52:
914:
1828:. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and to imprison
1021:
1809:
19:
1139:
206:
2105:
1912:
1454:
587:
1571:. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214, and was succeeded by his son
2070:
1591:
1734:, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish
2212:" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as
51:
1963:, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir
2227:). However, polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. This support has remained constant since then—according to a 2018 survey, a majority of the British public across all age groups still support the monarchy's continuation.
1860:
affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the
English people held certain rights, including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants, and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister
1865:
would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving
William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his
786:
1422:, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister
1598:
Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of
England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter,
1654:, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles.
1195:. Despite his popularity and successful reign, difficulty securing further funds for wars in France and his frequent absences from England created challenges. Henry V died in 1422 during a campaign in France, leaving behind his nine-month-old son,
2207:
At first, every member of the
Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as
2026:, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.
2156:
The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively
British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom,
1631:, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years.
1611:
to be king. Edward proceeded to treat
Balliol as a vassal, and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing
1327:, a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king,
2188:; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother,
1844:
to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in
England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than
1119:
declared
Richard deposed and Bolingbroke claimed the vacant throne for himself. While Edward II abdicated in favor of his son, Parliament deliberately broke the line of succession when it deposed Richard. Historian
1881:
After Anne's accession, the problem of the succession re-emerged. The
Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the
1677:, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter,
1183:) sought to unify England by making conciliatory gestures towards his father's enemies and honoring the deceased Richard II. His reign was largely free from domestic strife, allowing him to focus on the
1796:. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the
933:, which claimed the power to grant taxes. In exchange for funding military campaigns in France, Parliament gained concessions of political liberties from the King. Henry was often influenced by foreign
1623:
Robert's efforts to control
Scotland culminated in success, and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,
1816:
Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother,
422:
as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called
1489:
In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the
121:
500:) gradually expanded and consolidated their control over the rest of England. Æthelstan first adopted the title "king of the English" and is considered the founder of the English monarchy.
2149:
gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the
4751:
96:
126:
234:
3873:
2192:. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by
1730:
under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor,
1191:
in 1415 boosted national pride, and he continued to achieve military success, conquering Normandy in 1419 and being recognized as heir and regent of France in 1420 as part of the
1555:
With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son,
3931:
1696:, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the Queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son
1532:. As a result, however, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005,
161:
1418:
as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married
937:, which led to power struggles and resentment, ultimately resulting in widespread consensus that Henry was unfit to rule. In 1258, the King was forced to comply with the
116:
260:
887:. His attempts to fund military campaigns through taxation and other means led to resentment and distrust among the barons. In 1215, the barons forced John to agree to
4812:
156:
1658:
continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power.
2045:
was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of
171:
1410:, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister
4611:
106:
1669:
In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at
426:. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national
1984:
1536:
ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson,
1285:. Afterward he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The
880:
380:
227:
151:
1583:, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing
4452:
993:(1307–1327), conflicts arose between the King and the nobility, largely due to the influence of royal favourites. The King also refused to adhere to the
945:, which ended with the King's victory and the restoration of royal authority. Henry's reign was also marked by extravagant spending on royal palaces and
759:(1138–1153). While Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, he was ultimately forced to compromise for the sake of peace. Both sides agreed to the
997:, which aimed to limit the monarch's power. These tensions led to a series of events including the exile and eventual execution of the king's favorite,
4580:
3817:
427:
191:
166:
1975:, witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson,
1792:(effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son
1878:, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne.
581:
4807:
1521:
to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.
917:
Since the Conquest, monarchs have been crowned at Westminster Abbey. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of Henry III.
869:. Despite reclaiming most of his territory, Richard died from wounds sustained in battle in 1199, naming John as his successor before his death.
853:
and spent most of his reign outside of England. His absence from the country led to power struggles and opposition against his appointed regent,
606:. The king claimed ownership of all land, and the estates of the old Anglo-Saxon nobility were confiscated and redistributed to French-speaking
1249:
706:
220:
186:
181:
146:
34:
4356:
4281:
3581:
1604:
1377:
979:
74:
3883:
1184:
1046:) succeeded his father at age 14, but his mother Isabella and Mortimer actually ruled the country. In 1330, the 17-year-old Edward staged a
537:), Anglo-Saxon government had become sophisticated. The treasury had developed into a permanent institution, and Edward appointed the first
2015:
1968:
658:
456:
1684:
Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as
1297:. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by
2220:
2054:
2014:, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister,
1693:
1214:
1051:
908:
504:
2097:. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the
4565:
4547:
4386:
4326:
4244:
4086:
1780:, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the
983:
1874:, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of
1824:
arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the
1166:
4647:
4412:
4305:
4223:
4193:
4169:
4142:
4062:
4032:
3904:
3794:
2022:. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the
1722:'s older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "
1225:
1079:
1010:
926:
565:
450:
1772:
The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the
780:
3944:
4766:
4667:
4575:
3742:
3696:
3170:
2251:
2241:
2223:
grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family (for instance, immediately following the death of
2011:
1821:
1400:
316:
2041:, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The
1067:
865:
defected to France and plotted to take Richard's lands on the Continent. After his return to England, Richard waged war against
111:
2236:
1999:
1443:
614:. The Normans maintained the basic system of English government. The witan's role of consultaiton and advice was filled by the
439:
1714:
Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch
1399:. Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the
4461:
4445:
4116:
2082:
248:
1339:
produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the
2169:, and so forth. The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a
1157:), faced numerous challenges, including rebellions and plots to restore Richard to the throne. His reign was marked by the
4054:
3845:
2246:
2185:
1890:, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the
1613:
971:
673:
43:
3991:
4477:
2184:, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to
2003:
1924:
1875:
1862:
1116:
884:
858:
406:, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end.
4042:
2150:
2146:
1846:
970:
in 1295, and effectively convinced Parliament to finance military campaigns in Wales and Scotland. Edward permanently
391:
61:
4786:
319:
to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament's authority expanded at the expense of royal power.
1886:, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the
4487:
2256:
1972:
1751:
1689:
1002:
1603:. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between
4741:
4482:
4438:
3560:
1956:
1576:
1541:
1439:
1369:
736:
Despite the oaths sworn to her, Matilda was unpopular both for being a woman and because of her marriage ties to
323:
1692:, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the
913:
4736:
4585:
4469:
2224:
2209:
1895:
1709:
1700:, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I.
