History of spiritism in Brazil

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of Spiritism in Brazil" and extended until 3 September. Visitors had the opportunity to appreciate various mediumistic works, such as psychographic writings in normal characters, shorthand and telegraphy in foreign languages (including Oriental languages), psychopictography, copies of correspondence between the Academic Society and foreign Spiritist associations, Spiritist newspapers and magazines from Europe and America, various Spiritist works, portraits of notable figures of Spiritism from various countries, as well as books and newspapers opposing the Doctrine. On this occasion, the newspaper "

1928:"It is the cocaine of nervous debilitated individuals who engage in the practice of Spiritism. And with one more aggravating factor: it is cheap, within reach of everyone, and precisely for this reason, it leads more people, many more, to asylums than the 'devil's dust,' the 'marvelous cocaine'... It is the toxic substance with which the mentally weak, future guests of insane asylums, poison themselves every day. They read it, assimilate it, include the diabolical essence of which it is composed, and merge the knowledge acquired in Spiritist sessions." 2021: 2008:

document aimed to unify the state federations around FEB. In the following year (1950), the National Federative Council was established, composed of representatives from the affiliated entities. Also in 1950, the Caravana da Fraternidade (Fraternity Caravan) departed from Rio de Janeiro to the Northeast Region of Brazil, including participants such as Lins de Vasconcelos, Carlos Jordão da Silva, and Leopoldo Machado. This resulted in an increase in the number of state federations in the country.

1698: 882:"We regret that Mr. Déchambre's erudition" – commented Kardec – "did not allow him to go further, because he would have found the phenomenon in ancient Egypt and India." (Op. cit., v. VIII, p. 334-335). The Spiritists in Bahia immediately refuted these articles in the very "Diário da Bahia", in the edition of 28 September. The letter that preceded the refutation, addressed to the editorial office of the Bahian newspaper and signed by Teles de Menezes, 2237:, which claimed 179 lives and left over 300 injured on 1 February 1974. Also in 1979, one of the most famous cases involving Chico Xavier and which had worldwide repercussion occurred: the case in which José Divino Nunes, accused of killing his best friend, Maurício Henriques, was acquitted by the judge, who accepted as valid evidence (among others presented by the defense) a psychographed text by Chico Xavier from the deceased victim himself. 1939: 1683: 796: 41: 2314: 1963:

Evangelho" was published, also psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier and attributed to the spirit of Humberto de Campos. The book narrates the formation of Brazil from a Spiritist perspective, in which spiritual entities are said to have influenced the country's main historical events, from the "diversion" of Cabral's fleet to the abolition of slavery, prophesying a prominent place among Christianity.

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one observes in the cinema, in those dances of Negroes, with their extravagant movements, contortions, and gestures." The professionals educated at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro considered Spiritism as a contagious pathology capable of incapacitating large human contingents for work. For this reason, it should be repressed by the authorities and eradicated through public health campaigns:

2302: 1981: 1600: 2350:", 2008). The popularity achieved by these authors, as well as the profits obtained from the sales of their works, however, sparked controversy among more orthodox followers of the Spiritist doctrine, under the argument of disinterest in classical authors (and the consequent decline in sales of their titles). Nevertheless, this did not prevent the emergence of successful authors such as 970: 981: 2072:– whose daughter had been treated by Arigó – and another in 1964, during which he spent a few months in prison but continued to perform mediumistic treatments. Chico Xavier completed his 100th psychographed book and always assigned the copyright of his psychographed books to charitable institutions, and he co-founded the "Christian Spiritist Communion" 1989:

Vergolino de Campos, widow of writer Humberto de Campos (who passed away in 1934), filed a lawsuit against FEB and medium Francisco Cândido Xavier, seeking to receive copyright over the psychographed messages attributed to her late husband. Also in this city and year, the Crusade of Spiritist Military Personnel was founded (10 December 1944).

1909:"The fight against Spiritism must be equated with the fight against syphilis, alcoholism, psychoactive drugs (opium, cocaine, etc.), tuberculosis, leprosy, worm diseases, and, in short, all the evils that contribute to the annihilation of the vital, physical, and psychic energies of our people, of our race in formation." 2730:). They distinguish themselves from traditional spiritist centers due to their greater emphasis on universalism (the common origin of religions) and the comparative study of Western and Eastern spiritualist religions and philosophies. There is also a more pronounced influence of Eastern schools of thought, such as 1308:" Two weeks later, on the 21st, the same committee returned to the palace to learn of the response to the considerations expressed in the exposition delivered to the Emperor. He stated that he had sent the papers to the Minister of the Empire to resolve the case and once again affirmed, with a touch of humor, " 1277:

extraordinary session to take defensive measures if the news were confirmed. Still on the same day, the Board of the Academic Society appeared before the Minister of Justice, who received them warmly, stating that there must have been some misunderstanding and that he would not allow the persecution of anyone.

2033: 1066:, a traditional newspaper of the Brazilian capital at the time, in an article published on 23 September 1863 in the section "Chronicles of Paris," addressed the shows about spirits that were popular in the theaters of Paris and then went on to make comments about Spiritism. This article is mentioned in the 2011:

In terms of dissemination, the Second Pan-American Spiritist Congress took place on 2 October 1949, in Rio de Janeiro, promoted by the Confederação Espírita Pan-Americana and the Liga Espírita do Brasil. Almost all Latin American countries, as well as the United States, participated in the event. The

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In 1944, Cornélio Pires published the work "Coisas D'Outro Mundo" (Things from Another World) on the theme of Spiritism. He would publish another Spiritist work in 1947 – "Onde estás, oh Morte?" (Where Are You, O Death?) – and after his death, his literary work would continue through the psychography

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Since the 1920s, clashes between Spiritism and psychiatry had been occurring in Brazil, which only ended around the mid-20th century due to advancements such as the research conducted between the 1950s and 1960s on mediumship in the country by French sociologist and ethnologist Roger Bastide. Bastide

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the decision of Bezerra de Menezes, who, after preaching the need for greater understanding among Spiritists through articles and advice, finally accepted the position of director of FEB, succeeding Ewerton Quadros, who had managed it from 1884 to 1888 and had been transferred to the then Province of

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On 17 August 1885, in a room on Rua da Alfândega, FEB inaugurated a cycle of public conferences that became prominent, with speakers including Elias da Silva, Bittencourt Sampaio, and other pioneers of Spiritism in the country. The increase in the public's attendance led these lectures to be moved to

1342:. The new institution aimed to bring together and guide Spiritist societies at the national level. Among its members was the name of Lima e Cirne. This Society launched a magazine in January 1881, the second Spiritist periodical in Rio de Janeiro, with Major Ewerton Castro as one of its contributors. 1988:

Also starting from 1943, the spirit André Luiz, through the mediumship of Francisco Cândido Xavier, began a series of books that address life in the spiritual plane. The first work, "Nosso Lar" (Our Home), was released in Rio de Janeiro the following year (1944). In the same year (1944), D. Catarina

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It was at this moment that the Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil, in its second phase, was reorganized and installed in the FEB's facilities, with Bezerra de Menezes as president and later Elias da Silva (1893). It was also Bezerra de Menezes who incorporated the "Grupo dos Humildes" (Group of

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It was Elias da Silva who, at the end of that year (27 December 1883), held a preparatory meeting for the reorganization of the movement in the Municipality of the Court at his own residence, given the apparent lack of understanding among the members of the various existing Spiritist entities there:

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In the state of Bahia, at the end of the decade, the charitable work of Divaldo Pereira Franco began. Together with a group of collaborators, he founded the Caminho da Redenção Spiritist Center in Salvador (7 September 1947), where the following year, under the guidance of the spirit Auta de Souza,

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In 1945, the Espírita Pedro de Alcântara Hospital was founded in Rio de Janeiro. In the same year, in São Paulo, initiated by its federations, a new process for the unification of the Spiritist movement in the country began, leading to the First Spiritist Congress of the State of São Paulo in 1947,

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During the context of World War II, starting from 1943, writer Monteiro Lobato held Spiritist sessions at his residence. These sessions, with his wife Dona Purezinha as the medium, were conducted using the method of the glass and were recorded by the writer himself and published posthumously in the

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Henrique Roxo (1877–1969) dedicated an entire chapter to Spiritism in his "Manual de Psiquiatria" (1921), reproducing the medical and Catholic discourse of the time, still marked by slavery, which attributed the belief in the country to remnants of African fetishism, observing: "One often sees what

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Historians of the movement record that at the time, there was an ideological and doctrinal division between the so-called "lay" or "scientific" individuals, represented by Prof. Angeli Torteroli, who advocated the scientific aspect of Spiritism, and the "mystics," led by Dr. Bezerra de Menezes, who

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To mark the first anniversary of the news about the repression of Spiritists, the I Espírita Exposition of Brazil was opened on 28 August 1882, at the headquarters of the Academic Society, at 120 Rua da Alfândega. The commemorative program, organized by the Society itself, was entitled "Celebration

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However, on 30 August, a Judicial Officer presented the Society with a copy of the summons from the 2nd Police Delegate of the Municipality of the Court, a summons that suspended and prohibited the meetings of the said Society, alleging that it was not legally constituted. Immediately, the Board of

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The decade ended with the reform of the Penal Code (1940), which no longer explicitly criminalized the practice of Spiritism. However, in the following year (1941), all Spiritist centers in the then federal capital were suspended by police order, similarly to all Afro-Brazilian temples. In Rio de

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During this time, on 28 August 1897, the "Center of Spiritist Union for Propagation in Brazil" held the "Permanent Spiritist Congress," paying tribute to the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity," which had been the target of an attempted persecution against spiritists in 1881. However, the

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announced in their pages, in an exclusive report, the police order that banned the activities of the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity" and its affiliated centers, making Spiritists who contradicted the police provisions subject to criminal sanctions. On the same day, the Society held an

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At that time, a significant event occurred: Spiritists, either due to disagreement of ideas or criminal pretension, created a considerable number of groups, whose members, for the most part, were unaware of the most rudimentary precepts of the Doctrine. Any Spiritist would form a group, solely to

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Espiritism was also one of the religions that showed growth (65%) since the census conducted in 2000: it went from 1.3% of the population (2.3 million) in 2000 to 2% in 2010 (3.8 million). (...) Also, in the highest position when it comes to income, 19.7% of Spiritists declared themselves in the

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Given the movement in São Paulo in favor of unification, the most important event of the period took place in Rio de Janeiro: the approval of the eighteen items of the Pacto Áureo (Golden Pact), considered the most important document of the Spiritist movement in the country (5 October 1949). The

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presidency of the Second Congress was entrusted to Argentine doctor Luís Di Cristóforo Postiglione, who invited Francisco Klörs Wemeck and Deolindo Amorim to serve as secretaries. Representatives from almost all Latin American countries, as well as the United States, participated in this event.

