770:
132:
191:
1296:
19:
1440:
1213:. This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper, bronze, iron or tin. This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing. Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page, movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text. Furthermore, these new, more compact type fonts could be reused and stored. The set of wafer-like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages, inked, and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper. In 1322, a
3351:
1000:
1162:
1554:
463:
222:
mystify a local governor. Eventually he was dealt with by the governor's successor, who presumably executed Gong. Timothy Hugh
Barrett postulates that Gong's magical jade block was actually a printing device, and Gong was one of the first printers, if not the first. The semi-mythical record of him therefore describes his usage of the printing process to deliberately bewilder onlookers and create an image of mysticism around himself.
895:
391:
layer of rice paste has been thinly spread. The back of the paper is rubbed with a flat palm-fibre brush so that the wet rice paste absorbs some of the ink and an impression of the inked area is left on the block. The engraver uses a set of sharp-edged tools to cut away the uninked areas of the wood block in essence raising an inverse image of the original calligraphy above the background.
206:) and moveable type printing. In the woodblock technique, ink is applied to letters carved upon a wooden board, which is then pressed onto paper. With moveable type, the board is assembled using different lettertypes, according to the page being printed. Wooden printing was used in the East from the 8th century onwards, and moveable metal type came into use during the 12th century.
155:
166:
769:
1361:
Korean printing with movable metallic type developed mainly within the royal foundry of the Yi dynasty. Royalty kept a monopoly of this new technique and by royal mandate suppressed all non-official printing activities and any budding attempts at commercialization of printing. Thus, printing in early
1286:
Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling, repeated printing wore the character faces down, and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces. In addition, wooden type could apparently absorb moisture and the print form would be uneven when set up, and
968:
Clay type printing was practised in China from the Song, through to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As late as 1844, there were still books printed in China with ceramic movable types. (However, ceramic type was not used during the Ming dynasty, and it was not until the middle of the Qing dynasty that
221:
According to the Book of the
Southern Qi, in the 480s, a man named Gong Xuanyi (龔玄宜) styled himself Gong the Sage and "said that a supernatural being had given him a 'jade seal jade block writing,' which did not require a brush: one blew on the paper and characters formed." He then used his powers to
1601:
Mechanical presses were then invented by
Europeans. Instead, printing in East Asia remained an unmechanized, laborious process with pressing the back of the paper onto the inked block by manual "rubbing" with a hand tool. In Korea, the first printing presses were introduced as late as 1881–83, while
1536:
Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, craftsmen soon decided that the semi-cursive and cursive script style of
Japanese writings was better reproduced using woodblocks. By 1640 woodblocks were once again used for nearly all purposes. After the 1640s, movable type printing declined, and books
406:
Sample copies were sometimes made in red or blue, but black ink was always used for production. It is said that a skilled printer could produce as many as 1500 or 2000 double sheets in a day. Blocks can be stored and reused when extra copies are needed. 15,000 prints can be taken from a block with a
1588:
It is unknown whether metal movable types used from the late 15th century in China were cast from moulds or carved individually. Even if they were cast, there were not the economies of scale available with the small number of different characters used in an alphabetic system. The wage for engraving
1580:
used revolving tables about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter in which the characters were divided according to the five tones and the rhyme sections according to the official book of rhymes. The characters were all numbered and one man holding the list called out the number to another who
1435:
in Kyoto and started publishing books using domestic wooden movable type printing-press instead of metal from 1599. Ieyasu supervised the production of 100,000 types, which were used to print many political and historical books. In 1605, books using domestic copper movable type printing-press began
940:
For each character there were several types, and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each, in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page. When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels, one label for each rhyme-group,
390:
The manuscript is transcribed onto thin slightly waxed sheets of paper by a professional calligrapher. The wax prevents the ink from being as readily absorbed into the paper, allowing more ink to be absorbed onto another surface. The paper is placed ink side down onto a wooden block on which a thin
1575:
Given that the
Chinese language does not use an alphabet it was usually necessary for a set of type to contain hundreds of thousands of blocks, which was a substantial investment. Common characters need 20 or more copies, and rarer characters only a single copy. In the case of wood, the characters
1350:
At first, one cuts letters in beech wood. One fills a trough level with fine sandy [clay] of the reed-growing seashore. Wood-cut letters are pressed into the sand, then the impressions become negative and form letters [molds]. At this step, placing one trough together with another,
936:
When he wished to print, he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate. In this he placed the types, set close together. When the frame was full, the whole made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste was slightly melted, he took a smooth board and
402:
To print, the block is fixed firmly on a table. The printer takes a round horsehair inking brush and applies ink with a vertical motion. The paper is then laid on the block and rubbed with a long narrow pad to transfer the impression to the paper. The paper is peeled off and set to dry. Because of
944:
If one were to print only two or three copies, this method would be neither simple nor easy. But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies, it was marvelously quick. As a rule he kept two forms going. While the impression was being made from the one form, the type was being put in place on the
1592:
As a result of all this, movable type was initially used by government offices which needed to produce large number of copies and by itinerant printers producing family registers who would carry perhaps 20,000 pieces of wooden type with them and cut any other characters needed locally. But small
1584:
This system worked well when the run was large. Wang Zhen's initial project to produce 100 copies of a 60,000 character gazetteer of the local district was produced in less than a month. But for the smaller runs typical of the time it was not such an improvement. A reprint required resetting and
398:
Four proof-readings are normally required – the transcript, the corrected transcript, first sample print from block and after any corrections have been made. A small correction to a block can be made by cutting a small notch and hammering in a wedge-shaped piece of wood. Larger errors require an
1589:
on bronze was many times that for carving characters on wood and a set of metal type might contain 200,000–400,000 characters. Additionally, the ink traditionally used in
Chinese printing, typically composed of pine soot bound with glue, didn't work well with the tin originally used for type.
1017:
The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed "check" of Jin
Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable type characters, each selected from 1000 different characters, such that each printed paper money has a different
1585:
re-proofreading, unlike the wooden block system where it was feasible to store the blocks and reuse them. Individual wooden characters didn't last as long as complete blocks. When metal type was introduced it was harder to produce aesthetically pleasing type by the direct carving method.
1374:
A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for two hundred years appeared in the early 15th century—a generation before
Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable type invention in Europe—when Koreans devised a simplified
2329:
1491:
to printed books, and reproducing them for wider consumption. These books, now known as Kōetsu Books, Suminokura Books, or Saga Books, are considered the first and finest printed reproductions of many of these classic tales; the Saga Book of the Tales of Ise
116:
became known in East Asia by the 16th century but was not adopted. Centuries later, mechanical printing presses combining some
European influences were adopted, but then was replaced with newer laser printing systems designed in the 20th and 21st centuries.
242:, includes several ink-squeeze rubbings, believed to have led to the early duplication of texts that inspired printing. A stone inscription cut in reverse dating from the first half of the 6th century implies that it may have been a large printing block.
