the

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near Brussels (1875–1876). The Laeken dome spans the central 40 meters of the circular building, resting on a ring of columns. The

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Stand-alone dome structures were used to house public utility facilities in the 20th century. The "Fitzpatrick dome", designed by

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in 1961. Six of its eight sections could rotate behind the other two within three minutes, and in 1967 it became the home of the

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featured a retractable membrane roof in 1988, although repeated tearing led to its replacement with a non-retractable roof. The

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uses radial ribs of steel along with redundant diagonal bracing to span 20 meters. It was claimed to be the largest dome in the

2125:, built in 1992 on an oval plan, uses instead a triangulated pattern in a system patented as the "Tenstar Dome". In Japan, the 1071: 1005:

The central market hall in Leipzig was built by 1891 with the first application of the "lattice dome" roof system developed by

603: 580: 571: 559: 222: 1603:, Poland, (1912-1914) have simplified geometry that attempts to blend traditional and modern styles, an effort interrupted by 79: 4967:

Lewis, Clive; King, Mike (2014). "Designing the world's largest dome: the National Stadium roof of Singapore Sports Hub".

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more rigid "Cabledome", that incorporated Fuller's ideas of tensegrity and aspension rather than being air-supported. The

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The Guastavino family, a father and son team who worked on the eastern seaboard of the United States, built vaults using

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fabric. The first cable dome to use rigid steel frame panels as roofing instead of a translucent membrane was begun for

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fiberglass and within 15 years the majority of the domed stadiums around the world used this system, including the 1975

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Although the first examples were built 25 years earlier by Walther Bauersfeld, the term "geodesic domes" was coined by

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Rizzoni, Giovanni (2009). "The Form of Parliaments & European Identity". In Rorato, Laura; Saunders, Anna (eds.).

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Allen, Edward (2004). "Guastavino, Dieste, and the Two Revolutions in Masonry Vaulting". In Anderson, Stanford (ed.).

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in 1889, inventing the spatial framework for the dome over the plenary chamber. It is known as the "Zimmermann dome".

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Bellini, Federico (2017). "8 Vaults and Domes: Statics as an Art". In Mallgrave, Harry Francis; Payne, Alina (eds.).

1874: 822:, but construction was delayed. Although the dome was originally designed to be masonry, cast iron was used instead. 5081: 528:". This lasted from about 1840 to the beginning of the 20th century, with various styles within Classicism, such as 395:

29 cm. The outer octagonal cloister vault is 11.8 meters wide and 16 cm thick. An artificial stone called

5869: 2220: 2021: 1700: 1642: 1519: 1457: 1437: 1331: 1307: 1236: 1223: 1204: 1086: 998:, with sixteen iron ribs over an octagonal space at the intersection of two covered streets. It is named after the 912:, a building started in 1488, was completed with a large octagonal dome joined to the basilica plan of the church. 842: 815: 764: 700: 563: 449: 215: 1561:, characterized by "geometrization of architectural detail", includes the domed Greek Catholic parish churches of 540:, also vying for popularity. The last three decades of this period included unusual combinations of these styles. 1788: 1696: 1515: 1425: 1362: 1193: 1164: 1051: 875: 719: 607: 331: 733:

trends in Central Europe with the cross-domed plans held to be characteristic of eastern orthodox architecture.

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Filemio, Valentina (2009). "Guarini, Juvarra e Antonelli. Segni e Simboli per Torino". In Williams, Kim (ed.).

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Senate Document 106-29: History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics

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Structurally, geodesic domes are considered shells when the loads are borne by the surface polygons, as in the

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in fast-setting cement set flat against the surface of the curve, rather than perpendicular to it. The father,

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in Birmingham, interrupted in the middle by a drum. The elliptical dome's span is 66.9 meters by 56.5 meters.

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from 1883. The dome covered an irregular pentagonal plan and was about 20 meters wide and 6.8 meters high.

265:, observatories, libraries, and churches, were enabled by the use of reinforced concrete ribs, lightweight 5235: 4460: 4245: 4237: 1975: 1859: 1543: 1531: 1386: 1366: 1315: 1260: 1118: 949: 945: 834: 819: 658: 618: 164: 5175:

Competing Visions: Aesthetic Invention and Social Imagination in Central European Architecture, 1867–1918

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Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1987). "The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: History and Future".

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The Essence and the Margin: National Identities and Collective Memories in Contemporary European Culture

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were used to create domes with grid-patterned wooden support structures, such as the 100 meter diameter

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Domes. Papers Read at the Annual Symposium of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain.

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Domes. Papers Read at the Annual Symposium of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain.

4723:"The Largest Pre-stressed Concrete Dome in the World – the Case Study of "Hall 1 of the Belgrade Fair"" 1986: 1294: 791: 5688: 1926: 1397:. Many American state capitol building domes were built in the late 19th or early 20th century in the 389: 5684: 4582: 4217:

Bradshaw, Richard; Campbell, David; Gargari, Mousa; Mirmiran, Amir; Tripeny, Patrick (June 1, 2002).

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of 1865 was re-erected in 1873 in an enlarged form with a 16 meter wide central dome on columns. The

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with domes in the United States cover a central rotunda, or hall of the people, due to the use of a

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Zanon, Paolo; Bursi, Oreste S.; Erlicher, Silvano; Zonta, D.; Clemente, Paolo; Indirli, M. (2001).

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designed and built by Walter Bird after World War II, the temporary membrane structure designed by

1851: 1558: 1527: 1433: 1402: 1390: 1370: 1276: 1244: 1168: 1031: 960: 646: 587: 296:

became popular for domed sports stadiums, which also innovated with rigid retractable domed roofs.

203: 4622: 5501: 5325: 5236:"Development, Characteristics and Comparative Structural Analysis of Tensegrity Type Cable Domes" 5160: 4984: 4744: 4667: 4558: 4428: 4267: 2067: 2032: 1982: 1894: 1819:. Steel became broadly used in building construction in the 1930s. A shortage of steel following 1792: 1768: 1743: 1635: 1623: 1535: 1441: 1421: 1378: 1374: 1346: 1264: 987: 971: 737:

churches were built as tripartite churches with a dome over each of the three parts, such as the

472: 293: 277: 254: 179: 40: 1695:

Domes built with steel and concrete were able to achieve very large spans. The 1911 dome of the

1323: 1134: 780: 266: 4218: 1716: 1662:

in hundreds of buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the domes of the

1464:

and statuary of monarchs and statesmen. The dome was structurally complete by the end of 1895.

966: 349:

became popular in the 19th century, with early examples using papier-mâché to minimize weight.

5840: 5819: 5777: 5756: 5734: 5710: 5644: 5634: 5611: 5562: 5541: 5520: 5474: 5435: 5414: 5393: 5372: 5351: 5269: 5220: 5200: 5179: 5129: 5108: 5066: 5045: 5024: 5003: 4953: 4932: 4922: 4901: 4861: 4820: 4707: 4686: 4644: 4607: 4527: 4506: 4485: 4450: 4376:

American Building: Materials and Techniques from the First Colonial Settlements to the Present

4358: 4337: 4286: 4203: 4174: 4115: 4094: 2259: 2245: 2192:

was completed in 1963 with a concrete saucer dome spanning 400 feet. The edge of the dome was

2185: 2158: 2009: 1967: 1855: 1688: 1608: 1252: 1200: 891: 849: 576: 513: 464: 453: 380: 361: 339: 2244:" exploit a variety of non-traditional materials. The use of design processes that integrate 5592: 5493: 5466: 5458: 5317: 5250: 5152: 4976: 4836:"Architecture of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the Habsburg Monarchy ca. 1770-1914" 4769: 4734: 4550: 4440:

Dimčić, Miloš (2011). "Structural Optimization of Grid Shells Based on Genetic Algorithms".

4405: 4397: 4388:

Cowan, Henry J. (1977). "A History of Masonry and Concrete Domes in Building Construction".

4301: 4233: 4195: 2166: 2097: 2017: 1971: 1963: 1863: 1843: 1756: 1728: 1707:, Germany (today Poland), from 1911–13 to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of the 1675:

pendentives, the dome "looked forward to modern shell construction in reinforced concrete."

