420:, announced a ceasefire with effect from 1 August 1997 for a period of three months. The ceasefire declaration was followed by setting up of a Cease-fire Monitoring Cell to enforce the Ground Rules as laid down by Government of India. The ceasefire was later extended further. However, according to the UNPO, in 2009 the NSCN considered the biggest impediment to peace to be the refusal of the government of India to officially extend the ceasefire to all Naga-inhabited areas outside of Nagaland. Clashes continued between the Indian army and the NSCN cadre. A complete solution for peace, which remains crucial for the people of Nagaland and the development of India's northeastern states in general, has not completely been found.
39:
25:
224:, he held talks trying to achieve a sovereign Naga nation. In June 1947, a 9-point agreement was signed which promised to bring the Nagas under a single political administrative unit and recognised the Nagas' right to self-determination after 10 years. Disputes arose over the interpretation of the agreement, and many in the NNC opposed it.
308:
The first round was held on 18–19 February in New Delhi and the Naga delegation was led by
Kughato Sukhai, their Prime Minister. The other members were Imkongmeren, Vice President, Issac Swu, Foreign Secretary, S. Angam, and Dallinamo. The final round of talks with Indira Gandhi was held in New Delhi
163:
Protestant
Christian missionaries from America in the nineteenth century were successful in converting many among the Nagas. It led to them dropping many customs and traditions and, along with the spread of British-style educational systems, was part of the arrival of modernity in the Naga hills. The
341:
In May 1975 the
Liaison Committee of the NPC, consisting of Rev. Longri Ao, Kenneth Kerhuo, L. Lungalang, M. Aram, and Lungshim Shaiza, had requested Kevi Yalley to be a spokesperson for the Nagas. Next, the Naga leaders selected six of their representatives to hold discussions with the Government.
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The ceasefire declaration was followed by a series of peace talks primarily between the members of the peace mission, the Naga leaders and team of peace observers. Eventually, the level of talks was raised and the venue shifted to New Delhi culminating in six rounds of talks in 1966 to 1967 between
227:
Under Phizo, the NNC declared their independence from the
British on 14 August 1947, a day before India. In May 1951, the NNC claimed that 99 per cent of the Naga people supported a referendum to secede from India, which was summarily rejected by the government in New Delhi. By 1952, the NNC, led a
99:
with several Naga chiefs to bring an end to Naga raids on
British-controlled territory in Assam. However, the Naga violated the agreement and continued to launch raids on British-controlled territories. During the 19th century, British attempts to subdue the Naga tribes and abolish traditional Naga
244:
The State of
Nagaland was formally recognised 1 December 1963, as the 16th State of the Indian Union. The State consists of eleven Administrative Districts, inhabited by 16 major ethnic groups along with other sub-groups. Each group is distinct in character in terms of customs, language and dress.
200:
The Naga hills have been an area of continued resistance as they had long been isolated from outside cultures. The development of a spirit of nationalism and sense of a common identity are relatively new concepts among the Naga people. According to their traditions, each village is an independent
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The immediate result was a large scale surrender of arms and personnel. Villages containing NNC members, persuaded them to cease their clandestine activities. Five districts of the State were almost cleared of the underground elements. For some time there was little insurgency inside
Nagaland.
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from 31 January – 2 February 1964 which was said to have been attended by 5,000 representatives from all ethnic groups of
Nagaland, the NBCC made a historic resolution welcoming the proposed "Peace-Talk" and to request the Government to make available the services of
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signed on 11 November 1975, by the
Governor of Nagaland L.P Singh representing the Government of India and the NNC leadership represented by Assa and Kevi Yalley. The NNC agreed to the unconditional acceptance of the Indian Constitution and surrender of arms.
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Renewed violence occurred in the State from the middle of the 1980s. The fratricidal confrontations among the various Naga groups and the State authorities led to the loss of lives, disturbed public order and thwarted the economic development of the State.
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On 31 August 1972, the
Government banned the three Naga bodies, 1) The Naga National Council, 2) the Naga Federal Government, and 3) the Federal Army. Secondly, the Government decided against a further extension of the ceasefire agreement.
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As the people adopted Christianity, they began to develop more of a "Naga" identity, a radical departure from their distinctions based on warring villages. Today, more than 95% of Naga people identify as Christians, mostly Baptist.
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Even though the agreement was officially declared on 6 September 1964 by organising public meetings and special prayer meetings all over Nagaland, the actual agreement was signed on 23 May 1964 at Sakraba Village in Phek district.
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The Nagaland Peace Council (NPC) was re-formed at the initiative of the Church leaders. Discussion for peace continued. The effort was stepped up with renewed vigour after President's Rule was promulgated in March 1975.
317:
There were charges and counter-charges between the Security forces and the Nagas for breach of the terms of the agreement. On 3 August 1968, "Gen" Kaito, a Naga leader, was assassinated in broad daylight in the heart of
211:
On 14 August 1947, the day before India gained independence from British rule, the Nagas were the first ethnic group from the northeast to declare their territory an independent state, not belonging to the new nation.
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town. On 8 August 1972, the Chief Minister Hokishe Sema was ambushed by suspected Naga members near Kohima. The Chief Minister escaped without any bodily harm but his daughter was seriously injured.
