1204:
796:
29:
1216:
1129:. The changes in the phonology and the morphology of the literary language ended in the previous period. Only the spoken language continued its development in the country. As a consequence of strong isolation, the differences between dialects were deepened. Especially, the Moravian and Silesian dialects developed divergently from Common Czech.
257:
The spirantisation of Slavic /g/ to /h/ is an areal feature shared by
Ukrainian (and some southern Russian dialects), Belarusian, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian (but not Polish) and minority of Slovene dialects. This innovation appears to have travelled from east to west, and is sometimes attributed to
1317:'grammar school'). Social changes after World War II (1945) led to gradual diminishing of differences between dialects. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of the media's influence.
1175:) caused migration of country inhabitants to towns. It enabled the implementation of the ideas of the Czech national awakeners for the renewal of the Czech language. However, the people's language and literary genres of the previous period were strange to the
1379:в славянском языке // Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания. М., 1964, 115—121. Эдельман Д. И. К происхождению ирано-славянских диахронических паралелей // Славянская языковая и этноязыковая системы в контакте с неславянским окружением. М., 2002, 76—77.
926:
The period of the mature literary language from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. The orthography in written texts is not still unified, digraphs are used predominantly in various forms. After the invention of book-printing, the so-called
254:), and vice versa. The consonants were divided into hard (b, p, v, m, t, d, r, l, n, c, z, s, k, g, ch) and soft – palatal or palatalized (t’, d’, ř, l’, n’, c’, s’, z’, č, š, ž, j, ň). This division was cardinal for the later development.
1304:
During the 20th century, elements of the spoken language (of Common Czech especially) penetrated literary Czech. The orthography of foreign words was changed to reflect their German pronunciation, especially writing
1117:, who also reigned as king of Bohemia, the use of Czech was discouraged due to its association with Protestantism, and relegated to a spoken peasant tongue. However, puppeteers continued to use Czech for public
1124:
Meanwhile, prestigious literary styles were cultivated by Czech expatriates abroad. The zenith and, simultaneously, the end of the florescence of prestigious literary styles are represented by the works of
547:
are interchangeable. The vowel length is not usually denoted, doubled letters are used rarely. Obligatory regulations did not exist. This is why the system was not always applied precisely. After 1340, the
1296:
Literary Czech has not been an exclusive matter of the intellectual classes since the 1840s. Journalism was developing and artistic works got closer to the spoken language, especially in syntax. In 1902,
1179:
intelligentsia. The literary language of the end of the 16th century and of
Komenský’s work became the starting point for the new codification of literary Czech. Of the various attempts at codification,
1487:Červená, V. a Mejstřík, V. Slovník spisovné češtiny pro školu a veřejnost: s Dodatkem Ministerstva školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy České republiky. Vyd. 4. Praha: Academia, 2005, 647 s.
1288:
The artistic literature often resorted to archaisms and did not respect the natural development of the spoken language. This was due to attempts to reach the prestige literal styles.
1113:. The function of the literary language was limited; it left the scientific field first, the discerning literature later, and the administration finally. Under the rule of
1109:
The period from the second half of the 17th century to the second third of the 18th century was marked by confiscations and emigration of the Czech intelligentsia after the
527:
In the 14th century, Czech began to penetrate various literary styles. Official documents in Czech exist at the end of the century. The digraph orthography is applied. The
239:
took place later, thus the frequency of occurrence of palatalized consonants was lowered, but it strengthened the palatalization contrast at the same time. The change of
1285:. Thus, the orthography became close to its contemporary appearance. According to the German model, the punctuation leaves the pause principle and respects the syntax.
139:
Within West Slavic, Czech and Slovak separated from Polish around the 10th to 12th centuries. Some other changes took place during roughly the 10th century:
1531:
843:
is cancelled. The suggestion is a work of an individual person, therefore this graphic system was accepted slowly, the digraph orthography was still in use.
1758:
1301:
published the first Rules of Czech
Orthography, which also contained an overview of the morphology. These rules still preferred older forms in doublets.
1200:(1830–1835) contributed to the renewal of Czech vocabulary. Thanks to the enthusiasm of Czech scientists, Czech scientific terminology was created.