1335: 1208: 1160:. Unlike the British Museum room, the library, which opened in 1876, uses the Gothic style. 1122: 1012: 991: 692: 1046:

with curved roofs were popular for a few decades beginning shortly before 1820 to maximize

905:

in England with a diameter of 156 feet. It used radial trussed ribs with no diagonal ties.

5652: 5629:

New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial

5350:. Revised by Elizabeth Williamson (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press. 2142: 2109: 2080: 2063: 2052: 1811:

The use of metal structures in Italy was reduced in the first half of the 20th century by

1797: 1659: 1647: 1615: 1401:

style and cover rotundas open to the public as commemorative spaces. Examples include the

1145: 909: 902: 768: 665: 630: 500: 496: 365: 357: 335: 4427:(5320). Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce: 181–198. 1747:

and 60 millimeters thick. These are generally taken to be the first modern architectural

1646:

degree slope of a pile of wet sand. They are built on concrete footings and covered with

1494: 1006: 772: 484: 4191:

Companion to the History of Architecture, Volume I, Renaissance and Baroque Architecture

4130: 5889: 5864: 5627: 4946: 4894: 4374: 2249: 2213: 2201: 1619: 1282: 1067: 776: 760: 715: 685: 622: 595: 537: 460: 191: 106: 5724:

Villám, Judit; Szabó, Dániel; Gyarmati, György; Soltész, István; Sisa, József (2006).

4857:

The History of the Theory of Structures: From Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics

4798:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 83–98, archived from 1683: 1105:

has an octagonal central dome, also 16 meters wide and on columns, completed in 1896.

575:

iron, some of the earliest examples of the material's architectural use can be found.

375:

Although domes made entirely from reinforced concrete were not built before 1900, the

5858: 5792: 5665: 5470: 4988: 4799: 4748: 4632:, Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción, pp. 1033–1042 4401: 2129:

was built in 1992 with a height of 49 meters and a diameter of 143 meters. It uses a

1893:

spaced with springs were laid on top, the concrete was applied, an outer membrane of

1858:

at MIT, which has a spherical shell 49 meters wide and 89 millimeters thick, and the

1776: 1752: 1724: 1631: 1482: 1429: 1327: 1082: 1047: 938: 937:

were received at an observation post in the dome, providing early notice of arriving

898:, Italy, combined Neoclassical forms with the vertical emphasis of the Gothic style. 634: 517: 412: 353: 285: 111: 5558:

A biographical dictionary of civil engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500–1830

5725: 4410: 4199: 2263: 2228: 2122: 2002: 1828: 1820: 1734:

The thin domical shell was further developed with the construction of two domes in

1626:. Glued laminated wooden structures were also used in 1983 to create the 160 meter 1219: 677: 669: 638: 424: 369: 323: 144: 32: 4333:

The Library of Congress: the Art and Architecture of the Thomas Jefferson Building

368:

as the mortar, rather than the traditional lime and gypsum mortars, which allowed

5834: 5813: 5771: 5750: 5704: 5556: 5535: 5514: 5429: 5408: 5387: 5366: 5345: 5214: 5194: 5173: 5123: 5102: 5060: 5039: 5018: 4980: 4916: 4855: 4814: 4739: 4722: 4701: 4680: 4658:

Goodsell, Charles T. (1993). "Political Meanings of the American State Capitol".

4638: 4601: 4521: 4500: 4479: 4352: 4331: 4280: 4189: 4168: 4109: 4088: 2173:

featured the largest retractable dome in the world when completed for the city's

1345:

and county courthouses in the United States flourished in the period between the

520:

style popular at this time was challenged in the middle of the 19th century by a

401: 5733:. Translated by Zsuzsa Boronkay-Roe. Budapest: Office of the National Assembly. 4087:

Alexander, Robert L. (2004). Hayward, Mary Ellen; Shivers, Frank R. Jr. (eds.).

2231:

featured a 222-meter dome in three parts, two of which rotated under the third.

2134: 2084: 1955: 1739: 1627: 1604: 1600: 1585: 1445: 1098: 883: 838: 408: 346: 273: 3612: 3610: 2212:

of Seattle. The Louisiana Superdome has a span of 207 meters. Stockholm's 1989

2196:

with more than 600 miles of steel cable. The first domed baseball stadium, the

4554: 2126: 2101: 2089: 2059: 2013: 1881: 1704: 1350: 1271:(as rebuilt), Missouri (very similar to Hills' Harrisburg design), Minnesota ( 1078: 1043: 730: 673:

been about 27 meters. It was later removed in favor of the current structure.

468: 262: 250: 159: 116: 1510:

American state capitol domes built in the twentieth century include those of

261:. The variety of domed buildings, such as parliaments and capitol buildings, 5648: 4774: 4285:. Reference Guides to National Architecture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2197: 2093: 1899: 1832: 1816: 1805: 1772: 1102: 1055: 1016: 319: 174: 5656: 5597: 4757: 852:

in London was built from 1867 to 1871 over an elliptical plan by architect

4449:. Stuttgart: Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen. 2154: 1472:

The "first fully triangulated framed dome" was built in Berlin in 1863 by

1338:, designed a double dome interior based on that of the Panthéon in Paris. 1019:

structures and in 1897 he employed them in domed exhibit pavilions at the

5255: 4150: 2241: 2209: 1994: 1944: 1889: 1570: 1566: 921: 779:(1898). Seeking a more original design, the church building committee of 650: 428: 149: 5793:"Intervention Scenarios on the Basilica of San Gaudenzio Dome in Novara" 5672:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 111–130 5329: 5321: 5305: 4671: 4562: 4432: 4271: 1199:

The design for the United States' national capitol building approved by

198: 5706:

The Challenge of Change: Dealing with the Legacy of the Modern Movement

5505: 5462: 5164: 4630:

Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History

4262:

Cadbury-Brown, H.T. (2001). "'A Good Time-and-a-Half Was Had by All'".

4114:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 66–93. 4018: 4016: 2224: 2025: 1990: 1812: 1783: 901:

A large dome was built in 1881–1882 over the circular courtyard of the

492: 420: 169: 2683: 2681: 2430: 2428: 1077:

Unique glass domes springing straight from ground level were used for

886:, and a thirty meter tall spire reaching 117.5 meters. The architect, 4843:

Centropa. A Journal of Central European Architecture and Related Arts

4603:

Cast-iron architecture in America: the significance of James Bogardus

4543:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2076: 1959: 1157: 879: 139: 134: 5497: 5156: 933:

drum and work was completed in 1822. Signals from an observatory on

5455:

The tacit dimension: architecture knowledge and scientific research

3741: 3739: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 2248:

machines, computer design, virtual reconstructions, and industrial

2092:(168 meters) in Pontiac, Michigan. Other examples include the 1982 570:

Iron domes offered the lightness of timber construction along with

4936: 4819:. Translated by John C. Harvey (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. 4232:(6). Madrid: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): 691–709. 2153: 2046: 1925: 1885: 1682: 1293: 1281: 965: 895: 704: 696: 554: 327: 4330:

Cole, John Young; Reed, Henry Hope (1997). Small, Herbert (ed.).

2826: 2824: 1670:

in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The dome over the crossing of the

4302:"After a While, Nothing Seems Strange in a Stadium with a 'Lid'" 2062:

domes, patented by Buckminster Fuller in 1962 from a concept by

1915: 1735: 24: 5451:"Transformative dialogues: on material knowing in architecture" 5316:(2). Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society: 111–115. 3907: 3905: 3896: 3884: 3853: 3730: 3655: 3639: 3637: 3512: 444:, who had published a proof on the subject in 1871, wrote in a 1550:. The West Virginia capitol building has been called the last 5625:

Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995).

5606:

Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi, Keith F. (2005).

4952:(illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 4768:(1). Budapest University of Technology and Economics: 23–31. 4758:"World Exhibitions as Laboratories for Structural Innovation" 2266:

was completed in 2001 with a span of 218 meters. Singapore's

924:

approved a plan to replace the burnt down wooden dome of the

860:. It uses a set of curved trusses, like those of the earlier 739:

Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Przemyśl

383:

with a small brick shell dome with reinforced concrete ribs.

5368:

Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland

4058: 3616: 2811: 2809: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2572: 2570: 1703:. The Centennial Hall was built with reinforced concrete in 5815:

Monuments to Heaven: Baltimore's Historic Houses of Worship

5776:(illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press — MQUP. 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2297: 2295: 1188:

List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

5534:

Silk, Michael; Gildenhard, Ingo; Barrow, Rosemary (2017).

