History of taxation in the United Kingdom

158: 30: 754:, which was levied at different rates depending on goods' luxuriousness. Purchase Tax was applied to the wholesale price, initially at a rate of 33⅓ %. This was doubled in April 1942 to 66⅔ %, and further increased in April 1943 to a rate of 100%, before reverting in April 1946 to 33⅓ % again. Unlike VAT, Purchase Tax was applied at the point of manufacture and distribution, not at the point of sale. The rate of Purchase Tax at the start of 1973, when it gave way to VAT, was 25%. On 1 January 1973 the UK joined the European Economic Community and as a consequence Purchase Tax was replaced by Value Added Tax on 1 April 1973. The Conservative Chancellor 426: 311: 196: 1354:

altered to the 5th April. In 1800, owing to the omission of a leap year day observed by the Julian calendar, the commencement of the financial year was moved forward one day to 6th April, and 5th April became the last day of the preceding year. In 1900, however, this pedantic correction was overlooked, and the financial year is still held to terminate of 5th April, as it so happens that the Easter celebration occurs just about that time—indeed one result is that about one-half of the British financial years include two Easters and about one-half contain no Easter date.

869: 729:(1914–1918) was financed by borrowing large sums at home and abroad, by new taxes, and by inflation. It was implicitly financed by postponing maintenance and repair, and cancelling unneeded projects. The government avoided indirect taxes because such methods tend to raise the cost of living, and can create discontent among the working class. There was a strong emphasis on being "fair" and being "scientific". The public generally supported the heavy new taxes, with minimal complaints. The Treasury rejected proposals for a stiff capital levy, which the 912:, who favoured taxation on consumption, reduced personal income tax rates during the 1980s in favour of indirect taxation. In the first budget after her election victory in 1979, the top rate was reduced from 83% to 60% and the basic rate from 33% to 30%. The basic rate was also cut for three successive budgets – to 29% in the 1986 budget, 27% in 1987 and to 25% in 1988; The top rate of income tax was cut to 40%. The investment income surcharge was abolished in 1985. 700:

reform failed to win support in Parliament and the Conservatives returned to power, although with no overall majority. Disraeli succeeded where Gladstone had failed, seeing the Reform Bill of 1867 become law. This gave the vote to all householders and to those paying more than £10 in rent in towns – and so enfranchising many of the working class for the first time. Similar provisions for those living in the country came with Gladstone in 1884.

945:, then-Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng announced his intention (subject to Parliamentary approval) to abolish the top 45% rate and to cut the basic rate from 20% to 19% from April 2023. (The "higher rate" was to remain unchanged.) Previously announced rises in National Insurance and corporation tax were also reversed. When it became clear that such approval would not be forthcoming, he announced cancellation of the top-rate reduction plan. 6217: 653:

articles out of a total number taxed of 1,200. The less wealthy benefited, and trade revived as a consequence. Peel's income tax was 7d in the pound (about 3%). It was imposed for three years, with the possibility of a two-year extension. A funding crisis in the railways and increasing national expenditure ensured that it was maintained. For Peel, the debate was academic. In 1846 he repealed the

772: 145:. At that time, many people opposed income tax on principle because they believed that the disclosure of personal income represented an unacceptable governmental intrusion into private matters, and a potential threat to personal liberty. In fact the first permanent British income tax was not introduced until 1842, and the issue remained intensely controversial well into the 20th century. 636:. He was inclined to maintain the income tax, but public sentiment was heavily against it, and predictably, the opposition championed its abolition. It was thus repealed in 1816 'with a thundering peal of applause'. In fact, the tax was so unpopular that Parliament ordered the destruction of all documents connected with it. This was more show than substance, for the 6227: 4133: 2340:

HM Revenue & Customs are a very helpful lot and explained the reason why the tax year starts on 6 April as follows: 'In order not to lose 11 days' tax revenue in that tax year, though, the authorities decided to tack the missing days on at the end, which meant moving the beginning of the tax year

1380:

The twelve- rather than eleven-day discrepancy between the start of the old year (25 March) and that of the modern financial year (6 April) has caused puzzlement, In fact, 25 March was first day of the year but the last day of the financial quarter, corresponding to 5 April; the difference was thus

1262:

precedent by adopting a year which ran "from" 5 April. That meant, once again, a year which began on 6 April, and this has remained the start of the year ever since. For example, Addington's Income Tax Act 1803 continued to apply "from" 5 April—in this case from 5 April 1803. Again, this meant a year

1232:

Online editions of British statutes generally omit the annual Land Tax Acts because of their transitory nature. The National Archives at Kew holds printed statute series which include copies of all the Land Tax Acts. However, a few Land Tax Acts are available online including the last annual Land Tax

1219:

on 26 March 1752. They did not need to add eleven days because the taxes charged by the year captured artificial, deemed income, and not actual income. For Land Tax, the more important of the two, the amounts taxed were fixed sums linked to the market rental value of property in 1692 when the tax was

1091:

were an important source of education for lawyers and editions were published up to the nineteenth century. This is why tax acts in the eighteenth century used "from" 25 March in an exclusive sense to mean a period beginning on the following day. Numerous court cases have arisen because the technical

987:

gave the Scottish Parliament full control over income tax rates and bands, except the personal allowance. In 2017/18, the only notable difference between Scotland and the rest of the UK was that the higher rate limit was frozen in Scotland. However, the draft budget for 2018/19 proposed new rates and

883:

UK income tax has changed over the years. Originally it taxed a person's income, regardless of whether they had a legal obligation to pass it on to another person and would not have had any benefit from it. Modern income tax is only due when a person receives income to which he or she is beneficially

703:

While Disraeli had gambled that an increased electorate would ensure a Conservative majority, and in 1868 he was prime minister, the election of that year saw the Liberals – as the Whigs had become – victorious under Gladstone. Income tax was maintained throughout his first government, and there were

699:

Gladstone was still determined that income tax should be ended. When a select committee was set up against his wishes to consider reforms which might preserve it, he packed the committee with supporters to ensure that no improvements could be made. In 1866, the Whigs' modest attempts at parliamentary

617:

Pitt in opposition had argued against Addington's innovations; he adopted them largely unchanged, however, when he returned to office in 1805. The one major change he made was to raise the maximum rate back to the 10%, the rate in his original bill, in 1806. Income tax changed little for the duration

148:

When the window tax was introduced, it consisted of two parts: a flat-rate house tax of 2 shillings per house (equivalent to £17.53 in 2023) and a variable tax for the number of windows above ten windows. Properties with between ten and twenty windows paid a total of four shillings (comparable to

1207:

Some commentators, such as Philip (1921), have suggested the government added eleven days to the end of the tax year which began on 26 March 1752. They say this was done to avoid the loss of tax which they believe would otherwise have been caused by the omission of eleven days in September 1752. The

1353:

A curious instance of the persistence of the old style is to be found in the date of the financial year of the British Exchequer. Prior to 1752 that year officially commenced on 25th March. In order to ensure that it should always comprise a complete year the commencement of the financial year was

904:

In 1971 the top rate of income tax on earned income was cut to 75%. A surcharge of 15% kept the top rate on investment income at 90%. In 1974 the cut was partly reversed and the top rate on earned income was raised to 83%. With the investment income surcharge this raised the top rate on investment

711:

Disraeli won the election, Northcote was his Chancellor and the tax remained. At the time it was contributing about £6 million of the government's £77 million revenue, while Customs and Excise contributed £47 million. It could have been ended, but at the rate at which it was applied (less than 1%)

585:

Addington's Act for a 'contribution of the profits arising from property, professions, trades and offices' (the words 'income tax' were deliberately avoided) introduced two significant changes. First, it allowed taxation at the source; for example, the Bank of England would deduct an amount, to be

328:

An act for extending the time for returning statements under an act, passed in the present session of parliament, intituled, "An act to repeal the duties imposed by an act, made in the last session of parliament, for granting an aid and contribution for the prosecution of the war; and to make more

2359:

There can be no doubt that both the apportionments to the counties by statute, and in that to the divisions by the Commissioners, the amounts were determined by reference to the assessments made under the first Act in 1692. In the Acts passed annually, or nearly so, for the next hundred years the

695:

Gladstone had set 1860 as the year for the repeal of income tax, and his Budget that year was eagerly awaited. Ill health caused it to be delayed and for his speech to be shortened to four hours. But he had to tell the House of Commons that he had no choice but to renew the tax. The hard fact was

691:

With the Whigs defeated in 1858, Disraeli returned as Chancellor and in his Budget speech described income tax as 'unjust, unequal and inquisitorial' and 'to continue for a limited time on the distinct understanding that it should ultimately be repealed'. But the Conservatives return to power was

1228:

The Land Tax year never changed after 1752 and continued to run "from" 25 March (Lady Day). The entire Land Tax code, running to 80 pages, was re-enacted every year until 1798 when it was made permanent. Hence there was ample opportunity to revise the date on which the Land Tax year began but no

1224:

it was so much per window. The same tax was due regardless of the year length. Window Tax was a permanent tax and its year did not change until 1758 when the tax was recast and the tax year moved by eleven days to run "from" 5 April. That meant a year which began on 6 April because of Sir Edward