1600:
1572:
1302:
1241:
828:
812:
776:
419:
372:
598:, the English monarchy became closely intertwined with French politics and the kings of England were nominal
4781:
4126:
2130:
2030:
1773:
1545:
515:, leading to complex successions and power struggles. Royal revenue came from various sources including the
399:
361:
276:
252:
3823:
1220:
Henry VI proved to be a weak and incompetent ruler. By 1453, he had lost all his French territories except
4652:
2166:
2058:
1871:
1643:
1498:
1318:
941:, transferring royal power to a council of barons. Henry's attempts to overturn the provisions led to the
345:
1248:, defeated the Lancastrians and was crowned in 1461. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland with their son,
22:
The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King
1841:
1797:
1777:
1659:
1635:
1517:
is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or
1381:
1380:. The pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the
1278:
1093:
1036:
1029:
862:
760:
684:
662:
657:
and forest law, which limited the rights of landholders within those areas. The Normans built defensive
308:
210:
1808:
1224:. Following the French conquest of Gascony, the King suffered a mental breakdown. Parliament appointed
1059:
942:
511:
advised the king and also played a role in electing new monarchs. Succession was not strictly based on
18:
4078:
Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II
3466:
2057:, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of
1594:
In 1603, James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England, Scotland, and Ireland together.
1020:
4705:
4020:
2162:
1883:
1731:
1678:
1655:
1624:
1298:
1162:
990:
938:
922:
904:
892:
854:
839:
611:
527:
460:
292:
264:
1788:, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself
1540:, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of
1430:
and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.
4685:
1857:
1853:
1817:
1781:
1767:
1723:
1651:
1568:
1556:
1466:
1394:
1373:
1336:
1270:
1196:
1188:
1147:
1108:
1055:
952:
866:
797:
755:. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of civil war known as
714:
553:
357:
353:
337:
333:
300:
284:
272:
256:
1673:; the King, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor,
4776:
4560:
4291:
4267:
4130:
3653:
3645:
3611:
2213:
2038:
1988:
1960:
1928:
1891:
1837:
1662:
was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king:
1419:
1173:
1133:
1071:
1006:
994:
930:
832:
695:
561:
423:
376:
349:
280:
1063:
733:
as his heir, sparking controversy and forcing the nobility to swear oaths of allegiance to her.
891:, which aimed to define and limit royal power. John's attempts to annul Magna Carta led to the
785:
4710:
4700:
4675:
4626:
4616:
4418:
4408:
4382:
4352:
4322:
4301:
4277:
4240:
4219:
4189:
4165:
4138:
4112:
4082:
4058:
4028:
3790:
3577:
2201:
2158:
1755:
1688:, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin,
1670:
1411:
1340:
1324:
1286:
1237:
1233:
1112:
1047:
946:
764:
718:
577:
288:
3784:
1273:, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at
4761:
4631:
4271:
4212:
4158:
3747:
3701:
3637:
3603:
3175:
2098:
2090:
2050:
1793:
1747:
1617:
1564:
1514:
1274:
1192:
1124:
writes that this "created a dangerous precedent and made the crown fundamentally unstable."
975:
967:
816:
741:
635:
549:
479:
468:
403:
101:
1754:. In 1642, the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the
1269:
was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to
1138:
503:
While the king theoretically held all governing authority, he relied on the support of the
4715:
4690:
4606:
4555:
4362:
4332:
4203:
4092:
3878:
3673:
2023:
1812:
England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707.
1785:
1639:
1584:
1518:
1365:
1075:
737:
730:
722:
710:
677:
603:
595:
557:
542:
538:
365:
328:
2010:
and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor,
1856:, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The
1115:, the King's cousin, led a rebellion that forced Richard to abdicate. On 30 September, a
1090:. Despite these challenges, Edward's reign strengthened Parliament's role in government.
2104:
586:
4695:
4680:
4507:
4401:
4344:
4256:
4207:
4183:
4179:
4153:
4047:
3786:
The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
2181:
2170:
2142:
2134:
2034:
1964:
1887:
1833:
1789:
1727:
1628:
1529:
1494:
1415:
1314:
1229:
1221:
1111:
showed he was ready to assume power, but his tyrannical rule bred discontent. In 1399,
1087:
998:
790:
726:
384:
332:. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign in the
2180:, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American
1911:
1453:
4801:
4756:
4374:
3685:
3657:
3594:
Corbett, P.E. (1940), "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law",
3537:
2137:. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the
2042:
1980:
1829:
1735:
1580:
1427:
1261:
1083:
1005:, who further destabilized the kingdom. In the midst of this turmoil, Edward's wife,
850:
824:
607:
516:
512:
296:
268:
91:
86:
4771:
4657:
4621:
4532:
4072:
2193:
2069:
1994:
From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be
1608:
1524:
Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of
1356:
1158:
1121:
1025:
820:
654:
411:
387:, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921.
356:, a constitutional monarchy was established with power shifting to Parliament. The
69:
4258:
The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485
3766:
3720:
3194:
1510:
490:
4430:
4316:
4295:
4234:
4076:
1646:, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406,
1323:
King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying
1103:) became king at the age of 10; however, actual power was held by his uncles and
4746:
4570:
4537:
4522:
4396:
4104:
3940:
3674:
High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998
2177:
2094:
2046:
2019:
2007:
1932:
1743:
1423:
1344:
1294:
888:
756:
617:
415:
315:. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning
312:
79:
3751:
3705:
3179:
1979:, Britain's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed the
1364:. Since then, all English kings claimed dominion over Ireland, using the title
1289:, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son
4512:
4502:
4492:
4297:
The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors
3910:
3736:
3690:
3164:
2078:
1976:
1867:
1825:
1719:
1560:
1533:
1528:
was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the
1331:, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the
1328:
1282:
1014:
808:
23:
3372:
Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain: Westminster, 20 October 1604
1509:(who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of
1368:. Few kings ever visited the island, however. They preferred to rule through
835:
foreshadowed the ongoing struggle between secular and ecclesiastical powers.