1576:
were either produced in a large block and cut up, or the blocks were cut first and the characters cut afterwards. In either case the size and height of the type had to be carefully controlled to produce pleasing results. To handle the typesetting,
394:
While carving, the knife is held like a dagger in the right hand and guided by the middle finger of the left hand, drawing towards the cutter. The vertical lines are cut first, then the block is rotated 90 degrees and the horizontal lines cut.
762:(religious relics) were found with the prints. It was once considered the oldest extant woodblock print, however archaeological discoveries since 1966 have pushed the earliest printed texts earlier in China. One row of the dharani gyeongmun (
882:, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Both woodblock and movable type printing were replaced in the second half of the 19th century by Western-style printing, initially
784:
sent the monk Yeoga to request from the Song a copy of the complete
Buddhist canon. The request was granted in 991 when Seongjong's official Han Eongong visited the Song court. In 1007, Korean printed a 956 edition of the dharani sutra
1283:. It was faster to carve one woodblock per page than to composite a page from so many different types. However, if one was to use movable type for multitudes of the same document, the speed of printing would be relatively quicker.
977:
Bronze movable type printing was invented in China no later than the 12th century, according to at least 13 material finds in China, in large scale bronze plate printing of paper money and formal official documents issued by
1498:), printed in 1608, is especially renowned. Saga Books were printed on expensive paper, and used various embellishments, being printed specifically for a small circle of literary connoisseurs. For aesthetic reasons, the
225:
Inscribed seals made of metal or stone, especially jade, and inscribed stone tablets probably provided inspiration for the invention of printing. Copies of classical texts on tablets were erected in a public place in
245:
The earliest specimen of woodblock printing on paper, whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved into them, was discovered in 1974 in an excavation of
1351:
one pours the molten bronze down into an opening. The fluid flows in, filling these negative molds, one by one becoming type. Lastly, one scrapes and files off the irregularities, and piles them up to be arranged.
2216:
874:
have been found in Egypt printed between 900 and 1300 in black ink on paper by the rubbing method in the Chinese style. Although there is no transmission evidence, experts believe this originated from China.
2312:
1058:, due to the loss of two copper movable types. Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued in large scale and in circulation for a long time.
1102:
of Central Asia used movable type, their script type adopted from the Mongol language, some with Chinese words printed between the pages, a strong evidence that the books were printed in China.
803:'s accession to the throne. The completed work, amounting to some 6,000 volumes, was finished in 1087. Unfortunately the original set of woodblocks was destroyed in a conflagration during the
1356:
While metal movable type printing was developed in Korea and the oldest extant metal print book had been printed in Korea, Korea never witnessed a printing revolution comparable to Europe's:
2160:
1337:
The techniques for bronze casting, used at the time for making coins (as well as bells and statues) were adapted to making metal type. Unlike the metal punch system thought to be used by
969:
its usage revived). Ceramic type not holding Chinese ink well and distortion of the type sometimes occurring during the baking process contributed in preventing it from being popular
3853:
817:
numbered 81,258 printing blocks of magnolia wood carved on both sides, 52,330,152 characters, 1496 titles, and 6568 volumes. Due to the stringent editing process that went into the
3662:
1644:
of using needles pushed through a stencil onto the target paper, fabric or plaster, to provide guidelines for subsequent artwork: this cannot reasonably be described as printing.
859:
conquered Turfan, a great number of Uyghurs were recruited into the Mongol army. After the Mongols conquered Persia in the middle of the 13th century, paper money was printed in
131:
4435:
3021:
3752:
1487:
and Suminokura Soan. At their studio in Saga, Kyoto, the pair created a number of woodblock versions of the Japanese classics, both text and images, essentially converting
1367:
Nevertheless, the Korean peninsula saw the development of metal movable type, including the commissioning of 100,000 pieces of movable type and two complete fonts, by King
342:, the directorate of education and other agencies used these block prints to disseminate their standardized versions of the Classics. Other disseminated works include the
996:(960–1127). However, problems existed in using metal type in printing text, and it was not until the late 15th century that metal movable type was widely used in China.
2213:
515:, and people lent woodblock-printed illustrated books of various genres. The content of these books varied widely, including travel guides, gardening books, cookbooks,
487:
in the 1600s, books and illustrations were mass-produced by woodblock printing and spread among the common people. This was due to economic development and a very high
3757:
303:
in 1906. They have been dated to the reign of Wu Zetian using character form recognition. The oldest text containing a specific date of printing was discovered in the
483:
The moveable-type printing press was introduced to Japan by Jesuit missionaries in 1590 and sparked interest in printing Japanese works and books. In Japan, from the
3901:
2383:"The phase of technological development that distinguished China's and particularly Shanghai's early Westernized printing industry was that involving lithography."
945:
other. When the printing of the one form was finished, the other was then ready. In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity.
1158:(1031–1095), but was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink.
3792:
1518:), in which several characters are written in succession with smooth brush strokes. As a result, a single typeface was sometimes created by combining two to four
79:
was made in 1161 during the Song dynasty. In 1193, a book documented instructions on how to use the copper movable type. The use of metal movable type spread to
3820:
1132:
1295:
4440:
4404:
4000:
1483:
The great pioneers in applying movable type printing press to the creation of artistic books, and in preceding mass production for general consumption, were
2704:
Hou Jianmei (侯健美); Tong Shuquan (童曙泉) (20 December 2004). "《大夏寻踪》今展国博" ['In the Footsteps of the Great Xia' now exhibiting at the National Museum].
403:
the rubbing process, printing is only done on one side of the paper, and the paper is thinner than in the west, but two pages are normally printed at once.
3266:
190:
2309:
327:. It is considered the world's oldest securely-dated woodblock scroll. The Diamond Sutra was closely followed by the earliest extant printed almanac, the
18:
4186:
1408:
in 1591. However, western printing-press were discontinued after the ban on Christianity in 1614. The moveable type printing-press seized from Korea by
949:
In 1193, Zhou Bida, an officer of Southern Song Dynasty, made a set of the clay movable-type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his
823:
and its surprisingly enduring nature, having survived completely intact over 760 years, it is considered the most accurate of Buddhist canons written in
851:
appeared in about 1300, with the page numbers and descriptions are in Chinese characters. Both blocks and movable type printing has been discovered at
4081:
4056:
2948:
4023:
3607:
1818:
986:(1127–1279) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti counterfeit markers. Such paper money printing might date back to the 11th-century
1564:
Despite the introduction of movable type from the 11th century, printing using woodblocks remained dominant in East Asia until the introduction of
2164:
1439:
1260:
3033:
An Introduction to a History of Woodcut, Arthur M. Hind, p. 64–127, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963.