1032:

published a report considering the benefits, costs and implications of moving the end of the tax year from 5 April to either 31 December or 31 March. It concluded that although there was popular support for moving the date, there were different opinions on which date was best and that any change

687:

Gladstone spoke for nearly five hours introducing his 1853 Budget. He outlined plans for phasing out income tax over seven years (which the Crimean War was to upset), of extending the tax to Ireland, and introduced tax deductions for expenses 'wholly, exclusively and necessarily' incurred in the

741:

Altogether taxes provided at most 30 percent of national expenditures, with the rest from borrowing. The national debt consequently soared from £625 million to £7.8 billion. Government bonds typically paid five percent. Inflation escalated so that the pound in 1919 purchased only a third of the

652:

as Prime Minister. Although he had opposed the unpopular income tax during the campaign, an empty Exchequer and a growing deficit gave rise to the surprise return of the tax in his 1842 Budget. Peel sought only to tax those with incomes above £150 per annum, and he reduced customs duties on 750

1266:

Income tax was repealed temporarily in 1802 during a brief period of peace in the long war with France. The act which repealed the tax included a provision which permitted the collection of tax due for earlier years. This saving provision confirmed that Pitt's income tax year ended on 5 April:

733:

wanted to use to weaken the capitalists. Instead, there was an excess profits tax, of 50 percent of profits above the normal prewar level; the rate was raised to 80 percent in 1917. Excise taxes were added on luxury imports such as automobiles, clocks and watches. There was no sales tax or

213:

An act to repeal the duties imposed by an act, made in the last session of parliament, for granting an aid and contribution for the prosecution of the war; and to make more effectual provision for the like purpose, by granting certain duties upon income, in lieu of the said

1197:

On the correcting of the Kalendar all Quarterly Accounts and Payments of the Customs of what nature or kind 'soever are to be closed on 10th October—5th January—5th April and 5th July, And the Annual Accounts are to be made out from 5th January to 5th January in every

613:

Although the maximum tax rate under Addington's Act was 5% – only one-half of the 10% allowed under Pitt's – the other changes resulted in a 50% increase in revenue, largely because they doubled the number of persons liable for the tax and somewhat expanded the scope.

1318:

The expression "the year 1919–20" means the year of assessment beginning on the sixth day of April 1919, and any expression in which two years are similarly mentioned means the year of assessment beginning on the sixth day of April in the first mentioned of those

4439: 657:– which supported landowners by imposing tariffs on imported corn (wheat and barley) that was cheaper than that produced at home – and lost the support of much of his party. The Whigs resumed power the same year, to be joined by some notable 'Peelites'. 2374:"XXII: An act for granting to his Majesty several rates and duties upon offices and pensions; and upon houses; and upon windows or lights; and for raising the sum of five millions by annuities, and a lottery, to be charged on the said rates and duties" 1271:

Provided always, and be it enacted, That the said respective Rates and Duties …shall continue in force for the Purpose of duly charging to the said Rates and Duties all Persons … who shall not have been respectively charged to the said Duties for the

52:

includes the history of all collections by governments under law, in money or in kind, including collections by monarchs and lesser feudal lords, levied on persons or property subject to the government, with the primary purpose of raising revenue.

1282:

It was not until 1860 that income tax legislation consistently adopted a charging formulation of the kind recommended today by the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel to identify the income tax year. For 1860–61 the tax was applied "for a year

5229: 2487:

A collection of the public general statutes passed in the twenty third and twenty fourth years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Being the second session of the eighteenth parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

688:

performance of an office – including keeping and maintaining a horse for work purposes. The 1853 Budget speech included a review of the history of the tax and its place in society, it is regarded as one of the most memorable ever made.

2598:"Financial year" means, in relation to matters relating to the Consolidated Fund, the National Loans Fund, or moneys provided by Parliament, or to the Exchequer or to central taxes or finance, the twelve months ending with 31st March. 1188:

eleven days. Dr Poole's analysis is confirmed by a minute of the Board of Customs on 19 September 1752, shortly after the omission of the eleven days 3 to 13 September 1752 and not long before the first quarter day affected by the

1001:

British tax Acts in the middle of the eighteenth century said the tax year ran "from" 25 March. The use of "from" is crucial because the word has a special legal meaning which caused the tax year to begin one day later, namely, on

680:

Formerly a Conservative, Gladstone supported the repeal of the Corn Laws and moved to the opposition (Whigs, and from 1868 Liberals). He was four times Chancellor and four times Prime Minister – his final term starting at age 82.

1163:

Dr Poole cites Treasury Board Papers at the National Archives under reference T30 12 and explains that, after the omission of eleven days in September 1752, Treasury quarterly accounts carried on being drawn up to the same four

704:

some significant changes made including the right to appeal to the High Court if a taxpayer or the Inland Revenue thought the decision of the appeal commissioners was wrong in law. But there was still a determination to end it.

931:, the basic rate of income tax was further reduced in stages to 20% by 2007. As the basic rate stood at 35% in 1976, it has been reduced by 43% since then. However, this reduction has been largely offset by increases in other 712:

and with most of the population exempt, it was not a priority. With worsening trade conditions, including the decline of agriculture as a result of poor harvests and North American imports, the opportunity never arose again.

140:

under the Act of Making Good the Deficiency of the Clipped Money in 1696, continued. It had been designed to impose tax relative to the prosperity of the taxpayer, but without the controversy that then surrounded the idea of

3607: 738:. The main increase in revenue came from the income tax, which in 1915 went up to 3s. 6d in the pound (17.5%), and individual exemptions were lowered. The income tax rate grew to 5s (25%) in 1916, and 6s (30%) in 1918. 5728: 3689: 3409: 1367:

Philip does not give any reason for his view and Poole's analysis shows that it is incorrect. Philip does not cite any legislation or other authority. It is also worth noting that the "financial year" he mentions is

1237:

that the sum of one million nine hundred eighty-nine thousand six hundred seventy-three pound seven shillings and ten-pence farthing ... shall be raised, levied and paid unto his Majesty within the space of one year

900:

and Schedules A and D still remain in force for corporation tax. The highest rate of income tax peaked in the Second World War at 99.25%. It was then slightly reduced and was around 90% through the 1950s and 60s.

676:

A Conservative, Disraeli opposed Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws (which had inflated the price of imported grain to support home farmers). He was three times Chancellor of the Exchequer and twice Prime Minister.

113:. This tax was levied on rental values and applied both to rural and to urban land. No provision was made for re-assessing the 1692 valuations and consequently they remained in force well into the 18th century. 892:. Also the schedules under which tax is levied have changed. Schedule B was abolished in 1988, Schedule C in 1996 and Schedule E in 2003. For income tax purposes, the remaining schedules were superseded by the 2218:

Each roll nominally covered the events of a year ending at Michaelmas (29 September), rather than the calendar year or the regnal year, which was used in the rolls produced by other government departments.

2508:

The Law Reports: The Public General Statutes passed in the forty third year of the reign of her Majesty Queen Victoria 1880 with tables showing the effect of the session's legislation and a copious index

2447:

An act for granting to his majesty until the 6th day of May next after the ratification of a definitive treaty of peace a contribution on the profits arising from property professions trades and offices

1047:

When a document or statute said a period of time was to run 'from' a date, an old legal rule provided that the period began on the following day. This rule of interpretation dates back at least to Sir

1057:. Coke's book was written as a commentary on the 1481 treatise on property law by Sir Thomas Littleton. Hence the specialist use of "from" may originate much earlier than 1628. The key passage in the 443:

An Act for the better ascertaining and collecting the Duties granted by several Acts passed in the last Session of Parliament, relating to the Duties on Income; and to explain and amend the said Acts.

5234: 4614: 1349:

An alternative explanation of the origin of the tax year is still found on some British tax websites. This stems from a book published in 1921 by Alexander Philip. The relevant passage is short:

6157: 5382: 3472: 3447: 789: 1955:

one thousand seven hundred and fifty eight there shall be charged raised levied and paid unto his Majesty his heirs and successors the rates and duties upon houses windows or lights herein.

4978: 91:

which among other measures, prohibited the use of taxes without its agreement. This prevented the Crown from creating arbitrary taxes and imposing them upon subjects without consultation.

1376:. This repeats an earlier similar definition in section 22 Interpretation Act 1889. This is the year for government accounting and for corporation tax. Poole gives a simpler explanation: 3429: 696:

that it raised £10 million a year, and government expenditure had increased by £14 million since 1853 to £70 million (these figures should be multiplied by 50 for a modern equivalent).

3477: 6187: 5998: 4953: 4925: 3505: 2000:

Sometimes called "Coke on Littleton" because it contains Sir Thomas Littleton's 1481 treatise on property law with a commentary by Coke. Volume 1 at 46b. "Coke" is pronounced "Cook"

5241: 1340:(4) "The tax year 2007–08" means the tax year beginning on 6 April 2007 (and any corresponding expression in which two years are similarly mentioned is to be read in the same way). 6119: 3996: 3961: 3951: 1107:

by Mark A Bourdin of the Inland Revenue which was published in 1854. In a footnote on page 34 he says: "the year of assessment is from 26th March to the 25 March following".

