531:
73:
225:
446:
170:
27:
for hundreds of years, despite the various societal barriers facing them. In the 18th and 19th century, there were few formal training opportunities for women to train as engineers and frequently women were introduced to engineering through family companies or their spouses. Some women did have more
585:
Although women who had gained engineering opportunities in both industry and the forces during World War Two were forced out of those positions in an almost identical situation to that following World War One, there were enough women sufficiently established in senior roles in government research
288:
A person shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage from the exercise of any public function, or from being appointed to or holding any civil or judicial office or post, or from entering or assuming or carrying on any civil profession or vocation, or for admission to any incorporated society
180:
The 1911 census recorded no woman listing her profession as an engineer. However, at the start of the 20th century in the UK, there were greater opportunities for women to study at university and there were more instances of women studying for degrees in physics, mathematics, and engineering
550:
and WES were vocal about promoting women's place in industry. Women proved once again their ability to take on roles seen as exclusively for men, while women with formal training in engineering from before the War were able to demonstrate their innovative capacity. Aeronautical engineer
731:
Although numbers were tiny until the 1970s, increasing numbers of women started to take university degrees and trade qualifications in engineering subjects. It was still a period when a talented person could rise from the technician ranks without a degree, as defence engineer
47:
During the first two decades of the 20th century new opportunities arose for women to go to university and earn degrees and there were increasing numbers of women studying maths and physics at universities across the UK. The job opportunities for women opened up by
780:, Chair of the EOC and herself an aeronautical engineer, WISE aimed to highlight the career opportunities for girls and women in science and engineering professions. At the time of the launch of WISE, only 7% of engineering graduates in the UK were women.
530:
740:
was able to do at
Manchester University and then with her own software business. The defence industry, aviation and the emerging computer hardware and software industries were areas when many women found careers at that time. Examples include
594:
and similar, that there continued to be more openings for women. Beatrice
Shilling, for instance, remained at the RAE to work on rocket engines and was consulted by NASA on runway surfaces for the future space shuttles. In the same era,
313:- the first of its kind in the world - was founded on 23 June 1919 to protect the jobs that women had gained during World War One and to continue promoting the place of women in engineering. Seven women signed the foundation documents:
294:
It was an enabling act, not an enforcing one, but did open the doors of the professional engineering institutions to women who could earn the qualifications and had the professional experience required to pass the entry examinations.
677:
in her workplace, "being fondled, being pushed against the wall", she wanted to create job opportunities for women with dependents, and predominantly employed women, with only three male programmers in the first 300 staff, until the
682:
made that practice illegal. She also adopted the name "Steve" to help her in the male-dominated business world, given that company letters signed using her real name were not responded to. Her team's projects included programming
221:'s career as socialite, suffragette, metallurgist and serial patentee (in particular the first successful postage stamp selling machines), seems to have emerged from her early marriage to an engineer, whom she soon left behind.
63:
The 1920s and 30s produced many successful women engineers, who were able to forge careers for themselves in various fields, including aeronautical, automotive and electrical engineering. Many of these women were members of WES.
2614:"METROPOLITAN-VICKERS: ARTHUR FLEMING'S INFLUENCE ON THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF APPRENTICE TRAINING AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FEMALE COLLEGE AND STUDENT APPRENTICES BETWEEN 1945-1967"
275:, which stated that the jobs women filled had to be handed back to the men returning from the front. Another act of parliament later in 1919 attempted to improve women's professional and educational rights. The
2017:
3244:
283:
on 23 December 1919. The act enabled women to join the professions and professional bodies (including those representing the engineering professions), to sit on juries and be awarded degrees:
691:
510:
took refuge in the United
Kingdom, becoming a member of WES, having already been in correspondence with them at the start of the War. Because of her German heritage, she was interned as an
491:
became the youngest president of WES, serving under her married name of 'Mrs Jim
Mollison', four years after becoming the first woman to fly solo from the UK to Australia. That same year,
480:
was the first woman to graduate in electrical engineering from the
University of Birmingham. By the 1950s Hackett was head of the Guided Weapons Division at aerospace and defence company
1803:
799:
189:
in 1912 with a degree in Civil
Engineering, the first British woman to qualify as an engineer. She married a fellow student and moved to Canada. Electrical Engineer and businesswoman
2497:
117:
Many women in this era were collaborators in engineering projects with their husbands. The effort to electrify the home in the late 19th century involved many women, including
2521:
2498:"University of Glasgow - University events - Glasgow Science Festival - Schools & Community Engagement - Community - Previous projects - Monumental - Maria Ludwika Ziff"
91:, the first woman in the UK to patent a bridge. Later in the 19th century, there are more examples of women patenting inventions and practising as engineers. Naval engineer
256:
all learned important aspects of their trades through working during World War One, particularly in the production of munitions. Recognition of the roles naval architects
2971:
1941:
3355:
769:
149:. Several of the women who went on to be founding members of WES were also involved in the women's suffrage movement, including Katharine Parsons and her daughter,
987:
2333:
1259:
925:
376:. This association aimed to educate women about electricity, providing courses in Electrical Housecraft and demonstrations at electrical showrooms. It published
345:, who had trained as a boiler-maker during World War One, and was later made a Dame for her services to industry and business. The United States equivalent, the
420:
2118:
2895:
1472:
28:
formal educations in the late 19th century and early 20th century, normally in mathematics or science subjects. There are several examples of women filing
522:, the professor who had offered her a place believing her application was from a Polish man. She later became a defence engineer and university lecturer.