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The Peace Mission, supported by church leaders, headed by Rev. Longri Ao and the sponsorship of the State Government, resulted in an agreement for Cessation of Fire signed by the Governor
204:
Modern education, together with Christian missions, contributed to the politicization of Naga ethnicity. In 1918, a group of educated Nagas formed Naga Club in 1918. The club wrote to the
342:
This was closely followed by a series of five talks between the Naga representatives and the Government represented by the two advisers to the Governor, Z. Zopianga, and Ramunny.
309:
on 3 October 1967. In all peace talks in New Delhi, the Naga delegation was led by Kughato Sukhai. However, no positive agreement could be reached as a result of these talks.
95:
During the 1830's, the British dispatched several expeditionary forces to Assam in order to solidify their control over the region; in 1845, British officials signed a
397:
288:, on behalf of the Government of India and the Peace Mission, and Zashei Huire, Biseto Medom and L. Zhenito signed on behalf of the NNC underground government.
188:. With the help of a Mr. Godhula, an Assamese Christian, they established the first church, a Baptist one, in Molungkimong (Dekha Haimong Village) in 1872.
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Nagaland Baptist Church Council Celebrates Platinum Jubilee 1937-2012, A Concise History of Christian Missions in North East India-N. Toshi Ao 2012
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With this, the Peace Mission was formed. The mission was led by Rev. Michael Scott, an Anglican Churchman; Jayaprakash Narayan, a Gandhian and
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After talks with the NSCN (IM), the Government of India heeded the wishes of the people and on 25 July 1997, the Prime Minister,
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Though the peace mission was dissolved when Rev. Michael Scott left India in 1966. The cessation of ceasefire ended in 1972.
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Tezenlo Thong, "A Clash of Worldviews: The Impact of Modern Western Notion of Progress on Naga Culture, 1832-1947,"
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guerrilla movement. India responded by crushing it with their armed forces. Phizo escaped from the region through
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The accord was condemned by many Nagas and marked the beginning of factionalism among the revolutionaries. The
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Drouyer, Azevedo, Isabel, Drouyer, René, THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS vol.1, White Lotus, 2016, p. 24.
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generally lived an isolated existence from the outside world. This changed in the 19th century, when the
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between 1817 and 1826, which led the Nagas to briefly fall under Burmese rule. However, the neighboring
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in 1929 demanding that "Nagas should not be included within the Reformed Scheme of India".
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Drouyer, Isabel, Drouyer René, THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS, White Lotus, 2016, p.1
68:. Aside from developing contacts with the Ahom kingdom, which was established in 1228 in
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Prongo, K. "Dawning Of Truth To Crown Indo-Naga Talks", ManipurOnline, 22 September 2002
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236:. He continued to inspire the independence movement from there till his death in 1990.
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On 23 January 1993, the Isaac-Muivah group of the NSCN (NSCN(IM)) was admitted to the
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400:(UNPO). This was seen as a means to gain international attention to the Naga cause.
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leader; and B.P. Chaliha, 3rd CM of Assam (28 December 1957 – 6 November 1970) the
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Fratricidal violence among revolutionary groups continued into the 1990s. In
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagaland/Government-and-society#ref46186
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagaland/Government-and-society#ref46186
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagaland/Government-and-society#ref46186
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republic; initially, they wanted to be free from all outside domination.
112:. The colonial authorities responded by launching a series of successive
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and Rev. Michael Scott with the object of the restoration of peace.
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This was followed by peace overtures. A major role was taken by the
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became independent from British rule in 1947, the Naga became
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dates back centuries, but first appear in written records of
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particularly, ethnic violence erupted between the Nagas and
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first missionary in the Naga hills is believed to be Rev.
481:(Paper No. 1256, 17 February 2005, South Asia Analysis)
393:, with both sides suffering hundreds of casualties.
545:Ramunny, Murkot. "The 'ceasefire with the Nagas'",
569:, Global Politician, Retrieved on 18 June 2009
398:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
479:Naga Insurgency - A confusion of war or peace
168:in 1839, who stayed for a short period among
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104:and intertribal violence were resisted with
116:, which brought this resistance to an end.
350:These discussions finally resulted in the
88:annexed Assam in 1828 following the 1826
455:Journal of Race, Religion and Ethnicity
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366:(NSCN) was formed in the late 1970s by
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364:National Socialist Council of Nagaland
250:Nagaland Baptist Church Council (NBCC)
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560:"Nagaland peace talks still elusive"
196:Resistance and struggle for identity
252:. In its third Convention held at
240:Statehood, factions and ceasefires
216:led the initial movement with the
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155:exists in the region since 1958.
108:from the Naga, in particular the
220:(NNC). In the last days of the
180:. In the 1870s, Dr. & Mrs.
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123:, 2,000 Nagas enlisted in the
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592:"Ceasefire Flaw or End Game?"
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82:several invasions of Assam
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597:27 December 2009 at the
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280:Ceasefire agreement 1964
127:(BIA) and served in the
20:Timeline of Naga history
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274:Chief Minister of Assam
232:and went into exile to
153:ongoing ethnic conflict
565:3 October 2009 at the
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558:Mujtaba, Syed Ali.
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125:British Indian Army
97:non-aggression pact
641:History of Manipur
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100:practises such as
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214:Angami Zapu Phizo
184:worked among the
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121:World War I
110:Angami Naga
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