5410:

State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: A Historical Guide

5041:

Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930–1970

4969:

The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering

3296: 2956: 2954: 2336: 2334: 5291:. July–Sept (130). Cement and Concrete Association: 10–11 4877:

St. Martin's Cathedral — 1000 years of city history

4266:(5). Great Britain: The Twentieth Century Society: 1–24. 1497:

in New York City was built by Rafael Guastavino in 1890.

1178:(1887-1898) includes dome vaulting by Rafael Guastavino. 5773:

The Glory of Ottawa: Canada's First Parliament Buildings

4502:

Nexus Network Journal 11,1: Architecture and Mathematics

699:, was completed in 1840 with a dome 38 meters wide, and 5610:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. 5268:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. 4703:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture

3549: 3547: 3545: 2842: 1235:. Early domed state capitol buildings include those of 1050:

to the sun's rays, although only a few have domes. The

833:

Other examples of framed iron domes include those of a

684:, included a dome in its entrance hall inspired by the 495:. Rafael Guastavino's use of the recent development of 5428:

Scheunemann, Juergen; Omilanowska, Malgorzata (2012).

4666:(4). Locke Science Publishing Company, Inc.: 294–307. 4319:

Cohn, Morris Mandel; Fleming, Rodney R., eds. (1974),

3678: 3676: 3106: 3104: 2971: 2969: 2783: 2672: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 1409:. American Renaissance capitols also include those of 955:

Large temporary domes were built in 1862 for London's

4419:

Cowan, Henry J. (1983). "Domes: Ancient and Modern".

4090:

The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History

3448: 3446: 3244: 3242: 2501: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 5836:

Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium

5608:

Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture

4606:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 4336:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 3935: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3565: 3413: 3023: 2687: 2434: 4896:

Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats

4816:

Houses of Glass: a Nineteenth-Century Building Type

1015:was an early pioneer of what would later be called 661:. It was completed in 1818 but demolished in 1878. 5626: 5407:Shearer, Benjamin F.; Shearer, Barbara S. (2001). 4945: 4893: 4373: 3181: 3179: 763:began to combine these traditional forms with the 5537:The Classical Tradition: Art, Literature, Thought 5488:Seale, William (1975). "Symbol as Architecture". 3694: 3476: 2866: 2525: 5576:Skejić, Davor; Boko, Ivica; Torić, Neno (2015). 5519:(3rd, illustrated ed.). Images Publishing. 4682:Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 1884:developed an inflatable formwork system using a 707:, completed in 1847 with a dome 32 meters wide. 5578:"Aluminium as a material for modern structures" 5540:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5266:Guastavino Vaulting: The Art of Structural Tile 4526:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 4219:"Special Structures: Past, Present, and Future" 3805: 3781: 3745: 3589: 3524: 2242:futuristic video-hologram entertainment centres 1738:, Germany in the early 1920s. To build a rigid 610:earlier saloon. It was completed in 1818–1819. 4660:Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 4022: 3971: 3959: 3122: 748:(1863-1864), or as cross-domed plans, such as 524:in architecture, in what has been termed the " 5392:. The Netherlands: Rodopi. pp. 183–198. 5143:Mitchell, James H. (1985). "The Noble Dome". 5062:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology 4892:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). 4813:Kohlmaier, Georg; Von Sartory, Barna (1991). 4380:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 4194:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–33. 3911: 3841: 3829: 3769: 3643: 2624: 1875:the main exhibition hall of the Belgrade Fair 1842:Popularized by a 1955 article on the work of 1731:and Ritter featured two 82 meter wide domes. 1216:the 50 state capitol buildings or statehouses 372:bar to be used to counteract tension forces. 223: 8: 5107:(illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. 4948:Why buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail 4721:Jelica, Mirjana; Sedmak, Aleksandar (2020). 3667: 2513: 2001:, which was used from 1975 to 2003, and the 1835:in layers. This technique was used to build 499:enabled him to design and build inexpensive 345:The practice of building rotating domes for 5516:20th Century Architecture: A Visual History 5457:. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–67. 5264:Ochsendork, John; Freeman, Michael (2010). 4918:Henri Labrouste: Structure Brought to Light 4111:Eladio Dieste: Innovation in Structural Art 3464: 3284: 2110:example he built in St. Petersburg, Florida 2012:glass dome over an indoor swimming pool in 1424:, built between 1883 and 1893 to house the 4549:(2). Cambridge University Press: 187–207. 3320: 3047: 3035: 2999: 2987: 2933: 2890: 2830: 2815: 2800: 2759: 2660: 2648: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2549: 2465: 2325: 2301: 2286: 1974:" in Paris (1959) and the 125 meter wide " 1796:1933–34, Spanish engineer-architect 1668:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church 1224:capitol building designed by Stephen Hills 230: 216: 70:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes 15: 5596: 5254: 4773: 4738: 4505:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4409: 4145:, American Public Works Association, 1972 4070: 4046: 3947: 3923: 3500: 3308: 3011: 2921: 2909: 2636: 2612: 2340: 2313: 1128:The British Museum Library constructed a 941:. The building was demolished in 1901–2. 637:, England, where Bishop Carroll had been 590:in Edinburgh was built from 1811-1814 by 354:traditional Spanish and Italian technique 259:domes larger than any others in the world 5561:(illustrated ed.). Thomas Telford. 4944:Levy, Matthys; Salvadori, Mario (2002). 4792:"The American Dome: Symbol of Democracy" 4570:Friedman, Noémi; Farkas, György (2011). 4173:(illustrated ed.). Thomas Telford. 3983: 3718: 3260: 3221: 3095: 3059: 2561: 2477: 1862:, with a 59 meter wide dome designed by 1854:. Notable examples of domes include the 1021:All-Russia Industrial and Art Exhibition 4396:. Great Britain: Pergamon Press: 1–24. 4238:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:6(691) 4007: 3628: 3577: 3437: 3425: 3392: 3380: 3272: 3071: 2945: 2854: 2407: 2279: 2190:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 2083:to cover the United States pavilion at 664:In 1828, the eastern crossing tower of 125: 97: 46: 39: 23: 5125:Wooden Domes: History and Modern Times 4860:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 848. 4481:Up to the Cottage: Memories of Muskoka 4034: 3706: 3682: 3536: 3368: 3356: 3197: 2975: 2960: 2878: 2771: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2537: 2453: 1751:. These are also considered the first 1634:, and in 1997 to create the 178 meter 356:for light, center-less vaulting using 5818:(illustrated ed.). AuthorHouse. 5812:Zanow, Lois; Johnston, Sally (2010). 5023:(2nd ed.). Architectural Press. 3995: 3817: 3757: 3601: 3553: 3488: 3332: 3233: 3209: 3134: 3110: 3083: 2699: 2489: 2419: 2395: 2359: 2020:glass dome over the courtyard of the 1713:Methodist Hall in Westminster, London 691:Large neoclassical domes include the 579:built a large wrought iron dome over 456:were formalized in the 19th century. 7: 5151:(3). Antioch Review, Inc.: 261–271. 5101:Miller, Judith; Clinch, Tim (1998). 4975:(3). Taylor & Francis: 127–150. 4600:Gayle, Margot; Gayle, Carol (1998). 4421:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 3872: 3793: 3452: 3344: 3248: 3170: 3158: 3146: 2383: 2371: 2139:an athletic center in North Carolina 1800:, with Manuel Sanchez, designed the 1478:Imperial Continental Gas Association 959:Building, spanning 48.8 meters. The 643:First Independent (Unitarian) Church 448:article in the Ninth Edition of the 5709:(illustrated ed.). IOS Press. 5666:"19th Century Iron and Glass Domes" 5492:(94/95). Walker Art Center: 14–15. 5371:. Dover Publications. p. 123. 5178:(illustrated ed.). MIT Press. 4762:Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 4357:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 4325:, American Public Works Association 4247:British Museum — Reading Room 4093:(illustrated ed.). JHU Press. 3185: 2502:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 1590:Church of St. Michael the Archangel 288:. The use of steel, computers, and 5431:DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Berlin 5082:"Skill: Inflatable Concrete Domes" 3936:Silk, Gildenhard & Barrow 2017 3566:Silk, Gildenhard & Barrow 2017 2784:Scheunemann & Omilanowska 2012 2688:Silk, Gildenhard & Barrow 2017 1666:in Asheville, North Carolina, and 1630:, in 1990 to create the 160 meter 1575:Transfiguration Church of Jarosław 1334:in St. Petersburg. The architect, 803:its 1897 cross-domed parish church 467:and functional structures such as 417:mausoleum of Emperor Frederick III 377:church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre 292:enabled yet larger spans. Tension 14: 4679:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1987). 4226:Journal of Structural Engineering 4135:, U.S. Government Printing Office 1999:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 1932:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 1906:(1977) and a project at Sydney’s 4581:. pp. 41–50. Archived from 4142:The APWA Reporter, Volumes 39-40 3024:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991 2435:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991 1880:In the 1960s, Italian architect 1672:Cathedral of St. John the Divine 837:, by Schwedler in 1863, and the 750:St. Michael's Church at Kolomyia 427:of the Brunner banking house in 197: 31: 5727:The Hungarian National Assembly 5306:"Engineering: Arches and Domes" 5199:, CRC Press, pp. 835–842, 5020:Developments in Structural Form 1405:, Texas State Capitol, and the 1312:Old St. Louis County Courthouse 1140:For the reading room of Paris' 1072:horticulturalist Henry Phillips 827:St. Nicholas' Church in Potsdam 759:(1855). Beginning around 1883, 276:domes spurred the invention by 5885:Baroque architectural features 5365:Richardson, Albert E. (2001). 5234:Nenadović, Aleksandra (2010). 5017:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001). 4999:DK Eyewitness Books: Astronomy 4880:, Landeshauptstadt Mainz, 2013 4700:Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012). 4264:Twentieth Century Architecture 4200:10.1002/9781118887226.wbcha009 4152:The United States Capitol Dome 2208:of New Orleans and the cement 2150:Retractable domes and stadiums 1827:In 1940, California architect 1588:, Poland, (1902-1907) and the 1308:United States Capitol building 1222:legislature. The Pennsylvania 1205:a dome modeled on the Pantheon 1038:Greenhouses and conservatories 598:in Brighton, begun in 1815 by 1: 5703:Van Den Heuvel, Dirk (2008). 5677:Takenaka Corporation (2000), 5633:. New York: Monacelli Press. 4727:Procedia Structural Integrity 3746:Skejić, Boko & Torić 2015 3477:Ochsendork & Freeman 2010 3323:, pp. 116–117, 119, 127. 