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129:. A general indication of the weather for various cities around the country was also included on the bottom of the map. Within a short time, the Signal Corps added a tables showing eight-hour pressure change, 24-hour temperature change, relative humidity, and 24-hour precipitation. The Signal Office also added a general discussion of synoptic weather features and forecast, before adding isobars and isotherms onto the maps. By the end of 1872, the maps had established the format it would use until the introduction of frontal analysis. By the 20th century, most of the weather-related functions under the U. S. Signal Corps branched off into a new civilian agency known as the U. S. Weather Bureau, the forerunner of today's
106:
199:, the term "front" came into use to represent these lines. An increasing amount of newspapers published weather maps early in the century across the United States, before the fad passed in 1912. While the number of newspapers carrying weather maps decreased beyond 1912, many continued publishing them until interest in flight increased interest in the maps once more in the 1930s. Beginning in 1930,
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94:. At first, all the data on the map was not taken at exactly the same time in the early days of these analyses because of a lack of time standardization. The first attempts at time standardization took hold in the Great Britain by 1855. However, in the United States, standard time did not come to pass until 1883, when
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broadcasts of weather information and forecasts were broadcast for use by ships at sea, emanating from the United States military and the United States
Weather Bureau on a cooperative basis. Starting in 1935, Weather Bureau/National Weather Service weather maps were published in newspapers via the
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in 1837 made it possible to gather weather information from multiple distant locations quickly enough to preserve its value for real-time applications. The
Smithsonian Institution developed its network of observers over much of the central and eastern United States between the 1840s and 1860s once
235:
completed their process of automated surface plotting by 1987. By 1999, computer systems and software had finally become sophisticated enough to allow for the ability to underlay on the same workstation satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model-derived fields such as atmospheric thickness and
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have made it possible to devise finely tailored products that take us from the traditional weather map into an entirely new realm. Weather information can quickly be matched to relevant geographical detail. For instance, icing conditions can be mapped onto the road network. This will likely
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inherited this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of
Congress, and expanded it to the west coast soon afterwards. Three times daily, all stations would telegraph in their observations to the central office which would then plot the information on a map upon which
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By 2001, the various surface analyses done within the
National Weather Service were combined into the Unified Surface Analysis, which is issued every six hours and combines the analyses of four different centers. Recent advances in both the fields of
176:
136:
Internationally, other countries followed the lead of the United States, in regards to taking simultaneous weather observations, starting in 1873. Other countries then began preparing surface analyses. In
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frontogenesis in combination with surface observations to make for the best possible surface analysis. In the United States, this development was achieved when
Intergraph workstations were replaced by n-
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489:
48:, were being analyzed worldwide. Eventually, observation plotting went from a manual exercise to an automated task for computers and plotters. Surface analysis remains a manual and partially
125:
The earliest surface analyses from the United States featured a map of the continental U.S. with indications of cloud cover and wind direction arranged on an early form of what has become a
167:
published weather maps from mid-1879 through the summer of 1882. By 1894, there were four daily newspapers publishing weather maps in Boston, New
Orleans, Cincinnati, and San Francisco.
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model just after World War I, the United States did not formally analyze fronts on surface analyses until August 1, 1941, just before the WBAN Analysis Center opened in downtown
401:
237:
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started to come into use across
America for railroad use. The entire United States did not finally come under the influence of time zones until 1905, when
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took the helm. Beginning in 1849, the
Smithsonian started producing surface analyses on a daily basis using the 150 stations in their network. The
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in the late 1910s, despite Loomis' earlier attempt at a similar notion in 1841. Since the leading edge of air mass changes bore resemblance to the
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concerns the timetable of developments related to surface weather analysis. Initially a tool of study for the behavior of storms,
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825:
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408:
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The use of weather charts in a modern sense began in the middle portion of the 19th century. Weather map pioneers include
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in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania demonstrated that daily weather map transmission via telegraph could be accomplished. The
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29:
40:, and display temperature and cloud cover. By the mid-20th century, much more information was being placed upon the
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The effort to automate map plotting began in the United States in 1969, with the process complete in the 1970s.
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continue to lead to changes in the way surface analyses are created and displayed over the next several years.
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90:, or lines of equal pressure, would be drawn which would identify centers of high and low pressure, as well as
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28:. Initial efforts to create surface weather analyses began in the mid-19th century by using
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72:, who created the first weather maps in order to devise a theory on storm systems. The
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The use of frontal zones on weather maps did not appear until the introduction of the
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published the first weather map on April 1, 1875. In the United States, the 1876
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became a work in progress to explain current weather and as an aid for short term
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Maps with the News: The
Development of American Journalistic Cartography
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Saseendran S. A., Harenduprakash L., Rathore L. S. and Singh S. V.