740:, Normandy's traditional enemy. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew,
4590:
4527:
4497:
4422:
4366:
4336:
4096:
3968:
2189:
1995:
1685:
1407:
1351:
1266:
1245:
934:
407:
4164:(revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 113–138.
3851:
1590:
1587:
recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.
751:), laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the
340:(1649–1660), the monarchy was abolished and replaced with various forms of
311:
agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of
1983:, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow, and the
1955:
In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son,
4517:
4218:(revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 17–39.
2153:, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries".
2138:
2086:
2053:
in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the
1739:
1715:
1697:
1663:
1537:
1525:
1290:
1240:(1455–1487). York claimed the throne as a descendant of Edward III's son
1104:
752:
548:
After Edward's death, there were competing claims to the English throne.
520:
395:
341:
1607:. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced
1054:
on the grounds that he was the last male descendant of his grandfather,
371:
In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the
3649:
2118: Territories, dependencies and associated states of current realms
1898:, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.
1674:
1361:
1078:
of 1376 highlighted corruption in the government, leading to the first
963:
3615:
1070:. Towards the end of his reign, setbacks arose, including the loss of
2124: Former Commonwealth realms and Dominions that are now republics
1647:
1549:
599:
464:
3641:
1998:, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future
1017:
in 1327, marking the first formal deposition of an English monarch.
807:) implemented legal reforms that became the foundation of England's
3607:
1849:) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.
2103:
2068:
1807:
1589:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1137:
1019:
912:
857:. While returning from the Crusade, Richard was imprisoned by the
784:
585:
508:
304:
17:
861:
and had to pay a substantial ransom for his release. His brother
729:, the King's only legitimate son, died. Henry chose his daughter
1634:
David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew
1332:
4434:
4273:
The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England
560:
of Norway. Following a series of battles, including the famous
398:
of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a
1905:
1447:
1894:, under which England and Scotland were united into a single
1870:, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the
1374:
King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome
883:, financial struggles, and conflicts with the barons and the
4379:
Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy
1971:, although the title was not then in use. The next monarch,
1627:. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir,
2093:" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the
986:. Edward died in 1307 while on his way to invade Scotland.
364:, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded
3628:
Scott, F.R. (January 1944), "The End of Dominion Status",
3001:
2999:
2176:
George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of
2033:
was made during the long reign of William IV's successor,
713:, and made royal justice more accessible. His marriage to
680:, which became an imposing symbol of the monarch's power.
1062:. Edward had important military successes, including the
819:
of Scotland to acknowledge him as a feudal overlord, and
3992:"Support for the monarchy in Britain by age 2018 survey"
4152:
Cheetham, Anthony (1998). "The House of Lancaster". In
2470:
2468:
1936:
1650:
had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son
1470:
823:
over most of Ireland. Additionally, Henry's clash with
383:. The British monarch was the nominal head of the vast
4135:
The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy
1548:. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson
962:) initiated a number of reforms through parliamentary
541:. Nevertheless, he faced challenges from the powerful
4049:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225
1830:
Church of England clerics who challenged his policies
1414:
to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating
929:
gained traction. This era saw the development of the
1343:(the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry
1050:
and took control of the government. In 1340, Edward
552:
was crowned king, but he faced challenges from Duke
4724:
4666:
4640:
4599:
4546:
4468:
1832:. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the
1820:. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the
4400:
4255:
4211:
4157:
4046:
3735:
3689:
3670:R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association
3163:
1642:. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor,
295:dynasties expanded their authority throughout the
3576:, 5th ed. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press, 2008
1544:, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son
895:, which was ongoing at his sudden death in 1216.
267:. The British monarchy traces its origins to the
4403:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
3943:, 14–16 December 2007, p. 9, archived from
2196:. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title
1567:, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the
4349:The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327
3874:"Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy"
3500:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3393:
3312:
3296:
3244:
3208:
3113:
2702:
2534:
2315:
2291:
4185:The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England
1552:, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III.
1301:, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the
1187:with France. Henry's legendary victory at the
879:) faced significant challenges, including the
849:), also known as the Lionheart. He joined the
507:and nobility to govern. The king's council or
4446:
3850:, Britannia Internet Magazine, archived from
1746:led to organised rebellion in Scotland (the "
1236:engaged in a power struggle that started the
1013:, leading to Edward's capture and subsequent
653:The Normans introduced new practices such as
568:as King of England on Christmas Day in 1066.
564:, William emerged victorious, leading to his
228:
8:
4214:The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England
4160:The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England
4025:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens
3746:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3700:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3542:, Government of Nova Scotia, 11 October 2001
3174:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2145:were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The
1704:Personal union under the Stuarts (1603–1707)
2741:, pp. 195–196, 213, 220–222 & 378.
1985:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1142:France in 1435 during the Hundred Years War
1107:. Richard's decisive leadership during the
1032:to symbolise his claim to the French throne
633:
615:
381:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4453:
4439:
4431:
3822:, Commonwealth Secretariat, archived from
2570:
2200:, although remaining head of state of the
1406:Henry VIII's son and successor, the young
344:government. Following the installation of
279:, which consolidated into the kingdoms of
235:
221:
28:
3778:
3776:
3630:The American Journal of International Law
2351:
1726:". Although England and Scotland were in
1681:. Once again, a regency was established.
1575:. Alexander II, as well as his successor
974:and enforced English domination with the
683:The Conqueror was succeeded by his sons,
4262:(4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
4109:A History of Parliament: The Middle Ages
3672:(1982). QB 892 at 928; as referenced in
3089:
3053:
3029:
3005:
2558:
2498:
2435:
2399:
2375:
2339:
763:by which Stephen adopted Matilda's son,
582:Government in Norman and Angevin England
4813:Political history of the United Kingdom
3847:Can the Windsors survive Diana's death?