939:, became the pattern of the literary Czech language. The orthography was predominantly diacritic; the dot in soft consonants was replaced by the
1203:
795:
1503:
699:). The voicedness became the main contrastive feature of consonants after the disappearance of palatalization. The original pronunciation of
827:. For recording of soft consonants, digraphs are replaced by a dot above letters. The acute is used to denote the vowel length. The digraph
779:
are applied. As a consequence of this, aorist and imperfect start disappearing little by little and are replaced by the perfect (now called
2070:
2132:
1940:
1744:
1708:
619:, initiated in the 13th century, was finished. Palatalized (softened) consonants either merged with their hard counterparts or became
262:. It is approximately dated to the 12th century in Slovak, the 12th to 13th century in Czech and the 14th century in Upper Sorbian.
1851:
1734:
1595:
1492:
1478:
1467:
72:
50:
2054:
2022:
1841:
1816:
1682:
1662:
1524:
1208:
1114:
405:
Large changes take place in Czech phonology in the 12th and 13th centuries. Front and back variants of vowels are removed, e.g.
332:
The earliest written records of Czech date to the 12th to 13th century, in the form of personal names, glosses and short notes.
2075:
1994:
1888:
1846:
1800:
1754:
1729:
1703:
1687:
1924:
1883:
1867:
1795:
1764:
1147:
The first ideas of the
National Revival were in so-called defences of the Czech language. The most likely first such work is
1973:
1968:
1631:
1626:
1600:
1575:
1172:
1027:'strange'). The complicated syntax, influenced by Latin texts, required some improvement of the punctuation. However, the
110:
771:'I will have called'). The contrastive feature of imperfectiveness was also stabilized. The perfectivization function of
2004:
1517:
1062:
still remained in graphics). In initial positions, it was used in lesser prestige or specialized styles only. Written
1223:
Step by step, the orthography was liberated from the relics of the
Brethren orthography. According to the etymology,
354:
Pavel dal jest Ploškovcích zeḿu. Vlach dal jest Dolás zeḿu i sv́atému Ščepánu se dvěma dušníkoma Bogučeja a
Sedlatu.
1749:
231:). The contrast of the vowel quantity (length) was also strengthened. The depalatalization of consonants preceding
17:
862:(the widespread Bohemian interdialect). There are also some other changes in this period: the diphthongization of
905:
The contrast of animateness in masculine inflection is not still fully set, as it is not yet applied to animals (
1656:
1110:
913:'I see a dog'). Aorist and imperfect have disappeared from literary styles before the end of the 15th century.
816:
490:
43:
37:
2127:
1462:
Karlík P., Nekula M., Pleskalová J. (ed.). Encyklopedický slovník češtiny. Nakl. Lidové noviny. Praha 2002.
1189:
2101:
2096:
1999:
1540:
1166:
482:
54:
1441:
1422:
902:). The ring has been regarded as a diacritic mark denoting the length since the change in pronunciation.
1790:
1677:
1326:
720:
391:
106:
90:
300:
is not fixed yet; the present tense is often used instead. The contrast of perfective and imperfective
2091:
1590:
1565:
1176:
488:
480:
427:'nice'). In the morphology, these changes deepened the differences between hard and soft noun types (
313:
1724:
1239:. Antiqua was introduced instead of fractura in printing, and it led to the removal of the digraph
1036:
1028:
250:
The vowels were front (ä, e, i, ě) and back (a, o, u), and the front ones had their back variants (
935:(1579–1593), the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages by the
1909:
1774:
1667:
1647:
1605:
1580:
1544:
1121:
shows, and popular legend has it that this preserved the Czech language from extinction at home.
704:
620:
274:
259:
224:
1181:
1154:
304:
is not fully developed yet, there are also biaspectual and no-aspectual verbs. The Proto-Slavic
150:
269:, the traditional division according to the word-stem ending was progressively replaced by the
2038:
1978:
1961:
1893:
1652:
1585:
1570:
1509:
1499:
1488:
1474:
1463:
1341:
1185:
959:
became used in the contemporary way. Vowel length was denoted by the acute accent, except for
784:
362:
289:
1393:
1132:
Printed documents used the same orthography as in the previous period. Only the two kinds of
1054:
was established, but it occurred in lesser prestige style text only. The diphthongization of
811:. The number of literary language users enlarges. Czech fully penetrates the administration.
1956:
1919:
1821:
1769:
1672:
1610:
1356:
1336:
1141:
1140:
occurs as a punctuation mark for better and clear organization of excessive and complicated
1044:
932:
270:
336:
1346:
936:
114:
1331:
1193:
1144:. Digraphs with irregular elements of diacritics are still used in hand-written texts.