2674:
325:
Reverently made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong
281:
3835:
3772:
272:(618–907). Another printed document dating to the early half of the Chinese Tang dynasty has also been found, the Saddharmapunṇḍarīka sutra or
4384:
4303:
4267:
4239:
3140:
3116:
2919:
2505:
2476:
2444:
2396:
1852:
1786:
2729:
4308:
1114:
284:, which advocates the practice of printing apotropaic and merit-making texts and images, was translated by Chinese monks. From 658 to 663,
2890:
3502:
2952:
2066:
3075:
Akihiro Kinoshita, Keiichi Ishikawa, "Early Printing History in Japan", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Volume 73.1998 (1998), pp. 30–35 (34).
1835:
4399:
4363:
3936:
3084:
Akihiro Kinoshita, Keiichi Ishikawa, "Early Printing History in Japan", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Volume 73.1998 (1998), pp. 30–35 (33
2583:, by Pan Jixing, Professor of the Institute for History of Science, Academy of Science, Beijing, China, English Abstract, p. 273.
2198:
2133:
2101:
1195:, China, re-invented a method of making movable wooden types. He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of
2080:
1272:(1139–1193). It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type.
4313:
4272:
3815:
3707:
3192:
3158:
3038:
2859:
2832:
2372:
2051:
1999:
1717:
1602:
in Japan, after an early but brief interlude in the 1590s, Gutenberg's printing press arrived in Nagasaki in 1848 on a Dutch ship.
1572:
in the 19th century. To understand this it is necessary to consider both the nature of the language and the economics of printing.
4358:
4343:
4323:
3873:
3682:
3532:
3507:
2112:
4338:
4333:
4151:
4101:
4065:
3893:
3259:
2795:
1322:
dynasty, some time in the 13th century, to meet the heavy demand for both religious and secular books. A set of ritual books,
1302:, "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters", the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, printed in
451:
from the 12th century to the 13th century, many books were printed and published by woodblock printing at Buddhist temples in
4389:
4214:
3946:
3883:
3858:
3744:
3497:
3239:
1269:
726:
dynasty pagoda that was repaired in 751 CE, was undated but must have been created sometime before the reconstruction of the
705:
2232:
577:
1341:, the Koreans used a sand-casting method. The following description of the Korean font casting process was recorded by the
811:
ordered another set to be created and work began in 1237, this time only taking 12 years to complete. In 1248 the complete
4049:
3931:
3868:
3797:
3715:
3647:
3622:
3519:
3283:
1611:
871:
4445:
4425:
4288:
4204:
4091:
3954:
3677:
3467:
2742:
1004:
41:
made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. A type of printing called mechanical
2310:
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/24231/Hyun_washington_0250E_12384.pdf?sequence=1
1007:
4394:
4353:
4348:
4293:
4199:
4176:
3845:
3642:
3592:
667:
467:
430:
commissioned one million small wooden pagodas, each containing a small woodblock scroll printed with a Buddhist text (
421:
4328:
4318:
4194:
4161:
4156:
4106:
4018:
4008:
3916:
3911:
3252:
3230:
1523:
2250:
1087:
dynasty (1127–1279), but this was largely experimental. It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the
358:
in 956, 965, and 975. Each purportedly in the form of 84,000 miniature scrolls. In 971 work began on the complete
4298:
4262:
4257:
4146:
3787:
3672:
3562:
804:
567:
3692:
4131:
3527:
3235:
2602:近世又铸锡作字, 以铁条贯之 (rendering: In the modern times, there's melten Tin Movable type, and linked them with iron bar)
681:
4042:
3637:
924:(990–1051) developed the first known movable-type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the
346:, philosophical works, encyclopedias, collections, and books on medicine and the art of war. In the state of
4219:
4171:
4141:
4096:
3725:
1018:
combination of markers. A copper block printed paper money dated between 1215 and 1216 in the collection of
979:
773:
755:
158:
4234:
4136:
3984:
3878:
3730:
3627:
3572:
2956:
1265:
999:
864:
754:, Gyeongju Province in 751 CE. The document is estimated to have been created no later than 704 AD. This
4166:
4111:
3825:
3687:
3632:
3377:
3108:
1545:, when Japan opened the country to the West and began to modernize, that this technique was used again.
1412:'s forces in 1593 was also in use at the same time as the printing press from Europe. An edition of the
320:
215:
76:
2544:
1042:
there is an empty square hole, apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of
2690:
295:
The oldest extant evidence of woodblock prints created for the purpose of reading are portions of the
4430:
4229:
4076:
3921:
3807:
3777:
3740:
3657:
3146:
2820:
2593:
1922:
1577:
1470:
1174:
1166:
1142:). Each set consisted of 5040 volumes, making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type.
1076:
813:
795:
437:
432:
1326:
were printed with movable metal type in 1234. The credit for the first metal movable type may go to
370:. It took 10 years to finish the 130,000 blocks needed to print the text. The finished product, the
4450:
4126:
3567:
1519:
1422:
790:
781:
2925:
553:
4249:
3926:
3720:
3652:
3617:
3582:
2762:
Baek Sauk Gi (1987). Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi #11 Jang Young Sil, p. 61. Woongjin Publishing.
1946:
1409:
1338:
1206:
676:, an example of woodblock printing from the eighth century was discovered in 1966. A copy of the
126:
68:
42:
1913:
Pan, Jixing (1997). "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries".
1327:
863:
in 1294, following the Chinese system. A description of the Chinese printing system was made by
2896:
1161:
1130:
government made 250,000 bronze movable-type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic
827:
as well as a standard edition for East Asian Buddhist scholarship. It is currently kept in the
793:
issued the carving of their own set of the Buddhist canon, which would come to be known as the
594:
depicting secular subjects became very popular among the common people and were mass-produced.
4116:
4086:
3782:
3577:
3359:
3188:
3176:
3154:
3136:
3112:
3034:
2877:
2855:
2828:
2725:
2682:
2657:
2501:
2472:
2440:
2392:
2368:
2194:
2129:
2097:
2047:
1995:
1991:
1938:
1848:
1782:
1713:
1709:
1553:
1401:
1368:
1244:
987:
951:
824:
819:
800:
606:
wrestlers, beautiful women, landscapes of sightseeing spots, historical tales, and so on, and
462:
436:). These were distributed to temples around the country as thanks for the suppression of the
332:
202:
Traditionally, there have been two main printing techniques in East Asia: woodblock printing (
55:
2874:
1533:
characters. In one book, 2,100 characters were created, but 16% of them were used only once.
1233:》). Wooden movable types were used continually in China. Even as late as 1733, a 2300-volume
799:. The project was suspended in 1031 after Heyongjong's death, but work resumed in 1046 after
4209:
3966:
3863:
3767:
3762:
3667:
3597:
3443:
3433:
3416:
3411:
3406:
1930:
1569:
1484:
1405:
808:
427:
144:
3462:
3448:
3389:
2316:
2220:
1428:
1047:
848:
844:
731:
685:
655:
615:
491:
for the time. The literacy rate of the Japanese in the Edo period was almost 100% for the
448:
3960:
1113:
in 1490 used bronze type in printing books. In 1574 the massive 1000 volume encyclopedia
440:
of 764. These are the earliest examples of woodblock printing known, or documented, from
2285:
Once considered the oldest extant woodblock print, archaeological discoveries since 1966
1926:
4121:
3977:
3697:
3602:
3472:
3318:
3306:
2437:
The Gutenberg revolution: the story of a genius and an invention that changed the world
1515:
1494:
1452:
1397:
1280:
1275:
A particular difficulty posed the logistical problems of handling the several thousand
879:
843:
The idea of printing expanded from East Asia to the Western World, starting in China's
582:
572:
183:
113:
109:
1436:
to be published, but copper type did not become mainstream after Ieyasu died in 1616.