2867:Pevsner & Williamson 1978 2169:. With a span of 126 meters, 1978:" in Long Beach, California. 1869:Built from 1955 to 1957, the 1782:Although an equation for the 1775:was designed in 1912-1913 by 1755:. Beginning with one for the 1453:Hungarian Parliament Building 1300:Hungarian Parliament Building 984:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II 544:Religious and royal buildings 423:(1889), and a dome above the 407:included a music pavilion in 5453:. In Schrijver, Lara (ed.). 5283:Perkin, George, ed. (1981). 5044:. Rutgers University Press. 4996:Lippincott, Kristen (2008). 4981:10.1080/19373260.2014.911485 4740:10.1016/j.prostr.2020.11.006 4733:. Elsevier B.V.: 1833–1838. 4637:Glenday, Craig, ed. (2008). 4402:10.1016/0360-1323(77)90002-6 2094:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 1922:Reticular and geodesic domes 1833:concrete was sprayed onto it 1000:first king of a united Italy 680:in Berlin, built in 1828 by 602:, the personal architect of 550:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 364:, innovated with the use of 269:, and triangulated framing. 5833:Zung, Thomas T. K. (2002). 5770:Young, Carolyn Ann (1995). 4854:Kurrer, Karl-Eugen (2012). 4706:. Oxford University Press. 4640:Guinness World Records 2008 4523:Buildings of Europe: Berlin 3806:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 3782:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 3590:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 3525:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 3086:, pp. 20, 22, 89, 100. 2673:Landeshauptstadt Mainz 2013 2100:(190 meters), and the 1988 1462:coronation crown of Hungary 1434:Imperial Palace in the city 854:Henry Young Darracott Scott 720:pilgrimage church at Hoshiv 284:of reinforced concrete and 5906: 5664:Sutherland, James (2000), 5344:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1978). 5172:Moravánszky, Ákos (1998). 4900:(3rd ed.). ABC-CLIO. 4478:Fairley, Grant D. (2019). 4155:, Architect of the Capitol 4129:Allen, William C. (2001), 4023:Friedman & Farkas 2011 3960:Friedman & Farkas 2011 3123:Shearer & Shearer 2001 2022:Museum for Hamburg History 2005:in the UK, built in 2000. 1837:"bubble houses" in Florida 1306:The current dome over the 1185: 990:in Naples, included large 257:and exhibition halls, and 5471:10067/1822540151162165141 5449:Schreurs, Eireen (2021). 5413:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5213:Muttoni, Aurelio (2011). 5122:Misztal, Barbara (2017). 5059:McNeil, Ian, ed. (2002). 4685:. Yale University Press. 4555:10.1017/S0035869X00140614 4300:Charlier, Claude (1988), 3912:Barnes & Dickson 2000 3842:Levy & Salvadori 2002 3830:Barnes & Dickson 2000 3644:Levy & Salvadori 2002 3414:Takenaka Corporation 2000 2625:Zanow & Johnston 2010 1721:Orpheum Theater in Bochum 1709:uprising against Napoleon 1436:, drawing criticism from 1194:New Hampshire State House 1165:Thomas Jefferson Building 1099:Palm House at Sefton Park 1061:Bretton Hall in Yorkshire 903:Devonshire Royal Hospital 876:Basilica of San Gaudenzio 867:The wrought-iron dome of 856:and structural design by 848:The wrought-iron dome of 85:Early modern period domes 75:Italian Renaissance domes 65:Roman and Byzantine domes 5555:Skempton, A. W. (2002). 5304:Petroski, Henry (2011). 4921:. Museum of Modern Art. 4621:Giustina, Irene (2003), 4390:Building and Environment 4372:Condit, Carl W. (1968). 4170:Widespan Roof Structures 3668:Jelica & Sedmak 2020 3658:, pp. 693–694, 697. 3263:, pp. 294, 298–299. 2514:Miller & Clinch 1998 2171:Pittsburgh's Civic Arena 2075:membrane domes were the 2039:were completed in 1997. 1940:West Baden Springs Hotel 1697:Melbourne Public Library 1664:Basilica of St. Lawrence 1474:Johann Wilhelm Schwedler 1089:(1844–48) and the 1034:when completed in 1898. 957:International Exhibition 735:Ruthenian Greek Catholic 548:The rotunda dome of the 480:Johann Wilhelm Schwedler 459:The span of the ancient 385:St. Ursela Parish Church 347:housing large telescopes 5038:Marche, Jordan (2005). 4775:10.3311/pp.ar.2011-1.03 4411:2027/mdp.39015041999635 4351:Coleman, Peter (2006). 3465:Cohn & Fleming 1974 2096:(180 meters), the 1983 1815:and the demands of the 1607:and the breakup of the 1476:in a gasometer for the 1444:assisted the architect 1407:Wisconsin State Capitol 1343:state capitol buildings 1125:and completed in 1836. 1028:Queen Victoria Building 816:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 566:(background) in Russia. 564:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 450:Encyclopædia Britannica 290:finite element analysis 204:Architecture portal 5598:10.14256/JCE.1395.2015 5513:Sharp, Dennis (2002). 4834:Krasny, Piotr (2003). 4756:Kádár, Bálint (2011). 4520:Fraser, Derek (1996). 3695:Freeman-Grenville 1987 3173:, pp. 90, 92, 94. 2891:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2760:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2649:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2601:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2552:, pp. 13, 18, 26. 2550:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2526:Freeman-Grenville 1987 2287:Gayle & Gayle 1998 2162: 2056: 1935: 1860:Palazzetto dello Sport 1692: 1559:Modernist architecture 1458:Maria vom Siege church 1341:Dome construction for 1303: 1291: 1279:, and Vermont (1832). 1182:Governmental buildings 1142:Bibliothèque Impériale 1119:University of Virginia 975: 619:Benjamin Henry Latrobe 567: 442:Edmund Beckett Denison 55:Early and simple domes 5216:The Art of Structures 5088:. EMAP Publishing Ltd 5080:McLean, Will (2013). 4382:first cast iron dome. 4354:Shopping Environments 4282:Architecture of Italy 4279:Castex, Jean (2008). 4071:Lewis & King 2014 4025:, pp. 42–43, 46. 3670:, pp. 1833–1834. 3299:, pp. 67–68, 74. 3062:, pp. 55, 57–59. 2157: 2050: 2043:Tension and membranes 1954:, but are considered 1929: 1848:finite element method 1686: 1573:. The Greek Catholic 1483:one of which survives 1332:St. Isaac's Cathedral 1297: 1288:United States Capitol 1285: 1176:Boston Public Library 1154:Library of Parliament 1026:The dome of Sydney's 969: 890:, who also built the 869:St. Augustin's church 558: 316:Industrial Revolution 272:In the 20th century, 5685:Takenaka Corporation 5680:Dome Transitions Map 5256:10.2298/spat1022057n 5086:Architectural Review 4790:King, Julia (2000), 4443:Forschungsbericht 32 4059:Morganti et al. 2019 3897:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3887:, pp. 700, 703. 3885:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3854:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3731:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3656:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3617:Morganti et al. 2019 3513:Bradshaw et al. 2002 3096:Cole & Reed 1997 3002:, pp. 114, 119. 2857:, pp. 139, 141. 2833:, pp. 115, 119. 2528:, pp. 188, 195. 2468:, pp. 116, 118. 2235:Twenty-first century 1871:prestressed concrete 1552:American Renaissance 1468:Industrial buildings 1399:American Renaissance 1091:Laeken winter garden 996:St. Peter's Basilica 916:Commercial buildings 888:Alessandro Antonelli 858:Rowland Mason Ordish 526:Battle of the Styles 465:exhibition buildings 5880:Mosque architecture 5875:Church architecture 5322:10.1511/2011.89.111 4579:Concrete Structures 4484:. Lulu Press, Inc. 3974:, pp. 161–162. 3972:Van Den Heuvel 2008 3856:, pp. 701–702. 3844:, pp. 322–323. 3832:, pp. 187–188. 3784:, pp. 131–132. 3721:, pp. 267–268. 3395:, pp. 137–139. 3371:, pp. 204–205. 3359:, pp. 202–203. 3038:, pp. 114–115. 3026:, pp. 126–127. 2738:, pp. 200–201. 2714:, pp. 197–198. 2374:, pp. 175–181. 2254:Massimiliano Fuksas 2179:Pittsburgh Penguins 2167:retractable roofing 2068:membrane structures 2014:Neckarsulm, Germany 1852:structural analysis 1725:Leipzig Market Hall 1679:Reinforced concrete 1403:Indiana State House 1169:Library of Congress 1068:Antheum at Brighton 1032:Southern Hemisphere 961:Leeds Corn Exchange 878:(begun in 1577) in 835:synagogue in Berlin 765:Neo-Byzantine style 647:Maximilian Godefroy 627:Bishop John Carroll 588:St. George's Church 90:Modern period domes 19:Part of a series on 5691:on October 6, 2000 5463:10.1353/book.83868 5310:American Scientist 5289:Concrete Quarterly 5145:The Antioch Review 3770:Cadbury-Brown 2001 3347:, pp. 93, 97. 3297:Villám et al. 2006 2492:, pp. 69, 71. 2163: 2115:one 93 meters wide 2057: 2035:and the 187 meter 1983:Buckminster Fuller 1936: 1744:Walther Bauersfeld 1717:Augsburg Synagogue 1693: 1636:Nipro Hachiko Dome 1624:Flagstaff, Arizona 1442:Hermann Zimmermann 1347:American Civil War 1304: 1292: 1259:, Connecticut (in 1233:formal competition 988:Galleria Umberto I 978:Elaborate covered 976: 972:Galleria Umberto I 874:The dome over the 862:New Street Station 820:a French architect 701:San Carlo al Corso 631:Church of St. Mary 615:Baltimore Basilica 568: 300:Nineteenth century 294:membrane structure 278:Walther Bauersfeld 180:Whispering gallery 5870:Arches and vaults 5846:978-0-312-28890-7 5825:978-1-452-08537-1 5783:978-0-7735-1227-6 5762:978-0-429-01362-1 5740:978-963-87318-5-2 5716:978-1-586-03917-2 5617:978-1-56898-549-7 5591:(11): 1075–1085. 