1096:

in acts and documents has been misunderstood. The Office of the Parliamentary Counsel, which drafts legislation today, has published online drafting guidance which says the

2816: 6267: 4454: 4006: 3527: 1405: 3462: 4354: 3669: 1128:

A number of authorities explain why the old tax year began on 26 March so that the addition of eleven days led directly to the modern tax year which begins on 6 April.

6099: 3956: 3517: 1065:

But let us return to Littleton … Touching on the time of the beginning of a lease for yeares, it is to be observed, that if a lease be made by indenture, bearing date

2360:

Commissioners are specially directed to observe the proportions established in the reign of William and Mary, and this direction is repeated in Mr Pitt's Act of 1797.

2396:"Chapter V: An Act for granting to his Majesty by a land tax, to be raised in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year one thousand seven hundred and ninety eight" 3946: 3374: 87:

tax was established in 1572 to help the deserving poor, and then changed from a local tax to a national tax in 1601. In June 1628, England's Parliament passed the

6070: 4242: 4053: 3569: 893: 157: 6045: 4018: 3664: 3442: 4878: 1125:

day of March 1799", which confirms the Land Tax year begins on 26 March. The Land Tax year remained essentially unchanged until the tax was abolished in 1963.

6082: 5975: 4349: 4128: 3021: 6065: 4918: 4294: 4105: 1292:

Section 48(3) of the Taxes Management Act 1880 later provided a definition of the income tax year for the first time and uses "from" in the modern sense:

5762: 5008: 4304: 4247: 3779: 3722: 836: 938:

In 2010, a new top rate of 50% was introduced on income over £150,000 p.a. In the 2012 budget, this rate was cut to 45% with effect from 6 April 2013.

554:(10%) on incomes of over £200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise £10 million, but actual receipts for 1799 totalled just over £6 million. 6040: 5910: 5532: 4643: 942: 808: 684:

Disraeli and Gladstone agreed about little, although both promised to repeal income tax at the 1874 General Election. Disraeli won – the tax stayed.

6092: 6035: 5863: 5352: 5272: 5257: 4289: 4148: 4100: 708:, in its 1874 election coverage, said 'It is now evident that whoever is Chancellor when the Budget is produced, the income tax will be abolished'. 3510: 1785: 5214: 5209: 5060: 3870: 3679: 1208:

Inland Revenue took this view in 1999 in a (subsequently deleted) note issued on the 200th anniversary of the introduction of income tax in 1799.

1827: 815: 2884:

Mollan, Simon, and Kevin D. Tennent. "International taxation and corporate strategy: evidence from British overseas business, circa 1900–1965."

6230: 6220: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5742: 5677: 5174: 5109: 4911: 4631: 4205: 3934: 3902: 3742: 3732: 3727: 3717: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3495: 2585: 2560: 1114:

in the strict sense required by Coke but it is clear that he believes the Land Tax year begins on 26 March and ends on the following 25 March.

448: 334: 219: 6129: 6124: 6050: 5325: 4324: 3897: 1809: 1410: 889: 578:. The income tax was reintroduced by Addington in 1803 when hostilities recommenced, but it was again abolished in 1816, one year after the 6025: 5942: 4191: 4013: 3674: 3647: 822: 329:

effectual provision for the like purpose, by granting certain duties upon income, in lieu of the said duties;" and to amend the said act.

6114: 6030: 5883: 4364: 4309: 4252: 4171: 4115: 4083: 3917: 3602: 3367: 3150: 84: 2199:, Table III in Chapter 2 which lists the Exchequer Years from Henry I to William IV. Every year ends on the quarter day, 29 September.. 1176:... so the national accounts continued to be made up to end on the Old Style quarter-days of 5 January, 5 April, 5 July and 10 October. 953:

Business rates were introduced in England and Wales in 1990, and are a modernised version of a system of rating that dates back to the

610:

Income not falling within those schedules was not taxed. (Later a sixth schedule, schedule F – tax on UK dividend income – was added.)

6060: 5711: 5699: 5655: 5169: 4339: 4319: 4262: 4227: 3875: 3843: 3807: 3080: 1993: 1053: 804: 2069: 1667: 6172: 6075: 6020: 5799: 5782: 5752: 5517: 5367: 5030: 5025: 4334: 4232: 3887: 3880: 3747: 3712: 3697: 3597: 2751: 2725: 2664: 1556: 1531: 1372:

the same as the income tax year. The financial year is statutorily defined by the Interpretation Act 1978 as the year which ends on

855: 2858:

Fletcher, Marie M. "Death and taxes: Estate duty–a neglected factor in changes to British business structure after World War two."

6008: 5787: 5067: 4419: 3971: 3929: 3853: 3848: 3752: 3630: 3014: 1021:

elided eleven days from September 1752 but, despite this elision, the Window Tax tax year continued to run "from" 25 March 1753 (

3457: 6162: 6109: 5970: 5915: 5747: 5650: 5129: 5077: 5003: 4482: 4299: 4237: 4163: 3858: 3707: 3654: 3617: 3582: 3556: 6182: 6087: 5993: 5846: 5694: 5682: 5603: 5089: 4429: 4217: 4143: 3991: 3907: 3827: 3787: 3577: 3360: 3341: 3287: 3100: 2046:"Guidance for members of the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (OPC) who are drafting bills to be considered in Parliament" 1400: 1118: 885: 793: 4038: 2341:

from the 25 March, Lady Day, (which since the Middle Ages had been regarded as the beginning of the legal year) to 6 April'.

1967: 692:

short-lived. From 1859 to 1866, the Whigs were back with Viscount Palmerston as Prime Minister and Gladstone as Chancellor.

1890: 1864: 6104: 6013: 5952: 5878: 5665: 5645: 5424: 4948: 4934: 4871: 4638: 4444: 4374: 4344: 4314: 4279: 4181: 4153: 4071: 3979: 3863: 3642: 3392: 3125: 2906: 1442: 1022: 1018: 494: 380: 265: 6167: 5988: 5851: 5829: 5809: 5738: 5660: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5194: 5159: 5015: 4757: 4681: 4653: 4599: 4402: 4392: 4329: 4284: 4257: 4110: 4095: 3792: 3767: 3702: 3592: 1692: 1597: 1029: 62: 2960: 829: 6003: 5983: 5824: 5687: 5469: 5372: 5082: 5055: 5035: 4648: 4626: 4589: 4571: 4512: 4434: 4424: 4359: 4222: 4186: 3984: 3762: 3401: 3207: 3007: 2975: 2209: 957:. As such, business rates retain many previous features from, and follow some case law of, older forms of rating. The 905:

income to 98%, the highest permanent rate since the war. This applied to incomes over £20,000 (£263,269 as of 2023).

629: 603:

Schedule D (tax on trading income, income from professions and vocations, interest, overseas income and casual income)

430: 315: 200: 6202: 5888: 5814: 5020: 4708: 4609: 4449: 2835: 2656: 2148: 868: 2354: 782: 5834: 5672: 5608: 5598: 5593: 5204: 4844: 4604: 4409: 4382: 3892: 3772: 3315: 3212: 3172: 2769:

Beckett, John V. "Land Tax or Excise: the levying of taxation in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century England", in

2918: 2797:

World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present

4742: 4272: 3912: 3659: 3320: 2970: 2956: 1947:

The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761

1251: 884:

entitled. Since 1965, income tax only applies to natural persons; since then, companies are subject instead to

521: 517: 133: 75:

in 1801, taxation had been levied in the countries that joined to become the UK. For example, in England, King

68: 5099: 3325: 5507: 5094: 5045: 4887: 4800: 4621: 4556: 4267: 3924: 3272: 3242: 670: 2395: 2373: 2045: 29: 6192: 4737: 3802: 3305: 3257: 3202: 3182: 3162: 3065: 2802:

Carruthers, Bruce G. "From city of capital: Politics and markets in the English financial revolution." in

2610: 1233:

Act for the year from 25 March 1798. The 1798 Act uses the standard "from" formula and says in section 2:

637: 3232: 3192: 3070: 1456: 1323:

Finally, following a review aimed at simplifying tax legislation, a new definition appeared in section 4

5947: 5937: 5704: 5552: 5419: 5397: 5330: 5134: 5040: 4892: 4732: 4688: 4551: 4137: 3310: 3197: 3177: 742:

basket it had purchased in 1914. Wages were laggard, and the poor and retired were especially hard hit.

587: 575: 438: 323: 208: 95: 76: 5144: 2925:

Progressive Taxation: A Study of the Development of the Progressive Principle in the British Income Tax

2525: 2185:

From the earliest times and for many centuries the year of account in the Exchequer ended at Michaelmas

1795: 1303:

In Great Britain and Ireland from the sixth day of April to the following fifth day of April inclusive.