272:
111:
57:
366:
276:
1183:
698:. The conference was attended by delegates from across the globe, with many international speakers, including from African and Asian countries.
56:
was founded to protect these jobs for women, which, once the war ended, were handed back to the men returning from the front, as decreed by the
777:
710:
496:
764:
into the engineering profession in the United
Kingdom was commissioned by the Labour government. This ultimately led to the foundation of the
2871:
2309:
2166:
1776:
1733:
1690:
1369:
1235:
901:
265:
264:, and Rachel Parsons played was recognised on 9 April 1919 when they became the first three women to be admitted as associate members by the
103:, found her way into engineering through a family connection. She worked as part of her father's engineering business on the Isle of Wight.
2630:
2405:
99:, contributed to naval engineering and held patents across the world for the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. Similarly, another naval engineer,
1892:
647:
611:
1015:
577:
in
Manchester in 1941, and later became supervisor of technical women within their Research Department, as well as a president of WES.
415:, its speakers and attendee list represented key figures in the suffrage and women's rights movements in Britain and abroad, including
72:
3271:"Platt (née Myatt), Beryl Catherine, Baroness Platt of Writtle (1923–2015), engineer, local government politician, and public servant"
2689:
2430:
2093:
2920:
1416:
1277:
943:
81:
3290:
2590:
2356:
1848:
1626:
1535:
1429:
1297:
1067:
1044:
380:, a guide to electricity, which was re-issued (though with different names) until 1983. That same year, engineering project manager
3245:"Baroness Platt of Writtle: Aeronautical engineer who went on to the House of Lords and chaired the Equal Opportunities Commission"
1829:"Keary [married name Smith-Keary], Eily Marguerite Leifchild (1892–1975), naval architect and aeronautical design engineer"
224:
3270:
2570:
2146:
1828:
1756:
1713:
1632:
1435:
1050:
503:. A register of members from 1935 shows the international membership of WES and the variety of different women who were members.
404:
373:
1670:
3350:
789:
591:
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1969:
473:
408:
357:
Through these new opportunities, the 1920s and 1930s in the UK were an active time for women in engineering and WES. In 1923
114:), the premier British electrical engineering profession institution, in recognition of her work on electrical arc lighting.
1870:
454:
399:
In July 1925 the First
International Conference of Women in Science, Industry & Commerce was held in London, during the
310:
304:
138:
53:
1103:
3345:
535:
809:
804:
587:
1627:"Pullinger [married name Martin], Dorothée Aurélie Marianne (1894–1986), automobile engineer and businesswoman"
679:
326:
249:
1158:
1123:
556:
469:
393:
346:
202:
3031:
2944:
2188:
1393:
1993:
1512:
1480:
639:
400:
1501:
2613:
2454:
Holmes, Rose (2018-02-23). "Love, labour, loss: women, refugees and the servant crisis in
Britain, 1933–1939".