5568:978-0-7277-2939-2 5547:978-1-405-15550-2 5526:978-1-864-70085-5 5480:978-94-6166-380-1 5441:978-0-756-69114-1 5420:978-0-313-09236-7 5399:978-9-042-02571-4 5378:978-0-486-41534-5 5357:978-0-140-71008-3 5275:978-1-56898-741-5 5226:978-2-940-22238-4 5206:978-1-351-85815-1 5185:978-0-262-13334-0 5135:978-3-319-65741-7 5114:978-0-684-84997-3 5072:978-1-134-98165-6 5051:978-0-813-53766-5 5030:978-0-7506-5451-7 5009:978-0-756-64349-2 4959:978-0-393-31152-5 4928:978-0-870-70839-8 4907:978-1-57607-112-0 4867:978-3-433-60134-1 4826:978-0-262-61070-4 4713:978-0-19-539536-5 4692:978-0-300-05320-3 4650:978-0-553-58995-5 4613:978-0-393-73015-9 4512:978-3-764-38974-1 4491:978-1-329-27064-0 4456:978-3-922302-32-2 4364:978-0-750-66001-3 4343:978-0-393-04563-5 4292:978-0-313-32086-6 4209:978-1-118-88722-6 4180:978-0-727-72877-7 4121:978-1-568-98371-4 4100:978-0-801-87806-0 3926:, pp. 58–60. 3709:, pp. 10–11. 3161:, pp. 89–90. 3149:, pp. 88–89. 2963:, pp. 56–58. 2924:, pp. 75–78. 2893:, pp. 22–23. 2843:Zanon et al. 2001 2639:, pp. 83–85. 2615:, pp. 71–73. 2246:numerical control 2175:Civic Light Opera 1976:Spruce Goose Dome 1968:Dome of Discovery 1856:Kresge Auditorium 1824:more economical. 1789:membrane stresses 1761:Adler Planetarium 1691:in Massachusetts. 1689:Kresge Auditorium 1609:Habsburg monarchy 1501:Twentieth century 1438:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1353:include those of 1239:(as remodeled by 1201:George Washington 1087:Palm house at Kew 986:in Milan and the 892:Mole Antonelliana 850:Royal Albert Hall 792:Władysław Halicki 613:The neoclassical 577:Andrey Voronikhin 454:linear elasticity 411:(1887-1888), the 381:Anatole de Baudot 362:Rafael Guastavino 340:Royal Albert Hall 334:in Paris and the 240: 239: 80:South Asian domes 5897: 5850: 5829: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5787: 5766: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5687:, archived from 5673: 5660: 5632: 5621: 5602: 5600: 5582: 5572: 5551: 5530: 5509: 5490:Design Quarterly 5484: 5445: 5424: 5403: 5382: 5361: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5285:"Jerusalem Dome" 5279: 5260: 5258: 5240: 5230: 5209: 5189: 5168: 5139: 5118: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5076: 5055: 5034: 5013: 4992: 4963: 4951: 4940: 4911: 4899: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4871: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4752: 4742: 4717: 4696: 4675: 4654: 4643:. Bantam Books. 4633: 4627: 4617: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4576: 4566: 4537: 4516: 4495: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4459:. Archived from 4448: 4436: 4415: 4413: 4384: 4379: 4368: 4347: 4326: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4296: 4275: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4250:, British Museum 4241: 4223: 4213: 4184: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4146: 4136: 4125: 4104: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3285:Moravánszky 1998 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2268:National Stadium 2026:Hamburg, Germany 1995:Montreal, Quebec 1864:Pier Luigi Nervi 1757:Deutsches Museum 1648:asphalt shingles 1643:John Fitzpatrick 1616:resorcinol glues 1598: 1583: 1565:(1905-1907) and 1422:Reichstag Palace 1336:Thomas U. Walter 1209:Charles Bulfinch 1163:The dome of the 1130:new reading room 1123:Thomas Jefferson 1121:was designed by 1115:rotunda building 1013:Vladimir Shukhov 980:shopping arcades 939:merchant vessels 811: 800: 789: 758: 747: 728: 693:Rotunda of Mosta 572:incombustibility 473:locomotive sheds 405: 393: 379:was designed by 255:locomotive sheds 247:shopping arcades 232: 225: 218: 202: 201: 35: 16: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5802: 5800: 5799:. Assisi, Italy 5790: 5784: 5769: 5763: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5702: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5663: 5641: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5527: 5512: 5498:10.2307/4090872 5487: 5481: 5448: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5364: 5358: 5343: 5334: 5332: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5276: 5263: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5171: 5157:10.2307/4611482 5142: 5136: 5121: 5115: 5100: 5091: 5089: 5079: 5073: 5058: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5016: 5010: 4995: 4966: 4960: 4943: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4891: 4883: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4853: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4755: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4657: 4651: 4636: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4574: 4569: 4540: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4446: 4439: 4418: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4329: 4318: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4293: 4278: 4261: 4253: 4251: 4244: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4187: 4181: 4166: 4158: 4156: 4149: 4139: 4128: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748:, p. 1081. 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3321:Sutherland 2000 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3036:Sutherland 2000 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3000:Sutherland 2000 2998: 2994: 2988:Sutherland 2000 2986: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2934:Sutherland 2000 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2831:Sutherland 2000 2829: 2822: 2816:Sutherland 2000 2814: 2807: 2801:Sutherland 2000 2799: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2661:Sutherland 2000 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2589:Richardson 2001 2587: 2583: 2577:Sutherland 2000 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480:, p. 1033. 2476: 2472: 2466:Sutherland 2000 2464: 2460: 2452: 2441: 2433: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2326:Lippincott 2008 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2302:Sutherland 2000 2300: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2237: 2221:Olympic Stadium 2152: 2143:Millennium Dome 2119:120 meters wide 2064:Kenneth Snelson 2053:Millennium Dome 2045: 2016:, and a single- 1924: 1798:Eduardo Torroja 1769:Viceroy's House 1701:Centennial Hall 1681: 1660:layers of tiles 1656: 1654:Guastavino tile 1592: 1577: 1508: 1503: 1491: 1470: 1243:), Alabama (in 1241:William Nichols 1190: 1184: 1146:Henri Labrouste 1111: 1042:Iron and glass 1040: 918: 910:Pavia Cathedral 805: 794: 783: 769:Theophil Hansen 752: 741: 722: 668:was rebuilt by 666:Mainz Cathedral 608:Henry Holland's 581:Kazan Cathedral 560:Kazan Cathedral 546: 538:Rococo revivals 510: 497:graphic statics 437: 399: 397:"Schwemm-stein" 387: 366:Portland cement 358:layers of tiles 336:elliptical dome 312: 307: 302: 236: 196: 184: 121: 12: 11: 5: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5809: 5788: 5782: 5767: 5761: 5745: 5739: 5721: 5715: 5700: 5674: 5661: 5639: 5622: 5616: 5603: 5573: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5510: 5485: 5479: 5446: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5341: 5301: 5280: 5274: 5261: 5231: 5225: 5219:. EPFL Press. 5210: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5169: 5140: 5134: 5119: 5113: 5098: 5077: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5014: 5008: 4993: 4964: 4958: 4941: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4889: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4810: 4787: 4753: 4718: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4676: 4655: 4649: 4634: 4618: 4612: 4597: 4567: 4538: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4475: 4455: 4437: 4416: 4385: 4369: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4316: 4297: 4291: 4276: 4259: 4242: 4214: 4208: 4185: 4179: 4164: 4147: 4137: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4073:, p. 127. 4063: 4061:, p. 841. 4051: 4049:, p. 303. 4047:Hourihane 2012 4039: 4037:, p. 882. 4027: 4012: 4010:, p. 365. 4000: 3998:, p. 193. 3988: 3986:, p. 114. 3976: 3964: 3952: 3948:Nenadović 2010 3940: 3938:, p. 260. 3928: 3924:Nenadović 2010 3916: 3901: 3899:, p. 703. 3889: 3877: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3808:, p. 132. 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3760:, p. 187. 3750: 3735: 3733:, p. 705. 3723: 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 188. 3687: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 838. 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 303. 3582: 3580:, p. 106. 3570: 3568:, p. 261. 3558: 3541: 3529: 3527:, p. 131. 3517: 3515:, p. 693. 3505: 3503:, p. 134. 3501:Mainstone 2001 3493: 3481: 3469: 3467:, p. 106. 3457: 3442: 3440:, p. 217. 3430: 3428:, p. 137. 3418: 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 253. 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3335:, p. 754. 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 171. 3309:Mainstone 2001 3301: 3289: 3277: 3275:, p. 186. 3265: 3253: 3238: 3226: 3224:, p. 262. 3214: 3212:, p. 226. 3202: 3190: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. 146. 3127: 3115: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3074:, p. 151. 