937:
pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone.
359:
4419:
3612:
3555:
3492:
3423:
3394:
2706:
2471:]. Zhongguo banben wenhua congshu (in Chinese). Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe.
1251:
1188:
1099:
1095:
1084:
993:
983:
925:
751:
637:
562:
488:
316:
171:
2996:
2330:"Printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous Buddhist scriptures"
1950:
894:
49:. The use of woodblock printing spread throughout East Asia. As recorded in 1088 by
3545:
3477:
3457:
2980:
2851:
Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture
1542:
1394:
1287:
the wooden type could be more difficult to remove from the paste used in the form.
1184:
1127:
1106:
1072:
1043:
911:
903:
651:
375:
339:
269:
176:
148:
64:
46:
4034:
1421:
was printed in 1598, using a Korean moveable type printing press, at the order of
759:
547:
3129:
2nd ed., revised by L. Carrington Goodrich. NY:Ronald Press, 1955. (1st ed, 1925)
2849:
2386:
1776:
4379:
3540:
3428:
3372:
3367:
3335:
3330:
1621:
1565:
1255:
1098:(1206–1405), printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia. The
1038:
there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the
1010:
883:
719:
535:
517:
312:
304:
296:
289:
273:
251:
239:
231:
72:
38:
3990:
3587:
3550:
3384:
2949:"About the Japanese and Composition, the reconstruction of history and future"
2268:
1640:
An early method of reproduction that has been traced to the second century is
1538:
1019:
642:
484:
203:
2686:
1942:
3906:
3487:
3350:
3296:
3275:
1413:
1311:
1276:
831:. A printing office was established in the National Academy in 1101 and the
727:
620:
611:
529:
277:
105:
34:
2677:[The world's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type].
1362:
Korea served only the small, noble groups of the highly stratified society.
758:
was found inside the pagoda while dismantling the tower to repair it. Many
497:
154:
2500:] (in Chinese). Shenyang: Liaoning kexue jishu chubanshe. p. 22.
650:
with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of
3830:
3325:
3049:
Albert A. Altman, "Korea's First Newspaper: The Japanese Chosen shinpo",
2653:
1641:
1593:
local printers often found that wooden blocks suited their needs better.
1558:
1537:
were mass-produced by conventional woodblock printing during most of the
1530:
1499:
1417:
1376:
1155:
1151:
929:
921:
715:
677:
633:
523:
507:
456:
351:
308:
285:
247:
140:
60:
50:
30:
3162:
2772:
Sohn, Pow-Key (Summer 1993). "Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea".
2743:"Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?"
2724:, Volume 5-1, Joseph Needham, 1985, Cambridge University Press page 202
165:
3971:
3482:
3438:
3401:
2535:, Volume 5-1, Joseph Needham, 1985, Cambridge University Press page 221
1934:
1616:
1479:
is one of the earliest works produced on a movable type press in Japan.
1432:
1223:) in Zhejiang, made 100,000 wooden movable types and printed 43 volume
1214:
1110:
899:
828:
763:
607:
590:
541:
492:
476:
472:
371:
367:
260:
255:
227:
136:
100:
1268:
in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of
928:
dynasty, using ceramic materials. As described by the Chinese scholar
3340:
1381:
1342:
1331:
1319:
860:
856:
852:
832:
599:
300:
84:
23:
3020:
printing. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from
3226:
3214:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute
3313:
3301:
3291:
1552:
1526:
1488:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1192:
1160:
998:
893:
741:
723:
695:
673:
624:
and greatly developed Japanese woodblock printing culture such as
618:
established the technique of multicolor woodblock printing called
557:(puppet) theatre, etc. The best-selling books of this period were
461:
452:
441:
347:
189:
179:
164:
161:, one of the world's oldest surviving woodblock prints, c. 704-751
153:
130:
95:
88:
80:
17:
1847:
Fifty Wonders of Korea: Volume 1. Seoul: Samjung Munhwasa, 2007.
2557:
A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001
1243:》) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable type on order of the
603:
265:
4038:
3248:
1821:
Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.
1150:
Wooden movable type was also first developed around 1040 AD by
1981:
1979:
1460:
1088:
1080:
512:
186:), the earliest extant printed text bearing a date of printing
67:
using clay and wood pieces arranged and organized for written
2792:
The British Library Guide to Printing: History and Techniques
2367:, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos. 1–4.
855:
as well as several hundred wooden type for Uighur. After the
3244:
776:
is considered one of the oldest printed copies in the world.
399:
inlay. After this the block is washed to remove any refuse.
3127:
The Invention of Printing in China, and its spread Westward
2810:, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April–June 1959), pp. 96–103 (103).
2498:
A history of movable metal type printing technique in China
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1211:
A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books
1209:. Soon afterwards, he summarized his invention in his book
2388:
Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937
1508:, like that of traditional handwritten books, adopted the
835:
government collection numbered several tens of thousands.
276:
printed from 690 to 699. This coincides with the reign of
3022:
Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
45:
on paper started in China during the 7th century in the
2827:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. p. 33.
2046:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 105.
1509:
1503:
1474:
1464:
2895:(in Japanese). Printing Museum, Tokyo. Archived from
2293:
2291:
2143:
2141:
3199:; also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986.
2391:. University of British Columbia Press. p. 89.
1986:
Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013).
1704:
Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013).
1668:
1666:
1165:
A revolving typecase for wooden type in China, from
1034:
for the purpose of preventing counterfeit; over the
709:
505:(farmer) class due to the spread of private schools
91:
using moveable metal type being from 1377 in Korea.
4372:
4281:
4248:
4185:
3999:
3945:
3892:
3844:
3806:
3739:
3706:
3518:
3358:
3282:
3062:Melvin McGovern, "Early Western Presses in Korea",
1345:dynasty scholar Song Hyon during the 15th century:
1279:whose command is required for full literacy in the
3187:. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press.
3151:Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print
3053:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (August 1984), pp. 685–696.
2986:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
2979:
1819:The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.
766:scriptures) 8–9 is printed in the form of a roll.
614:are the most famous artists. In the 18th century,
2025:
2023:
238:, the blibography of the official history of the
75:with movable metal type to print the identifying
3758:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
2071:. Konosuke Hashiguchi. (2013) Seikei University.