367:
86:
1093:
In morphology, the differentiation of animate and inanimate masculines was completed (
2121:
1484:
Lamprecht A., Šlosar D., Bauer J. Historická mluvnice češtiny. SPN Praha 1986, 423 s.
1040:
158:
1153:("The defence of the Slavic language, of Czech in particular"), written in Latin by
719:'a hundred'), but in the 14th century, the articulation was adapted to the unvoiced
335:
The oldest known complete Czech sentence is a note on the foundation charter of the
859:
496:
297:
189:
870:, the pronunciation was probably different than today), the monophthongization of
1298:
593:
301:
1192:(both real and fictitious) had been occurring by that time. The publication of
631:
later at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. In this context, the phoneme
1351:
1118:
309:
293:
266:
1171:
The period from the 1780s to the 1840s. The abolition of serfdom in 1781 (by
707:(as preserved in some Eastern-Bohemian dialects in syllable-final positions:
1914:
1137:
1032:
822:
780:
656:
596:
mark is sometimes used in various shapes. Its function is to denote pauses.
348:
Wlah dalgeſt dolaſ zemu iſuiatemu ſcepanu ſeduema duſnicoma bogucea aſedlatu
285:
251:
216:
212:
1215:
747:
In morphology, the future tense of imperfective verbs was fixed. The type
623:(ď, ť, ň). The depalatalization did not temporarily concern hard and soft
1126:
808:
390:
begins to appear, although not systematically. Combinations of letters (
370:
without any diacritics, resulting in ambiguities, such as in the letter
280:
The dual is also applied in verb conjugations. The past is expressed by
1047:
are used. The first grammars are published for typographers' purposes.
804:
228:
16:"History of Czech" redirects here. For history of the Czech lands, see
951:
was mostly written in the final positions in words only, the digraph
846:
As a consequence of the loss of palatalization, the pronunciation of
776:
772:
305:
281:
1031:
was used according to pauses in pronunciation, not the syntax. The
1202:
940:
794:
783:, since it became the only past tense in Czech). The periphrastic
170:
273:
principle (masculine, feminine and neuter) There were also three
651:'foam') before labial consonants in the pronunciation. The long
1513:
1150:
Dissertatio apologetica pro lingua
Slavonica praecipue Bohemica
2106:
145:
22:
176:
1078:'egg') took place, but it was not applied in heterosyllabic
308:
was used after verbs of motion, but it was replaced by the
1473:
Rejzek J. Český etymologický slovník. Leda, Voznice 2001.
814:
Around 1406, a reform of the orthography was suggested in
1066:
starts to be pronounced as . The change of tautosyllabic
89:
developed at the close of the 1st millennium from common
1408:
Chrestomatie k vývoji českého jazyka (13. – 18. století)
854:
merged. This change resulted in the diphthongization of
835:
are preserved. The interchangeability of the graphemes
991:, pronounced was sometimes recorded by the grapheme
803:
The period of the 15th century from the beginning of
495:, had been in progress since the 12th century. Later
215:
contrast of palatalized (softened) and unpalatalized
799:
Book of
Ezekiel 36:26 from the 1417 Bible of Olomouc
2084:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1987:
1949:
1933:
1902:
1876:
1860:
1834:
1809:
1783:
1717:
1696:
1640:
1619:
1558:
1551:
744:'eye') in the Bohemian dialects since this period.
211:The disappearance of the odd yers strengthened the
136:) developed in the East and South Slavic dialects.
1498:Komárek M. Dějiny českého jazyka. Host. Brno 2012
533:ch = ch; chz = č; cz = c; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = ž
386:/tʃ/ phonemes. Later during the 13th century, the
807:'s preaching activity to the beginning of Czech
93:. Until the early 20th century, it was known as
975:for technical reasons; later it was denoted as
820:, a work attributed to Jan Hus – the so-called
753:'I will call' became preferred to other types (
339:chapter at the beginning of the 13th century:
1184:’s grammar was ultimately generally accepted.
1525:
8:
394:) are used for recording Czech sounds, e.g.
219:, and resulted in alterations of epenthetic
1264:
1148:
766:
760:
754:
748:
735:
730:has been added to all words beginning with
714:
708:
418:
247:took place at the end of the 12th century.