3064: 3052: 3048:British Museum 3040: 3028: 3016: 3014:, p. 177. 3012:Hitchcock 1987 3004: 2992: 2990:, p. 113. 2980: 2965: 2950: 2938: 2936:, p. 115. 2926: 2922:Alexander 2004 2914: 2912:, p. 304. 2910:Hourihane 2012 2895: 2883: 2881:, p. xli. 2871: 2869:, p. 114. 2859: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2818:, p. 116. 2805: 2803:, p. 117. 2788: 2786:, p. 203. 2776: 2774:, p. 129. 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 202. 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 200. 2716: 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 257. 2677: 2665: 2663:, p. 119. 2653: 2641: 2637:Alexander 2004 2629: 2617: 2613:Alexander 2004 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 112. 2566: 2564:, p. 785. 2554: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2504:, p. 190. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2439: 2437:, p. 126. 2424: 2422:, p. 183. 2412: 2400: 2388: 2386:, p. 181. 2376: 2364: 2362:, p. 191. 2345: 2343:, p. 129. 2341:Mainstone 2001 2330: 2318: 2316:, p. 241. 2314:Mainstone 2001 2306: 2304:, p. 111. 2291: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2250:prefabrication 2236: 2233: 2214:Ericsson Globe 2202:Houston, Texas 2194:post-tensioned 2151: 2148: 2117:and the other 2044: 2041: 2031:The 167 meter 1934:in Antarctica. 1923: 1920: 1767:In India, the 1753:geodesic domes 1680: 1677: 1655: 1652: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1490: 1487: 1469: 1466: 1330:in Paris, and 1269:North Carolina 1237:North Carolina 1183: 1180: 1110: 1107: 1085:, such as the 1083:winter gardens 1039: 1036: 982:, such as the 948:in London, by 917: 914: 843:Muller-Breslau 777:Nowy Lubliniec 761:Vasyl Nahirnyi 686:Roman Pantheon 623:Roman Pantheon 617:, designed by 604:King George IV 596:Royal Pavilion 545: 542: 522:Gothic Revival 509: 506: 436: 433: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 286:geodesic domes 238: 237: 235: 234: 227: 220: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 194: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 120: 119: 114: 109: 107:Cloister vault 103: 100: 99: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 37: 36: 28: 27: 21: 20: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5902: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5848: 5842: 5839:. Macmillan. 5838: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755:. CRC Press. 5754: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5640:1-885254-02-4 5636: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5249:(22): 57–66. 5248: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5104:Classic Style 5099: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065:. Routledge. 5064: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4849:(3): 194–207. 4848: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4802:on 2021-09-04 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4598: 4588:on 2013-05-14 4584: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4533:0-7190-4022-1 4529: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4466:on 2016-03-31 4462: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3984:Petroski 2011 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3962:, p. 49. 3961: 3956: 3953: 3950:, p. 59. 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3914:, p. 13. 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3820:, p. 26. 3819: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3796:, p. 26. 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3772:, p. 63. 3771: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719:Mitchell 1985 3715: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3646:, p. 38. 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3631:, p. 86. 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604:, p. 19. 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3556:, p. 20. 3555: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3491:, p. 49. 3490: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3455:, p. 11. 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3261:Goodsell 1993 3257: 3254: 3251:, p. 93. 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3236:, p. 14. 3235: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222:Mitchell 1985 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200:, p. 27. 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3125:, p. 85. 3124: 3119: 3116: 3113:, p. 69. 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3098:, p. 25. 3097: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3060:Schreurs 2021 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2948:, p. 32. 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762:, p. 26. 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702:, p. 11. 2701: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651:, p. 24. 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627:, p. 22. 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2603:, p. 23. 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591:, p. 49. 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Skempton 2002 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2540:, p. 10. 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2516:, p. 30. 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478:Giustina 2003 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2398:, p. 17. 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2328:, p. 26. 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289:, p. 14. 2288: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188:arena at the 2187: 2186:Assembly Hall 2182: 2181:hockey team. 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2141:in 1994. The 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:air supported 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:double-glazed 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:U.S. Pavilion 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844:Félix Candela 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1779:with a dome. 1778: 1777:Edwin Lutyens 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1632:Superior Dome 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548:West Virginia 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:German Empire 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Les Invalides 1325: 1322:in Rome, the 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1273:later rebuilt 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Kibble Palace 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:orthogonality 1045: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 968: 964: 962: 958: 953: 951: 950:James Bunning 947: 946:Coal Exchange 942: 940: 936: 930: 927: 923: 915: 913: 911: 906: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 831: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 798: 793: 790:commissioned 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 756: 751: 745: 740: 736: 732: 726: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 682:Karl Schinkel 679: 674: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:East Lulworth 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582: 578: 573: 565: 561: 557: 553: 551: 543: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 507: 505: 502: 498: 494: 489: 486: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 434: 432: 431:(1892-1895). 430: 426: 422: 418: 415:-dome of the 414: 410: 403: 398: 391: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 309: 304: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253:, domes over 252: 248: 243: 233: 228: 226: 221: 219: 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 118: 115: 113: 112:Geodesic dome 110: 108: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 60:Persian domes 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 45: 42: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 18: 17: 5835: 5814: 5801:. Retrieved 5796: 5772: 5751: 5726: 5705: 5693:, retrieved 5689:the original 5679: 5669: 5628: 5607: 5588: 5584: 5557: 5536: 5515: 5489: 5454: 5430: 5409: 5388: 5367: 5346: 5335:December 14, 5333:. Retrieved 5313: 5309: 5295:February 17, 5293:. Retrieved 5288: 5265: 5246: 5242: 5215: 5195: 5174: 5148: 5144: 5128:. Springer. 5124: 5103: 5090:. Retrieved 5085: 5061: 5040: 5019: 4998: 4972: 4968: 4947: 4917: 4895: 4884:February 20, 4882:, retrieved 4876: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4815: 4804:, retrieved 4800:the original 4795: 4779:. Retrieved 4765: 4761: 4730: 4726: 4702: 4681: 4663: 4659: 4639: 4629: 4602: 4590:. Retrieved 4583:the original 4578: 4546: 4542: 4522: 4501: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4461:the original 4442: 4424: 4420: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4353: 4332: 4321: 4311:February 28, 4309:, retrieved 4305: 4281: 4263: 4252:, retrieved 4246: 4229: 4225: 4190: 4169: 4159:November 28, 4157:, retrieved 4151: 4141: 4131: 4110: 4089: 4080:Bibliography 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4008:Glenday 2008 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3892: 3880: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3663: 3651: 3629:Misztal 2017 3624: 3597: 3585: 3578:Muttoni 2011 3573: 3561: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3438:Fairley 2019 3433: 3426:Misztal 2017 3421: 3393:Misztal 2017 3388: 3381:Misztal 2017 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3273:Rizzoni 2009 3268: 3256: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3091: 3079: 3072:Le Cœur 2012 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2978:, p. 8. 