1154:(990–1051), as described by the Chinese scholar
1026:, 1914, shows two special characters one called
511:. There were more than 600 rental bookstores in
3902:Association of East Asian Research Universities
2924:(in Japanese). Letterpress Labo. Archived from
1443:
1385:, which required fewer characters to typecast.
934:
335:and an assortment of other texts were printed.
2629:Chinese Paper and Printing, A Cultural History
2214:Early Printing in Korea. Korea Cultural Center
1450:
1046:money of the same period in the collection of
559:Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko (Life of an Amorous Man)
104:were mass-produced, which influenced European
4050:
3854:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
3260:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1200:
1178:
1137:
1133:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1118:
1066:
960:
585:, and these books were reprinted many times.
551:, art books, play scripts for the kabuki and
268:paper and dated to 650 to 670 CE, during the
94:From the 17th century to the 19th century in
26:, printed late 13th century by Liao Yingzhong
8:
4405:National Natural Science Foundation of China
2999:The Japan Federation of Printing Industries.
2581:A History of Moveable Type Printing in China
1013:with bronze movable type counterfeit markers
745:
735:
699:
689:
331:(乾符四年曆書), dated to 877. From 932 to 955 the
319:is 14 feet (4.3 metres) long and contains a
2624:
2622:
1990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1831:
1829:
1827:
1708:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1258:(1038–1227) period are known, of which the
1024:Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties
588:From the 17th century to the 19th century,
288:printed one million copies of the image of
218:of China that spread throughout the world.
4436:History of science and technology in China
4057:
4043:
4035:
3267:
3253:
3245:
2675:"世界上现存最早的木活字印本—宁夏贺兰山方塔出土西夏文佛经《吉祥遍至口和本续》介绍"
2163:. National Museum of Korea. Archived from
2044:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book
1306:in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
3753:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
3204:Printing and Publishing in Medieval China
2458:
2456:
2113:Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life.
1970:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1775:Smith, Daniel (2022-07-21). "Chapter 2".
1747:
1123:) were printed with bronze movable type.
2808:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2806:Sohn, Pow-Key, "Early Korean Printing",
2184:
2182:
1778:A Short History of the World in 50 Books
1549:Comparison of woodblock and movable type
1438:
898:A page from bronze movable-type book by
878:According to the American art historian
768:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1662:
1633:
1261:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union
234:for scholars and students to copy. The
3773:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
2430:
2428:
2426:
2191:Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea
1083:movable type, used probably since the
867:between 1301 and 1311 in his history.
3008:
2640:
2613:
2568:
2520:
2418:
2297:
2147:
2029:
2014:
1864:
1836:Edo Picture Books and the Edo Period.
1684:
1672:
1541:. It was after the 1870s, during the
7:
3206:. New York, Frederick C. Beil, 1983.
3170:A Social History of the Chinese Book
2794:, London: The British Library, 1998
1264:that was discovered in the ruins of
1235:Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition
1115:Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era
292:to distribute to Buddhist devotees.
4441:Science and technology in East Asia
3153:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2953:Japan Science and Technology Agency
2745:. Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear)
2161:"Spotless Pure Light Dharani Sutra"
37:originated in China, evolving from
4400:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
1764:. New York: Verso. pp. 75–76.
1404:in 1590, and was first printed in
1393:In Japan, the first Western style
1314:to movable metal type occurred in
407:further 10,000 after touching up.
214:Printing is considered one of the
198:dating the year of printing to 868
169:The intricate frontispiece of the
14:
3185:Science and Civilization in China
3135:. Seoul: Samjung Munhwasa, 2007.
3105:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
2722:Science and Civilization in China
2679:Library and Information (《图书与情报》)
2533:Science and Civilization in China
1431:established a printing school at
1050:has two empty square holes above
711:Mugu jeonggwang dae darani-gyeong
658:gained international popularity.
3937:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
3349:
3133:Fifty Wonders of Korea: Volume 1
2189:Pratt, Keith (August 15, 2007).
2042:Raven, James, ed. (2020-09-01).
4066:Science and technology in China
1557:China Block Printing Museum in
1205:》), a book of more than 60,000
941:and kept them in wooden cases.
323:at the inner end, which reads:
83:by the 13th century during the
4390:Chinese Academy of Engineering
4205:History of measurement systems
3884:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3859:East Asian Football Federation
3240:Cheongju Early Printing Museum
3103:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008),
2854:. Cambridge University Press.
2354:Carter, 1955, pp. 179–180
2193:. Reaktion Books. p. 74.
1270:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia
1239:
1229:
1219:
1201:
1179:
1138:
1119:
1067:
1003:Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000-
961:
746:
736:
700:
690:
254:, the capital of Tang China),
1:
3932:Journal of East Asian Studies
3869:East Asian Judo Championships
3716:East Asia Climate Partnership
3212:Chinese History: A New Manual
3168:McDermott, Joseph P. (2006),
2982:A History of Japan: 1334–1615
2598:Zao Huozi Yinshufa (《造活字印書法》)
2385:Reed, Christopher A. (2004).
1612:History of Western typography
1250:A number of books printed in
1247:, and completed in one year.
917:Ceramic movable type in China
872:Medieval Arabic blockprinting
847:In the Xiyu, printing in the
640:. In the early 20th century,
495:class and 50% to 60% for the
89:oldest surviving printed book
3955:Horses in East Asian warfare
3498:other ethnic groups in China
3210:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012),
3051:The Journal of Asian Studies
2848:Ikegami, Eiko (2005-02-28).
2825:Images of the Floating World
1146:Wooden movable type in China
646:that fused the tradition of
354:published the dharani-sutra
4395:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2741:Thomas Christensen (2006).
2673:Zhang Yuzhen (张玉珍) (2003).
1510:
1504:
1475:
1465:
1444:
1291:Metal movable type in Korea
973:Metal movable type in China
710:
668:Woodblock printing in Korea
468:Under the Wave off Kanagawa
422:Woodblock printing in Japan
282:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
4467:
4009:Needham Research Institute
3917:East Asia Image Collection
3912:East Asian Economic Review
3347:
2918:Kazuo Mori (25 May 2017).
2334:UNESCO Memory of the World
2092:Keizaburo Seimaru. (2017)
1988:The Book: A Global History
1706:The Book: A Global History
909:
665:
527:(books on urban culture),
419:
124:
98:, woodblock prints called
63:invented an early form of
4072:
3788:Human rights in East Asia
3673:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
3231:SOAS University of London
1451:
1187:governmental official of
1169:'s book published in 1313
680:Dharani Sutra called the
87:period, with the world's
3227:Chinese woodblock prints
3125:Carter, Thomas Frances.
2920:
2891:
2493:
2464:
2124:Junko Nishiyama. (2018)
1915:Chinese Science Bulletin
1781:. Michael O'Mara Books.
1760:Febvre, Lucien (1976) .
1400:was brought to Japan by
1379:of 24 characters called
1197:Records of Jingde County
682:Pure Light Dharani Sutra
4373:Institutes and programs
4082:Artificial intelligence
3874:East Asian martial arts
3821:Archaeological cultures
3066:, 1967, pp. 21–23.