1555:
1532:
1518:
1510:
537:š; w = v; v = u; zz = s; z = z; ie, ye = ě
615:'(to) horses') took place. The so-called
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1214:
955:was written in the middle. The grapheme
36:This article includes a list of general
1368:
890:in the form of a ring above the letter
775:and the imperfectivization function of
312:. However, the contemporary infinitive
178:dobriji > dobr’í, dobroje > dobré
1390:The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic
144:the disappearance and vocalization of
1136:are not differentiated any more. The
931:stabilized in printed documents. The
515:disappeared later, but the change of
7:
1188:attempts to cleanse the language of
1050:In the pronunciation, the change of
691:was enforced (with the exception of
675:'sand'). At the same time, the long
469:Chlmec > Chlumec, dĺgý > dlúhý
1375:Абаев В. И. О происхождении фонемы
1313:and marking the vowel length (e.g.
459:'to plant out'). The hard syllabic
360:The earliest texts were written in
1269:'hers'). In the 1840s, the double
1243:and its replacement by the letter
42:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
894:, which resulted in the grapheme
689:regressive assimilation of voice
617:main historical depalatalization
366:, which used the letters of the
105:Among the innovations in common
27:
1442:"Why Czechs don't speak German"
1423:"Why Czechs don't speak German"
1115:Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
319:formally continues the supine.
983:. Pronounced was recorded as
344:Pauel dal geſt ploſcoucih zemu
1:
627:, which merged to one middle
471:'long'), as opposite to soft
277:: singular, dual and plural.
1074:'give (2. sg. imperative)',
592:remain interchangeable. The
155:bъzъ > bez, bъza > bza
687:'salt'). In pronunciation,
558:č; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = s
2149:
1164:
999:was preserved, the simple
886:was sometimes recorded as
499:of palatalized alveolars (
451:'soul') as well as verbs (
168:the contraction of groups
18:History of the Czech lands
15:
2133:Slavic language histories
1281:replaced the traditional
1058:was also stabilized (but
1019:was always written after
1003:denoted the word-initial
550:later digraph orthography
529:older digraph orthography
1406:Porák, Jaroslav (1979).
1315:gymnasium > gymnázium
1111:Battle of White Mountain
1097:rather than the earlier
963:developed from original
817:De orthographia bohemica
1198:Czech-German Dictionary
635:disappeared. The short
501:t’ > c’, d’ > dz’
177:
57:more precise citations.
1265:
1220:
1212:
1167:Czech National Revival
1149:
800:
767:
765:'I have to call', and
761:
755:
749:
736:
715:
709:
643:or was dissociated to
566:š; w = v; v = u; z = z
419:
1327:Orthographia bohemica
1218:
1206:
937:Unity of the Brethren
798:
679:was diphthongized to
507:) occurred. However,
363:primitive orthography
1440:Janeksela, Jacklyn.
1421:Janeksela, Jacklyn.
1231:came to be written,
929:Brethren orthography
435:'ploughman (gen.)';
1090:'egg (gen. pl.)').
388:digraph orthography
352:(in transcription:
275:grammatical numbers
1221:
1213:
1207:Wayside shrine in
1161:Early Modern Czech
1086:'they will give',
943:which was used in
801:
759:'I want to call',
639:either changed to
519:became permanent.
517:r’ > rs’ > ř
431:'farmer (gen.)' ↔
2115:
2114:
1830:
1829:
1545:world's languages
1504:978-80-7294-591-7
1342:Czech orthography
1142:complex sentences
1127:Jan Amos Komenský
979:, and finally as
922:Humanistic period
831:and the grapheme
613:koňóm > koniem
572:, syllable-final
425:p’äkný > pěkný
420:v’a̋ce > viece
374:representing the
101:Early West Slavic
83:
82:
75:
2140:
2005:Standard Chinese
1556:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1388:Pronk-Tiethoff,
1386:
1380:
1373:
1357:Czech word order
1337:Czech declension
1273:was replaced by
1268:
1235:was replaced by
1152:
1076:vajce > vejce
1045:exclamation mark
1007:. The diphthong
945:č, ď, ň, ř, ť, ž
933:Bible of Kralice
909:'I see a lord';
882:. The diphthong
770:
764:
758:
752:
739:
718:
712:
584:. The graphemes
539:; the graphemes
494:
486:
475:. The change of
422:
328:Earliest records
260:Scytho-Sarmatian
180:
165:'elder, lilac');
151:Havlík’s Yer Law
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
53:this article by
44:inline citations
31:
30:
23:
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1347:Czech phonology
1323:
1294:
1182:Josef Dobrovský
1169:
1163:
1155:Bohuslav Balbín
1107:
1011:was denoted as
924:
919:
878:'measure') and
876:miera > míra
793:
605:kl’úč > klíč
599:The changes of
554:ch = ch; cz = c
525:
487:, and later to
330:
325:
265:In the nominal
103:
79:
68:
62:
59:
49:Please help to
48:
32:
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21:
12:
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1874:
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1861:Other European
1858:
1857:
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1366:
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1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Czech alphabet
1329:
1322:
1319:
1293:
1290:
1266:gegj > její
1194:Josef Jungmann
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1106:
1105:Baroque period
1103:
923:
920:
918:
915:
792:
791:Hussite period
789:
524:
521:
368:Latin alphabet
358:
357:
350:
329:
326:
324:
321:
209:
208:
186:denasalization
182:
166:
128:'all'), while
111:palatalization
102:
99:
87:Czech language
81:
80:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:Austroasiatic
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:Indo-European
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:80-200-1347-4
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:80-85927-85-3
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:80-7106-484-X
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1410:. p. 31.