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Light tables were used to construct surface analyses into the 1990s
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exercise, whether it be via hand and paper, or via a workstation.
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Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 1999 Accomplishment Report.
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Prospectus for an NMC Digital Facsimile Incoder Mapping Program.
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453:
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The Hong Kong Observatory Computer System and Its Applications.
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A Brief History of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
580:, 2003, revised, 2004, 2006, p. 5. Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
145:'s Tokyo Meteorological Observatory, the forerunner of the
141:, the first weather map showed up in print media in 1877.
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A GIS application for weather analysis and forecasting.
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General Myer: Establishing a Legacy of Weather Service.
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10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61<189:apim>2.0.co;2
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David M. Roth. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
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Perspectives on Fred Sanders's Research on Cold Fronts
635:"National Weather Service Marine Broadcasts:Radiofax"
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plotted on weather maps and surface fronts, per the
149:, began constructing surface weather maps in 1883.
637:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
554:"The Newspaper Weather Maps of the United States"
402:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
383:Joseph Henry: Father of the Weather Service.
8:
661:. University of Chicago Press. p. 117.
609:Ten Geographic Ideas that Changed the World
528:Visual Communication: Images with Messages
406:Evolution of the National Weather Service.
223:Despite the introduction of the Norwegian
183:tend to be separated by frontal boundaries
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612:. Rutgers University Press. p. 54.
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633:National Weather Service (2013-10-18).
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766:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
714:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
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702:Daily Weather Map: August 1, 1941.
558:The American Meteorological Journal
252:A surface weather analysis for the
102:finally established standard time.
18:history of surface weather analysis
686:Daily Weather Map: July 31, 1941.
300:"American Pioneers in Meteorology"
280:Weather media in the United States
208:in a slightly processed format as
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531:. Cengage Learning. p. 213.
816:Synoptic meteorology and weather
783:Unified Surface Analysis Manual.
458:U.S. Daily Weather Maps Project.
366:The Invention of the Telegraph.
267:geographic information systems
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490:Australia's First Weathermen.
698:United States Weather Bureau
682:United States Weather Bureau
594:Air Masses and Weather Maps.
298:Eric R. Miller (July 1933).
30:surface weather observations
552:R. De C. Ward (July 1894).
502:Japan Meteorological Agency
147:Japan Meteorological Agency
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116:on March 12, 1888 at 10 pm
74:invention of the telegraph
798:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
785:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
772:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
756:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
733:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
720:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
704:Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
688:Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
596:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
515:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
492:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
476:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
460:Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
444:Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
431:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
415:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
392:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
368:Retrieved on 2009-01-01.
352:Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
131:National Weather Service
62:William Charles Redfield
22:surface weather analyses
655:Mark Monmonier (1989).
379:Smithsonian Institution
377:Frank Rives Millikan.
189:Norwegian cyclone model
121:Late nineteenth century
46:Norwegian cyclone model
826:Meteorology in history
474:An Expanding Presence.
307:Monthly Weather Review
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114:Great Blizzard of 1888
83:U.S. Army Signal Corps
56:Mid-nineteenth century
743:Hong Kong Observatory
606:Susan Hanson (1997).
590:Bureau of Meteorology
486:Bureau of Meteorology
442:Daylight Saving Time.
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158:Centennial Exposition
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525:Paul Lester (2013).
256:on October 21, 2006.
244:Twenty-first century
821:Weather forecasting
362:Library of Congress
348:Human Intelligence.
319:1933MWRv...61..189M
26:weather forecasting
752:2006-12-31 at the
574:David M. Schultz.
511:2010-12-25 at the
411:2011-09-27 at the
388:2006-10-20 at the
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70:Sir Francis Galton
456:Central Library.
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334:10 February
263:meteorology
197:World War I
32:to analyze
810:Categories
641:2014-01-18
286:References
181:air masses
179:Different
96:time zones
50:subjective
233:Hong Kong
210:Wirephoto
162:New York
139:Australia
38:isotherms
750:Archived
564:: 97–99.
509:Archived
506:History.
409:Archived
386:Archived
274:See also
201:radiofax
315:Bibcode
225:cyclone
100:Detroit
88:isobars
68:, and
34:isobars
729:ESSA.
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303:(PDF)
238:AWIPS
143:Japan
663:ISBN
614:ISBN
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470:NOAA
454:NOAA
425:NOAA
336:2011
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