465:
130:
1045:"Ayrton [née Marks], (Phoebe) Sarah [Hertha] (1854–1923), electrical engineer and suffragist"
3161:
2252:
2228:
1576:
519:
439:
209:(now University), which admitted the first cohort of women engineers in 1919, including mechanical engineer
206:
194:
186:
514:
at the Rushen camp on the Isle of Wight but returned to an engineering career once freed in 1942. In 1938,
2972:"International conviviality: recovering women in engineering from Africa and Asia in 'The Woman Engineer'"
1320:
824:
607:
566:
3074:
3098:
2380:
2212:
1430:"Haslett, Dame Caroline Harriet (1895–1957), electrical engineer and electricity industry administrator"
728:
campaign in conjunction with WES to encourage girls and young women to take up engineering as a career.
385:
362:
314:
96:
2545:
445:
241:
240:. As men were away fighting, jobs in factories had to be filled by women. Women in engineering such as
2779:
599:
introduced the use of strain gauges for inflight testing, contributing to solving the reasons for the
372:
In 1924, members of WES, including Caroline Haslett, Margaret Moir and Margaret Partridge founded the
794:
643:
574:
500:
461:
268:, Keary having been the first woman to contribute a paper in the institution's transactions in 1916.
92:
37:
2571:"Shilling [married name Naylor], Beatrice (1909–1990), mechanical and aeronautical engineer"
2041:
Pursell, Carroll (1999). "Domesticating Modernity: The Electrical Association for Women, 1924-86".
765:
733:
570:
358:
338:
334:
322:
318:
257:
253:
245:
182:
173:
154:
150:
146:
142:
100:
1757:"Willson [née Buckley], Laura Annie (1877–1942), suffragette, engineer, and businesswoman"
1417:
https://electrifyingwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/56/2020/04/EW-5-key-themes-Activism-PDF.pdf
3226:
3185:
2479:
2327:
2074:
2066:
1600:
1552:
1253:
919:
814:
746:
600:
424:
381:
190:
169:
2997:
559:
for use in Hurricane and Spitfire planes, which had previously been failing during air battle.
3286:
3143:
3007:
2877:
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2685:
2660:
2586:
2471:
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2315:
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1844:
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1686:
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1365:
1342:
1293:
1241:
1231:
1191:
1063:
965:
907:
897:
742:
552:
416:
330:
126:
118:
518:(later known as Maria Watkins) became the first woman to study electrical engineering at the
3282:
3278:
3218:
3135:
2582:
2578:
2463:
2158:
2154:
2119:"Bradfield, 75 years on – part 2: "the only woman present" – Kathleen Butler and the Bridge"
2050:
1840:
1836:
1768:
1764:
1725:
1721:
1678:
1637:
1440:
1332:
1289:
1285:
1055:
955:
819:
761:
754:
721:
481:
477:
435:
412:
342:
218:
158:
110:, was the first woman admitted to the IEE (the Institution of Electrical Engineers, now the
2302:
Ladies can't climb ladders : the pioneering adventures of the first professional women
1682:
3124:"An Appreciation of Dina St Johnston (1930–2007) Founder of the UK's First Software House"
3123:
2730:
562:
428:
214:
988:"SARAH GUPPY AND HER BRIDGE PATENT No. 3405, 1811 [Guest article by Julia Elton]"
442:
and delivered the first address by a woman to the Society's members on 1 November 1926.
706:
619:
539:
507:
472:
successfully passed the admission examination to become the first female member of the
427:
the first woman elected to Upper House of the Swedish parliament and American engineer
229:
24:
3339:
3230:
2483:
2078:
773:
702:
658:
651:
515:
210:
134:
107:
77:
41:
3055:
Baker, Nina (2009). "Early Women Engineering Graduates from Scottish Universities".