3743:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3697:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3171:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3077:
2990:
2942:
2906:
2882:
2822:
2798:
2750:
2690:
2654:
2618:
2546:
2459:
2423:
2411:
2272:
1559:. David was succeeded by his grandsons
42:
31:
3524:
3512:
3488:
3417:
3405:
3381:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3308:
3280:
3268:
3232:
3220:
3137:
3125:
3101:
3065:
3017:
2978:
2954:
2918:
2870:
2834:
2810:
2786:
2762:
2714:
2510:
2474:
2387:
2363:
2327:
2303:
2089:, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "
2037:. As a woman, Victoria could not rule
1836:invited James II & VII's daughter
4188:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3596:The University of Toronto Law Journal
3041:
2966:
2930:
2894:
2858:
2846:
2774:
2738:
2678:
2666:
2642:
2594:
1378:Supreme Head of the Church of England
7:
3284:
3256:
3149:
2726:
2630:
2606:
2582:
2522:
2486:
2447:
2279:
2085:in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch,
2016:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
1967:, who is often considered the first
1800:and Charles II returned to Britain.
1335:, and the fact that his marriage to
1185:last phase of the Hundred Years' War
925:reign (1216–1272), the concept that
467:, which survived under the rule of
4276:(revised ed.). Penguin Books.
4137:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3574:The High Court and the Constitution
2221:republicanism in the United Kingdom
1360:, granting Henry II authority over
1215:dual monarchy of England and France
909:Government in late medieval England
360:, and its Scottish counterpart the
326:granted English monarchs the title
3844:Seely, Robert (5 September 1997),
3734:Matthew, H.C.G. (September 2004).
2129:During the twentieth century, the
2101:, an independent nation, in 1922.
2081:, became the first monarch of the
1277:and killing the Lancastrian heir,
1165:, financial difficulties, and the
984:First War of Scottish Independence
672:) ordered the construction of the
44:History of the United Kingdom
14:
3970:Poll respondents back UK monarchy
2933:, pp. 432–433 & 436–439.
2777:, pp. 252–253 & 266–267.
2112: Current Commonwealth realms
2073:Map of the British Empire in 1921
1847:James II & VII's Catholic son
1616:, Scotland had no monarch, until
821:confirmed his feudal overlordship
725:. A succession crisis arose when
451:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
4576:Head of the British Armed Forces
4318:Constitutional History of the UK
3789:. Federation Press. p. 41.
2252:List of British royal residences
2242:History of monarchy in Australia
1910:
1852:James's overthrow, known as the
1718:, who was the great-grandson of
1605:13 rival claimants to the throne
1452:
1401:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
1082:of ministers and the removal of
838:Henry was succeeded by his son,
545:, leading to political turmoil.
394:recognised the evolution of the
204:
50:
2237:Family tree of British monarchs
1620:declared himself king in 1306.
1444:Government in medieval Scotland
1208:
1201:
1178:
1152:
1098:
1041:
957:
874:
844:
802:
746:
700:
689:
667:
610:according to the principles of
532:
495:
484:
473:
440:History of the English monarchy
368:from succession to the throne.
4808:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
4462:Monarchy in the United Kingdom
3872:Grice, Andrew (9 April 2002),
3162:Ives, E. W. (September 2004).
2083:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1128:House of Lancaster (1399–1461)
445:Anglo-Saxon period (800s–1066)
249:monarchy of the United Kingdom
1:
4055:New Oxford History of England
3563:, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.)
3032:, pp. 123 & 126–127.
2247:History of monarchy in Canada
1614:Wars of Scottish Independence
1579:, attempted to take over the
1167:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
705:). The latter formalized the
572:House of Normandy (1066–1154)
457:Viking invaders had conquered
4381:. HarperCollins Publishers.
3973:, BBC News, 28 December 2007
3767:UK public library membership
3721:UK public library membership
3195:UK public library membership
2426:, pp. 96 & 103–104.
2018:, and appointed a Tory, Sir
1925:American War of Independence
1876:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
1497:in the south, including the
1058:. This was the start of the
1024:Edward III added the French
793:during the reign of Henry II
781:Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry
709:, established the office of
590:England and Normandy in 1087
4351:. Oxford University Press.
4321:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
4254:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961).
4239:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
3539:Statute of Westminster 1931
3501:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3454:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3442:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3430:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3394:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3313:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3297:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3245:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3209:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
3114:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
2703:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
2535:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
2525:, pp. 37, 38 & 66.
2462:, pp. 96–98 & 114.
2316:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
2292:Cannon & Griffiths 1988
2151:Statute of Westminster 1931
2147:Balfour Declaration of 1926
1392:
980:Scottish succession dispute
927:kings were bound by the law
392:Balfour Declaration of 1926
112:Post-war period (political)
4829:
4233:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
4206:(1998). "The Normans". In
3783:Boyce, Peter John (2008).
2597:, pp. 52 & 84–85.
2378:, pp. 25 & 29–30.
2257:List of English ministries
2029:The final transition to a
1765:
1752:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1742:). His attempt to enforce
1707:
1437:
1312:
1259:
1131:
1009:, formed an alliance with
1003:Hugh Despenser the Younger
978:. His intervention in the
902:
774:
676:, the central keep of the
575:
448:
437:
122:Modern history (political)
4236:Ruling England, 1042–1217
3211:, pp. 194, 265, 309.
2669:, pp. 131 & 133.
2621:, pp. 183 & 189.
2402:, pp. 130 & 133.
1440:List of Scottish monarchs
1384:to change his title from
1256:House of York (1461–1485)
1052:claimed the French throne
402:. In the years after the
324:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
287:by the 10th century. The
251:and its evolution into a
211:United Kingdom portal
4787:King's Official Birthday
4586:Head of the Commonwealth
3819:Head of the Commonwealth
2225:Diana, Princess of Wales
2210:Head of the Commonwealth
2049:, Victoria was declared
2002:, ruled in his stead as
1981:United States of America
1923: with: content from
1896:Kingdom of Great Britain
1710:List of British monarchs
1465: with: content from
1303:Battle of Bosworth Field
1242:Lionel, duke of Clarence
1001:, and later the rise of
899:Plantagenets (1216–1399)
829:archbishop of Canterbury
777:Angevin kings of England
420:Head of the Commonwealth
373:Kingdom of Great Britain
259:is a major theme in the
117:Post-war period (social)
4782:Royal Christmas Message
3199:(Subscription required)
3044:, pp. 25 & 27.
2489:, pp. 38 & 66.
2438:, pp. 11 & 13.