1025:) until April 1758 when Parliament moved it to a year "from" 5 April. The Land Tax year never changed. 2783:

War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525

5927: 5920: 5575: 5512: 5484: 5459: 5454: 5429: 5387: 5189: 5139: 4968: 4752: 4693: 4546: 4519: 4030: 3252: 3227: 3085: 954: 99: 2942:

Transfer state: The idea of a guaranteed income and the politics of redistribution in modern Britain

2928: 2863: 2323: 5547: 5502: 5494: 5439: 5347: 5282: 4973: 4829: 4747: 4725: 4720: 4703: 4698: 4676: 4566: 4524: 3282: 3145: 3140: 3130: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3090: 3075: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 2717: 1894: 1324: 1148:

of an accounting period and not the beginning. This view is taken by leading authorities including

978: 962: 625: 2823:

Daunton, Martin. "Creating Consent: Taxation, War, and Good Government in Britain, 1688–1914." in

2009: 1846: 508: 5623: 5613: 5580: 5479: 5449: 5342: 5317: 5277: 4824: 4780: 4561: 4539: 4534: 4502: 4414: 3587: 3277: 3267: 3247: 3237: 3222: 3217: 3167: 3135: 3120: 3095: 2695: 2580: 2555: 2176: 2168: 1634: 1007: 633: 579: 110: 6249: 1675: 1296:

Every assessment shall be made for the year commencing and ending on the days herein specified.

1951:

XXXI And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That from and after the fifth day of

5392: 5362: 4839: 4785: 4387: 3262: 3187: 3157: 2811:

Cousins, Katherine. "The Failure of the First Income Tax: A Tale of Commercial Tax Evaders?."

2747: 2743: 2721: 2660: 2460: 2438: 2294: 2160: 2082: 1942: 1552: 1527: 984: 909: 730: 666: 453: 394: 137: 88: 2512: 2503: 2482: 2425: 2415: 2290: 1770:

Daunton, M.J., "How to Pay for the War: State, Society and Taxation in Britain, 1917–24", in

279: 17: 6177: 5618: 5567: 5377: 5357: 4834: 4817: 4812: 4795: 4775: 4658: 4594: 4581: 3434: 2687: 2309: 2280: 2152: 2065: 1311: 958: 897: 1103:

Perhaps the most important contemporary authority for the start of the Land Tax year is in

5873: 5794: 5292: 5199: 5164: 5154: 5124: 4998: 4507: 4397: 4088: 4048: 2683: 1790: 1505:

Hylton B. Dale, "The Worshipful Company of the Woodmongers and the Coal Trade of London."

966: 735: 649: 619: 567: 563: 529: 525: 149:£35.05 in 2023), and those above twenty windows paid eight shillings (£70.11 as of 2023). 5900: 5444: 5184: 5072: 4963: 4958: 4120: 4001: 3939: 3500: 3383: 2575: 1754: 1645: 932: 755: 571: 537: 524:

in his budget of December 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the

72: 2026: 6261: 5777: 5557: 5335: 5287: 5267: 5179: 4176: 3737: 3635: 3625: 3424: 3419: 2284: 2180: 1481: 103: 5895: 5542: 5414: 4043: 3414: 2988: 2735: 2648: 1181: 928: 751: 466: 352: 237: 33: 2848:

Emory, Meade. "The Early English Income Tax: A Heritage for the Contemporary", in

1915: 1640: 5586: 5434: 5409: 5402: 5223: 5050: 4903: 4529: 4459: 2980: 1868: 1137: 1048: 771: 726: 136:

came into being on 1 May 1707, the window tax, which had been introduced across

2891:

O'Brien, Patrick K. "The political economy of British taxation, 1660‐1815", in

2790:

The nerves of state: taxation and the financing of the English state, 1558-1714

2439:"Acts passed Anno Quadragesimo Tertio Georgii III Regis 43 Geo. III Cap. CXXII" 1641:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 106:

acts were passed in 1667 and in 1670. The tax was eventually repealed in 1889.

5262: 2708: 1259: 1255: 1221: 1190: 1011: 916: 550:) on incomes over £60 (£7,978 as of 2023), and increased up to a maximum of 2 142: 127: 2298: 2164: 1737: 1700: 1605: 5149: 4807: 4715: 2714: 2691: 2086: 1549:

Ancestral Trails: The complete guide to British genealogy and family history

654: 533: 339: 224: 165: 39: 2676:"'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England" 2550: 2213: 3352: 5905: 4668: 2987:

HMRC; HM Treasury; Welsh Government; Scottish Government (25 July 2023).

2465:

The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1

1141: 1042: 562:

Pitt's income tax was levied from 1799 to 1802, when it was abolished by

551: 80: 2400:

The Statutes Revised Edition: Volume III: 11 George III to 41 George III

1510: 6197: 4494: 2896: 2378:

The Statutes at Large: from the 30th to the 33rd year of King George II

2172: 2136: 796: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 665:

The second half of the 19th century was dominated by two politicians –

2853: 2774: 2699: 2675: 872:

Tax revenues as a percentage of GDP for the U.K. in comparison to the

5219: 4790: 2999: 1006:

March. The taxes charged annually in the mid eighteenth century were

489: 375: 260: 2872:

Taxing colonial Africa: the political economy of British imperialism

2156: 1337:(3) A tax year begins on 6 April and ends on the following 5 April. 1136:

Accounting practice from time immemorial also took the same view. A

1121:. Section 3, for example, refers to "an assessment made in the year 935:

such as National Insurance contributions and Value Added Tax (VAT).

1334:(2) A year for which income tax is charged is called a "tax year". 98:

was to help pay for the rebuilding of the City of London after the

5932: 5804: 4767: 2832:

Trusting Leviathan: the politics of taxation in Britain, 1799–1914

877: 867: 750:

Between October 1940 and 1973 the UK had a consumption tax called

156: 38:

The Friend of the People; & his Petty New Tax Gatherer paying

1845:

Parker, George; Payne, Sebastian; Pickard, Jim (3 October 2022).

1331:(1) Income tax is charged for a year only if an Act so provides. 1388:

Time's alteration : calendar reform in early modern England

873: 4907: 4480: 3356: 3003: 648:

The general election of 1841 was won by the Conservatives with

3030: 765: 988:

bands that would mark a real change from the rest of the UK.

2879:

English taxation, 1640–1799: An essay on policy and opinion

2740:

Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar

2710:

Time's alteration: calendar reform in early modern England

1847:"Liz Truss backs down on 45p tax rate cut in major U-turn" 2915:

The British Approach Towards Taxation Customs And Excise

2903:

The Success of English Land Tax Administration 1643–1733

758:

set a single VAT rate (10%) on most goods and services.

1724:

Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830

1522:

Turner, Michael Edward; Mills, Dennis R., eds. (1986).

1314:

provided a new shorthand way to refer to the tax year:

1117:

In 1798 William Pitt made Land Tax permanent with the

2380:. Cambridge, Printed by Joseph Bentham. p. 270 . 919:

the basic rate was reduced in stages to 23% by 1997.

83:

introduced taxes on wine in 1275. Also in England, a

2286:

The Calendar: its History, Structure and Improvement

2048:. Office of the Parliamentary Counsel. 4 April 2024. 1361:

The Calendar: its history, structure and improvement

965:" which aims to reduce the use of common methods of 6146: 5963: 5862: 5727: 5720: 5636: 5566: 5493: 5468: 5316: 5305: 5250: 5117: 5108: 4987: 4941: 4766: 4667: 4580: 4493: 4373: 4204: 4162: 4070: 4029: 3970: 3826: 3688: 3616: 3568: 3555: 3488: 3400: 3391: 3334: 3296: 3038: 2653:

A Handbook of Dates for students of British History

2504:"Taxes Management Act 1880 (43 & 44 Vict c.19)" 1184:of 25 December, 25 March, 24 June and 29 September 507: 500: 488: 483: 475: 465: 460: 447: 437: 407: 393: 386: 374: 369: 361: 351: 346: 333: 322: 292: 278: 271: 259: 254: 246: 236: 231: 218: 207: 177: 2355:Report of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue 1870 1406:History of inheritance taxes in the United Kingdom 1069:&c to have and to hold for twenty one yeares, 79:introduced an export tax on wool in 1203 and King 5911:Glasgow International Financial Services District 2989:"Personal tax | Income Tax: detailed information" 1524:Land and property: the English land tax 1692–1832 1215:add eleven days to the end of the tax year which 1100:formulation is ambiguous and should not be used. 896:, which also repealed Schedule F completely. The 600:Schedule C (tax on income from public securities) 597:Schedule B (tax on commercial occupation of land) 1968:"Exploring a change to the UK tax year end date" 2961:"Why does the tax year really begin on 6 April" 2620:. Government of the United Kingdom. p. 13. 2476: 2474: 1699:. A brief history of income tax. Archived from 1604:. A brief history of income tax. Archived from 1378: 1351: 1329: 1316: 1294: 1269: 1235: 1195: 1174: 1063: 1865:"REV BN 40: Tax Treatment Of Pre-Owned Assets" 1687: 1685: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 894:Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 586:paid as tax, from interest paid to holders of 109:In 1692, the Parliament of England introduced 4919: 3368: 3015: 2655:. Revised by Michael Jones, 2000. Cambridge: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 8: 2382:(31 Geo II c.22) Section XXXI: "Window Tax". 2141:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1457:"Why does the UK tax year end on 5th April?" 805:"History of taxation in the United Kingdom" 5724: 5313: 5114: 4926: 4912: 4904: 4490: 4477: 4473: 4210: 4076: 3836: 3832: 3565: 3561: 3397: 3375: 3361: 3353: 3022: 3008: 3000: 2526:"Finance Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo 5 c.32)" 2390: 2388: 2196: 1345:Incorrect explanation for 6 April tax year 1274:Year ending on the fifth Day of April 1802 961:introduced an income tax regime known as " 404: 289: 174: 6268:History of taxation in the United Kingdom 2576:"Interpretation Act 1978: Schedule 1" 2524:Parliament of the United Kingdom (1919). 2502:Parliament of the United Kingdom (1880). 2481:Parliament of the United Kingdom (1860). 2275: 2273: 2271: 1949:. Vol. 22. J. Bentham. p. 269. 1637:inflation figures are based on data from 1441:5 April NS is the equivalent of 25 March 1203:Eleven days added to prevent loss of tax? 943:September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget 888:. These changes were consolidated by the 856:Learn how and when to remove this message 50:history of taxation in the United Kingdom 6250:BBC Radio 4 Money Box Presenter Profiles 2843:History of Taxation and Taxes in England 2416:"39 Geo. 3. c. 13. Income Tax Act 1799." 2324:"Of course it should be the 6th April!?" 1211:In fact the British tax authorities did 28: 6242: 5220:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 5160:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 2265:National Archives, Kew. File CUST 29/1. 2212:. The Pipe Roll Society. Archived from 1987: 1985: 1473: 1422: 640:had made duplicates and retained them. 594:Schedule A (tax on income from UK land) 574:in 1801, after Pitt's resignation over 2289:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1916:"Scottish income tax changes unveiled" 1172:had moved on by eleven days. He says: 2630: 2483:"Income Tax Act 1860 (23 Vict c.14.)" 2253: 2241: 2229: 2122: 2110: 2098: 1828:"Budget Statement (Mr. Nigel Lawson)" 1411:Taxation history of the United States 890:Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 606:Schedule E (tax on employment income) 590:. Secondly, it introduced schedules: 509:Text of statute as originally enacted 395:Text of statute as originally enacted 280:Text of statute as originally enacted 7: 6226: 5943:London Platinum and Palladium Market 2933:Shirras, G. Findlay. and L. Rostas. 2804:The New Economic Sociology: A Reader 2792:(Manchester University Press, 1996). 2459:Thomas Edlyne Tomlins (4 May 1802). 2422:. Vol. XLII volume. p. 55. 2414:Parliament of Great Britain (1799). 1507:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 1193:29 September 1752. The minute says: 1144:which falls on 25 March, marked the 1051:'s landmark work of 1628 called the 794:adding citations to reliable sources 516:Income tax was first implemented in 2815:39.2 (2018): 157-186. on 1799 tax; 1033:would take some time to implement. 94:One of the key taxes introduced by 1995:Institutes of the Lawes of England 1240:from the twenty-fifth day of March 1156:and Dr Robert Poole in two works. 1054:Institutes of the Lawes of England 1043:Counting § Inclusive counting 530:graduated (progressive) income tax 25: 6173:Confederation of British Industry 5368:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 5031:Department for Business and Trade 5026:Competition and Markets Authority 2850:American Journal of Legal History 1225:Coke's 1628 interpretation rule. 622:, despite changes in government. 296:Duties on Income (No. 2) Act 1799 168:studies the new income tax rules) 6225: 6216: 6215: 5068:Office for Budget Responsibility 2944:(Oxford University Press, 2019). 2874:(Oxford University Press, 2012). 2827:(Oxford University Press, 2018). 1744:. A brief history of income tax. 770: 424: 309: 194: 5004:Governor of the Bank of England 4483:Countries of the United Kingdom 3583:Countries of the United Kingdom 2445:. 11 August 1803. p. 140. 2210:"How were pipe rolls compiled?" 1810:"Economy: 1979 Budget (Howe 1)" 1575:Principles of Political Economy 1430: 781:needs additional citations for 6183:Federation of Small Businesses 3578:Counties of the United Kingdom 2935:The Burden of British Taxation 1970:. Office of Tax Simplification 1941:Pickering, Danby, ed. (1766). 1401:Taxation in the United Kingdom 1119:Land Tax Perpetuation Act 1798 570:. Addington had taken over as 67:Prior to the formation of the 1: 5953:Alternative Investment Market 5933:London Interbank Offered Rate 5889:List of UK building societies 4935:Economy of the United Kingdom 2372:Danby Pickering, ed. (1762). 2068:, London: T F A Day. p. 2062:An Exposition of the Land Tax 1891:"Scottish Income tax 2017/18" 1105:An Exposition of the Land Tax 1019:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 495:Statute Law Revision Act 1861 381:Statute Law Revision Act 1861 266:Statute Law Revision Act 1861 18:History of taxation in the UK 6168:British Chambers of Commerce 6163:British Bankers' Association 4350:Universal basic income (UBI) 1726:. pp. 291+, 318+, 459+. 1030:Office of Tax Simplification 632:in 1815, at the time of the 63:Taxation in medieval England 5056:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5036:Financial Conduct Authority 4355:Water supply and sanitation 4054:Weapons of mass destruction 4039:His Majesty's Naval Service 2101:, p. 117, footnote 77. 1774:(1996) 111# 443 pp. 882–919 1300:(3) As regards income tax— 1276:, or for any prior year... 1263:beginning on 6 April 1803. 630:Chancellor of the Exchequer 431:Parliament of Great Britain 316:Parliament of Great Britain 201:Parliament of Great Britain 6284: 6203:UK Payments Administration 5155:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 4979:Government-owned companies 4450:Stereotypes of the British 2836:Cambridge University Press 2758:(also available as e-book) 2657:Cambridge University Press 2461:"42 George III, Cap. XLII" 2149:Cambridge University Press 2035:(EWCA Civ 8, 1 WLR 1509.) 1258:in 1799, and followed the 1123:ending on the twenty fifth 1040: 976: 402:United Kingdom legislation 287:United Kingdom legislation 172:United Kingdom legislation 125: 60: 6211: 5278:National champions policy 5273:Recessions and recoveries 5190:1979 Winter of Discontent 5125:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 5100:UK Trade & Investment 5009:Monetary Policy Committee 4865: 4615:First Minister and deputy 4489: 4476: 4472: 4213: 4079: 3839: 3835: 3564: 2771:English Historical Review 2611:"Interpretation Act 1889" 2588:, 1978 c. 30 (sch. 1) 2443:The Law Journal, volume 2 2135:Richardson, H.G. (1925). 2113:, chapter 9, footnote 34. 2083:Land Tax Perpetuation Act 1992:Coke, Sir Edward (1628). 1772:English Historical Review 1759:English History 1914–1945 1577:. Vol. V. Section 5. 1551:. Sutton Publishing Ltd. 1079:twenty seventh day of May 423: 418: 411:Duties on Income Act 1800 308: 303: 193: 188: 181:Duties on Income Act 1799 5215:2009 bank rescue package 5210:2008 bank rescue package 5175:1929–39 Great Depression 5046:HM Revenue & Customs 4954:Employee-owned companies 4243:Environmental inequality 2913:Rao, K. V. Ramakrishna. 2813:Journal of Legal History 2633:, footnote 77, page 117. 1742:HM Revenue & Customs 1697:HM Revenue & Customs 1602:HM Revenue & Customs 1598:"A tax to beat Napoleon" 1573:Mill, John Stuart. "3". 