407:
in her first public engagement since her marriage into the royal family. Chaired by
750:
737:
714:
623:
547:
492:
280:
2467:
1655:
1458:
1083:
2705:
1917:
1473:"Nina Cameron Walley (Nee Graham), First Woman to Graduate in Engineering, 1912"
1184:"Why the Women's Engineering Society still has its work cut out after 100 years"
1016:"The Long Read: Discovering the Victorian Engineer Henrietta Vansittart, part 1"
627:
615:
511:
488:
450:
389:
237:
88:
49:
33:
20:
3222:
2811:
1641:
1444:
1059:
2319:
2054:
1362:
Domesticating electricity : technology, uncertainty and gender, 1880-1914
1245:
596:
261:
198:
52:
I meant many women were trained in various forms of engineering. In 1919, the
3147:
3011:
2881:
2835:
2791:
2754:
2475:
2062:
1379:
1346:
1195:
969:
911:
145:
described herself as an "engineer by marriage" through her relationship with
3139:
3002:
695:
630:
used for supersonic aircraft testing at RAE, and part of the development of
3315:
2366:
753:
and the founder of the UK's first independent commercial software company,
2861:
1893:"Introducing Electrifying Women: the long history of women in engineering"
1131:
684:
635:
631:
2431:"Learning more from the archives: the Register of Women Engineers, 1935"
2094:"The Electrical Handbook for Women - a transformative 20th century text"
2147:"Buchanan, Dorothy Donaldson [Dot] (1899–1985), civil engineer"
2070:
1714:"Rowbotham, Margaret Dorothea [Dorothy] (1883–1978), engineer"
868:
1337:
894:
A lab of one's own : science and suffrage in the first World War
674:
670:
29:
2276:
960:
403:. It was organised by Caroline Haslett & WES, and opened by the
176:
became the first British woman to earn an engineering degree in 1912
125:, which included a section detailing life as an engineering spouse.
87:
Inventors and engineers in the early 19th century in the UK include
666:
662:
529:
444:
223:
168:
71:
1970:"Internationalism and the UK's Women's Engineering Society (WES)"
844:
736:
was able to do at DeHavillands and engineering software designer
724:
MP, then Minister for Education and Science, launched the first
610:
became the first woman to be elected a chartered member of the
2863:
Let it go : the entrepreneur turned ardent philanthropist
1528:
Adventures in Aeronautical Design - The Life of Hilda M. Lyon
618:
became the first woman to work on a commercial computer, the
499:, was responsible for the first permanent electrification of
673:
and now part of the Sopra Steria Group). Having experienced
1918:"A forgotten feminist pioneer: the story of Rachel Parsons"
800:
List of prizes, medals, and awards for women in engineering
1278:"Thornycroft, Blanche Coules (1873–1950), naval architect"
692:
International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists
384:
travelled to London to set up the project offices for the
3211:
International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education
2921:"Transcript of "Why do ambitious women have flat heads?""
546:
Women continued to play an active role in engineering in
271:
Once the war was over, these jobs were threatened by the
2836:"'I just got fed up with the sexism. It was everywhere'"
2755:"Witness History - From cakes to computers - BBC Sounds"
157:(who was arrested twice for suffragette activities) and
2706:"Our history - The Institution of Structural Engineers"
1159:"Who launched the Women's Engineering Society in 1919?"
289:(whether incorporated by Royal Charter or otherwise)...
232:
at one of the Tyne shipbuilding yards, Newcastle, 1918.
2018:"The Electrical Association for Women educating women"
542:
at a Royal Army Ordnance Corps depot, 10 October 1942.
2896:"'Why I had to change my name to Steve' - BBC Ideas"
1871:"Restoration of pre-war practices act 1919, Hansard"
1625:
1439:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1428:
1228:Magnificent women and their revolutionary machines
1043:
95:, who was introduced to engineering by her father
1601:"What did women do on the home front in the war?"
768:in 1981, which in its turn collaborated with the
944:"The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton"
690:In 1967, WES led the organisation of the second
236:Many women gained engineering experience during
2404:Hampshirearchivesandlocalstudies (2019-08-14).
626:became the only female engineer to work on the
299:The founding of the Women's Engineering Society
2043:The British Journal for the History of Science
1104:"Parliament and Women, c.1900-1945 PhD Thesis"
2657:Negative Gravity. A life of Beatrice Shilling
506:Before World War Two, German Jewish engineer
411:, the first woman MP to take her seat in the
8:
1804:"History of the Women's Engineering Society"
1671:"Parsons, Rachel Mary (1885–1956), engineer"
1636:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1054:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
654:in 1899, to reach this level of membership.
575:Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company Ltd.
438:was the first woman to be elected to the UK
197:, graduating in 1914. Aeronautical engineer
709:in 1968. She later became the first female
581:Post-war, Cold War and second wave feminism
273:Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act (1919)
58:Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act (1919)
2682:Clear air turbulence. A life of Anne Burns
2332:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1258:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
924:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
896:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom.
2919:Shirley, Dame Stephanie (27 March 2015).