2131:Commonwealth of Nations
2065:Windsors (1901–present)
2047:British rule over India
2031:constitutional monarchy
1902:Hanoverians (1714–1901)
1774:Commonwealth of England
1493:in the north east, the
1370:lieutenants for Ireland
982:ultimately lead to the
767:, as his son and heir.
400:Commonwealth of Nations
362:Claim of Right Act 1689
303:in 1177 and conquering
277:early medieval Scotland
177:History of the monarchy
127:Modern history (social)
4653:Speech from the throne
4345:Maddicott, John Robert
3752:10.1093/ref:odnb/33370
3706:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061
3180:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955
2126:
2074:
1969:British prime minister
1872:Act of Settlement 1701
1813:
1595:
1499:Kingdom of Strathclyde
1426:. England returned to
1354:issued the papal bull
1319:Elizabethan government
1143:
1033:
918:
811:legal system. He also
794:
634:
616:
591:
519:, judicial fines, and
352:as co-monarchs in the
261:historical development
26:
4581:Defender of the Faith
4111:. London: Constable.
2107:
2072:
1866:supporters, known as
1842:William III of Orange
1811:
1798:monarchy was restored
1593:
1376:and declared himself
1313:Further information:
1279:Edward of Westminster
1260:Further information:
1250:Edward of Westminster
1226:Richard, duke of York
1141:
1132:Further information:
1117:convention parliament
1030:Royal Arms of England
1023:
916:
903:Further information:
788:
775:Further information:
761:Treaty of Wallingford
663:William the Conqueror
589:
576:Further information:
449:Further information:
379:joined to create the
21:
4027:. London: Robinson.
3311:, pp. 407–409;
3283:, pp. 400–407;
3247:, pp. 1–12, 35.
1884:Act of Security 1704
1163:Battle of Shrewsbury
989:During the reign of
939:Provisions of Oxford
905:House of Plantagenet
855:William de Longchamp
771:Angevins (1154–1216)
661:across the country.
528:Edward the Confessor
461:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
418:, adopted the title
410:and his successors,
265:British constitution
4686:Hillsborough Castle
4407:. London: Pimlico.
4057:. Clarendon Press.
3561:O'Donohue v. Canada
3559:Justice Rouleau in
3527:, pp. 314–333.
3515:, pp. 305–306.
3503:, pp. 530–550.
3491:, pp. 677–680.
3456:, pp. 460–469.
3444:, pp. 447–448.
3432:, pp. 439–440.
3420:, pp. 242–245.
3396:, pp. 393–400.
3384:, pp. 214–231.
3363:, pp. 567–575.
3351:, pp. 552–565.
3339:, pp. 549–552.
3327:, pp. 409–412.
3315:, pp. 187, 196
3271:, pp. 390–395.
3259:, pp. 164–177.
3235:, pp. 190–211.
3223:, pp. 636–647.
3140:, pp. 179–189.
3128:, pp. 168–176.
3104:, pp. 133–165.
3068:, pp. 137–138.
2993:, pp. 244–245.
2969:, pp. 494–496.
2957:, pp. 100–102.
2897:, pp. 363–365.
2861:, pp. 332–333.
2825:, pp. 217–220.
2753:, pp. 211–212.
2705:, pp. 125–127.
2693:, pp. 199–200.
2681:, pp. 158–161.
2645:, pp. 118–120.
2549:, pp. 150–152.
2537:, pp. 111–112.
2214:Commonwealth realms
2055:republican movement
1987:was created by the
1858:Bill of Rights 1689
1854:Glorious Revolution
1818:James, Duke of York
1782:Battle of Worcester
1776:. Charles I's son,
1768:British Interregnum
1750:") and ignited the
1724:Union of the Crowns
1569:Union of the Crowns
1467:History of Scotland
1395:Monarchy of Ireland
1337:Catherine of Aragon
1271:Elizabeth Woodville
1189:Battle of Agincourt
1056:Philip IV of France
867:Philip II of France
715:Matilda of Scotland
554:William of Normandy
424:Commonwealth realms
375:, and in 1801, the
358:Bill of Rights 1689
354:Glorious Revolution
334:Union of the Crowns
307:in 1283. In 1215,
301:Lordship of Ireland
273:Anglo-Saxon England
257:ceremonial monarchy
247:The history of the
4777:Duchy of Lancaster
4561:King-in-Parliament
4315:Lyon, Ann (2016).
4081:. Grove Atlantic.
3688:(September 2004).
3468:Sir Robert Walpole
3287:, pp. 185–198
3020:, p. 121–122.
2127:
2075:
1989:Acts of Union 1800
1961:Elector of Hanover
1935:. You can help by
1929:Kingdom of Hanover
1892:Acts of Union 1707
1822:line of succession
1814:
1804:Stuart Restoration
1596:
1469:. You can help by
1309:Tudors (1485–1603)
1144:
1134:House of Lancaster
1060:Hundred Years' War
1034:
995:Ordinances of 1311
943:Second Barons' War
931:English Parliament
919:
859:Holy Roman Emperor
833:Becket controversy
795:
592:
562:Battle of Hastings
377:Kingdom of Ireland
27:
4795:
4794:
4742:Scottish monarchs
4711:Sandringham House
4706:St James's Palace
4701:Kensington Palace
4676:Buckingham Palace
4566:King-on-the-Bench
4358:978-0-199-58550-2
4300:. Penguin Books.
4283:978-1-101-60628-5
3765:(Subscription or
3719:(Subscription or
3686:Matthew, H. C. G.
3582:978-1-86287-691-0
3193:(Subscription or
2921:, pp. 92–94.
2873:, pp. 88–90.
2813:, pp. 76–77.
2717:, pp. 62–63.
2633:, pp. 54–55.
2609:, pp. 31–38.
2585:, pp. 44–45.
2573:, pp. 36–39.
2501:, pp. 91–92.
2414:, pp. 81–85.
2342:, pp. 19–20.
2318:, pp. 13–14.