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In 1933, the Union Federativa Espírita was founded in São Paulo, affiliated with FEB. Later, in 1936, the Liga Espírita was created in the same state, affiliated with the Liga Espírita do Brasil. In the same year, through Radio Cultura de Araraquara in the interior of São Paulo, Cairbar Schutel

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It was also in 1931 that the spirit Emmanuel presented himself to medium Francisco Cândido Xavier, initiating a joint work that would continue until the end of the medium's life. The following year, FEB released the book "Parnaso de Além-Túmulo" (6 July 1932), psychographed by Francisco Cândido

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With Júlio César Leal's resignation from the presidency of FEB, after seven months in office due to a profound administrative, financial, and ideological crisis experienced by the institution, Bezerra de Menezes accepted to assume the position once again on 3 August 1895. In the exercise of his

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Concerned about possible pockets of resistance to the regime, the Government authorized the police to raid meetings and homes in search of opponents. As a result, in 1891, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, several spiritists were detained. Persecuted and prohibited from gathering, the few existing

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in the country in 1937, repression against Spiritism increased. FEB itself was closed by the police (27 October) and reopened three days later by order of the then Minister of Justice, Dr. José Carlos de Macedo Soares. In the following year (1938), the work "Brasil, Coração do Mundo, Pátria do

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The doctoral candidate appealed to the Brazilian League of Mental Hygiene and the Catholic Church to sensitize public opinion and the established powers, even proposing an "anti-Spiritist week" similar to the existing "anti-alcohol week" to mobilize society against this evil.

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In his work "Espiritismo e Loucura" (1931), Antônio Xavier de Oliveira stated that of the cases he studied at the "Pavilhão de Assistência a Psicopatas," 1,723 people went mad "solely and exclusively due to Spiritism." And regarding "O Livro dos Médiuns" (The Mediums' Book):

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In the same year (1931), Murilo de Campos and Leonídio Ribeiro published the anti-Spiritism book "O Espiritismo no Brasil," seeking to relate Spiritism to Medicine, where it is stated: "The practice of Spiritism is a police problem, it is a crime against the penal code."

1537:, limited himself to stating that the text referred to the practice of so-called "low Spiritism." On 22 December 1890, Bezerra de Menezes, as the president of the "Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil," sent an official letter to the President of the Republic, Marshal 1074:, where Kardec comments that the author of the article did not delve into the study of Spiritism, of which he was ignorant of the theoretical aspects. However, Kardec praises his sensible behavior in the face of the facts, for which he did not raise reckless theories. " 2628:

manifested on Earth not in a physical body, but in a spiritual form. In Brazil, the resulting historical controversy contributed to and fueled a long-standing division between so-called "mystical" and "scientific" spiritists, with ongoing repercussions to this day.

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spiritist centers found themselves forced to close their doors to avoid the penalties of the law. FEB itself was obliged to suspend the publication of its magazine, the "Reformador," at that time. However, it was in this context that Bezerra de Menezes founded the

1668:(7 June 1923), who had been an uncompromising opponent of Spiritism but converted to it after participating in a conversation over the telephone between his deceased granddaughter and her mother. In the same year, he delivered a speech about his adherence to the 1400:, the most widely circulated periodical of the time. Under the name "Estudos Filosóficos – Espiritismo" (Philosophical Studies – Spiritism), the articles were regularly published on Sundays from 23 October 1887, to December 1893, signed under the pseudonym "Max." 1374:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation) was founded on 1 January 1884, considered as the "House of Ismael," with the aim of federating all groups through a "balanced or mixed program" and disseminating Spiritism through all means, especially the press and books. 1315:

Although the police order was never officially revoked, it also did not proceed. Finally, in an official letter dated 10 January 1882, addressed to H.M. D. Pedro de Alcântara, Emperor of Brazil, the Board of the Academic Society expressed its jubilation

3639:(...) Espiritism followers have the highest proportions of people with completed higher education (31.5%) and literacy rate (98.6%), as well as the lowest percentages of individuals with no education (1.8%) and with incomplete primary education (15.0%). 3147:, delivered during the Spiritist Conference Brazil-Portugal (Salvador (BA), 16–19 March 2000), attributes the work "The Times Are Coming" to the authorship of Professor Lieutaud and the translation of "Spiritism in Its Simplest Expression" to Professor 2752:

Although not a religious or doctrinal current, Apometry was based on teachings dictated by spirits. It emerged in the 1960s as an alternative treatment for patients given up by conventional medicine. Through a systematization effort coordinated by Dr.

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Also emerged as a dissent from the spiritist movement, since September 2002. While not ceasing to follow Spiritist Doctrine, it claims to do so with greater seriousness than the Brazilian movement itself, which is an argument used for distancing.

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This episode is referred to by some authors as the founding of the "Centro Espírita do Brasil" (Spiritist Center of Brazil) on 21 April 1889, with Bezerra as its first president, which established the first School of Mediums along with Elias da

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reiterated the Catholic condemnation of Spiritism. In the same year, the Brazilian Spiritist Federation (FEB) declared that practitioners of Umbanda could be considered Spiritists, which caused strong reactions within the Spiritist movement.

1220:" (Group of the Humble), popularly known as the "Sayão Group" (15 July 1880). This group, in its first phase, which lasted about a year, held productive meetings. Later, the group came to be called the "Ismael Group" and integrated into the 1180:

However, ideological disagreements between those advocating for a "scientific" Spiritism and others supporting a "mystical" Spiritism, led to dissensions within the Society of Studies. Initially, in 1877, a group separated to establish the

897:", which led Kardec to state: "The verbatim quotations from Spiritist works are, in fact, the best refutation of the distortions that certain critics impose on the Doctrine." (Op. cit., p. 336. Apud Zêus Vantuil and Francisco Thiesen. 1050: 2581:

Spiritists are strongly associated with charitable practices. They maintain nursing homes, orphanages, schools for underprivileged people, daycare centers, and other social assistance and promotion institutions in all Brazilian states.

730:), who published a work with spiritualist teachings in 1844. The oldest group of these scholars and practitioners was formed in Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of the Empire of Brazil, around the figure of the physician and historian 3294:

The medium was visited by a committee from the Brazilian Spiritist Federation, composed of Bezerra de Menezes, Antônio Sayão, and others, at a boarding house in Glória, where he was staying. Slade provided undeniable evidence of his

2189:". The first interview took place on the night of 28 July, which achieved the highest audience rating in the history of Brazilian television, and the second on 21 December 1971, which was also a great success in terms of viewership. 2907:

The arguments of Dr. Bezerra de Menezes in favor of his spiritist orientation are nothing more than colorful soap bubbles blown by his mysticism to dazzle the ignorant simplicity of those who do not know or do not want to bother to

1193:(Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity) (3 October 1879), following the orientation of the "scientific" group, which opposed the religious character of the Doctrine. Consequently, a final group, under the leadership of medium 1617:

On 15 April 1905, the headquarters of FEB, located at 97 Rosário Street in the historic center of the city, was visited by officials from the General Directorate of Public Health, who issued citations against the medium Dr.

2590:, all derived from Kardec's works, the Spiritist publishing market in Brazil exceeds 4,000 titles published and over 100 million copies sold. Spiritist books top the bestseller list in major bookstores in the country. 1268:, who would later become one of the founders of the FEB and its first president (7 June). However, the year was marked by the beginning of official persecution of Spiritism (28 August). The Rio de Janeiro newspapers 2586:, the codifier of Spiritism, is a well-known and respected figure in Brazil. He is the most widely read French author in the country, with his books selling over 25 million copies nationwide. If we consider other 1522:

to incite feelings of hatred or love, to claim to heal curable or incurable diseases, in short, to fascinate and subjugate public credulity. Penalty: imprisonment from 1 to 6 months and a fine of 100$ 000 to 500$

3455:, July 1953, p. 149). Years later, in 1958, the Second Brazilian Congress of Journalism and Spiritist Writers opposed considering Umbandists as Spiritists. Two decades later, in 1978, the official FEB magazine 1362:(21 January 1883). The idea of publishing the latter was influenced by a Pastoral Letter opposing Spiritism, published in 1882 by the Bishop of Rio de Janeiro, which prompted responses from the physician 1575:

The following year (1894), with the easing of the political situation, Augusto Elias, together with Fernandes Figueira and Alfredo Pereira, launched a fundraising campaign to support FEB's projects. The

1118:. Its activities also included free homeopathic prescriptions and the application of passes to those in need. However, its greatest virtue was promoting the translation of Kardec's basic works into the 956:

was founded in Salvador, a continuation of the "Family Group of Spiritism," and the following year (1874), in the same city, some members of this association founded the "Santa Teresa de Jesus Group."

2502:(2010), a documentary film directed by Cristiana Grumbach, showing the testimony of families who received news from their deceased loved ones through letters psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1951:

Xavier, which gained great repercussion in the Brazilian press, just as the collection "Do País da Luz" had in Portugal at the beginning of the century, through the mediumship of Fernando de Lacerda.

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the "Centro da União Espírita do Brasil," the "Grupo dos Humildes," the "Grupo Espírita Fraternidade," and the "Sociedade Acadêmica Deus, Cristo e Caridade." As a result of this understanding, the

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Still in this context, Antônio Luís Sayão, who unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity" with the "Fraternity Spiritist Group," founded, together with

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ceased circulation in the last quarter of that year. The "Fraternity Spiritist Group," after changing its bylaws and renaming itself the "Psychological Fraternity Society," dissolved during the

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at the Salão da Guarda Velha in Rio de Janeiro. That same year, the prescribing mediumship service of FEB reached its highest number of consultations, with nearly 400,000 people attended to.