2946:Coleman 2006 2941: 2929: 2917: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2855:Filemio 2009 2850: 2838: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2415: 2410:, p. 3. 2408:Bellini 2017 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2321: 2309: 2282: 2264:Sapporo Dome 2260:Ōita Stadium 2258: 2238: 2229:Fukuoka Dome 2218: 2183: 2164: 2159:Ōita Stadium 2123:Georgia Dome 2106: 2081:David Geiger 2058: 2030: 2007: 2003:Eden Project 1980: 1949: 1937: 1912: 1888:-reinforced 1879: 1868: 1841: 1829:Wallace Neff 1826: 1821:World War II 1810: 1781: 1766: 1733: 1694: 1657: 1640: 1613: 1556: 1520:Pennsylvania 1509: 1506:Developments 1495:Grant's Tomb 1493:The dome of 1492: 1471: 1450: 1419: 1411:Rhode Island 1340: 1305: 1213: 1198: 1191: 1173: 1162: 1156:building in 1151: 1139: 1135:papier-mâché 1127: 1112: 1076: 1065: 1052:conservatory 1041: 1025: 1011: 1007:August Föppl 1004: 977: 954: 943: 935:Federal Hill 931: 926:Halle au Blé 919: 908:The dome of 907: 900: 873: 866: 847: 832: 824: 814: 709: 690: 678:Altes Museum 675: 670:Georg Moller 663: 655:Robert Mills 612: 586: 569: 547: 518:Neoclassical 511: 490: 485:August Föppl 477: 458: 445: 438: 374: 351: 344: 332:Halle au Blé 324:wrought iron 313: 305:Developments 271: 267:papier-mâché 244: 241: 89: 5695:February 3, 5434:. Penguin. 5092:January 20, 5002:. Penguin. 4306:Smithsonian 4254:October 13, 4035:McNeil 2002 3707:Perkin 1981 3683:McLean 2013 3537:Marche 2005 3369:Krasny 2003 3357:Krasny 2003 3198:Condit 1968 2976:Dimčić 2011 2961:Castex 2008 2879:Castex 2008 2772:Fraser 1996 2748:Krasny 2003 2736:Krasny 2003 2724:Krasny 2003 2712:Krasny 2003 2538:Perkin 1981 2454:Kurrer 2012 2219:Montreal's 2135:glass fiber 2077:radar domes 2037:Nagoya Dome 1952:Kaiser Dome 1802:Market Hall 1749:thin shells 1740:planetarium 1723:. The 1928 1628:Tacoma Dome 1605:World War I 1593: [ 1578: [ 1516:Mississippi 1446:Paul Wallot 1428:of the new 1363:Connecticut 1320:St. Peter's 1318:in London, 1249:Mississippi 1044:glasshouses 884:ogival dome 839:Bode Museum 806: [ 795: [ 784: [ 775:(1895) and 753: [ 742: [ 723: [ 639:consecrated 592:Robert Reid 530:Renaissance 514:historicism 409:Hoppegarten 400: [ 388: [ 342:in London. 282:thin shells 274:planetarium 5859:Categories 5585:Gradevinar 5347:Derbyshire 4937:2012953335 4806:2020-09-07 4592:2020-12-08 4470:2015-03-13 3996:Cowan 1983 3818:Kádár 2011 3758:Sharp 2002 3602:Cowan 1977 3554:Cowan 1977 3489:Sharp 2002 3333:Stern 1995 3234:Seale 1975 3210:Allen 2001 3135:Allen 2001 3111:Allen 2004 3084:Young 1995 2700:Cowan 1977 2490:Allen 2004 2420:Cowan 1983 2396:Cowan 1977 2360:Cowan 1983 2275:References 2127:Izumo Dome 2102:Tokyo Dome 2090:Silverdome 2060:Tensegrity 2055:in the UK. 2033:Osaka Dome 1956:space grid 1882:Dante Bini 1817:world wars 1729:Deschinger 1719:, and the 1569:(1911) in 1540:Washington 1426:Parliament 1355:California 1351:Gilded Age 1326:in Paris, 1316:St. Paul's 1245:Tuscaloosa 1228:Harrisburg 1186:See also: 1113:The domed 781:Zniessinie 731:classicist 653:Church by 469:gasometers 370:mild steel 263:gasometers 160:Pendentive 117:Onion dome 47:History of 4989:110806778 4749:229615052 3794:Zung 2002 3453:APWA 1972 3345:King 2000 3249:King 2000 3171:King 2000 3159:King 2000 3147:King 2000 2384:Rehm 2018 2372:Rehm 2018 2206:Superdome 2198:Astrodome 2161:in Japan. 1972:Palasport 1900:Binishell 1806:Algeciras 1773:New Delhi 1554:capitol. 1524:Wisconsin 1415:Minnesota 1261:New Haven 1220:bicameral 1211:in 1829. 1203:included 1109:Libraries 1103:Liverpool 1079:hothouses 1056:Syon Park 1017:gridshell 974:in Italy. 845:in 1907. 801:to build 773:Kuryłówka 718:monastic 621:like the 600:John Nash 501:funicular 435:Structure 320:cast iron 310:Materials 251:hothouses 175:Tholobate 41:Symbolism 5657:1130718M 5649:32159240 5330:23019241 4781:April 8, 4672:43029096 4563:25212148 4433:41373544 4272:41861909 3873:Charlier 2210:Kingdome 2133:-coated 2098:BC Place 2085:Expo '70 1964:Rome Zoo 1945:Max Berg 1910:School. 1890:neoprene 1873:dome of 1813:autarchy 1793:supports 1601:Surochów 1586:Jarosław 1571:Slovakia 1567:Jakubany 1544:Missouri 1532:Kentucky 1387:Michigan 1367:Colorado 1324:Panthéon 1257:Kentucky 1255:(1832), 1214:Most of 922:Napoleon 716:Basilian 461:Pantheon 429:Brussels 280:of both 192:Category 150:Muqarnas 126:Elements 5803:May 17, 5506:4090872 5243:Spatium 5165:4611482 3186:aoc.gov 2225:SkyDome 1991:Expo 67 1962:of the 1908:Ashbury 1904:Malvern 1784:bending 1705:Breslau 1620:Skydome 1563:Čemerné 1512:Arizona 1395:Georgia 1383:Wyoming 1375:Indiana 1265:Indiana 1167:of the 1117:of the 712:Galicia 659:monitor 651:Baptist 534:Baroque 493:statics 421:Potsdam 170:Squinch 165:Rotunda 145:Lantern 5843: 5822: 5780: 5759: 5737: 5713: 5655: 5647: 5637: 5614: 5565: 5544: 5523: 5504: 5477: 5438: 5417: 5396: 5375: 5354: 5328: 5272: 5223: 5203: 5182: 5163: 5132: 5111: 5069: 5048: 5027: 5006: 4987: 4956: 4935: 4925: 4904: 4864: 4823: 4747: 4710: 4689: 4670: 4647: 4610: 4561: 4530: 4509: 4488: 4453: 4431: 4361: 4340: 4289: 4270: 4206: 4177: 4118: 4097: 2121:. The 2066:, are 2018:glazed 1960:aviary 1742:dome, 1715:, the 1557:Early 1546:, and 1393:, and 1359:Kansas 1158:Ottawa 992:glazed 880:Novara 714:, the 536:, and 413:Monier 155:Oculus 140:Cupola 135:Coffer 98:Styles 5890:Roofs 5865:Domes 5731:(PDF) 5581:(PDF) 5502:JSTOR 5326:JSTOR 5239:(PDF) 5161:JSTOR 4985:S2CID 4839:(PDF) 4745:S2CID 4668:JSTOR 4626:(PDF) 4586:(PDF) 4575:(PDF) 4559:JSTOR 4464:(PDF) 4447:(PDF) 4429:JSTOR 4268:JSTOR 4222:(PDF) 1886:nylon 1597:] 1582:] 1528:Idaho 1489:Tombs 1391:Texas 1371:Idaho 1277:Texas 1253:Maine 896:Turin 810:] 799:] 788:] 757:] 746:] 727:] 705:Milan 697:Malta 508:Style 446:Domes 425:foyer 404:] 392:] 328:steel 25:Domes 5841:ISBN 5820:ISBN 5805:2015 5778:ISBN 5757:ISBN 5735:ISBN 5711:ISBN 5697:2024 5645:OCLC 5635:ISBN 5612:ISBN 5563:ISBN 5542:ISBN 5521:ISBN 5475:ISBN 5436:ISBN 5415:ISBN 5394:ISBN 5373:ISBN 5352:ISBN 5337:2018 5297:2024 5270:ISBN 5221:ISBN 5201:ISBN 5180:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5109:ISBN 5094:2024 5067:ISBN 5046:ISBN 5025:ISBN 5004:ISBN 4954:ISBN 4933:LCCN 4923:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4886:2013 4862:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4783:2014 4708:ISBN 4687:ISBN 4645:ISBN 4608:ISBN 4528:ISBN 4507:ISBN 4486:ISBN 4451:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4338:ISBN 4313:2013 4287:ISBN 4256:2011 4204:ISBN 4175:ISBN 4161:2010 4116:ISBN 4095:ISBN 2184:The 2131:PTFE 2051:The 1938:The 1930:The 1916:mesh 1787:the 1736:Jena 1687:The 1536:Utah 1451:The 1420:The 1413:and 1379:Iowa 1298:The 1286:The 1192:The 1174:The 1081:and 1066:The 970:The 944:The 676:The 625:for 562:and 512:The 471:and 249:and 5593:doi 5494:doi 5467:hdl 5459:doi 5318:doi 5251:doi 5153:doi 4977:doi 4770:doi 4735:doi 4551:doi 4547:119 4425:131 4406:hdl 4398:doi 4234:doi 4230:128 4196:doi 2200:in 2024:in 1993:in 1989:at 1895:PVC 1850:of 1804:in 1771:in 1727:by 1622:in 1599:in 1584:in 1275:), 1263:), 1247:), 1226:in 1101:in 1054:at 894:in 841:by 767:of 710:In 703:in 695:in 645:by 633:in 419:in 338:of 326:to 322:to 5861:: 5795:. 5683:, 5668:, 5653:OL 5651:. 5643:. 5589:67 5587:. 5583:. 5500:. 5473:. 5465:. 5324:. 5314:99 5312:. 5308:. 5287:. 5247:22 5245:. 5241:. 5159:. 5149:43 5147:. 5084:. 4983:. 4971:. 4931:. 4845:. 4841:. 4794:, 4766:42 4764:. 4760:. 4743:. 4731:28 4729:. 4725:. 4664:10 4662:. 4628:, 4577:. 4557:. 4545:. 4423:. 4404:. 4394:12 4392:. 4304:, 4228:. 4224:. 4202:. 4015:^ 3904:^ 3861:^ 3738:^ 3675:^ 3636:^ 3609:^ 3544:^ 3445:^ 3400:^ 3241:^ 3178:^ 3103:^ 2968:^ 2953:^ 2898:^ 2823:^ 2808:^ 2791:^ 2680:^ 2569:^ 2442:^ 2427:^ 2348:^ 2333:^ 2294:^ 2256:. 2028:. 1947:. 1918:. 1866:. 1839:. 1650:. 1638:. 1611:. 1595:pl 1580:pl 1542:, 1538:, 1534:, 1530:, 1526:, 1522:, 1518:, 1514:, 1440:. 1417:. 1389:, 1385:, 1381:, 1377:, 1373:, 1369:, 1365:, 1361:, 1357:, 1267:, 1251:, 1144:, 1137:. 1074:. 1023:. 1002:. 812:. 808:uk 797:pl 786:uk 755:pl 744:pl 725:uk 688:. 532:, 475:. 402:de 390:de 5849:. 5828:. 5807:. 5786:. 5765:. 5743:. 5719:. 5659:. 5620:. 5601:. 5595:: 5571:. 5550:. 5529:. 5508:. 5496:: 5483:. 5469:: 5461:: 5444:. 5423:. 5402:. 5381:. 5360:. 5339:. 5320:: 5299:. 5278:. 5259:. 5253:: 5229:. 5188:. 5167:. 5155:: 5138:. 5117:. 5096:. 5075:. 5054:. 5033:. 5012:. 4991:. 4979:: 4973:7 4962:. 4939:. 4910:. 4870:. 4847:3 4829:. 4785:. 4772:: 4751:. 4737:: 4716:. 4695:. 4674:. 4653:. 4616:. 4595:. 4565:. 4553:: 4536:. 4515:. 4494:. 4473:. 4435:. 4414:. 4408:: 4400:: 4367:. 4346:. 4295:. 4274:. 4240:. 4236:: 4212:. 4198:: 4183:. 4124:. 4103:. 3875:. 3685:. 3539:. 3479:. 3416:. 3287:. 3188:. 3050:. 2845:. 2675:. 2456:. 2240:" 1898:" 1302:. 1290:. 231:e 224:t 217:v

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Knowledge (XXG)

History of modern period domes

Index