2202:Dominion of India
2133:evolved from the
1953:
1952:
1756:English Civil War
1487:
1486:
1434:Scottish monarchy
1341:Church of England
1325:Elizabeth of York
1287:Wars of the Roses
1238:Wars of the Roses
1234:Margaret of Anjou
1232:. York and Queen
1146:Bolingbroke, now
1113:Henry Bolingbroke
1068:capture of Calais
947:Westminster Abbey
893:First Barons' War
765:Henry FitzEmpress
719:House of Normandy
578:House of Normandy
245:
244:
162:Mass surveillance
4820:
4767:Monarchy records
4762:Royal collection
4737:English monarchs
4632:Grace and favour
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4426:
4406:
4392:
4370:
4340:
4311:
4287:
4263:
4261:
4250:
4229:
4217:
4204:Gillingham, John
4199:
4175:
4163:
4148:
4131:Griffiths, Ralph
4122:
4100:
4068:
4052:
4043:Bartlett, Robert
4038:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3938:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3882:, archived from
3869:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3854:on 10 April 2011
3841:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3693:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3591:
3585:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2561:, pp. 9–10.
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2198:Emperor of India
2123:
2117:
2111:
2099:Irish Free State
2077:Victoria's son,
2051:Empress of India
1948:
1945:
1914:
1906:
1840:and her husband
1738:and the English
1694:Earl of Bothwell
1618:Robert the Bruce
1565:William the Lion
1515:Kenneth MacAlpin
1482:
1479:
1456:
1448:
1398:
1382:Irish Parliament
1212:
1211: 1470–1471
1210:
1205:
1204: 1422–1461
1203:
1193:Treaty of Troyes
1182:
1181: 1413–1422
1180:
1156:
1155: 1399–1413
1154:
1109:Peasants' Revolt
1102:
1101: 1377–1399
1100:
1045:
1044: 1327–1377
1043:
976:Statute of Wales
968:Model Parliament
961:
960: 1272–1307
959:
881:loss of Normandy
878:
877: 1199–1216
876:
848:
847: 1189–1199
846:
817:William the Lion
806:
805: 1154–1189
804:
750:
749: 1135–1154
748:
742:Stephen of Blois
704:
703: 1100–1135
702:
693:
692: 1087–1100
691:
671:
670: 1066–1087
669:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:magnum concilium
631:
628:
625:
621:
550:Harold Godwinson
543:Godwinson family
536:
535: 1042–1066
534:
499:
497:
488:
486:
480:Edward the Elder
478:). Alfred's son
477:
475:
469:Alfred the Great
434:English monarchy
430:for each realm.
404:Second World War
237:
230:
223:
209:
208:
207:
187:Military history
147:Economic history
107:Second World War
92:Edwardian period
87:Victorian period
54:
29:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4720:
4716:Balmoral Castle
4691:Holyrood Palace
4662:
4636:
4607:Crown copyright
4595:
4556:King-in-Council
4542:
4464:
4459:
4429:
4415:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4359:
4343:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4290:
4284:
4266:
4253:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4208:Fraser, Antonia
4202:
4196:
4180:Fraser, Antonia
4178:
4172:
4154:Fraser, Antonia
4151:
4145:
4125:
4119:
4103:
4089:
4071:
4065:
4041:
4035:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3936:
3933:Monarchy Survey
3930:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3886:on 12 June 2008
3879:The Independent
3871:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3764:
3756:
3754:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3710:
3708:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3668:
3664:
3642:10.2307/2192530
3627:
3626:
3622:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3572:Zines, Leslie,
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2571:Gillingham 1998
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:, pp. 1–2.
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2233:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2095:First World War
2067:
2024:Reform Act 1832
1949:
1943:
1940:
1921:needs expansion
1915:
1904:
1806:
1786:Oliver Cromwell
1770:
1764:
1712:
1706:
1640:House of Stuart
1585:Treaty of Perth
1483:
1477:
1474:
1463:needs expansion
1457:
1446:
1436:
1420:Philip of Spain
1390:King of Ireland
1386:Lord of Ireland
1366:Lord of Ireland
1321:
1311:
1264:
1258:
1213:), to rule the
1207:
1200:
1177:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1097:
1076:Good Parliament
1064:Battle of Crécy
1040:
972:conquered Wales
966:, summoned the
956:
911:
901:
873:
843:
801:
783:
773:
745:
731:Empress Matilda
723:House of Wessex
711:chief justiciar
707:royal household
699:
688:
678:Tower of London
666:
647:
644:
641:
629:
626:
623:
604:kings of France
596:Norman Conquest
584:
574:
558:Harald Hardrada
531:
526:By the time of
494:
489:) and grandson
483:
472:
453:
447:
442:
436:
428:title and style
366:Roman Catholics
329:King of Ireland
299:, creating the
241:
205:
203:
198:
197:
196:
182:Women's history
157:Law enforcement
141:
133:
132:
131:
102:Interwar period
97:First World War
75:Napoleonic Wars
70:Georgian period
64:
38:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Clarence House
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Windsor Castle
4678:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4627:King's printer
4624:
4619:
4617:King's Consent
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4548:Constitutional
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4428:
4427:
4413:
4393:
4388:978-0007307715
4387:
4375:Starkey, David
4371:
4357:
4341:
4328:978-1317203988
4327:
4312:
4306:
4288:
4282:
4264:
4251:
4246:978-1138786554
4245:
4230:
4224:
4200:
4194:
4182:, ed. (1975).
4176:
4170:
4149:
4143:
4123:
4117:
4101:
4088:978-0802159113
4087:
4069:
4063:
4039:
4033:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3983:
3960:
3950:on 11 May 2011
3923:
3896:
3864:
3836:
3826:on 6 July 2010
3809:
3795:
3772:
3726:
3677:
3662:
3620:
3608:10.2307/824318
3602:(2): 348–359,
3586:
3565:
3552:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3408:, p. 232.
3398:
3386:
3374:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3301:
3299:, p. 170.
3289:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3116:, p. 295.
3106:
3094:
3092:, p. 135.
3082:
3080:, p. 255.
3070:
3058:
3056:, p. 131.
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 122.
2995:
2983:
2981:, p. 109.
2971:
2959:
2947:
2945:, p. 230.
2935:
2923:
2911:
2909:, p. 229.
2899:
2887:
2885:, p. 225.
2875:
2863:
2851:
2849:, p. 313.
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2801:, p. 219.
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2657:, p. 197.