1409:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:p. 71 (fn 26)
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:Sample (1846)
1217:
1211:, dated 1822.
1210:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:’s five-part
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:question mark
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:. The double
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:. The letter
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
921:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
901:
900:kuoň > kůň
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
819:
818:
812:
810:
806:
797:
790:
788:
786:
785:passive voice
782:
778:
774:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
722:
717:
711:
706:
703:was probably
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:sól > suol
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:diphthongized
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:was applied:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
484:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
355:
351:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
338:
333:
327:
322:
320:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
258:contact with
255:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:according to
148:
147:
142:
141:
140:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
77:
74:
66:
56:
52:
46:
45:
39:
34:
25:
24:
19:
1988:Sino–Tibetan
1950:Austronesian
1784:Indo-Iranian
1739:
1445:
1435:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1292:Modern Czech
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1197:
1170:
1146:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:daj > dej
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:was doubled
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
928:
925:
917:Middle Czech
910:
906:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:Common Czech
855:
851:
847:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
815:
813:
802:
756:chc’u volati
746:
741:
731:
727:
726:. Prothetic
723:
713:'peculiar',
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
598:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
523:14th century
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:assibilation
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:'to call' ↔
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
410:
406:
404:
399:
395:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
353:
347:
343:
334:
331:
316:
298:future tense
279:
264:
256:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
220:
213:phonological
210:
204:
200:
196:
192:
185:
169:
162:
154:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
104:
94:
84:
69:
60:
41:
2102:Interlingue
2097:Interlingua
2085:constructed
2000:Gan Chinese
1877:Afroasiatic
1446:www.bbc.com
1427:www.bbc.com
1309:instead of
1299:Jan Gebauer
1247:. The long
1177:enlightened
1015:. The hard
967:. The long
825:orthography
787:is formed.
762:jmám volati
750:budu volati
740:instead of
721:labiodental
667:'to want',
607:'key') and
594:punctuation
505:r’ > rs’
463:changed to
173:+ j + vowel
107:West Slavic
91:West Slavic
63:August 2014
55:introducing
2122:Categories
1941:Vietnamese
1791:Hindustani
1759:in Ukraine
1745:Macedonian
1725:Belarusian
1709:Lithuanian
1678:Portuguese
1457:References
1352:Czech verb
1190:germanisms
1119:marionette
1068:aj > ej
907:vidím pána
768:budu volal
671:'goblet',
582:ie, ye = ě
447:'woman' ↔