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Matos, who had been attending spiritist centers in Santos since 1909, believed that there was an excess of religiosity and mysticism among spiritist followers, and that Spiritism should be "

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In this context, on 6 September 1881, the first Spiritist Congress in Brazil took place, promoted by the Academic Society. On the same day, a committee of Spiritists was received by Emperor

1796:, where she began receiving messages from spirits of suicide victims through her mediumship. The following year (May 1927), the first spiritist session was held at the Xavier residence in 875:", where the doctor made a semi-burlesque exposition of the subject, stating, for example, that the phenomenon of turning and speaking tables had already been mentioned by the Greek poet 4769: 2064:

to thousands of people and faced two legal proceedings accusing him of witchcraft and illegal practice of medicine: one in 1958, in which he was not imprisoned because he received a

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It was also in Bahia that the reaction of the Catholic Church began, through the pastoral letter "Against the Pernicious Errors of Spiritism", authored by the then Archbishop of the

2129:, created the gathering known as Concafras-PSE – Fraternity Campaigns of Auta de Souza and Spiritist Social Promotion, held annually during the Carnival period in different cities. 1088:

We verify, with satisfaction, that the Spiritist idea is making significant progress in Rio de Janeiro, where it has numerous fervent and devoted representatives. The small booklet

1304:, to whom they handed a document with a detailed exposition of the facts and a request for justice to be served. The Emperor, on that occasion, is also said to have stated: " 4596: 2084:, where they conducted extensive mediumistic and philanthropic activities. He was also accused of fraud (which was not proven and later retracted), in 1958, by his nephew 3432: 1977:

work "Monteiro Lobato e o Espiritismo" (Monteiro Lobato and Spiritism). Sessions were even held in Argentina during the writer's trips to that country from 1946 to 1947.

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Considering the wide horizons of written propaganda, we believe it will render extremely important services for popularizing the philosophical principles of Spiritism.

3626: 2088:, and he was involved, along with Waldo Vieira, in the scandal of the so-called "materializations of Uberaba" in 1964, which was covered in 70 pages of the magazine " 2169: 1592:

and Bezerra de Menezes, who resigned from it in 1896 due to a campaign of personal insults against him, as he was considered a mystic who did not bother to reason.

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in 2010, there were 3.8 million followers of the Spiritist Doctrine in Brazil. Spiritists are the social segment with the highest income and education level.

718:, from Portugal, who arrived in the country in 1840 and applied it to their patients. Among the personalities interested in the study of the "vital fluid" were 3449:

Based on Kardec, we can say: anyone who believes in spirit manifestations is a Spiritist; now, Umbandists believe in them, therefore Umbandists are Spiritists.

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During the tumultuous days that stretched from the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (1888) to the proclamation of the Republic (1889), the following stand out:

3851: 4909: 3225:. The same author indicates that the November edition of the magazine of the Academic Society presents a list of affiliated institutions until that month. 1676: 1560:

against the Penal Code, once again in vain, as the code's review committee did not meet their demands. Faced with external and internal difficulties, the

859:" in its editions of 26 and 27 September 1865, published two articles, a Portuguese translation of those that had been published six years earlier by Dr. 1973:

Janeiro, the Society of Medicine and Spiritism of Rio de Janeiro was founded (11 June 1941), with Dr. Levindo Gonçalves de Mello as its first president.

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Verdadeira Medicina Física e Espiritual associada a Cirurgia: jornal cientifico sobre as ciências ocultas e especialmente de propaganda magnetotherapia

777: 2953: 2722:, it dates back to the second half of the 1950s, when some spiritist centers began studying and defending the works and ideas dictated by the spirit 3183:: due to ideological affinity, almost all of the "mystics" defended it, while the majority of the "scientists" repudiated it. in: QUINTELLA, Mauro. 2107: 1189:(Charity Spiritist Group) (8 June). Both had short durations and had disappeared by 1879. In the same year, the Society of Studies gave way to the 1852:, the founding of a spiritist center at Palmella Farm (1929), which later became the municipality of Palmelo, known today as the "Spiritist City." 1997:

in favor of unification. The following year (1948), the Centro-Sulino Spiritist Congress, also in favor of unification, took place in São Paulo.

1106:(Society of Spiritist Studies – Confucius Group), in 1873. As stated in its bylaws, it was to follow the principles and formalities set forth in 935: 719: 1297:, contacted the Chief of Police, who, despite receiving them amiably, resolved nothing, suggesting that the order came from a higher authority. 890:, suggests that the newspaper published Dr. Déchambre's work because it believed that it provided an accurate assessment of Spiritist Doctrine. 4644: 4589: 4528: 3823: 4819: 1729: 3054: 1162: 4431: 2441:

The end of the first decade of the century was marked by the use of cinema as a means of dissemination. The following films were released:

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he started the "Campanha de Fraternidade Auta de Souza" (Auta de Souza Fraternity Campaign) to assist families in need (9 September 1948).

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The proposal was to establish an ideologically neutral institution that would not be either "mystical" or "scientific." QUINTELLA, Mauro.

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publicly proclaimed his Spiritist convictions before an audience of over a thousand people (1,500 or two thousand, according to sources).

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To prove the neutrality of the new society, scientists Angeli Torteroli and Joaquim Távora were invited to register as founding members.

3113: 2248:(1983), a permanent institutional campaign aimed at promoting collective deepening in the studies of the Spiritist Doctrine. Journalist 865: 633: 4451: 2140: 1103: 706:

In Brazil the ideas that gave rise to Spiritism date back to the early experiences with the so-called "vital fluid" (animal magnetism,

3814: 3352: 3323: 3124: 2402: 694: 108: 2233:" psychographed by Chico Xavier. This is the first Brazilian film with a central spiritist theme and the only one that portrayed the 1914:

João Coelho Marques, "Espiritismo e Ideias Delirantes," Doctoral thesis presented to the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, 1929.

4748: 4685: 4582: 3585: 682: 98: 980: 844:. It was in this group that Teles de Menezes came into contact with the strange phenomena and corresponded with French Spiritists. 659: 4904: 3176: 2446: 1892: 1170: 928: 4794: 4416: 2420: 2330:

In terms of publishing, popular Spiritist literature gained popularity with the so-called "Spiritist novels," by authors such as

1588:, under the direction of Prof. Angeli Torteroli, located at 9 Silva Jardim Street. Its board of directors included names such as 1443: 1403:

the message of the spirit of Allan Kardec in the "Grupo Espírita Fraternidade," calling on Spiritists to seek harmony (1888); and

1190: 4712: 2398: 2158: 1657:(31 March 1926), which had a similar purpose. In response, the Federative Council of FEB met for the first time that same year. 1568:, and on Christmas of that same year, Bezerra de Menezes concluded the series "Philosophical Studies" he had been publishing in 1024:

In 1860, Professor Casimir Lieutaud, founder and director of the French School in Rio de Janeiro, published the translation, in

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This first police action against Spiritism resulted in the foundation, in Rio de Janeiro, in September or October 1881, of the

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functions, he imparted an evangelical orientation to the institution's work and remained in office until his passing in 1900.

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Outside the Municipality of the Court, during this period, the founding of the Spiritist newspaper "A Cruz" (The Cross) in

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satisfy their vanity by giving it a name they revered. Only a few groups were productive, but they were too few in number."

4919: 4879: 4859: 3818: 3593: 3331: 2644: 2275: 2025: 1037: 688: 585: 103: 40: 3932: 2697:" in 1914, which became a fundamental work of the new doctrine, now distributed under the title "Christian Rationalism." 1877: 136: 4914: 4814: 4753: 4690: 4649: 4068: 3562: 2989: 2758: 2133: 1969:

During this decade, the medium Francisco Peixoto Lins, affectionately referred to as "Peixotinho," also began his work.

1619: 1424: 1351: 1335: 1265: 289: 3499: 2000:

With the end of the Estado Novo, the Brazilian Constitution of 1946 guaranteed broad religious freedom in the country.

1489:(15 November 1889), on 22 December, the FEB congratulates the Provisional Government for the advent of the new regime. 1133:

In 1875, the Confúcio Group launched the second Spiritist periodical in the country (the first in Rio de Janeiro), the

4955: 4889: 4804: 4675: 4629: 3844: 3837: 3151:, mentioning that the latter's name as a translator only appeared in the third edition of the work, published in 1862. 2286: 1856:

The first major dissensions within the spiritist movement occurred in the early 20th century. The first took place in

1831: 1557: 1182: 999:, the first Spiritist sessions were held by French individuals, many of whom were political exiles from the regime of 833: 4854: 4695: 4619: 4446: 2946: 2880: 2690: 2479: 2052: 1942:

An allegory representing Chico Xavier psychographing a message from Emmanuel, according to the Spiritist perspective.

1805: 1740: 1718: 1492:

However, since the country still did not have a Constitution, Decree No. 847, dated 11 October 1890, promulgated the

1331:(Twenty-Eighth of August Spiritist Group), a date that the Spiritists of that time wanted to preserve for posterity. 953: 751: 723: 600: 4864: 4799: 4553: 2660: 2324: 2252:

brought to public attention what would become a media phenomenon in the country, with international projection: the

2106:

In the context of the federative movement that spread after the signing of the so-called "Golden Pact," in 1953 the

1865: 1842: 1463: 1290: 731: 4894: 4884: 4829: 4743: 4680: 3612: 3560:

Bisturi suspeito: Engenheiro que incorpora o Doutor Fritz é acusado de homicídio, charlatanismo e sonegação fiscal.

2430:

For the movement in the country, the 21st century brought the advent of Spiritist television with channels such as

1801: 1371: 1238: 1221: 841: 4849: 4159: 4108: 2932:

Professor Rivail had heard about the subject a year earlier (1854), through a friend, Mr. Fortier, who was also a

1751: 1546: 1386: 1282: 1194: 382: 329: 4869: 4809: 4380: 4375: 2562: 2161:

was founded, which soon influenced the emergence of several other medical-spiritist associations in the country.

1202: 1169:. Its doctrinal program, in which the work codified by Allan Kardec was an essential part, included the study of 4824: 4774: 4722: 4319: 2506: 1793: 1650: 1378:

Salão da Guarda Velha (in the street of the same name, currently Av. 13 de Maio), where, on 16 August 1886, Dr.

939: 887: 542: 4259: 4063: 2905:

The "mystics" would also be called "bezerrists." Bezerra, in fact, would be attacked through notes like this: "

2719: 2144: 1812: 1584:

advocated the religious aspect. Thus, on 4 April 1894, the "Center of Spiritist Union" changed its name to the

909: 605: 482: 284: 4705: 4700: 4639: 4365: 4329: 3906: 3530: 3415: 3400: 2798: 2550: 2394: 2268: 2042: 1789: 1701: 1534: 1431: 1294: 1209: 1147: 1122:. The reaction in the press of the time is expressed, for example, in a comment published in the pages of the 946: 552: 4717: 4513: 3180: 3140: 2853: 2754: 2617: 2539: 2526: 2371: 2257: 2151: 1643: 1629:

The new headquarters of FEB, on Sacramento Street (now Avenida Passos), was inaugurated on 10 December 1911.