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2352:Maddicott 2010
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2219:In the 1990s,
2182:Wallis Simpson
2171:personal union
2143:Crown Colonies
2135:British Empire
2120:
2114:
2108:
2066:
2063:
1965:Robert Walpole
1951:
1950:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1888:Alien Act 1705
1834:Immortal Seven
1805:
1802:
1790:Lord Protector
1766:Main article:
1763:
1760:
1728:personal union
1705:
1702:
1629:Edward Balliol
1563:, and then by
1530:House of Alpin
1485:
1484:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1432:
1416:Lady Jane Grey
1350:In 1155, Pope
1315:House of Tudor
1310:
1307:
1257:
1254:
1244:. York's son,
1230:lord protector
1129:
1126:
1088:royal mistress
1011:Roger Mortimer
999:Piers Gaveston
900:
897:
885:English church
791:Angevin Empire
772:
769:
727:William Adelin
573:
570:
505:English church
498: 924–939
487: 899–924
476: 871–899
446:
443:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
385:British Empire
269:petty kingdoms
253:constitutional
243:
242:
240:
239:
232:
225:
217:
214:
213:
200:
199:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Jewish history
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
83:
82:
80:Regency period
77:
66:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4825:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:HMY Britannia
4755:
4753:
4752:King's flight
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Royal warrant
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4414:0-7126-7448-9
4410:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4307:9780698170322
4303:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4225:9781841880273
4221:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4195:0-297-76911-1
4191:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4171:9781841880273
4167:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4144:0-19-822786-8
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4073:Borman, Tracy
4070:
4066:
4064:9780199251018
4060:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4034:1-84119-096-9
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4012:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3906:Monarchy poll
3900:
3897:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3798:
3796:9781862877009
3792:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:"Edward VIII"
3687:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3155:
3152:, p. 49.
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:Cheetham 1998
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:Cheetham 1998
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:Cheetham 1998
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:Cheetham 1998
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2837:, p. 83.
2836:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2789:, p. 77.
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2765:, p. 70.
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2729:, p. 66.
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:Bartlett 2000
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2513:, p. 12.
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:Huscroft 2016
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:, p. 16.
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:, p. 30.
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:Bartlett 2000
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:Jolliffe 1961
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:Huscroft 2016
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2354:, p. 28.
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:Huscroft 2016
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2294:, p. 13.
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:Victorian era
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:Prince Regent
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:This section
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Bishops' Wars
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Presbyterians
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Flodden Field
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:Western Isles
1578:
1577:Alexander III
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:in the west.
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:This section
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1428:Protestantism
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:House of York
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:Alice Perrers
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
910:
906:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Third Crusade
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:Thomas Becket
822:
818:
814:
813:invaded Wales
810:
799:
792:
787:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
697:
686:
681:
679:
675:
664:
660:
656:
655:royal forests
651:
645:great council
638:
637:
620:
619:
613:
609:
608:Anglo-Normans
605:
601:
597:
588:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:royal demesne
514:
513:primogeniture
510:
506:
501:
492:
481:
470:
466:
462:
458:
452:
444:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:. During the
335:
331:
330:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:British Isles
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:
216:
215:
212:
202:
201:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
137:
136:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
63:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
16:
4772:Crown Estate
4731:
4658:Royal Maundy
4622:Royal assent
4571:King's peace
4533:Elizabeth II
4402:
4397:Weir, Alison
4378:
4348:
4317:
4296:
4272:
4257:
4235:
4213:
4184:
4159:
4134:
4127:Cannon, John
4108:
4105:Butt, Ronald
4077:
4048:
4024:
4021:Ashley, Mike
4013:Bibliography
3999:. Retrieved
3995:
3986:
3975:, retrieved
3969:
3963:
3952:, retrieved
3945:the original
3932:
3926:
3915:, retrieved
3913:, April 2006
3905:
3899:
3888:, retrieved
3884:the original
3877:
3867:
3856:, retrieved
3852:the original
3846:
3839:
3830:26 September
3828:, retrieved
3824:the original
3818:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3785:
3755:. Retrieved
3741:
3729:
3709:. Retrieved
3695:
3680:
3669:
3665:
3636:(1): 34–49,
3633:
3629:
3623:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3573:
3568:
3555:
3544:, retrieved
3538:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3473:, retrieved
3467:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3304:
3292:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3183:. Retrieved
3169:
3165:"Henry VIII"
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3078:Starkey 2010
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
2991:Starkey 2010
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2943:Starkey 2010
2938:
2926:
2914:
2907:Starkey 2010
2902:
2890:
2883:Starkey 2010
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2823:Starkey 2010
2818:
2806:
2799:Starkey 2010
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2751:Starkey 2010
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2691:Starkey 2010
2686:
2674:
2662:
2655:Starkey 2010
2650:
2638:
2626:
2619:Starkey 2010
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2547:Starkey 2010
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2460:Starkey 2010
2455:
2443:
2431:
2424:Starkey 2010
2419:
2412:Starkey 2010
2407:
2395:
2390:, p. 9.
2383:
2371:
2366:, p. 4.
2359:
2347:
2335:
2330:, p. 3.
2323:
2311:
2306:, p. 2.
2299:
2287:
2275:
2218:
2206:
2197:
2194:Nazi Germany
2175:
2155:
2128:
2076:
2028:
1993:
1954:
1941:
1937:adding to it
1920:
1880:
1851:
1815:
1771:
1713:
1690:Lord Darnley
1683:
1668:
1633:
1622:
1609:John Balliol
1597:
1573:Alexander II
1554:
1523:
1488:
1475:
1471:adding to it
1462:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1357:Laudabiliter
1355:
1349:
1322:
1293:and brother
1265:
1219:
1171:
1159:Welsh Revolt
1145:
1122:Tracy Borman
1092:
1035:
1026:fleur-de-lis
988:
951:
920:
871:
837:
796:
735:
682:
652:
627:king's court
593:
547:
525:
523:(land tax).