439:'towns' ↔
337:Litoměřice
310:infinitive
294:pluperfect
267:declension
252:allophones
217:consonants
38:references
2092:Esperanto
2048:Iroquoian
1974:Sundanese
1915:Malayalam
1903:Dravidian
1852:Hungarian
1775:Ukrainian
1735:Bulgarian
1596:Norwegian
1591:Icelandic
1566:Afrikaans
1541:Histories
1259:replaced
1251:replaced
1173:Joseph II
1138:semicolon
1099:vidím pes
1095:vidím psa
1056:ú > ou
1052:ý > ej
1033:full stop
911:vidím pes
880:uo > ú
872:ie > í
866:(written
864:ú > ou
856:ý > ej
823:diacritic
781:preterite
609:’o > ě
601:’u > i
562:š; ss = s
415:’a > ě
407:’ä > ě
382:/ts/ and
323:Old Czech
286:imperfect
241:’ä > ě
161:), later
2055:Cherokee
2032:Koreanic
2023:Japanese
1962:Filipino
1842:Estonian
1817:Albanian
1683:Romanian
1663:Galician
1559:Germanic
1392:, 2013,
1321:See also
1186:Purists'
1043:and the
809:humanism
777:suffixes
773:prefixes
705:bilabial
443:'seas';
423:'more',
392:digraphs
245:ä > a
181:'good');
95:Bohemian
2076:Turkish
2016:Japonic
1995:Chinese
1979:Cebuano
1957:Tagalog
1910:Kannada
1889:Aramaic
1847:Finnish
1801:Persian
1770:Slovene
1755:Russian
1730:Bosnian
1704:Latvian
1688:Spanish
1668:Italian
1648:Catalan
1611:Yiddish
1606:Swedish
1581:English
1543:of the
1021:c, s, z
805:Jan Hus
665:chtieti
621:palatal
429:sedláka
302:aspects
290:perfect
229:phoneme
109:is the
51:improve
2064:Turkic
2039:Korean
1925:Telugu
1894:Hebrew
1884:Arabic
1868:Basque
1835:Uralic
1796:Nepali
1765:Slovak
1750:Polish
1718:Slavic
1697:Baltic
1657:Quebec
1653:French
1641:Italic
1620:Celtic
1586:German
1571:Danish
1502:
1491:
1477:
1466:
1255:, and
1229:sy, zy
1225:si, zi
1209:Nučice
1039:, the
1035:, the
716:stowka
710:diwnej
673:piesek
457:sázěti
453:volati
413:) and
314:ending
306:supine
296:. The
282:aorist
271:gender
227:(null-
40:, but
2071:Azeri
1969:Malay
1920:Tamil
1822:Greek
1810:other
1740:Czech
1673:Latin
1632:Welsh
1627:Irish
1601:Scots
1576:Dutch
1377:g (h)
1363:Notes
1088:vajec
1037:colon
1029:comma
941:caron
669:čieše
645:j + e
493:]
489:[
485:]
481:[
441:mor’ě
437:města
433:oráčě
378:/k/,
203:>
195:>
190:nasal
171:vowel
120:>
115:velar
1500:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1277:and
1084:dají
1025:cyzý
850:and
839:and
737:voko
695:and
693:h, ř
655:was
649:pěna
588:and
543:and
511:and
503:and
449:dušě
445:žena
398:for
292:and
243:and
235:and
223:and
199:and
184:the
163:bezu
159:gen.
146:yers
134:vьsь
126:vьšь
85:The
2107:Ido
1227:or
1101:).
987:or
858:in
742:oko
659:to
568:or
564:or
560:or
556:or
535:or
513:dz’
479:to
188:of
113:of
2124::
1444:.
1425:.
1283:au
1279:ou
1241:ʃʃ
1237:ci
1233:cy
1157:.
1080:aj
1064:mě
1060:au
1013:au
1009:ou
977:ij
973:ii
965:uo
953:ʃʃ
884:uo
868:au
829:ch
732:o-
728:v-
681:uo
661:ie
580:;
576:=
531::
509:c’
473:l’
465:lu
411:ie
402:.
396:rs
346:/
317:-t
288:,
284:,
118:ch
97:.
1761:)
1757:(
1659:)
1655:(
1533:e
1526:t
1519:v
1506:.
1495:.
1481:.
1470:.
1448:.
1429:.
1396:)
1311:s
1307:z
1275:v
1271:w
1263:(
1261:g
1257:j
1253:j
1249:í
1245:š
1134:l
1082:(
1070:(
1023:(
1017:y
1005:u
1001:v
997:w
993:ǧ
989:y
985:g
981:j
969:í
961:ů
957:ě
949:š
898:(
896:ů
892:u
888:o
874:(
852:i
848:y
841:y
837:i
833:w
734:(
724:f
701:v
697:v
683:(
677:ó
663:(
653:ě
647:(
641:e
637:ě
633:ě
629:l
625:l
611:(
603:(
590:y
586:i
578:j
574:y
570:ž
545:y
541:i
491:ɦ
483:ɣ
477:g
467:(
461:l
417:(
409:(
400:ř
384:č
380:c
376:k
372:c
356:)
237:ä
233:e
225:∅
221:e
207:.
205:u
201:ǫ
197:ä
193:ę
175:(
157:(
153:(
132:(
130:s
124:(
122:š
76:)
70:(
65:)
61:(
47:.
20:.
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