1363: 1339: 1286: 1186: 1174: 626: 4234: 4184: 3891: 2702:

the science of sciences, the philosophy of philosophies, but should not be linked to any religious dimension

2355: 2335: 2126: 1759: 1690: 1438:(1836–1912), sympathized with the Spiritist doctrine. In the literary field, noteworthy individuals include 1359: 1228: 973: 883: 735: 647: 457: 407: 3104:

PALMEIRA, Vivian. "Curious Stories of Spiritism". in: "Universos Espírita", no. 49, year 5, 2008. pp. 8–12.

2672: 2555: 2279: 2089: 1140: 879:(300–250 BC), from which he concluded that, since this phenomenon was not new, it had no basis in reality. 802:

It is claimed that the history of Spiritism in Brazil dates back to the year 1845 when, in the district of

781:

Parisian salon with people practicing three variations of turning tables with a ring, a table, and a hat. (

743: 126: 4654: 4523: 4472: 4219: 4033: 3992: 3886: 3389:

FULLER, John Grant. Arigo: Surgeon of the Rusty Knife. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1974. ISBN 0690005121

2950: 2656: 2587: 2519: 2331: 2204: 2193: 2032: 2020: 1873: 1686: 1654: 1459: 1029: 1000: 811: 715: 658:" became a popular fad. In France, this type of phenomenon, in 1855, caught the attention of the educator 442: 254: 151: 4426: 4355: 4304: 4269: 4128: 4073: 2061: 1714: 1622:

for the illegal practice of Medicine. In the subsequent legal process against the then-president of FEB,

1589: 1474: 924: 860: 803: 755: 527: 492: 349: 294: 4533: 4289: 4254: 4169: 3876: 3868: 3713: 3547: 2829: 2682: 2599: 2543: 2387: 2379: 2347: 2339: 2317: 2200: 2047: 1649:

The centralizing role of FEB at the national level was questioned in the 1920s with the founding of the

1639: 1565: 1553: 1217: 1009: 747: 512: 477: 392: 354: 60: 4395: 4390: 4224: 4179: 4164: 4133: 4113: 3728: 2253: 2218: 1603: 1056: 913: 727: 674:". The foundation of the Spiritist doctrine is contained in this book and four others published later: 447: 402: 387: 334: 4482: 4421: 4053: 4023: 2686: 2359: 2073: 1881: 1135: 1014: 871: 580: 274: 244: 206: 196: 4467: 4279: 4264: 4239: 4194: 4174: 4058: 3957: 2778: 2678: 2491: 2475: 2383: 2375: 2211: 2119: 2069: 1959: 1869: 1763: 1501: 1493: 1454:(1847–1871), who intended to write a Spiritist work as the final poem of "Os Escravos" (The Slaves); 1415: 1111: 1107: 894: 856: 711: 676: 664: 502: 487: 462: 417: 397: 279: 166: 93: 88: 4078: 4028: 3148: 2762: 2435: 2351: 2327:, a virtual study and news dissemination group that brought the Spiritist movement to the Internet. 1623: 1185:(Spiritist Congregation Angel Ismael) (20 May). The following year (1878), another group formed the 1018: 299: 249: 4624: 4508: 4487: 4249: 3987: 3901: 3860: 3715:

Afinal, espiritismo é religião? A doutrina espírita na formação da diversidade religiosa brasileira

3162: 2784: 2727: 2611: 2531: 2466: 2451: 2367: 2343: 2182: 2096: 1710: 1614:

By 1904, there were no less than 19 periodicals dedicated to Spiritism circulating in the country.

1450:" – "The Volunteers of the Fatherland") incorporating Spiritist elements; and sympathizers such as 1273: 1198: 1151: 1123: 1119: 1093: 1069: 1063: 1025: 920: 472: 224: 176: 32: 4543: 4339: 3952: 2455: 1755: 1338:(Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil) was founded within the "Academic Society," by Professor 562: 161: 4950: 4659: 4634: 4360: 4214: 4199: 4189: 3927: 3051: 2834: 2821: 2459: 2222: 2085: 1669: 1538: 1379: 1347: 1301: 1155: 984: 619: 437: 422: 412: 131: 22: 4334: 4043: 3655: 3456: 3452: 3235: 3196: 3030: 2431: 2230: 2186: 1778: 1697: 1355: 1281:

the Academic Society sent letters to the Chief of Police and the Minister of Justice, Counselor

1233: 822: 557: 264: 4385: 3697: 1533:, who was then the Minister of Justice, but without success. The rapporteur of the Penal Code, 4839: 4605: 4370: 4098: 4008: 3937: 3606: 3348: 3012: 2857: 2747: 2409: 2241: 2046:, popularly known as "Zé Arigó" – whose mediumistic practice was not strictly affiliated with 1820: 1455: 1435: 783: 739: 319: 181: 141: 4477: 2723: 2713: 229: 4309: 4154: 3977: 3004: 2933: 2567: 2486: 2363: 1938: 1827: 1732:, on Futuro Street, Aflitos neighborhood, on 26 August 1894, the first spiritist society in 1682: 1661: 1439: 1397: 1126:, accusing Spiritism of creating "madmen" and calling for police intervention, concluding: " 996: 905: 829: 795: 532: 377: 3675: 3320: 3121: 3079:(14 October 2014). Aventuras na História – Guia do Estudante. Accessed on 18 November 2014. 2598:

Throughout the history of Spiritism in the country, the following schisms or dissents from

2143:(IBPP) was founded in the city of São Paulo by the engineer and Spiritist parapsychologist 1096:, contributed, not insignificantly, to spreading the true principles of the Doctrine there. 912:

by Teles de Menezes. It was this same individual who guided, that year, the first recorded

4324: 4244: 4229: 4204: 3972: 3706: 3589: 3570: 3566: 3503: 3436: 3327: 3128: 3058: 2957: 2234: 1816: 815: 814:, the year would have been 1849, characterized by a confrontation between elements of the 547: 467: 452: 427: 191: 3582: 2554:(2011), directed by André Marouço and Michel Dubret, with a screenplay loosely based on " 2177:

The 1970s began with two historic interviews with Chico Xavier, aired by the now-defunct

1646:

was founded in 1919, a traditional charitable institution that has survived to this day.

2036:

Postage stamp from the Post Office in honor of the centenary of Kardec's passing (1969).

1556:, the Government further hardened the regime. Spiritists submitted a new protest to the 1322:

a clear sign that the persecutions initiated against Spiritism and Spiritists have ended

4548: 3776: 3543: 2249: 2100: 1966:

In 1939, the First Brazilian Congress of Journalists and Spiritist Writers took place.

1797: 1721:

and a periodical with the same name, composed and printed in its own typography (1890);

1004: 992: 969: 655: 2659:), an incident culminated in the manifestation of an entity that identified itself as 2313: 4939: 4284: 4013: 3982: 3896: 2511: 2471: 2240:

The 1980s were marked by the campaign to propose Chico Xavier as a candidate for the

1047:

The first newspaper to publish translated excerpts from Allan Kardec's works was the

821:

The phenomenon of turning tables was first reported in the country by the newspaper "

507: 234: 201: 70: 2154:

launched the informational newsletter "Serviço Espírita de Informações" (May 1965).

2040:

In the country, Spiritism in the 1950s and 1960s was marked by two major phenomena:

1427:, the Grupo Espírita Fraternidade (Fraternity Spiritist Group) would also join FEB. 4294: 4274: 4209: 4149: 4088: 4048: 4018: 3947: 3745: 2794: 2790: 2766: 2625: 2621: 2583: 2535: 2515: 2226: 2081: 1774: 1747: 1530: 1505: 1451: 1115: 759: 670: 517: 497: 432: 372: 309: 269: 239: 156: 55: 3627:"IBGE: com maior rendimento e instrução, espíritas crescem 65% no País em 10 anos" 2301: 1933:

António Xavier de Oliveira, "Espiritismo e Loucura," Rio de Janeiro, 1921, p. 211.

1901:

demonstrated the prejudices and ethnocentrism in previous studies on the subject.

4314: 4299: 4118: 4103: 4083: 4038: 2290: 2092:," accompanied by 87 photographs, in eleven editions over a three-month period. 1980: 1782: 1665: 1599: 1458:, who conducted Spiritist sessions and engaged in psychography in his hometown; 1285:, demonstrating the arbitrariness of that measure. A committee, composed of Dr. 1165:(Society of Spiritist Studies God, Christ, and Charity), under the direction of 837: 654:(1848), the phenomena quickly spread to Europe where, in France, the so-called " 651: 537: 522: 339: 324: 304: 259: 2494:, based on the book of the same name psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 2196:(1971) was founded, becoming the first spiritist radio station in the country. 2173:

Serviço Espírita de Informações in Portuguese, Esperanto, Spanish, and English.

2056:, popularly known as "Chico Xavier". Zé Arigó, while "receiving" the spirit of 1642:, who was responsible for it for over three decades. Under his presidency, the 3967: 3962: 3474: 2652: 2125:

Also in 1957, in Ribeirão Preto, the caravan members of Auta de Souza, led by

1857: 1733: 1519: 1497: 1423:

the Humble), later renamed "Grupo Ismael" (Ismael Group), into FEB. After the

1269: 1150:, who in 1875 presented the first translation of "The Spirits' Book" into the 876: 186: 171: 3559: 3016: 1477:

on 6 July 1881, the first Spiritist periodical in the capital of Pernambuco.