502:
454:
412:Elizabeth II
389:
370:
327:
321:
246:
176:
172:LGBT history
15:
4747:Royal train
4538:Charles III
4523:Edward VIII
3977:30 November
3954:30 November
3941:Populus Ltd
3737:"George VI"
3525:Fraser 1975
3513:Fraser 1975
3489:Ashley 1998
3418:Fraser 1975
3406:Fraser 1975
3382:Fraser 1975
3361:Ashley 1998
3349:Ashley 1998
3337:Ashley 1998
3325:Ashley 1998
3309:Ashley 1998
3281:Ashley 1998
3269:Ashley 1998
3233:Fraser 1975
3221:Ashley 1998
3138:Fraser 1975
3126:Fraser 1975
3102:Fraser 1975
3066:Borman 2021
3018:Borman 2021
2979:Borman 2021
2955:Borman 2021
2919:Borman 2021
2871:Borman 2021
2835:Borman 2021
2811:Borman 2021
2787:Borman 2021
2763:Borman 2021
2715:Borman 2021
2511:Borman 2021
2475:Borman 2021
2388:Borman 2021
2364:Borman 2021
2328:Borman 2021
2304:Borman 2021
2178:Edward VIII
2167:New Zealand
2059:her husband
2020:Robert Peel
2008:the Regency
1933:British Raj
1784:. In 1653,
1762:Interregnum
1744:Anglicanism
1424:Elizabeth I
1372:. By 1541,
1345:Anne Boleyn
1299:Henry Tudor
1295:Richard III
1169:in France.
1080:impeachment
923:Henry III's
889:Magna Carta
757:the Anarchy
717:united the
674:White Tower
618:curia regis
459:all of the
416:Charles III
346:William III
338:Interregnum
317:Parliaments
313:Magna Carta
293:Plantagenet
4802:Categories
4668:Residences
4648:Coronation
4641:Ceremonial
4513:Edward VII
4503:William IV
4493:George III
4292:Jones, Dan
4268:Jones, Dan
4118:0094562202
3911:Ipsos MORI
3802:31 October
3769:required.)
3723:required.)
3475:14 October
3197:required.)
3042:Jones 2014
2967:Jones 2012
2931:Jones 2012
2895:Jones 2012
2859:Jones 2012
2847:Jones 2012
2775:Jones 2012
2739:Jones 2012
2679:Jones 2012
2667:Jones 2012
2643:Jones 2012
2595:Jones 2012
2268:References
2079:Edward VII
2012:William IV
1977:George III
1826:Tory Party
1778:Charles II
1720:Henry VIII
1708:See also:
1644:Robert III
1561:Malcolm IV
1534:Malcolm II
1501:, and the
1438:See also:
1329:Henry VIII
1283:Tewkesbury
1094:Richard II
1037:Edward III
1015:abdication
935:favourites
809:common law
685:William II
594:After the
566:coronation
539:chancellor
342:republican
152:Labour law
24:George III
4591:The Crown
4528:George VI
4498:George IV
4488:George II
4367:28474657M
4337:28819305M
4097:33944729M
4001:7 January
3658:147122057
3285:Weir 1996
3257:Weir 1996
3150:Lyon 2016
2727:Lyon 2016
2631:Lyon 2016
2607:Butt 1989
2583:Lyon 2016
2523:Lyon 2016
2487:Lyon 2016
2448:Lyon 2016
2280:Lyon 2016
2190:George VI
2163:Australia
2139:Dominions
2061:in 1861.
2006:. During
2000:George IV
1996:porphyria
1973:George II
1944:June 2022
1868:Jacobites
1732:Charles I
1686:John Knox
1660:James III
1636:Robert II
1511:Dál Riata
1478:June 2022
1408:Edward VI
1352:Adrian IV
1267:Edward IV
1246:Edward IV
1105:courtiers
1072:Aquitaine
991:Edward II
840:Richard I
831:, in the
815:, forced
721:with the
612:feudalism
556:and King
491:Æthelstan
408:George VI
396:Dominions
309:King John
4518:George V
4508:Victoria
4483:George I
4470:Monarchs
4423:35042093
4399:(1996).
4377:(2010).
4347:(2010).
4294:(2014).
4270:(2012).
4133:(1988).
4107:(1989).
4075:(2021).
4045:(2000).
4023:(1998).
3996:Statista
3917:6 August
3890:20 April
3858:20 April
3757:20 April
3711:20 April
3546:20 April
3185:20 April
2231:See also
2186:abdicate
2087:George V
2035:Victoria
1957:George I
1740:Puritans
1716:James VI
1698:James VI
1664:James IV
1656:James II
1625:David II
1601:Margaret
1538:Duncan I
1526:tanistry
1291:Edward V
1197:Henry VI
1148:Henry IV
1066:and the
1007:Isabella
953:Edward I
798:Henry II
455:By 865,
285:Scotland
192:Taxation
62:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
4732:History
4725:Related
4210:(ed.).
4156:(ed.).
3650:2192530
3584:. p.314
2091:Windsor
2039:Hanover
1794:Richard
1758:began.
1675:James V
1652:James I
1648:regents
1638:of the
1557:David I
1546:Malcolm
1542:Macbeth
1495:Britons
1362:Ireland
1174:Henry V
1028:to the
964:statute
921:During
696:Henry I
659:castles
602:to the
600:vassals
463:except
350:Mary II
281:England
263:of the
4421:
4411:
4385:
4365:
4355:
4335:
4325:
4304:
4280:
4243:
4222:
4192:
4168:
4141:
4115:
4095:
4085:
4061:
4031:
3793:
3763:
3717:
3656:
3648:
3616:824318
3614:
3580:
3191:
2159:Canada
2122:
2116:
2110:
1931:, and
1550:Lulach
1507:Scotti
1412:Mary I
1275:Barnet
1222:Calais
1206:; 2nd
1161:, the
1086:, the
1074:. The
872:John (
827:, the
753:barons
694:) and
632:) and
465:Wessex
289:Norman
140:Topics
37:on the
4600:Legal
3948:(PDF)
3937:(PDF)
3654:S2CID
3646:JSTOR
3612:JSTOR
3471:, BBC
2263:Notes
1503:Gaels
1491:Picts
1393:(see
1281:, at
1228:, as
1199:(1st
1172:King
738:Anjou
650:).
509:witan
305:Wales
4478:Anne
4419:OCLC
4409:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4323:ISBN
4302:ISBN
4278:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4166:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4083:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4003:2020
3979:2011
3956:2011
3919:2016
3892:2008
3860:2008
3832:2008
3804:2018
3791:ISBN
3759:2008
3713:2008
3578:ISBN
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