1077:, it shall begin on the 1075:from the day of the date 973:Devolution of Tax powers 941:In 2022, as part of the 927:Under Labour chancellor 915:Under the government of 522:William Pitt the Younger 162:John Bull at his studies 134:Kingdom of Great Britain 69:Kingdom of Great Britain 5383:List of counties by GVA 5165:1873–79 Long Depression 5130:Agricultural Revolution 5095:UK Statistics Authority 2893:Economic History Review 2888:57.7 (2015): 1054-1081. 2357:(Report). p. 111. 1738:"Gladstone vs Disraeli" 1639:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1547:Herber, Mark D (1997). 1028:In September 2021, the 671:William Ewart Gladstone 6193:Institute of Directors 6158:Business organisations 6083:Science and technology 5976:International students 5688:Working Time Directive 5061:Debt Management Office 4129:Science and technology 3081:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2895:(1988) 41#1 pp: 1–32. 2707:Poole, Robert (1998). 2674:Poole, Robert (1995). 1867:. HMRC. Archived from 1672:Wolverhampton Archives 1526:. St. Martin's Press. 1486:elizabethan-era.org.uk 1454:For example, EFN Ltd: 1392: 1365: 1342: 1321: 1308: 1280: 1244: 1200: 1178: 1085: 880: 661:Gladstone and Disraeli 169: 164:(James Gilray, 1799) ( 45: 6188:Industry trade groups 5948:London Stock Exchange 5938:London Metal Exchange 5705:Trades Union Congress 5398:East London Tech City 5242:Cost-of-living crisis 5180:1948–52 Marshall Plan 5135:Industrial Revolution 4106:Free trade agreements 2788:Braddick, Michael J. 2692:10.1093/past/149.1.95 2586:The National Archives 2561:The National Archives 2551:"Income Tax Act 2007" 2426:section 72 on page 86 2010:Coke Upon Littleton, 1798:on 10 September 2005. 1722:Gash, Norman (1971). 1381:exactly eleven days. 1285:commencing on 6 April 1254:introduced the first 1154:The Pipe Roll Society 1132:Accounting convention 1110:Bourdin does not use 1041:Further information: 871: 588:gilt-edged securities 576:Catholic Emancipation 532:began at a levy of 2 160: 111:its national land tax 32: 5982:Entertainment & 5205:Late-2000s recession 5200:1992 Black Wednesday 5140:Financial Revolution 4969:FTSE Fledgling Index 4455:World Heritage Sites 4248:Environmental issues 3952:Female party leaders 3593:Overseas territories 2901:Pierpoint, Stephen. 2718:Taylor & Francis 2402:. 1870. p. 461. 2216:on 27 January 2019. 2137:"The Exchequer Year" 2012:Of tenant for yeares 1786:"Thatcher Economics" 1693:"Income tax is back" 955:Poor Relief Act 1601 790:improve this article 5678:Equal opportunities 5283:Economic liberalism 5185:1974 Three-Day Week 5170:1926 general strike 4974:FTSE SmallCap Index 3297:States with limited 2530:irishstatutebook.ie 1895:Scottish Government 1678:on 23 October 2006. 1325:Income Tax Act 2007 1180:These were the old 979:Scottish income tax 963:pre-owned asset tax 638:King's Remembrancer 626:Nicholas Vansittart 6093:Telecommunications 5258:Economic geography 4149:Telecommunications 4101:Economic geography 3957:Political scandals 3588:Crown Dependencies 2881:(Routledge, 2018). 2877:Kennedy, William. 2680:Past & Present 2618:legislation.gov.uk 2581:legislation.gov.uk 2556:legislation.gov.uk 2352:See, for example, 2024:See, for example, 1922:. 14 December 2017 1703:on 2 February 2011 1635:Retail Price Index 1431:§Legal rule, below 1359:Alexander Philip, 1150:The Exchequer Year 908:The Government of 881: 634:Battle of Waterloo 580:Battle of Waterloo 454:39 & 40 Geo. 3 170: 46: 6239: 6238: 6142: 6141: 5921:Lloyd's of London 5632: 5631: 5604:Industrialisation 5518:Industrialisation 5301: 5300: 5230:COVID-19 pandemic 5150:1815–46 Corn Laws 4901: 4900: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4468: 4467: 4200: 4199: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 3947:Political parties 3871:Foreign relations 3822: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3551: 3550: 3528:Mass surveillance 3506:Foreign relations 3439:Second World War 3350: 3349: 2852:(1965): 286–319. 2845:(Routledge, 2013) 2841:Dowell, Stephen. 2830:Daunton, Martin. 2825:The Leap of Faith 2799:(Routledge, 2004) 2773:(1985): 285–308. 2420:Statutes at Large 2404:(38 Geo. 3. c. 5) 2281:Philip, Alexander 2197:C R Cheney (1945) 2060:Bourdin, Mark A. 1943:"31 Geo. II c.22" 1784:Bartlett, Bruce. 1761:(1965) pp. 40–41. 1509:(1922): 816–823. 1289: 1278: 1229:change was made. 1159:In the 1995 work 1083: 992:Start of tax year 985:Scotland Act 2016 910:Margaret Thatcher 866: 865: 858: 840: 667:Benjamin Disraeli 514: 513: 484:Other legislation 419:Act of Parliament 400: 399: 370:Other legislation 304:Act of Parliament 285: 284: 255:Other legislation 189:Act of Parliament 138:England and Wales 89:Petition of Right 16:(Redirected from 6275: 6253: 6247: 6229: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6178:Co-operatives UK 5768:Hydroelectricity 5743:Renewable energy 5725: 5609:Renewable energy 5590: 5538:Renewable energy 5326:Atlantic Gateway 5314: 5145:Panic of 1796–97 5115: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4881: 4874: 4582:Northern Ireland 4491: 4478: 4474: 4211: 4124: 4077: 3935:House of Commons 3903:Local government 3837: 3833: 3743:Renewable energy 3728:hydroelectricity 3566: 3562: 3398: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3039:Sovereign states 3024: 3017: 3010: 3001: 2996: 2968: 2959:(5 April 2020). 2954:Lay summary in: 2886:Business History 2870:Gardner, Leigh. 2860:Business History 2806:(2004): 457-481. 2757: 2731: 2703: 2670: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510:. Vol. XVI. 2499: 2493: 2491: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2310:Internet Archive 2307: 2305: 2277: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2057: 2051: 2050:paragraph 8.1.4. 2049: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2022: 2016: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1834:. 15 March 1988. 1824: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794:. Archived from 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1674:. Archived from 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1631: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1594: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1519: 1513: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1478: 1461: 1460: 1459:. 14 March 2014. 1452: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1429:As explained at 1427: 1390: 1363: 1312:Finance Act 1919 1288: 1277: 1220:introduced. For 1082: 959:Finance Act 2004 933:regressive taxes 898:Schedular system 861: 854: 850: 847: 841: 839: 798: 774: 766: 549: 548: 544: 502:Status: Repealed 428: 427: 414: 413: 412: 405: 388:Status: Repealed 313: 312: 299: 298: 297: 290: 273:Status: Repealed 198: 197: 184: 183: 182: 175: 71:in 1707 and the 21: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6207: 6150: 6148: 6138: 6046:Pharmaceuticals 5959: 5874:Baltic Exchange 5865: 5858: 5730: 5716: 5638: 5628: 5584: 5562: 5489: 5471: 5464: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5293:Nationalisation 5246: 5104: 4999:Bank of England 4991: 4989: 4983: 4937: 4932: 4902: 4897: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4849: 4762: 4663: 4576: 4485: 4464: 4369: 4325:Public holidays 4305:Life expectancy 4196: 4158: 4138:London Exchange 4134:Stock exchanges 4122: 4121:Pound sterling 4089:Bank of England 4058: 4049:Royal Air Force 4025: 3966: 3898:Law enforcement 3814: 3723:hydraulic frac. 3684: 3665:Lakes and lochs 3612: 3608:Former colonies 3547: 3543:Women's history 3518:Law enforcement 3484: 3430:First World War 3387: 3381: 3351: 3346: 3330: 3316:Northern Cyprus 3298: 3292: 3213:North Macedonia 3034: 3028: 2986: 2955: 2951: 2940:Sloman, Peter. 2795:Burg, David F. 2781:Bernard, G. W. 2766: 2764:Further reading 2761: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2706: 2684:Oxford Academic 2673: 2667: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2591: 2589: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2333: 2331: 2330:. 5 August 2009 2328:theexpgroup.com 2322: 2321: 2317: 2303: 2301: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2157:10.2307/3678321 2134: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2081: 2077: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2008: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1851:Financial Times 1844: 1843: 1839: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1816:. 12 June 1979. 