4558: 4538: 4518: 4503: 4123: 3494: 2860:, claimed to be the newspaper with the highest circulation in South America. 2789:

It emerged in the mid-1960s with the end of the partnership between mediums

2413: 2264: 2099:

settled in Brazil, initiating a wide dissemination of his interpretation of

2057: 1766:'s spiritist advocacy, who founded a spiritist center and began publishing " 836:

was founded in August 1857, with the participation of personalities such as

707: 344: 2951:

Historical-Biographical Dictionary of Health Sciences in Brazil (1832–1930)

2412:, further fueling the controversy surrounding the activities of the entity 1264:(Humility and Fraternity Spiritist Group) was founded, with the support of 893:

The refutation consisted of an extensive excerpt from the introduction of "

810:, the first manifestations were said to have been registered. According to 3709:. Brazilian Cultural Studies, North America, 224 07 2013. p. 106-124. 3311:(National Library History Magazine), year 3, no. 33, June 2008, pp. 14–19. 2663:, who announced the foundation of a new religion in the country: Umbanda. 2522:" and the work "O Avesso de um Balzac Contemporâneo" by Osmar Ramos Filho. 1334:

As a result of the Spiritist Congress, on 3 October of the same year, the

4093: 2735: 2731: 2570:, based on the homonymous work psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1849: 1838: 1767: 1515: 1446:(1806–1879), who held psychographic sessions in Paris and wrote a play (" 1408: 1260:

The following year (1881), as an offshoot of the "Fraternity Group," the

650:

events in Hydesville, New York, United States, via the mediumship of the

314: 3742:. Catanduva (SP): InterVidas, 2009. 256p. photos. ISBN 978-85-60960-00-2 2210:

In 1975, the first Brazilian soap opera with a central spiritist theme,

1310:

No one will persecute them. But... they shouldn't try to be martyrs now.

1059:, not because he considered himself a Spiritist, but rather a democrat. 904:

This episode coincided with the foundation, in the same year (1865), in

4563: 3922: 2638: 2178: 2077: 1861: 1102:

In this capital, the first Spiritist institution to be founded was the

3829: 3307:

GIUMBELLI, Emerson. "Kardec nos Trópicos" (Kardec in the Tropics). in

1955:

started the first Spiritist radio program in the country (19 August).

1389:(Seventh of March Spiritist Group), which remained active until 1890. 1003:(1852–1870), in the 1860s. Some of these pioneers were the journalist 722:, the patriarch of Independence, also a cultivator of homeopathy, and 3723:

Da Elite ao Povo. Advento e Expansão do Espiritismo no Rio de Janeiro

3404:. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; pp. 20 and 189. 3280:

The Brazilian Spiritist Federation is in the process of organization.

3175:

At the root of the divergence was the appreciation/study of the work

2065: 1725: 1634: 1514:

It is a crime to practice Spiritism, magic, and their spells, to use

1470: 4574: 3303: 3301: 2478:, follows the footsteps of the previous film and tells the story of 2323:

The 1990s were marked by the establishment, in October 1992, of the

698:, 1868. These combined books are called the "Kardecist Pentateuch". 3008: 3534:. 2nd edition. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; pg. 226 3459:

published that the designation of "Spiritists" for Umbandists is "

2408:

In 1999, there was a scandal involving accusations against medium

2312: 2300: 2168: 2031: 2019: 1979: 1937: 1891: 1770:" (1905), a periodical that continues to be published to this day; 1696: 1681: 1598: 1248:

Regarding this turbulent period, researcher Pedro Richard stated:

979: 968: 807: 794: 776: 3087: 3085: 1876:" (Rational and Scientific Christian Spiritism), systematized by 662:. As a result of his research, he published the first edition of 2575: 1354:

and Professor Afonso Angeli Torteroli. A few months later, the "

4578: 3833: 1224:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation), where it exists to this day. 899:

Allan Kardec – Bibliographic Research and Interpretation Essays

3942: 3750:

Revista Espírita – Jornal de Estudos Psicológicos (12 volumes)

2263:

In the mid-1980s, there was a resurgence of the phenomenon of

1804:, presided over by José Cândido Xavier, brother of the medium 146: 3419:. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; p. 141. 2718:

Initially called "Ramatis' Spiritism" and currently known as

2538:, with a screenplay by the same directors based on the book " 2118:

was founded in the city of Rio de Janeiro by the sociologist

1611:"Center" disappeared during the same period as the Congress. 3061:

in "História da Educação na Bahia" Accessed on 12 June 2011.

2990:"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny" 1845:, under the direction of Cairbar Schutel (15 February 1925). 1396:

a series of articles on the Spiritist Doctrine published in

1358:" (The Reformer) would be published, under the direction of 1245:(Union of Brazilian Spiritists), of which he presided over. 945:

In July 1869, in Salvador, the publication of the magazine "

916:

in the annals of Spiritism in the country, on 17 September.

3506:. Uol – Portal A TARDE (online). Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 2797:, when the latter began his own research on what he called 2136:, a Catholic activist opposed to Spiritism, was published. 1758:

as its first president, the beginning of the activities of

1626:, and the medium Domingos Filgueiras, both were acquitted. 3678:. Revista Época, 26 June 2009. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 3378:

História do Espiritismo em Pernambuco (vol. I: 1853–1900)

1762:

in the Triângulo Mineiro region (1904), and the start of

3611:– In Revista Online de Comunicação, Linguagem e Mídias ( 2419:

The end of the decade was marked by the founding of the

818:

and spiritists, with the intervention of police forces.

710:) by practitioners of homeopathy, namely the physicians 3699:

CULTURA ESPÍRITA NO BRASIL/ SPIRITIST CULTURE IN BRASIL

3608:

Notas para pensar a onda dos filmes espíritas no Brasil

3278:

of January 1, 1884, referred to the event as follows: "

3091:

PALMEIRA, Vivian. "Curious Stories of Spiritism". in: "

1730:

God and Charity Association of the Afflicted Spiritists

1500:, associated the practice of Spiritism with rituals of 3757:

O Grande Mediador. Chico Xavier e a cultura brasileira

2574:

According to the last demographic census conducted by

2397:

took place in Brasília, with 3,000 registrations. The

1430:

Prominent figures in the republican movement, such as

1163:

Sociedade de Estudos Espíritas Deus, Cristo e Caridade

3654:

Mission of the Brazilian Spiritist Federation (FEB).

3642:

group of people with an income above 5 minimum wages.

3076:

Allan Kardec and Spiritism, a Very Brazilian Religion

2274:

The year 1987 stood out for the release of the book "

1466:(1816–1882), a physician, historian, and politician. 1146:

Prominent figures associated with this group include

1128:

It is an epidemic more dangerous than yellow fever...

3496:

Chico Xavier: a mais famosa entrevista do Pinga-Fogo

863:(1812–1886), coordinator of the publication of the " 4787: 4762: 4731: 4668: 4612: 4496: 4460: 4404: 4348: 4142: 4001: 3915: 3867: 3430:

RIZZINI, Jorge. "Materializações de Uberaba." 1964.

2887:. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo Espírita Regeneração, 1991. 2649:

Spiritist Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro

1679:, notable developments during this period include: 1586:

Center of Spiritist Union for Propagation in Brazil

855:", Kardec informed his readers that the newspaper " 3546:. "Um fim trágico para Edson Queiroz". São Paulo: 1896:I Congresso de Mocidades Espíritas do Brasil, 1948 866:Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales 4452:Brazilian Institute of Psychobiophysical Research 3815:Cronologia Espírita: 1914–1945 Tempos de Comoções 3691:Esboço histórico da Federação Espírita Brasileira 3321:Cronologia Espírita: 1914–1945 Tempos de Comoções 2141:Brazilian Institute of Psychobiophysical Research 2132:In 1960, the work "Spiritism in Brazil" by Friar 1104:Sociedade de Estudos Espiríticos - Grupo Confúcio 949:" began under the direction of Teles de Menezes. 2822:Template must be given at least one article name 2624:, defended, among other things, the thesis that 2403:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Psychologists 931:" by Kardec, without indicating the translator. 3773:. São Paulo, Cia. Editora Nacional, 1931. 199p. 2761:, the Laws of Apometry were established in the 1926: 1907: 1161:The group dissolved in 1876, giving way to the 3145:Beginnings of the Spiritist Movement in Brazil 2028:in honor of the centenary of Spiritism (1957). 1773:In Minas Gerais, 1916 marked the beginning of 1632:On 1 May 1912, the weekly spiritist newspaper 1241:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation), founded the 1055:, published from January to April 1861 by Dr. 869:". The articles were transcriptions from the " 4590: 3845: 3573:, 17 February 1999. Retrieved on 15 May 2011. 3363:GIUMBELLI, Emerson. "Kardec nos Trópicos" in 1781:, receiving messages signed by the spirit of 1638:was founded in the city of Rio de Janeiro by 1549:(18 February 1891), the "House of Benefits." 1508:, as expressed in Article 157, which stated: 627: 8: 2447:Bezerra de Menezes - O Diário de um Espírito 929:Spiritism Reduced to Its Simplest Expression 4417:International Medical-Spiritist Association 3824:História Ilustrada do Espiritismo no Brasil 2896:Who would later become the president of FEB 2856:. The header of the newspaper, directed by 2726:(mainly through the psychographed works of 2421:International Spiritist Medical Association 1350:" (The Renewer) was also launched by Major 1191:Sociedade Acadêmica Deus, Cristo e Caridade 1090:"Le Spiritisme à sa plus simple expression" 4728: 4597: 4583: 4575: 3852: 3838: 3830: 3596:, 14 July 1999. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 3365:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional 3309:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional 2399:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Doctors 2244:(1981), and by the launch, by FEB, of the 2159:Medical-Spiritist Association of São Paulo 1496:of the Republic. This decree, inspired by 1130:" (Jornal do Commercio, 13 December 1874) 919:The following year (1866), in the city of 634: 620: 17: 2695:Espiritismo Racional e Científico Cristão 2425:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Judges 1874:Espiritismo Racional e Científico Cristão 1664:" published an interview with the writer 1462:(1827–1901), a poet and philologist; and 1042:Le Spiritisme à sa plus simple expression 3725:. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 1994. 3517:J. Herculano Pires, o apóstolo de Kardec 2499:As Cartas Psicografadas por Chico Xavier 2116:Institute of Spiritist Culture of Brazil 2108:National Conference of Bishops of Brazil 1800:, which led to the establishment of the 1080:he does not judge what he does not know. 769:can be divided into three major stages: 4412:Brazilian Medical-Spiritist Association 3367:, year 3, no. 33, June 2008, pp. 14–19. 2925: 2885:Queda e Ascensão da Casa dos Benefícios 2879:For a history of the institution, see: 2845: 2643:On 15 November 1908, during a visit by 2271:, who would later be murdered in 1991. 1262:Grupo Espírita Humildade e Fraternidade 1201:, formed a new organization called the 1017:, and the psychographic medium, Madame 31: 3797:. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Acadêmica. 3769:RIBEIRO, Leonídio; CAMPOS, Murilo de. 3475:"Associação Médico-Espírita do Brasil" 3131:in GEAE, accessed on 12 December 2010. 3069: 3067: 2267:, through the medium from Pernambuco, 2246:Systematic Study of Spiritist Doctrine 2203:movement also began, with philosopher 1788:Also in Minas Gerais, in 1926, medium 1487:Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil 1414:the visit of American physical medium 1214:Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio 1167:Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio 758:), and other prominent figures of the 3795:O Espiritismo no Brasil e em Portugal 2988:Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016). 2514:, based on the psychographed work by 2095:It was also in the 1950s that Father 1552:In 1893, at the height of the second 1329:Grupo Espírita Vinte e Oito de Agosto 1205:(Fraternity Spiritist Group) (1880). 7: 4432:Pan-American Spiritist Confederation 3819:Grupo de Estudos Avançados Espíritas 3733:Personagens do Espiritismo (2nd ed.) 3332:Grupo de Estudos Avançados Espíritas 2276:O Lado Oculto do Folclore Brasileiro 1385:In 1887, Elias da Silva founded the 1038:Spiritism in Its Simplest Expression 936:Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia 668:(Paris, 1857), under the pseudonym " 586:Pan American Spiritist Confederation 3461:improper, abusive, and illegitimate 2655:, then the capital of the state of 2386:(the latter two also classified as 2050:or any official institution -; and 1868:(1908), and the second occurred in 1442:(1839–1908) as a critic; Spiritist 3788:Homeopatia e Espiritismo (2nd ed.) 3718:. Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. 3550:, n° 230, November 1991, p. 47-49. 2759:Spiritist Hospital of Porto Alegre 1811:In São Paulo, the founding of the 1620:Domingos de Barros Lima Filgueiras 1352:Salustiano José Monteiro de Barros 1336:Centro da União Espírita do Brasil 1266:Francisco Raimundo Ewerton Quadros 695:The Genesis According to Spiritism 646:Following the emergence of modern 14: 4468:Conscientiology and projectiology 3735:. São Paulo: Edições FEESP, 1990. 3261:QUINTELLA also points out that: " 3250:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3223:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3210:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3095:", nº 49, year 5, 2008. pp. 8–12. 3032:L'Illustration Paris, 14 May 1853 2912:Vida e Obra de Bezerra de Menezes 2852:According to Spiritist historian 2297:From the 1990s to the present day 2221:(1979) was released, directed by 1864:, traditionally initiated by the 720:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva 683:The Gospel According to Spiritism 99:The Gospel According to Spiritism 2693:in 1910 and published the work " 2594:Dissent from Kardecism in Brazil 2287:International Spiritist Congress 1832:Bahia State Spiritist Federation 1541:, regarding the new Penal Code. 1306:I do not consent to persecution. 1212:, João Gonçalves do Nascimento, 1183:Congregação Espírita Anjo Ismael 834:Conservatório Dramático da Bahia 39: 4447:Portuguese Spiritist Federation 4437:International Spiritist Council 3766:. Niterói (RJ): Lachâtre, 1996. 3764:Os Intelectuais e o Espiritismo 2947:Homeopathic Institute of Brazil 2691:Centro Espírita Amor e Caridade 1888:From Estado Novo to Pacto Áureo 1841:, São Paulo, the launch of the 1819:, the mediumistic phenomena of 1741:Pernambuco Spiritist Federation 1739:In Recife, the founding of the 1719:Truth and Light Spiritist Group 954:Brazilian Spiritist Association 752:José Cesário de Miranda Ribeiro 724:Mariano José Pereira da Fonseca 601:Portuguese Spiritist Federation 591:International Spiritist Council 4554:Spiritist perspective on Jesus 4442:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 3629:. Último Segundo › Brasil 3185:History of Spiritism in Brazil 3122:Spiritist Chronology 1857–1869 3120:Accessed on 12 December 2010. 2945:Both were the founders of the 2661:Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas 2325:Advanced Spiritist Study Group 2307:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 2285:At the end of the decade, the 2080:with the medium and physician 2016:Decades of the 1950s and 1960s 1958:With the establishment of the 1866:Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas 1843:International Spiritist Review 1815:(1908), and later, during the 1464:Alexandre José de Mello Moraes 1318:for the beginning of tolerance 1291:Carlos Joaquim de Lima e Cirne 1139:(Spiritist Review), edited by 976:, spiritist pioneer in Brazil. 767:history of Spiritism in Brazil 732:Alexandre José de Mello Moraes 660:Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 596:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 1: 3625:iG São Paulo (29 June 2012). 3052:Luís Olímpio Teles de Menezes 1993:of Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1830:, Bahia, the founding of the 1802:Luiz Gonzaga Spiritist Center 1444:Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre 1372:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1243:União dos Espíritas do Brasil 1239:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1222:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1216:, and others, the so-called " 960:Development in Rio de Janeiro 952:Later, in November 1873, the 842:Luís Olímpio Teles de Menezes 4349:Prominent Discarnate Spirits 3345:Legado de Bezerra de Menezes 2914:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB 1963.) 2305:Current headquarters of the 2103:as a response to Spiritism. 1860:, with the establishment of 1752:Minas Gerais Spiritist Union 1547:Spiritist Group Regeneration 1425:proclamation of the Republic 1387:Grupo Espírita Sete de Março 1283:Manuel Pinto de Souza Dantas 1231:, the future founder of the 1195:João Gonçalves do Nascimento 832:, the capital of Bahia, the 3802:Grandes Espíritas do Brasil 3790:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB 1983. 3740:Pinga-fogo com Chico Xavier 3519:. São Paulo: Paideia, 2000. 2150:In Rio de Janeiro, Colonel 1473:stands out, established by 1411:due to his military duties. 1203:Grupo Espírita Fraternidade 1007:, editor of the periodical 4972: 4946:History of Brazil by topic 3759:. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2004. 3752:. São Paulo: Edicel, 1985. 3334:. Accessed on 4 June 2011. 2960:. Accessed on 25 May 2011. 2817: 2782: 2776: 2745: 2711: 2670: 2645:Zélio Fernandino de Moraes 2636: 2609: 2507:O Último Romance de Balzac 2293:from 1 to 5 October 1989. 1872:(1910) and called itself " 1794:Spiritist Center of Lavras 1777:through the mediumship of 1651:Spiritist League of Brazil 1078:" – Kardec referred to – " 940:Manuel Joaquim da Silveira 888:Joaquim Carneiro de Campos 806:, in the then Province of 714:, a native of France, and 3712:ARRIBAS, Célia da Graça. 3502:26 September 2013 at the 3435:27 September 2013 at the 2969:Reformador, 1944, p. 207. 2910:" (SOARES, Sylvio Brito. 2720:universalist spiritualism 2458:, narrating the story of 2145:Hernani Guimarães Andrade 2139:On 13 December 1963, the 1813:São Paulo Spiritist Union 1380:Adolfo Bezerra de Menezes 1320:" towards that Society, " 910:Family Group of Spiritism 606:National Spiritism Museum 4713:Uprisings and rebellions 4366:Cairbar Schutel (spirit) 3907:Basic works of Spiritism 3804:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB, . 