1336:
959:
774:Women into Science and Engineering (WISE)
205:, Cambridge in 1915. Many women attended
2406:"A Winchester Woman in a Man's Industry"
3275:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2631:"The Worker's War: Home Front recalled"
2575:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2151:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1833:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1761:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1718:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1675:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1633:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1436:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1282:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1124:"History | Women's Engineering Society"
1051:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
836:
717:navigable, a role dating back to 1625.
468:worked for her entire career. In 1927,
460:Careers developed in companies such as
367:Institution of Railway Signal Engineers
277:Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919
3356:History of women in the United Kingdom
3186:"Dina St Johnston - Computing History"
2966:
2964:
2325:
2233:Look and Learn History Picture Library
2140:
2138:
1319:Harcourt, Keith; Edwards, Roy (2018).
1271:
1269:
1251:
917:
776:year in 1984. Spearheaded by Baroness
711:Acting Conservator of the River Mersey
705:began leading the team working on the
665:with a capital of £6, (later FI, then
3310:
3308:
3283:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109101
2583:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110226
2214:Eastern Engineering [monthly]
2159:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110227
1963:
1961:
1841:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110229
1798:
1796:
1794:
1769:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.107536
1726:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110231
1290:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110232
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1037:
1035:
646:, was awarded Full Membership of the
365:became the first woman member of the
266:Royal Institution of Naval Architects
7:
2866:. Askwith, Richard. Luton: Andrews.
2410:Hampshire Archives and Local Studies
1683:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.53644
1118:
1116:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1009:
1007:
981:
979:
937:
935:
341:. The first Secretary appointed was
2546:"The women of the Second World War"
648:Institution of Electrical Engineers
612:Institution of Structural Engineers
298:
213:and engineer, writer and traveller
106:Electrical engineer and physicist,
1364:. London: Pickering & Chatto.
1182:Koerner, Emily Rees (2020-06-16).
497:Electrical Contractors Association
361:, a draughtswoman working for the
14:
2349:Women and a changing civilization
986:womenengineerssite (2019-11-16).
495:, the first female member of the
453:became the youngest president of
378:The Electrical Handbook for Women
54:Women's Engineering Society (WES)
2731:"Mary Coombs | Diversity in HPC"
374:Electrical Association for Women
228:A woman adjusting the nuts of a
3122:Lavington, Simon (2009-05-01).
2612:Jackson, Veronica Mary (2016).
2522:"WES- World War Two and Beyond"
2351:. Chicago: Cassandra Editions.
1916:Heald, Henrietta (2020-08-04).
1477:digitalcollections.uwinnipeg.ca
790:History of women in engineering
592:Building Research Establishment
32:in the 19th century, including
2778:Sudbury, Marian (2018-02-02).
770:Equal Opportunities Commission
687:'s black box flight recorder.
634:, but still encountered petty
555:, for example, engineered the
474:Institution of Civil Engineers
464:in Manchester, where engineer
16:Women in engineering in the UK
1:
2680:Freudenberg, Matthew (2009).
2655:Freudenberg, Matthew (2003).
2468:10.1080/09612025.2017.1327096
2092:Gooday, Graeme (2020-03-24).
1968:Gooday, Graeme (2020-04-21).
1157:Gooday, Graeme (2019-08-07).
536:Auxiliary Territorial Service
396:started work at the company.
3320:Welcome to the WISE Campaign
3316:"WISE | The History of WISE"
3209:"Finniston and the Future".
2860:Shirley, Stephanie. (2012).
1656:UK public library membership
1551:imechearchive (2017-03-31).
1459:UK public library membership
1325:Science Museum Group Journal
1084:UK public library membership
948:Science Museum Group Journal
810:Category:Women in technology
805:African women in engineering
713:responsible for keeping the
642:, an electrical engineer at
588:Royal Aircraft Establishment
586:establishments, such as the
487:In 1934, pilot and engineer
449:In 1934, pilot and engineer
349:(SWE), was founded in 1950.
19:Women have played a role in
3190:www.computinghistory.org.uk
3032:"The Woman Engineer Vol 10"
2945:"The Woman Engineer Vol 10"
2569:Horrocks, Sally M. (2019).
680:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
363:Great Western Railway (GWR)
311:Women's Engineering Society
305:Women's Engineering Society
250:Margaret Dorothea Rowbotham
139:Women's Engineering Society
3372:
3223:10.1177/002072098001700302
3217:(3): 197–212. 2016-07-24.