2978:Sansom, George (1961).
2631:, by Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
1008:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
955:, and printed his book
870:Around fifty pieces of
839:Expansion into the West
774:The Great Dharani Sutra
411:Spread across East Asia
159:The Great Dharani Sutra
71:. The earliest printed
22:Literary collection of
4001:Science and technology
3985:The Book of Five Rings
3879:East Asian Youth Games
2128:. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu.
1838:National Diet Library.
1762:The Coming of the Book
1581:would fetch the type.
1561:
1480:
1324:Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun
1307:
1266:Baisigou Square Pagoda
1170:
1079:, there is mention of
1014:
957:Notes of The Jade Hall
947:
907:
865:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
787:Baoqieyin tuoluonijing
777:
568:Nansō Satomi Hakkenden
480:
382:, was printed in 983.
356:Baoqieyin tuoluonijing
199:
187:
162:
151:
59:, the Chinese artisan
27:
4215:History of metallurgy
3284:Countries and regions
3236:Early Korean printing
3109:Yale University Press
2492:Pan, Jixing (2001).
2269:"North Korea - Silla"
1556:
1442:
1389:Movable type in Japan
1298:
1164:
1075:(1271–1368) official
1002:
910:Further information:
897:
772:
578:Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige
465:
216:Four Great Inventions
193:
168:
157:
134:
112:. The European-style
21:
4304:Computer programmers
4024:Traditional medicine
3922:East Asia Law Review
3778:East Asian Community
3468:Indigenous Taiwanese
3238:from Jikji World at
2997:History of printing.
2899:on 29 September 2022
2875:Kotobank Saga Books.
2463:Xu, Yinong (2002).
2255:www.rightreading.com
2237:www.rightreading.com
1310:The transition from
1217:officer Ma Chengde (
820:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
814:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
796:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
632:influenced European
521:(satirical novels),
386:The printing process
378:, also known as the
4446:Textual scholarship
4426:History of printing
4385:Research institutes
4309:Computer scientists
4268:Research institutes
4092:Automotive industry
3449:Khalkha in Mongolia
3011:, pp. 211, 221
2469:Moveable type books
2251:"Untitled Document"
2233:"Untitled Document"
2167:on 31 December 2013
2150:, pp. 149, 150
1927:1997ChSBu..42..976P
1867:, pp. 2, 5–10.
1489:emaki (handscrolls)
1459:: libretto for the
1030:, the other called
902:, printed in 1490 (
791:Hyeonjong of Goryeo
782:Seongjong of Goryeo
756:Great Dharani Sutra
329:Qianfu sinian lishu
315:. This copy of the
280:, during which the
4177:Telecommunications
3927:East Asian studies
3623:Hip-and-gable roof
3618:Chinese characters
3202:Twitchett, Denis.
3183:. Needham, Joseph
3181:Paper and Printing
3177:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
2928:on 30 January 2023
2439:. London: Review.
2435:Man, John (2002).
2315:2016-06-30 at the
2300:, pp. 323–325
2219:2009-02-08 at the
2126:新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅
2068:第6回 和本の楽しみ方4 江戸の草紙
2017:, pp. 197–200
1935:10.1007/BF02882611
1597:Mechanical presses
1562:
1481:
1410:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1308:
1207:Chinese characters
1171:
1063:Zao Huozi Yinshufa
1015:
908:
778:
481:
200:
188:
163:
152:
127:Woodblock printing
121:Woodblock printing
69:Chinese characters
43:woodblock printing
28:
4413:
4412:
4364:Social scientists
4032:
4031:
3783:Four Asian Tigers
3141:978-0-9797263-1-6
3118:978-0-300-12728-7
3107:, Great Britain:
2878:The Asahi Shimbun
2796:available online.
2659:Dream Pool Essays
2559:, pp. 41–54.
2507:978-7-538-13354-7
2478:978-7-806-43795-7
2446:978-0-7472-4504-9
2398:978-0-774-81041-8
2365:Prints and People
2273:countrystudies.us
1853:978-0-9797263-1-6
1788:978-1-78929-411-8
1737:. pp. 41–54.
1369:Taejong of Joseon
1334:Dynasty in 1234.
1245:Yongzheng Emperor
1061:In the 1298 book
952:Dream Pool Essays
825:Classical Chinese
728:Shakyamuni Pagoda
714:), discovered in
539:(romance novel),
533:(comical books),
433:Hyakumantō Darani
264:sutra printed on
258:, China. It is a
77:code of the money
56:Dream Pool Essays
4458:
4314:Earth scientists
4263:Higher education
4258:Academic grading
4240:Military history
4235:Maritime history
4147:Renewable energy
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
3967:Miyamoto Musashi
3864:East Asian Games
3836:Former countries
3768:East Asia Summit
3598:Chinese knotting
3353:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3215:
3198:
3172:
3121:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2955:. Archived from
2947:Noriyuki Kasai.
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2790:Michael Twyman,
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2732:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:. Archived from
2670:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2545:韩国剽窃活字印刷发明权只是第一步
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2432:
2421:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2381:
2375:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:. United Nations
2326:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:The Japan Times.
2110:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1921:(12): 976–981 .
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1701:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1645:
1638:
1570:photolithography
1513:
1507:
1478:
1468:
1458:
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1455:
1447:
1423:Emperor Go-Yōzei
1406:Kazusa, Nagasaki
1281:Chinese language
1242:
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1222:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1182:
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982:(1115–1234) and
964:
963:
749:
748:
739:
738:
713:
703:
702:
693:
692:
380:Kaibao Tripitaka
362:Buddhist Canon (
236:Suishu jingjizhi
194:Colophon to the
135:A fragment of a
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4465:
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4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
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4359:Science writers
4344:Pharmacologists
4339:Nobel laureates
4324:Food scientists
4277:
4273:Science museums
4244:
4220:Ancient coinage
4181:
4068:
4063:
4033:
4028:
3995:
3941:
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3802:
3798:Stock exchanges
3735:
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3514:
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3278:
3273:
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3019:
3015:
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2962:
2960:
2959:on 23 July 2022
2951:(in Japanese).
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2363:A Hyatt Mayor,
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2317:Wayback Machine
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1429:Tokugawa Ieyasu
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1148:
1071:) by the early
1048:Shanghai Museum
975:
919:
914:
892:
849:Uyghur language
845:Western Regions
841:
805:Mongol invasion
670:
664:
656:Hiroshi Yoshida
616:Suzuki Harunobu
449:Kamakura period
424:
418:
413:
388:
374:edition of the
333:Twelve Classics
212:
129:
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12:
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4334:Mathematicians
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4172:Supercomputing
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4152:Semiconductors
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3978:The Art of War
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3698:Chinese zodiac
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3603:Chinese dragon
3600:
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3563:Blepharoplasty
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3221:External links
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2693:on 2012-04-02.