1808: 1807: 1803: 1791:National Review 1783: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1753: 1749: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1638: 1632: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1608:on 24 July 2010 1596: 1595: 1582: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1364: 1358: 1347: 1249: 1247:Income tax year 1205: 1161:Calendar Reform 1134: 1045: 1039: 999: 994: 981: 975: 967:inheritance tax 951: 925: 886:corporation tax 862: 851: 845: 842: 799: 797: 787: 775: 764: 748: 736:value-added tax 723: 721:First World War 718: 663: 650:Sir Robert Peel 646: 620:Napoleonic Wars 568:Peace of Amiens 564:Henry Addington 560: 546: 542: 541: 526:Napoleonic Wars 503: 433: 425: 410: 409: 408: 403: 389: 318: 310: 295: 294: 293: 288: 274: 203: 195: 180: 179: 178: 173: 155: 130: 124: 119: 65: 59: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6281: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6117: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6026:Legal services 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5906:Euronext.liffe 5903: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5651:Businesspeople 5648: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5445:Thames Gateway 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5073:Pound sterling 5070: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:FTSE 250 Index 4961: 4959:FTSE 100 Index 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4801:First Minister 4798: 4793: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4709:First Minister 4706: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4192:Rail transport 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4014:Prime Minister 4011: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3962:Shadow Cabinet 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3940:House of Lords 3937: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3570:Administrative 3559: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: articles 3384:United Kingdom 3382: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3342:European Union 3338: 3336: 3335:Other entities 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3288:United Kingdom 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3101:Czech Republic 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2984: 2950: 2949:External links 2947: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862:(2021): 1-23. 2856: 2846: 2839: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2777: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2732: 2726: 2704: 2671: 2665: 2651:, ed. (1945). 2644: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2623: 2602: 2567: 2542: 2516: 2513:Article 48 (3) 2494: 2470: 2467:. p. 338. 2451: 2430: 2406: 2384: 2364: 2345: 2315: 2267: 2258: 2256:, p. 117. 2246: 2234: 2222: 2201: 2189: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2075: 2052: 2037: 2029:Zoan v Rouamba 2017: 2002: 1981: 1959: 1933: 1907: 1882: 1871:on 9 July 2013 1856: 1837: 1819: 1801: 1776: 1763: 1755:Taylor, A.J.P. 1747: 1729: 1714: 1681: 1659: 1646:MeasuringWorth 1619: 1580: 1565: 1557: 1539: 1532: 1514: 1498: 1482:"The Poor Law" 1472: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1447: 1434: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1386:Robert Poole, 1383: 1356: 1346: 1343: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1248: 1245: 1204: 1201: 1133: 1130: 1038: 1035: 998: 995: 993: 990: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 950: 949:Business rates 947: 924: 921: 864: 863: 778: 776: 769: 763: 760: 756:Anthony Barber 747: 744: 722: 719: 717: 714: 662: 659: 645: 642: 608: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 572:prime minister 559: 556: 512: 511: 505: 504: 501: 498: 497: 492: 486: 485: 481: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 463: 462: 458: 457: 451: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 429: 421: 420: 416: 415: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 387: 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 367: 366: 363: 359: 358: 355: 349: 348: 344: 343: 337: 331: 330: 326: 320: 319: 314: 306: 305: 301: 300: 286: 283: 282: 276: 275: 272: 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 242:9 January 1799 240: 234: 233: 229: 228: 222: 216: 215: 211: 205: 204: 199: 191: 190: 186: 185: 171: 154: 151: 126:Main article: 123: 120: 118: 115: 73:United Kingdom 61:Main article: 58: 55: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6280: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6251: 6246: 6243: 6232: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151:organisations 6145: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6031:Manufacturing 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:List of banks 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778:North Sea oil 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700:Trades unions 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5336:Big City Plan 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Privatisation 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Gold standard 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:1986 Big Bang 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118:Chronological 5116: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:Co-operatives 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4365:Welfare state 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Mental health 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4253:Ethnic groups 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177:Bus transport 4175: 4173: 4172:Air transport 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4116:Manufacturing 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3992:Civil service 3990: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918:republicanism 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738:North Sea oil 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3636:Great Britain 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3626:British Isles 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425:Edwardian era 3423: 3421: 3420:Victorian era 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:South Ossetia 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3173:Liechtenstein 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2753:9780471404217 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:Steel, Duncan 2733: 2729: 2727:9781857286229 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713:. UCL Press, 2712: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2666:9780521778459 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2490:. p. 86. 2489: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2066:Lincoln's Inn 2063: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1558:0-7509-1418-1 1554: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1533:9780862992231 1529: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:from the date 1068: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 996: 991: 989: 986: 980: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 946: 944: 939: 936: 934: 930: 922: 920: 918: 913: 911: 906: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 875: 870: 860: 857: 849: 838: 835: 831: 828: 824: 821: 817: 814: 810: 807: – 806: 802: 801:Find sources: 795: 791: 785: 784: 779:This section 777: 773: 768: 767: 761: 759: 757: 753: 745: 743: 739: 737: 732: 728: 720: 715: 713: 709: 707: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 682: 678: 674: 672: 668: 660: 658: 656: 651: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 621: 615: 611: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 591: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 555: 553: 539: 535: 531: 528:. Pitt's new 527: 523: 519: 518:Great Britain 510: 506: 499: 496: 493: 491: 487: 482: 479:6 August 1861 478: 474: 470: 468: 464: 459: 455: 452: 450: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 422: 417: 406: 396: 392: 385: 382: 379: 377: 373: 368: 365:6 August 1861 364: 360: 357:21 March 1799 356: 354: 350: 345: 341: 338: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 307: 302: 291: 281: 277: 270: 267: 264: 262: 258: 253: 250:6 August 1861 249: 245: 241: 239: 235: 230: 226: 223: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 192: 187: 176: 167: 163: 159: 152: 150: 146: 144: 139: 135: 129: 121: 116: 114: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 64: 56: 54: 51: 43: 41: 35: 31: 27: 19: 6245: 6100:Supermarkets 6066:Construction 6061:Architecture 5896:Canary Wharf 5729:Resource and 5712:Unemployment 5683:Minimum wage 5646:Billionaires 5543:Silicon Glen 5415:M11 Corridor 4743:Homelessness 4557:Homelessness 4340:Social class 4320:Prostitution 4263:Homelessness 4044:British Army 3876:Human rights 3864:By-elections 3844:Constitution 3537: 3415:Georgian era 3326:Transnistria 2992: 2974: 2964: 2941: 2934: 2924: 2914: 2902: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2859: 2849: 2842: 2831: 2824: 2812: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2770: 2742:. New York: 2739: 2709: 2679: 2652: 2631:Poole (1995) 2626: 2617: 2605: 2597: 2590:, retrieved 2579: 2570: 2554: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2529: 2519: 2507: 2497: 2486: 2464: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2419: 2409: 2399: 2377: 2367: 2358: 2348: 2339: 2332:. Retrieved 2327: 2318: 2308:– via 2302:. Retrieved 2285: 2261: 2254:Poole (1995) 2249: 2242:Poole (1998) 2237: 2230:Poole (1995) 2225: 2217: 2214:the original 2204: 2192: 2184: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2125:, p. 5. 