3705:21 February 2015 at the 3531:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3416:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3401:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3143:, in a lecture entitled 2881:Francisco Cândido Xavier 2799:consciousness projection 2681:, Portuguese immigrants 2480:Francisco Cândido Xavier 2395:World Spiritist Congress 2269:Edson Cavalcante Queiroz 2217:In the cinema, the film 2199:In the early 1970s, the 2114:On 9 December 1957, the 2053:Francisco Cândido Xavier 1806:Francisco Cândido Xavier 1790:Yvonne do Amaral Pereira 1702:Yvonne do Amaral Pereira 1529:Spiritists protested to 1448:Os Voluntários da Pátria 1432:Joaquim Saldanha Marinho 1295:Joaquim Carlos Travassos 1210:Frederico Pereira Júnior 1148:Joaquim Carlos Travassos 1062:In the same period, the 901:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB.) 4905:International relations 4514:Barcelona Acts of Faith 3771:O espiritismo no Brasil 3565:23 January 2013 at the 3181:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 3141:Juvanir Borges de Souza 2978:Reformador, 1 May 1883. 2956:23 October 2009 at the 2854:Silvino Canuto de Abreu 2755:José Lacerda de Azevedo 2618:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 2540:Por Trás do Véu de Ísis 2527:As Mães de Chico Xavier 2372:O Amor é para os Fortes 2258:Luiz Antônio Gasparetto 2192:In Rio de Janeiro, the 2152:Jaime Rolemberg de Lima 2024:Postage stamp from the 1984:Divaldo Pereira Franco. 1644:Tereza de Jesus Shelter 1364:Antônio Pinheiro Guedes 1340:Afonso Angeli Torteroli 1287:Antônio Pinheiro Guedes 1187:Grupo Espírita Caridade 1175:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 1034:Les Temps sont arrivés" 137:Law of cause and fffect 3892:Kardec - The Biography 3116:Kardecism in São Paulo 2356:Nada fica sem Resposta 2320: 2310: 2174: 2134:Boaventura Kloppenburg 2127:Nympho de Paula Corrêa 2037: 2029: 1985: 1943: 1936: 1917: 1897: 1792:started attending the 1750:, the founding of the 1728:, the founding of the 1705: 1694: 1607: 1418:(1835–1905) to Brazil. 1360:Augusto Elias da Silva 1229:Augusto Elias da Silva 1001:Napoleon III of France 995:, then capital of the 988: 977: 884:José Álvarez do Amaral 812:Divaldo Pereira Franco 799: 792: 789:Histoire de la semaine 4895:Afro-Brazilian people 3528:Souto Maior, Marcel. 3413:SOUTO MAIOR, Marcel. 3398:SOUTO MAIOR, Marcel. 2830:Timeline of Spiritism 2673:Christian Rationalism 2667:Christian Rationalism 2556:O Livro dos Espíritos 2551:O Filme dos Espíritos 2316: 2304: 2280:Luiz Antonio Millecco 2229:, based on the work " 2172: 2062:mediumistic treatment 2043:José Pedro de Freitas 2035: 2023: 1983: 1941: 1895: 1700: 1685: 1602: 1580:resumed circulation. 1535:João Batista Pinheiro 1141:Antônio da Silva Neto 983: 972: 798: 780: 744:Bernardo José da Gama 4524:Spiritist literature 4473:Racionalismo Cristão 4235:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 4143:Prominent Spiritists 3887:Scientific Spiritism 3738:GOMES, Saulo (ed.). 3588:3 March 2016 at the 3326:6 April 2011 at the 3166:", July 1864, p. 213 3127:2 April 2011 at the 3057:3 March 2016 at the 2647:to a session of the 2620:, a contemporary of 2566:(2012), directed by 2563:E a Vida Continua... 2530:(2011), directed by 2520:Cristo Espera por Ti 2510:(2010), directed by 2490:(2010), directed by 2450:(2008), directed by 2332:Vera Lúcia Marinzeck 2235:Joelma Building fire 2214:, aired on TV Tupi. 2205:José Herculano Pires 2194:Radio Rio de Janeiro 2070:Juscelino Kubitschek 2068:from then-president 1760:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 1691:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 1687:Colégio Allan Kardec 1675:Outside of the then 1655:Aurino Barbosa Souto 1460:Antônio Castro Lopes 1030:The Times Are Coming 947:O Écho d'Alêm-Tumulo 847:In the pages of the 736:Pedro de Araújo Lima 716:João Vicente Martins 458:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 367:Prominent spiritists 152:Scientific spiritism 142:Spiritual projection 4427:Allan Kardec School 4305:Vera Kryzhanovskaia 4270:Hermínio C. Miranda 4129:Spiritual treatment 4074:Spiritual obsession 3993:Mediumistic meeting 3938:Spiritual unfolding 3902:Modern spiritualism 3882:Spiritism in Brazil 3861:Kardecist spiritism 3793:TORTEROLI, Angeli. 3762:MACHADO, Ubiratan. 3731:; LUCENA, Antônio. 3376:AURÉLIO, Dâmocles. 2405:were also founded. 2165:The 1970s and 1980s 1834:(25 December 1915); 1274:Jornal do Commercio 1152:Portuguese language 1124:Jornal do Commercio 1120:Portuguese language 1064:Jornal do Commercio 925:Literary Typography 853:Spiritism in Brazil 851:, under the title " 773:Pioneering in Bahia 756:Viscount of Uberaba 528:Vera Kryzhanovskaia 493:Hermínio C. Miranda 350:Spiritual treatment 295:Spiritual obsession 177:Modern spiritualism 33:Kardecist spiritism 4956:Religion in Brazil 4900:Psychiatric reform 4534:Spiritist pedagogy 4381:Humberto de Campos 4361:Bezerra de Menezes 4320:Wantuil de Freitas 4260:Hermani G. Andrade 4255:Haroldo Dutra Dias 4200:Camille Flammarion 4190:Bezerra de Menezes 4160:A. Moreira-Almeida 3755:LEWGOY, Bernardo. 3729:GODOY, Paulo Alves 3221:QUINTELLA, Mauro. 3208:QUINTELLA, Mauro. 3093:Universos Espírita 2835:Religion in Brazil 2683:Luís José de Matos 2544:Marcel Souto Maior 2460:Bezerra de Menezes 2388:Umbanda literature 2380:Tambores de Angola 2348:Vencendo o Passado 2340:Violetas na Janela 2321: 2318:José Raul Teixeira 2311: 2201:Spiritist Pedagogy 2185:, on the program " 2175: 2048:Spiritist Doctrine 2038: 2030: 1986: 1944: 1898: 1743:(8 December 1904); 1706: 1695: 1670:spiritist doctrine 1640:Inácio Bittencourt 1608: 1566:Revolt of the Navy 1554:Revolt of the Navy 1539:Deodoro da Fonseca 1302:Pedro II of Brazil 1218:Grupo dos Humildes 1197:, inspired by the 1156:Bezerra de Menezes 1010:Courrier do Brésil 989: 985:Bezerra de Menezes 978: 800: 793: 748:Viscount of Goiana 543:Wantuil de Freitas 483:Hermani G. Andrade 478:Haroldo Dutra Dias 423:Camille Flammarion 413:Bezerra de Menezes 383:A. Moreira-Almeida 207:Mediumship meeting 4933: 4932: 4875:Industrialization 4783: 4782: 4739:Governors-general 4606:History of Brazil 4572: 4571: 4529:Audiovisual works 4391:Joanna de Ângelis 4225:Emídio Brasileiro 4180:Aristides Spínola 4114:Psychopictography 4099:Automatic writing 3826:in CPDOC Espírita 3721:DAMAZIO, Sylvia. 3114:RIBEIRO, Gérson. 2858:Quintino Bocaiuva 2805:Christian Renewal 2470:(2010), starring 2410:Rubens Farias Jr. 2390:), among others. 2254:psychopictography 2242:Nobel Peace Prize 2219:Joelma 23rd Floor 1821:Carmine Mirabelli 1604:Aristides Spinola 1558:National Congress 1481:Republican period 1456:Augusto dos Anjos 1436:Quintino Bocaiuva 1112:The Mediums' Book 1108:The Spirits' Book 1057:Eduardo Monteggia 914:spiritist session 895:The Spirits' Book 740:Marquis of Olinda 728:Marquis of Maricá 712:Benoît Jules Mure 677:The Mediums' Book 665:The Spirits' Book 644: 643: 448:Emídio Brasileiro 403:Aristides Spínola 335:Psychopictography 320:Automatic writing 182:Spiritual healing 94:The Mediums' Book 89:The Spirits' Book 66:History in Brazil 4963: 4865:Workers' strikes 4729: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4483:Renovação Cristã 4422:Spiritist center 4310:Victorien Sardou 4054:Obsessing spirit 4024:Spiritual colony 3978:Life after death 3933:Cause and effect 3854: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3781:Religiões do Rio 3679: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3634: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3557: 3551: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3515:RIZZINI, Jorge. 3513: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3473:Folha Espírita. 3470: 3464: 3445: 3439: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3341: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3177:The Four Gospels 3173: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3138: 3132: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3073:Tiago Cordeiro. 3071: 3062: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2997:Critical Inquiry 2994: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2915: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2850: 2769:city in Brazil. 2687:Luís Alves Tomás 2568:Paulo Figueiredo 2423:(AME-I) and the 2360:Mônica de Castro 2344:Zíbia Gasparetto 2074:spiritist center 2060:, provided free 1934: 1915: 1882:Luís Alves Tomás 1677:Federal District 1662:Jornal do Brasil 1590:Júlio César Leal 1475:Júlio César Leal 1440:Machado de Assis 1434:(1816–1895) and 1171:The Four Gospels 1136:Revista Espírita 1028:, of the works " 1015:Casimir Lieutaud 1013:, the professor 997:Empire of Brazil 942:(16 June 1867). 872:Gazette Médicale 861:Amédée Dechambre 804:Mata de São João 636: 629: 622: 581:Spiritist Center 533:Victorien Sardou 275:Obsessing spirit 245:Spiritual colony 43: 18: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4920:Musical theater 4779: 4758: 4749:Prime ministers 4727: 4706:Military juntas 4686:Economic crises 4664: 4608: 4603: 4573: 4568: 4492: 4456: 4400: 4376:Spirit of Truth 4344: 4325:William Crookes 4280:Jésus Gonçalves 4265:Herculano Pires 4245:Gabriel Delanne 4240:Florêncio Anton 4230:Ernesto Bozzano 4195:Cairbar Schutel 4138: 4069:Materialization 4059:Astral hospital 3997: 3973:Spiritual plane 3958:Law of progress 3911: 3863: 3858: 3811: 3800:WANTUIL, Zeus. 3786:THIAGO, L. S.. 3707:Wayback Machine 3687: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3605:CÁNEPA, Laura. 3604: 3600: 3590:Wayback Machine 3581: 3577: 3567:Wayback Machine 3558: 3554: 3548:Revista Planeta 3544:DUBUGRAS, Elsie 3542: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3504:Wayback Machine 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3446: 3442: 3437:Wayback Machine 3427: 3423: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3328:Wayback Machine 3319: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3239:, 1924, p. 497. 3233: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3129:Wayback Machine 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3090: 3083: 3072: 3065: 3059:Wayback Machine 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2958:Wayback Machine 2944: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2826: 2816: 2807: 2787: 2781: 2779:Conscientiology 2775: 2773:Conscientiology 2750: 2744: 2716: 2710: 2677:In the city of 2675: 2669: 2641: 2635: 2614: 2608: 2596: 2588:Spiritist books 2492:Wagner de Assis 2384:Rubens Saraceni 2376:Robson Pinheiro 2299: 2167: 2120:Deolindo Amorim 2018: 1935: 1932: 1916: 1913: 1890: 1817:First World War 1764:Cairbar Schutel 1483: 1092:, published in 1082:" And he adds: 991:In the city of 967: 965:Imperial period 962: 857:Diário da Bahia 816:Catholic Church 775: 734:, and included 704: 689:Heaven and Hell 640: 611: 610: 576: 568: 567: 548:William Crookes 503:Jésus Gonçalves 488:Herculano Pires 468:Gabriel Delanne 463:Florêncio Anton 453:Ernesto Bozzano 418:Cairbar Schutel 368: 360: 359: 290:Materialization 280:Astral hospital 220: 212: 211: 192:Spiritual Plane 167:Law of progress 122: 114: 113: 104:Heaven and Hell 84: 76: 75: 51: 12: 11: 5: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4763:of legislators 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4701:Military coups 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4645:World Heritage 4642: 4640:Historiography 4637: 4632: 4630:Fortifications 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549:Parapsychology 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4330:Yvonne Pereira 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220:Divaldo Franco 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4079:Spiritual pass 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4029:Disincarnation 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4003: 4002:Other concepts 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3810: 3809:External links 3807: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3743: 3736: 3726: 3719: 3710: 3694: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3676:Leitores de Fé 3668: 3656:"Allan Kardec" 3646: 3617: 3598: 3575: 3552: 3536: 3521: 3508: 3487: 3465: 3440: 3421: 3406: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3353:978857513091-9 3336: 3313: 3297: 3287: 3267: 3254: 3241: 3227: 3214: 3201: 3199:, August 1973. 3189: 3168: 3153: 3149:Alexandre Canu 3133: 3106: 3097: 3081: 3063: 3044: 3022: 3009:10.1086/686945 3003:(4): 899–922. 