2812:"The Woman Engineer Vol 8"
2429:Rees, Emily (2019-08-22).
2277:"University of Birmingham"
2189:"The Woman Engineer Vol 2"
1994:"The Woman Engineer Vol 1"
1891:Rees, Emily (2019-07-19).
1624:Clarsen, Georgine (2004).
1557:IMechE Archive and Library
1394:"The Woman Engineer Vol 2"
1014:Rees, Emily (2020-01-27).
942:Bruton, Elizabeth (2018).
470:Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan
394:Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan
347:Society of Women Engineers
302:
121:, who wrote a book called
3269:Wollaston, Helen (2019).
2684:. Charlton Publications.
2659:. Charlton Publications.
2347:Holtby, Winifred (1978).
2055:10.1017/S0007087498003483
1755:Heald, Henrietta (2018).
1669:Heald, Henrietta (2018).
1513:British Newspaper Archive
1226:Heald, Henrietta (2019).
1102:Takayanagi, Mari (2012).
726:Women in Engineering Year
661:founded software company
401:British Empire Exhibition
82:Helena Arsène Darmesteter
3057:Women's History Magazine
2281:University of Birmingham
2229:"Annette Ashberry, AMSE"
1360:Gooday, Graeme. (2008).
1276:Harcourt, Keith (2019).
992:women engineers' history
650:, the first woman since
392:, at the same time that
129:worked with her husband
2780:"Mary Sudbury obituary"
2735:www.hpc-diversity.ac.uk
2300:Robinson, Jane (2020).
1942:"Dame Caroline Haslett"
1712:Baker, Nina C. (2018).
892:Fara, Patricia (2018).
520:University of Edinburgh
201:went to study maths at
187:University of Liverpool
3351:History of engineering
3162:"92: dina st johnston"
2456:Women's History Review
2253:"88: winifred hackett"
2145:Chrimes, Mike (2018).
1642:10.1093/ref:odnb/71798
1577:"97: georgina kermode"
1553:"CLAUDIA & VERENA"
1530:. Crampton-Moorhouse.
1502:"Liverpool Daily Post"
1445:10.1093/ref:odnb/33751
1060:10.1093/ref:odnb/37136
825:Women in the workforce
603:crashes of the 1950s.
543:
457:
359:Elsie Louisa Winterton
233:
177:
137:and later founded the
123:Decorative Electricity
84:
3140:10.1093/comjnl/bxn019
1321:"Blanche Thornycroft"
663:Freelance Programmers
614:. In the early 1950s
533:
448:
386:Sydney Harbour Bridge
315:Eleanor Shelley-Rolls
227:
172:
75:
3346:Women in engineering
3128:The Computer Journal
1827:Stanley, Jo (2019).
1526:Baker, Nina (2020).
1042:Mason, Joan (2004).
795:Women in engineering
772:(EOC) to launch the
669:, since acquired by
644:Metropolitan-Vickers
608:Mary Thompson Irvine
501:Winchester Cathedral
462:Metropolitan Vickers
440:Society of Engineers
207:Loughborough College
135:steam turbine engine
93:Henrietta Vansittart
38:Henrietta Vansittart
3075:"62: Joan Lavender"
2117:Alex (2018-08-08).