2123:Steel (2001) 2118: 2111:Poole (1998) 2106: 2099:Poole (1995) 2094: 2078: 2061: 2055: 2040: 2028: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1972:. Retrieved 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1919: 1910: 1898:. Retrieved 1885: 1873:. Retrieved 1869:the original 1859: 1850: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1796:the original 1789: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1705:. Retrieved 1701:the original 1696: 1676:the original 1671: 1668:"Window Tax" 1662: 1650:. Retrieved 1644: 1610:. Retrieved 1606:the original 1601: 1574: 1568: 1548: 1542: 1523: 1517: 1506: 1501: 1489:. Retrieved 1485: 1476: 1450: 1437: 1425: 1387: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1317: 1309: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1252:William Pitt 1250: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1185: 1182:quarter days 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1027: 1016: 1003: 1000: 982: 952: 940: 937: 929:Gordon Brown 926: 923:21st century 914: 907: 903: 882: 852: 846:October 2022 843: 833: 826: 819: 812: 800: 788:Please help 783:verification 780: 752:Purchase Tax 749: 746:Purchase tax 740: 731:Labour Party 724: 716:20th century 710: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 683: 679: 675: 664: 647: 624: 616: 612: 609: 584: 561: 558:19th century 515: 471:20 June 1800 467:Royal assent 353:Royal assent 238:Royal assent 161: 147: 131: 108: 93: 66: 49: 47: 37: 34:James Gilray 26: 6076:Real estate 5800:Agriculture 5587:Cardiff Bay 5576:Agriculture 5533:Oil and gas 5508:Agriculture 5435:Silicon Fen 5410:M4 corridor 5403:London Plan 5224:Growth deal 5051:HM Treasury 5021:Company law 4990:governance, 4830:Health care 4738:Health care 4644:Health care 4552:Health care 4460:Anglosphere 4335:Social care 4290:Immigration 4233:Drug policy 3997:Departments 3925:Nationality 3698:Agriculture 3631:terminology 3598:City status 3469:Since 1979 3299:recognition 3273:Switzerland 3208:Netherlands 2981:BBC Radio 4 2957:Lewis, Paul 2923:Shebab, F. 2592:16 February 2563:, 2007 c. 3 2334:18 November 2304:13 February 2151:: 171–190. 2014:, page 46b. 1310:Section 28 1138:quarter day 1098:from a date 1094:from a date 1092:meaning of 1049:Edward Coke 969:avoidance. 566:during the 490:Repealed by 376:Repealed by 261:Repealed by 6252:Paul Lewis 6130:High-speed 6125:Inter-city 6041:Automotive 6021:Healthcare 6009:Television 5999:Newspapers 5843:Materials 5758:Geothermal 5731:production 5673:Labour law 5656:Demography 5639:and labour 5420:Manchester 5331:Birmingham 5263:Free trade 4992:regulation 4796:Government 4704:Government 4699:Parliament 4415:Literature 4295:Innovation 4228:Demography 4123:(currency) 3972:Government 3930:Parliament 3854:Devolution 3849:Corruption 3784:Materials 3718:geothermal 3402:Chronology 3243:San Marino 3203:Montenegro 3183:Luxembourg 3163:Kazakhstan 3066:Azerbaijan 2971:Paul Lewis 2686:: 95–139. 2649:C R Cheney 2535:8 November 1974:17 January 1926:29 January 1900:29 January 1875:12 January 1707:12 January 1612:9 December 1468:References 1260:Window Tax 1256:income tax 1222:Window Tax 1191:Michaelmas 1140:, such as 1089:Institutes 1061:is short: 1059:Institutes 1037:Legal rule 1012:Window Tax 917:John Major 816:newspapers 762:Income tax 644:Under Peel 439:Long title 324:Long title 209:Long title 153:Income tax 143:income tax 128:Window tax 122:Window tax 100:Great Fire 96:Charles II 57:Background 6147:Trade and 6110:Transport 6057:Property 6036:Aerospace 5971:Education 5916:Insurance 5864:Financial 5748:Biodiesel 5624:Transport 5553:Transport 5513:Edinburgh 5485:Transport 5460:Wiltshire 5455:Transport 5430:Sheffield 5388:Liverpool 5251:Recurrent 5078:Banknotes 4988:Currency, 4942:Companies 4825:Education 4781:Geography 4733:Education 4689:Geography 4639:Education 4610:Executive 4595:Geography 4547:Education 4520:Geography 4300:Languages 4238:Education 4164:Transport 4002:Ministers 3888:Judiciary 3859:Elections 3799:Wildlife 3708:biodiesel 3690:Resources 3680:Volcanoes 3670:Mountains 3655:Coastline 3557:Geography 3511:1814–1919 3473:political 3458:political 3410:Formation 3178:Lithuania 3033:in Europe 2976:Money Box 2973:presents 2715:Routledge 2565:Section 4 2299:457646963 2181:154782015 2165:0080-4401 2089:. c. 60). 2087:38 Geo. 3 1491:8 October 1189:omission— 706:The Times 655:Corn Laws 552:shillings 534:old pence 340:39 Geo. 3 225:39 Geo. 3 166:John Bull 132:When the 117:From 1707 102:in 1666. 40:John Bull 6262:Category 6221:Category 6149:business 6115:Aviation 6088:Internet 5994:Gambling 5901:The City 5866:services 5847:Forestry 5830:Scottish 5821:Fishing 5763:Fracking 5695:Pensions 5503:Aberdeen 5495:Scotland 5470:Northern 5440:Somerset 5348:Cornwall 5308:regions, 5306:Nations, 5090:Taxation 4888:Category 4840:Religion 4786:Politics 4753:Religion 4694:Politics 4682:timeline 4669:Scotland 4654:Religion 4605:Assembly 4600:Politics 4567:Religion 4525:Politics 4513:timeline 4430:Religion 4410:Identity 4273:Scotland 4218:Cannabis 4144:Taxation 4031:Military 3913:monarchs 3908:Monarchy 3828:Politics 3788:forestry 3768:Scottish 3759:Fishing 3618:Physical 3538:Taxation 3533:Military 3523:Maritime 3496:Economic 3489:By topic 3454:Postwar 3448:military 3443:civilian 3435:Interwar 3306:Abkhazia 3258:Slovenia 3253:Slovakia 3228:Portugal 3086:Bulgaria 3031:Taxation 2965:Blogspot 2897:in JSTOR 2854:in JSTOR 2775:in JSTOR 2738:(2001). 2283:(1921). 1920:BBC News 1511:in JSTOR 1395:See also 1384:— 1374:31 March 1357:— 1168:but the 1142:Lady Day 1008:Land Tax 876:and the 476:Repealed 449:Citation 362:Repealed 335:Citation 247:Repealed 220:Citation 104:Coal tax 85:Poor Law 81:Edward I 6231:Commons 6198:Make UK 6105:Tourism 6071:Housing 6051:Exports 6014:Theatre 5879:Banking 5825:English 5721:Sectors 5666:Poverty 5619:Tourism 5614:Swansea 5599:History 5594:Fishing 5581:Cardiff 5548:Tourism 5528:History 5523:Fishing 5480:Belfast 5472:Ireland 5450:Tourism 5425:Reading 5373:Fishing 5353:Croydon 5343:Bristol 5318:England 5110:History 5083:Coinage 4872:Outline 4845:Symbols 4835:Culture 4818:tourism 4813:Economy 4776:History 4758:Symbols 4748:Culture 4726:tourism 4721:Economy 4677:History 4659:Symbols 4649:Culture 4632:tourism 4627:Economy 4590:History 4572:Symbols 4562:Culture 4540:tourism 4535:Economy 4503:History 4495:England 4445:Theatre 4440:Symbols 4398:Cuisine 4375:Culture 4345:Suicide 4315:Poverty 4280:Housing 4268:England 4206:Society 4182:Driving 4154:Tourism 4072:Economy 3980:Cabinet 3780:Hunting 3763:English 3660:Geology 3643:Climate 3393:History 3283:Ukraine 3233:Romania 3193:Moldova 3151:Ireland 3146:Iceland 3141:Hungary 3131:Germany 3126:Georgia 3116:Finland 3111:Estonia 3106:Denmark 3091:Croatia 3076:Belgium 3071:Belarus 3061:Austria 3056:Armenia 3051:Andorra 3046:Albania 2927:(1953) 2917:(2009) 2907:excerpt 2905:(2018) 2838:, 2007) 2682:(149). 2641:Sources 2488:Ireland 2173:3678321 2033:. 2000. 1832:Hansard 1814:Hansard 1287:1860". 1087:Coke's 1067:26 Maii 997:Summary 830:scholar 618:of the 545:⁄ 536:in the 456:. c. 49 342:. c. 22 227:. c. 13 214:duties. 44:(1806) 42:a visit 5989:Cinema 5852:Mining 5773:Marine 5739:Energy 5661:Income 5637:People 5583: 5558:Whisky 5393:London 5363:Dorset 5310:cities 5235:Impact 5016:Budget 4893:Portal 4791:Senedd 4508:social 4393:Cinema 4388:Anthem 4330:Racism 4285:Hunger 4258:Health 4111:Income 4096:Budget 3793:mining 3733:marine 3703:Energy 3675:Rivers 3648:change 3501:Empire 3478:social 3463:social 3311:Kosovo 3278:Turkey 3268:Sweden 3248:Serbia 3238:Russia 3223:Poland 3218:Norway 3198:Monaco 3168:Latvia 3136:Greece 3121:France 3096:Cyprus 2993:Gov.UK 2937:(1942) 2929:online 2919:online 2864:online 2817:online 2785:(1986) 2750: 2724: 2700:651100 2698: 2663: 2297: 2179: 2171: 2163: 2085:1798 ( 1555: 1530: 1319:years. 1242:1798. 832: 825: 818: 811: 803: 6004:Radio 5984:Media 5964:Other 5835:Welsh 5805:Cider 5783:Solar 5568:Wales 5378:Leeds 5358:Devon 5041:Gilts 4879:Index 4768:Wales 4435:Sport 4425:Music 4420:Media 4360:Waste 4223:Crime 4187:Roads 4084:Banks 3808:flora 3803:fauna 3773:Welsh 3748:solar 3603:Towns 3263:Spain 3188:Malta 3158:Italy 2744:Wiley 2696:JSTOR 2614:(PDF) 2177:S2CID 2169:JSTOR 1953:April 1652:7 May 1563:p.416 1417:Notes 1217:began 1198:Year. 1170:dates 1073:, or 878:EU 15 837:JSTOR 823:books 547:120th 538:pound 461:Dates 347:Dates 232:Dates 6120:Rail 5815:Beer 5810:Wine 5795:Food 5788:Wind 5753:Coal 4403:Wine 4019:list 4007:list 3985:list 3881:LGBT 3753:wind 3713:coal 2748:ISBN 2722:ISBN 2661:ISBN 2594:2024 2537:2020 2424:See 2336:2020 2306:2020 2295:OCLC 2161:ISSN 1976:2024 1928:2018 1902:2018 1877:2011 1709:2011 1654:2024 1614:2010 1553:ISBN 1528:ISBN 1493:2016 1186:plus 1166:days 1112:from 1017:The 1010:and 983:The 874:OECD 809:news 725:The 669:and 628:was 77:John 48:The 5928:LCH 4808:Law 4716:Law 4622:Law 4530:Law 4383:Art 3893:Law 2979:on 2688:doi 2153:doi 1633:UK 1370:not 1213:not 1146:end 792:by 727:war 520:by 6264:: 2991:. 2983:.) 2963:. 2746:. 2720:. 2694:. 2678:. 2659:. 2616:. 2596:, 2584:, 2578:, 2559:, 2553:, 2528:. 2506:. 2485:. 2473:^ 2463:. 2441:. 2418:. 2398:. 2387:^ 2376:. 2338:. 2326:. 2293:. 2291:24 2270:^ 2183:. 2175:. 2167:. 2159:. 2147:. 2143:. 2139:. 2070:34 2064:. 1984:^ 1945:. 1918:. 1893:. 1849:. 1830:. 1812:. 1788:. 1757:, 1740:. 1695:. 1684:^ 1670:. 1643:. 1622:^ 1600:. 1583:^ 1484:. 1443:OS 1327:: 1152:, 1081:. 1023:NS 1014:. 1004:26 673:. 582:. 36:: 5741:/ 5589:) 5585:( 5226:) 5222:( 4927:e 4920:t 4913:v 4140:) 4136:( 3376:e 3369:t 3362:v 3023:e 3016:t 3009:v 2995:. 2969:( 2967:. 2834:( 2756:. 2730:. 2702:. 2690:: 2669:. 2539:. 2492:. 2428:. 2312:. 2244:. 2232:. 2155:: 2145:8 2072:. 2031:" 2027:" 1998:. 1978:. 1930:. 1904:. 1879:. 1853:. 1711:. 1656:. 1616:. 1561:. 1536:. 1495:. 1445:. 859:) 853:( 848:) 844:( 834:· 827:· 820:· 813:· 786:. 543:1 540:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.