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2200:978-1861893352
2199:
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2134:978-4808711016
2117:
2105:
2102:978-4800312556
2085:
2083:Mitsui Fdosan.
2073:
2059:
2052:
2034:
2019:
2007:
2000:
1975:
1973:, p. 910.
1971:Wilkinson 2012
1956:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1840:
1823:
1794:
1787:
1767:
1752:
1750:, p. 911.
1748:Wilkinson 2012
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1687:, p. 146.
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1495:Ise monogatari
1471:Hon'ami Kōetsu
1402:Tenshō embassy
1398:printing-press
1390:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1354:
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1289:
1215:Fenghua county
1193:Anhui Province
1147:
1144:
974:
971:
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915:
891:
888:
880:A. Hyatt Mayor
840:
837:
807:of 1232. King
666:Main article:
663:
660:
583:Jippensha Ikku
573:Takizawa Bakin
420:Main article:
417:
414:
412:
409:
387:
384:
364:Kaibao zangshu
299:discovered at
211:
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184:British Museum
147:, c. 650–670,
125:Main article:
122:
119:
114:printing press
110:Impressionists
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4167:Space program
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4137:Nuclear power
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4102:Biotechnology
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3533:Architecture
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3528:Age reckoning
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3360:Ethnic groups
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3196:
3194:0-521-08690-6
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:9780192114471
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:Lane, Richard
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:Korea Journal
3059:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:0-486-20952-0
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2984:
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2863:
2861:9780521601153
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2834:1-56852-481-1
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:Lane, Richard
2816:
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2809:
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2800:
2797:
2793:
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2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:0 521 08690 6
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2707:Beijing Daily
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
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2680:
2676:
2669:
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2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
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2643:, p. 212
2642:
2637:
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2619:
2616:, p. 217
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2571:, p. 211
2570:
2565:
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2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2523:, p. 203
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2415:
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2400:
2394:
2390:
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2377:
2374:
2373:0-691-00326-2
2370:
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2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2053:9780191007507
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2032:, p. 201
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2001:9780191668746
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
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1965:
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1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1906:
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1902:
1897:
1894:
1891:, p. 50.
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:, p. 60.
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1861:
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1854:
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1756:
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1736:
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1719:9780191668746
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1454:
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1267:
1263:
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1253:
1252:Tangut script
1248:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Jingde County
1186:
1176:
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1157:
1153:
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1126:In 1725, the
1124:
1116:
1112:
1109:(1368–1644),
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:Mongol Empire
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:Southern Song
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
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563:Ihara Saikaku
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532:
531:
526:
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520:
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510:
509:
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500:
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494:
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489:literacy rate
486:
478:
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
438:Emi Rebellion
435:
434:
429:
428:Empress Kōken
423:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
383:
381:
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373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
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349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Diamond Sutra
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
250:(then called
249:
243:
241:
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233:
229:
223:
219:
217:
209:
207:
205:
197:
196:Diamond Sutra
192:
185:
181:
178:
174:
173:
172:Diamond Sutra
167:
160:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
128:
120:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
92:
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4077:Architecture
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3983:
3976:
3961:Bansenshūkai
3959:
3726:Rainy season
3503:unrecognized
3211:
3203:
3184:
3180:
3169:
3163:OCLC 5246796
3150:
3132:
3126:
3122:(alk. paper)
3104:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3029:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2981:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2885:
2870:
2850:
2843:
2824:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2736:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2691:the original
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2556:
2555:Pan Jixing,
2551:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2497:
2487:
2468:
2436:
2387:
2379:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2305:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2209:
2190:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2155:
2125:
2120:
2108:
2096:. Yosensha.
2093:
2088:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2043:
2037:
2010:
1987:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1901:Barrett 2008
1896:
1889:Barrett 2008
1884:
1877:Barrett 2008
1872:
1860:
1843:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1705:
1680:
1675:, p. 8.
1642:the practice
1636:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1563:
1543:Meiji period
1535:
1520:semi-cursive
1493:
1482:
1427:
1416:
1395:movable type
1392:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1328:Ch'oe Yun-ŭi
1323:
1309:
1285:
1274:
1259:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1210:
1196:
1185:Yuan dynasty
1172:
1149:
1131:
1128:Qing dynasty
1125:
1107:Ming dynasty
1104:
1093:
1073:Yuan dynasty
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1044:Song dynasty
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
988:
976:
967:
956:
950:
948:
943:
939:
935:
920:
912:Movable type
904:Ming Dynasty
890:Movable type
877:
869:
842:
818:
812:
794:
786:
779:
671:
652:Hasui Kawase
647:
641:
629:
625:
619:
598:is based on
595:
589:
587:
576:
566:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
506:
502:
496:
482:
466:
446:
431:
425:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
376:Kaibao Canon
363:
355:
343:
340:Song dynasty
337:
328:
324:
294:
270:Tang dynasty
259:
244:
235:
224:
220:
213:
201:
195:
177:Tang-dynasty
170:
149:Tang dynasty
99:
93:
65:movable type
54:
47:Tang dynasty
39:ink rubbings
29:
15:
4431:Art history
4380:863 Program
4289:Astronomers
4230:Cartography
4200:Discoveries
4127:Mathematics
3816:Archaeology
3708:Environment
3573:Calligraphy
3417:in Sakhalin
3373:Han Chinese
3336:South Korea
3331:North Korea
2494:中国金属活字印刷技术史
2081:Nihonbashi.
1735:中國金屬活字印刷技術史
1622:Samuel Dyer
1566:lithography
1318:during the
1256:Western Xia
1254:during the
1225:Daxue Yanyi
1105:During the
1094:During the
1054:as well as
1011:paper money
884:lithography
789:. In 1011,
744::
734::
720:South Korea
708::
698::
688::
426:In 764 the
338:During the
313:Aurel Stein
311:in 1907 by
305:Mogao Caves
297:Lotus Sutra
290:Puxian Pusa
274:Lotus Sutra
240:Sui dynasty
232:Han dynasty
230:during the
73:paper money
4451:Typography
4420:Categories
4354:Physicists
4349:Physicians
4294:Biologists
4195:Inventions
3991:Yi Sun-sin
3826:Bronze Age
3763:Capitalism
3688:Typography
3683:Television
3653:Philosophy
3638:Mādhyamaka
3633:Literature
3588:Sinosphere
3508:historical
3149:. (1978).
3009:Tsien 1985
2749:2006-10-18
2641:Tsien 1985
2614:Tsien 1985
2569:Tsien 1985
2521:Tsien 1985
2419:Tsien 1985
2298:Tsien 1985
2148:Tsien 1985
2030:Tsien 1985
2015:Tsien 1985
1865:Tsien 1985
1685:Tsien 1985
1673:Tsien 1985
1652:References
1539:Edo period
1511:renmen-tai
1277:logographs
1020:Luo Zhenyu
643:shin-hanga
485:Edo period
204:xylography
182:, 868 AD (
4329:Inventors
4319:Engineers
4250:Education
4097:Aviation
4087:Astronomy
3907:CrossAsia
3894:Education
3648:Mythology
3628:Languages
3608:Festivals
3556:Taiwanese
3463:Ryukyuans
3378:subgroups
3297:Hong Kong
3276:East Asia
2921:嵯峨本と角倉素庵。
2892:嵯峨本『伊勢物語』
2780:(2): 4–9.