2980: 2971: 2962: 2938: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2898: 2889: 2872: 2862: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2783:Main article: 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2763:Casa do Jardim 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2671:Main article: 2668: 2665: 2657:Rio de Janeiro 2637:Main article: 2634: 2631: 2616:The Frenchman 2610:Main article: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2523: 2503: 2495: 2483: 2476:Ângelo Antônio 2463: 2436:TV Mundo Maior 2352:Elisa Masselli 2336:Reconciliation 2298: 2295: 2289:took place in 2250:Elsie Dubugras 2207:as a pioneer. 2166: 2163: 2101:parapsychology 2017: 2014: 1930: 1911: 1889: 1886: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1835: 1824: 1809: 1798:Pedro Leopoldo 1786: 1771: 1744: 1737: 1722: 1624:Leopoldo Cirne 1527: 1526: 1482: 1479: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1258: 1257: 1227:Also in 1880, 1100: 1099: 1019:Perret Collard 1005:Adolphe Hubert 993:Rio de Janeiro 974:Elias da Silva 966: 963: 961: 958: 791:, 14 May 1853) 784:L'Illustration 774: 771: 703: 700: 656:turning tables 642: 641: 639: 638: 631: 624: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 553:Yvonne Pereira 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 443:Divaldo Franco 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Spiritual pass 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 250:Disincarnation 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219:Other concepts 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 123: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 58: 52: 49: 48: 45: 44: 36: 35: 29: 28: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4968: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Free software 4913: 4911: 4910:Postal system 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Constitutions 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Constitutions 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4650:Periodization 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Spiritist art 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4488:Roustainguism 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:Raul Teixeira 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:Gustave Geley 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185:Augusto Elias 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4170:Alfred Russel 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Incorporation 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4014:Clairaudience 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983:Reincarnation 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Table-turning 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3746:KARDEC, Allan 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583:Médicos de fé 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3163:Revue Spirite 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2785:Projectiology 2780: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728:Hercílio Maes 2725: 2721: 2715: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2612:Roustainguism 2606:Roustainguism 2605: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532:Glauber Filho 2529: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:Geraldo Sarno 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:Nelson Xavier 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:Glauber Filho 2449: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2393:In 1995, the 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Marcelo Cezar 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342:", 1993) and 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225:and starring 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2181:Channel 4 in 2180: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2157:In 1968, the 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097:Oscar Quevedo 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878:Luís de Matos 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1689:, founded by 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:spirit Ismael 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1070:Revue Spirite 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 982: 975: 971: 964: 959: 957: 955: 950: 948: 943: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 873: 868: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849:Revue Spirite 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 797: 790: 786: 785: 779: 772: 770: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 701: 699: 697: 696: 691: 690: 685: 684: 679: 678: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 617: 615: 614: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 572: 571: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 513:Raul Teixeira 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 473:Gustave Geley 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Augusto Elias 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 393:Alfred Russel 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 285:Incorporation 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 235:Clairaudience 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:Spiritist art 223: 222: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 202:Reincarnation 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 118: 117: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 80: 79: 72: 71:Table-turning 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 25: 20: 19: 16: 4544:Metapsychics 4405:Institutions 4340:Zêus Wantuil 4295:Oliver Lodge 4275:Hugh Dowding 4210:Chico Xavier 4175:Amalia Soler 4155:A. de Rochas 4150:Allan Kardec 4089:Precognition 4049:Spirit guide 4019:Clairvoyance 3988:Inner reform 3953:Cosmic fluid 3916:Key Concepts 3801: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3777:RIO, João do 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3739: 3732: 3722: 3714: 3698: 3690: 3685:Bibliography 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3649: 3638: 3631:. Retrieved 3620: 3607: 3601: 3578: 3555: 3539: 3529: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3495: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3468: 3460: 3448: 3443: 3424: 3414: 3409: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3344: 3343:CURY, Aziz. 3339: 3316: 3308: 3290: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3204: 3192: 3184: 3171: 3161: 3156: 3144: 3136: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3092: 3075: 3047: 3036:, retrieved 3031: 3025: 3000: 2996: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2941: 2928: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2892: 2884: 2875: 2865: 2848: 2819: 2808: 2795:Waldo Vieira 2791:Chico Xavier 2788: 2767:Porto Alegre 2751: 2717: 2701: 2699: 2689:founded the 2676: 2651:(located in 2642: 2626:Jesus Christ 2622:Allan Kardec 2615: 2597: 2584:Allan Kardec 2580: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2536:Halder Gomes 2525: 2516:Waldo Vieira 2505: 2497: 2485: 2467:Chico Xavier 2465: 2456:Joe Pimentel 2445: 2440: 2429: 2418: 2407: 2392: 2329: 2322: 2284: 2278:" by medium 2273: 2262: 2239: 2227:Beth Goulart 2216: 2209: 2198: 2191: 2176: 2156: 2149: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2113: 2105: 2094: 2082:Waldo Vieira 2051: 2041: 2039: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1855: 1775:psychography 1756:Antônio Lima 1748:Minas Gerais 1717:founded the 1674: 1659: 1648: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1594: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1551: 1543: 1531:Campos Sales 1528: 1513: 1506:charlatanism 1491: 1484: 1468: 1452:Castro Alves 1447: 1429: 1421: 1391: 1384: 1376: 1368: 1344: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1279: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1232: 1226: 1207: 1179: 1160: 1145: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1116:Allan Kardec 1101: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1061: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1033: 1023: 1008: 990: 951: 944: 933: 918: 903: 898: 892: 881: 870: 864: 852: 848: 846: 827: 820: 801: 788: 782: 766: 764: 760:Second Reign 705: 693: 687: 681: 675: 671:Allan Kardec 669: 663: 648:Spiritualist 645: 575:Institutions 563:Zêus Wantuil 518:Oliver Lodge 498:Hugh Dowding 433:Chico Xavier 398:Amalia Soler 378:A. de Rochas 373:Allan Kardec 310:Precognition 270:Spirit guide 240:Clairvoyance 197:Inner reform 162:Cosmic fluid 121:Key concepts 56:Allan Kardec 23: 21:Part of the 15: 4925:Territorial 4795:Agriculture 4315:Victor Hugo 4300:Paul Gibier 4215:Conan Doyle 4119:Telekinesis 4109:Psychometry 4104:Psychophony 4094:Premonition 4084:Poltergeist 4039:Incarnation 3633:15 December 3295:mediumship. 3038:29 February 2949:, in 1843. 2602:stand out: 2434:(2004) and 2309:(Brasília). 2223:Clery Cunha 2086:Amauri Pena 2026:Post Office 1960:Estado Novo 1783:Victor Hugo 1666:Coelho Neto 1572:newspaper. 1416:Henry Slade 1348:O Renovador 927:published " 838:Rui Barbosa 825:" in 1853. 652:Fox sisters 538:Victor Hugo 523:Paul Gibier 438:Conan Doyle 340:Telekinesis 330:Psychometry 325:Psychophony 315:Premonition 305:Poltergeist 260:Incarnation 109:The Genesis 83:Basic works 4940:Categories 4855:Philosophy 4754:Presidents 4655:Settlement 4620:Chronology 4478:Ramatisism 4461:Dissenters 4356:André Luiz 4335:Zilda Gama 4285:Léon Denis 4044:Erraticity 3968:Perispirit 3963:Mediumship 3696:ABIB, D.. 3592:. Revista 3457:Reformador 3453:Reformador 3276:Reformador 3265:(Op. cit.) 3236:Reformador 3197:Reformador 2934:magnetizer 2921:References 2818:See also: 2708:Ramatisism 2518:entitled " 2432:Rede Visão 2374:", 2010); 2366:", 2009); 2358:", 2001); 2338:", 1990; " 2231:Somos Seis 2187:Pinga-Fogo 2090:O Cruzeiro 1779:Zilda Gama 1734:Pernambuco 1578:Reformador 1562:Reformador 1520:cartomancy 1498:positivism 1494:Penal Code 1356:Reformador 1293:, and Dr. 1270:O Cruzeiro 1234:Reformador 1094:Portuguese 1026:Portuguese 877:Theocritus 823:O Cearense 702:Background 558:Zilda Gama 508:Léon Denis 265:Erraticity 187:Perispirit 172:Mediumship 4951:Spiritism 4845:Spiritism 4835:Education 4800:Animation 4732:of rulers 4691:Conflicts 4625:Etymology 4559:Theosophy 4539:Mesmerism 4519:Esperanto 4504:Antoinism 4386:Brother X 4124:Telepathy 4034:Ectoplasm 3017:0093-1896 2757:from the 2600:Kardecism 2487:Nosso lar 2414:Dr. Fritz 2265:Dr. Fritz 2183:São Paulo 2058:Dr. Fritz 1711:São Paulo 1516:talismans 1485:With the 921:São Paulo 908:, of the 708:mesmerism 345:Telepathy 255:Ectoplasm 4885:Military 4860:Football 4805:Capoeira 4775:Senators 4770:Deputies 4744:Monarchs 4723:Protests 4681:Capitals 4660:Toponymy 4635:Heraldry 4396:Scheilla 4371:Emmanuel 4205:Lombroso 4165:Aksakof 4009:Ageneres 3877:Timeline 3703:Archived 3586:Archived 3569:Revista 3563:Archived 3500:Archived 3433:Archived 3324:Archived 3125:Archived 3055:Archived 2954:Archived 2814:See also 2748:Apometry 2742:Apometry 2736:Hinduism 2732:Buddhism 2438:(2006). 2401:and the 2382:"); and 2291:Brasília 2212:A Viagem 1931:— 1912:— 1828:Salvador 1768:O Clarim 1237:and the 1076:At least 906:Salvador 830:Salvador 692:, 1865; 686:, 1864; 680:, 1861; 428:Lombroso 388:Aksakof 61:Timeline 4840:Slavery 4830:Economy 4825:Culture 4815:Science 4676:Battles 4613:General 4564:Umbanda 4497:Related 3928:Charity 3923:Animism 3869:History 3783:. 1904. 3661:20 July 3615:, 2013) 3480:23 July 3380:. 1991. 2908:reason. 2820:Error: 2724:Ramatis 2714:Ramatis 2653:Niterói 2639:Umbanda 2633:Umbanda 2179:TV Tupi 2078:Uberaba 1862:Umbanda 1858:Niterói 1754:, with 1715:Batuíra 1036:) and " 230:Agénère 132:Charity 127:Animism 50:History 4890:Mining 4870:Comics 4850:Sports 4788:Themes 3948:Spirit 3693:. 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History of spiritism in Brazil

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