869:"Magnificent Women"
766:Engineering Council
567:electrical engineer
538:(ATS) working on a
421:Viscountess Rhondda
339:Janetta Mary Ornsby
323:Laura Annie Willson
319:Margaret, Lady Moir
258:Blanche Thornycroft
254:Laura Annie Willson
183:Nina Cameron Graham
174:Nina Cameron Graham
155:Laura Annie Willson
143:Margaret, Lady Moir
131:Sir Charles Parsons
101:Blanche Thornycroft
3099:"89: Judy butland"
2976:Electrifying Women
2435:Electrifying Women
2381:"85: Jeanie dicks"
2098:Electrifying Women
1974:Electrifying Women
1922:Electrifying Women
1897:Electrifying Women
1504:. 17 December 1943
1163:Electrifying Women
1020:Electrifying Women
849:Electrifying Women
815:Women in computing
747:Elizabeth Laverick
573:expert joined the
544:
516:Marja Ludwika Ziff
458:
425:Kerstin Hesselgren
382:Kathleen M. Butler
327:Margaret Rowbotham
242:Dorothée Pullinger
234:
191:Margaret Partridge
178:
165:Early 20th century
85:
3166:Magnificent Women
3103:Magnificent Women
3079:Magnificent Women
2873:978-1-78234-282-3
2385:Magnificent Women
2311:978-0-85752-587-1
2257:Magnificent Women
2168:978-0-19-861412-8
1778:978-0-19-861412-8
1735:978-0-19-861412-8
1692:978-0-19-861412-8
1654:(Subscription or
1581:Magnificent Women
1457:(Subscription or
1371:978-1-85196-580-9
1237:978-1-78352-660-4
1082:(Subscription or
903:978-0-19-879498-1
873:Magnificent Women
745:, WES presidents
743:Elizabeth Killick
553:Beatrice Shilling
466:Gertrude Entwisle
417:Millicent Fawcett
331:Katharine Parsons
193:studied maths at
127:Katharine Parsons
119:Alice Mary Gordon
3363:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:www.istructe.org
2702:
2696:
2695:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:StrategicMatters
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1479:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1338:10.15180/1851009
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1223:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1130:. Archived from
1120:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1047:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
983:
974:
973:
963:
939:
930:
929:
923:
915:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
841:
820:Women in science
762:Finniston Report
755:Dina St Johnston
722:Shirley Williams
482:English Electric
478:Winifred Hackett
436:Annette Ashberry
413:House of Commons
353:Inter war period
343:Caroline Haslett
219:Georgina Kermode
159:Caroline Haslett
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3249:The Independent
3243:
3242:
3238:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3036:www2.theiet.org
3030:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
2998:"Mary Kendrick"
2995:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2949:www2.theiet.org
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2816:twej.theiet.org
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2324:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2193:www2.theiet.org
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1998:www2.theiet.org
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1398:www2.theiet.org
1392:
1391:
1387:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1250:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1005:
996:
994:
985:
984:
977:
961:10.15180/181002
941:
940:
933:
916:
904:
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
867:
866:
862:
853:
851:
843:
842:
838:
833:
786:
701:Tidal engineer
583:
563:Isabel Hardwich
528:
429:Ethel H. Bailey
405:Duchess of York
355:
307:
301:
230:turning machine
215:Claudia Parsons
203:Newnham College
195:Bedford College
185:graduated from
167:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3304:
3291:
3261:
3236:
3201:
3177:
3153:
3134:(3): 378–387.
3114:
3090:
3066:
3047:
3023:
2988:
2960:
2936:
2911:
2887:
2872:
2852:
2827:
2803:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2697:
2691:978-0954616533
2690:
2672:
2665:
2647:
2622:
2604:
2591:
2561:
2537:
2526:www.theiet.org
2513:
2489:
2462:(2): 288–309.
2446:
2421:
2396:
2372:
2357:
2339:
2310:
2292:
2268:
2244:
2220:
2204:
2180:
2167:
2134:
2109:
2084:
2033:
2022:www.theiet.org
2009:
1985:
1957:
1946:www.theiet.org
1933:
1908:
1883:
1862:
1849:
1819:
1808:www.theiet.org
1790:
1777:
1747:
1734:
1704:
1691:
1661:
1616:
1592:
1568:
1543:
1536:
1518:
1493:
1464:
1420:
1409:
1385:
1370:
1352:
1311:
1298:
1265:
1236:
1207:
1174:
1144:
1128:www.wes.org.uk
1112:
1089:
1068:
1031:
1003:
975:
931:
902:
884:
860:
835:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
785:
782:
707:Thames Barrier
601:Comet airliner
582:
579:
557:RAE restrictor
540:Churchill tank
527:
524:
508:Ira Rischowski
434:Also in 1925,
354:
351:
335:Rachel Parsons
303:Main article:
300:
297:
246:Rachel Parsons
166:
163:
151:Rachel Parsons
69:
66:
25:United Kingdom
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3368:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3294:
3292:9780198614128
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:Keleny, Ann.
2992:
2989:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2901:
2900:www.bbc.co.uk
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2760:
2759:www.bbc.co.uk
2756:
2750:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2636:
2635:Union History
2632:
2626:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2594:
2592:9780198614128
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2503:
2502:www.gla.ac.uk
2499:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:0-915864-28-2
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1850:9780198614128
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:9798650270584
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1483:on 2021-01-29
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1446:
1442:
1438:
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