2687:1003-6938
2594:Wang Zhen
2171:17 August
2094:江戸のベストセラー
1943:1001-6538
1657:Citations
1578:Wang Zhen
1466:Katsuragi
1414:Confucian
1371:in 1403.
1339:Gutenberg
1312:wood type
1175:Wang Zhen
1173:In 1298,
1167:Wang Zhen
1091:process.
1077:Wang Zhen
701:無垢淨光大陀羅尼經
691:무구정광대다라니경
621:nishiki-e
612:Hiroshige
548:kusazōshi
530:kokkeibon
366:開寶藏書) in
360:Tripiṭaka
344:Histories
278:Wu Zetian
139:print in
106:Japonisme
35:East Asia
4299:Chemists
4225:Printing
4210:Calendar
4162:Software
4157:Shipping
4142:Railways
4117:Internet
4107:Chemical
4014:Printing
3947:Military
3831:Iron Age
3745:Politics
3693:Yogācāra
3678:Surnames
3658:Religion
3568:Buddhism
3546:Japanese
3473:Tibetans
3444:in China
3434:Mongolic
3412:in Japan
3407:in China
3390:Japanese
3326:Mongolia
3307:Mainland
3179:(1985).
2823:(1978).
2709:(《北京日报》)
2654:Shen Kuo
2596:(1298).
2313:Archived
2217:Archived
1951:98230482
1606:See also
1559:Yangzhou
1531:hiragana
1505:Saga-bon
1500:typeface
1476:Saga-bon
1445:Saga-bon
1418:Analects
1377:alphabet
1240:武英殿聚珍版叢書
1156:Shen Kuo
1152:Bi Sheng
1139:《古今圖書集成》
1068:《造活字印書法》
930:Shen Kuo
922:Bi Sheng
716:Gyeongju
678:Buddhist
634:Japonism
602:actors,
536:ninjōbon
524:sharebon
518:kibyōshi
508:terakoya
457:Kamakura
352:Qian Chu
321:colophon
309:Dunhuang
286:Xuanzang
252:Chang'an
141:Sanskrit
108:and the
61:Bi Sheng
51:Shen Kuo
31:Printing
4187:History
3972:Sun Tzu
3808:History
3741:Economy
3721:Monsoon
3663:Scripts
3613:Gardens
3583:Cuisine
3541:Chinese
3520:Culture
3483:Uyghurs
3439:Mongols
3402:Koreans
3096:Sources
3086:et seq.
2774:Koreana
2340:30 July
2319:p. 191.
1923:Bibcode
1733:吉星, 潘.
1710:574–576
1617:Hua Sui
1524:cursive
1502:of the
1433:Enko-ji
1330:of the
1111:Hua Sui
1100:Uyghurs
900:Hua Sui
857:Mongols
829:Haeinsa
801:Munjong
780:In 989
764:dharani
648:ukiyo-e
630:Ukiyo-e
626:ukiyo-e
608:Hokusai
596:ukiyo-e
591:ukiyo-e
542:yomihon
493:samurai
477:ukiyo-e
473:Hokusai
447:In the
372:Sichuan
368:Chengdu
261:dharani
256:Shaanxi
228:Luoyang
145:Chinese
137:dharani
101:ukiyo-e
53:in his
4282:People
4132:Mining
4019:Swords
3846:Sports
3578:Cinema
3551:Korean
3493:Zhuang
3424:Manchu
3395:Yamato
3341:Taiwan
3319:Ryukyu
3191:
3157:
3139:
3115:
3037:
2858:
2831:
2728:
2685:
2504:
2475:
2443:
2395:
2371:
2197:
2132:
2100:
2050:
1998:
1949:
1941:
1851:
1785:
1716:
1473:. The
1382:Hangul
1343:Joseon
1332:Goryeo
1320:Goryeo
1120:《太平御覧》
1089:inking
1052:Ziliao
1036:Ziliao
1028:Ziliao
989:jiaozi
861:Tabriz
853:Turfan
833:Goryeo
809:Gojong
740:;
732:Korean
704:;
694:;
686:Korean
600:kabuki
575:, and
554:jōruri
498:chōnin
479:artist
301:Turpan
85:Goryeo
24:Han Yu
4122:Logic
3793:Ports
3731:Flora
3643:Music
3593:Dance
3478:Tujia
3458:Qiang
3314:Japan
3302:Macau
3292:China
3229:from
2963:8 May
2932:8 May
2903:8 May
2681:(1).
2496:[
2467:[
1947:S2CID
1628:Notes
1527:kanji
1463:play
1316:Korea
1304:Korea
1300:Jikji
1183:), a
1056:Zihou
1040:Zihao
1032:Zihao
750:) of
742:Hanja
724:Silla
722:in a
696:Hanja
674:Korea
662:Korea
503:nōmin
453:Kyoto
442:Japan
416:Japan
348:Wuyue
248:Xi'an
210:China
180:China
175:from
96:Japan
81:Korea
3743:and
3668:Seal
3537:Art
3429:Miao
3368:Ainu
3189:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3035:ISBN
2965:2023
2934:2023
2905:2023
2856:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2683:ISSN
2502:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2342:2016
2195:ISBN
2173:2013
2130:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1939:ISSN
1849:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1568:and
1522:and
1230:大學衍義
1202:旌德縣誌
1005:cash
962:玉堂雜記
760:sari
654:and
636:and
610:and
604:sumo
501:and
475:, a
455:and
266:hemp
143:and
3385:Hui
2465:活字本
1992:577
1931:doi
1529:or
1469:by
1461:Noh
1453:嵯峨本
1220:馬稱德
1081:tin
1022:'s
992:of
980:Jin
965:).
747:釋迦塔
737:석가탑
672:In
581:by
571:by
561:by
513:Edo
471:by
307:of
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3488:Yi
3161:;
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2776:.
2656:.
2621:^
2600:.
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2425:^
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2332:.
2290:^
2271:.
2253:.
2235:.
2181:^
2140:^
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1994:.
1978:^
1959:^
1945:.
1937:.
1929:.
1919:42
1917:.
1826:^
1797:^
1712:.
1692:^
1665:^
1516:ja
1425:.
1237:(《
1227:(《
1199:(《
1191:,
1180:王禎
886:.
718:,
706:RR
628:.
565:,
545:,
459:.
444:.
350:,
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3024:.
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2778:7
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2004:.
1953:.
1933::
1925::
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1791:.
1722:.
1514:(
1492:(
1449:(
1177:(
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959:(
906:)
730:(
684:(
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