188:
of the royal
Braganza family became the Brazilian monarch. According to one account, a churchman was the first to publicly "proclaim Pedro king of Brazil". A constitution was drafted in 1823 following independence with quite liberal protections for non-Catholic religions, although privileging the Catholic Church to be the State religion "above all others and the only one maintained by it". This draft constitution was not accepted by the Brazilian monarch, but the religious provisions of the charter his handpicked committee drafted were similar to those of the 1823 draft constitution. Tolerance of other faiths was established in the official document with the right to public and private exercise beliefs, but non-Catholic places of worship could not have the appearance of a church. In practice this meant non-Catholic houses of worship could not have spires or bells.
367:
216:
congress. In
January 1890, the Provisional Government had issued a decree proclaiming the separation of Church and State, guaranteeing freedom of worship, and declaring that no church thereafter should be subsidized by the government, nor in any way receive support either from the federal government or from those of the individual States. By the terms of this decree public officials were forbidden to interfere in any way with the formation of religious societies, and it was declared to be unlawful to stir up religious dissension among the people. Every religious body was at liberty to worship according to its own rites, while each individual could live according to his belief, and unite in societies with others, and build churches if he chose. The salaries of those in the service of the church were ordered to be discontinued at the expiration of a year.
2124:
220:
Religious bodies, however, could choose separate burial places, though always subject to the laws. The existing religious holidays, except Sunday, were abolished by another decree, and nine new ones established commemorating secular events. Later, a civil marriage law was passed, somewhat resembling those of the United States and France, and also a divorce law. This latter, however, bore the stamp of the religious training of the people, for by its terms, neither party was permitted to marry again during the life of the other.
326:
in
Christian socialism. However, their value on literacy and intellectual ideas alienated poor Brazilians and made the communities largely unsuccessful. The movement has also been criticized for focusing on a larger picture and discounting the role of individuals. The liberation theology in which these communities were based did not match the needs of the individuals it aimed to aid. Adding onto their difficulty in establishing strong communities was a lack of support from
192:
with
Catholic clerics was supported with revenues paid to the state. The Catholic Church remained in charge of education and held jurisdiction over marriage and burial grounds. However, in early independent Brazil in many other matters, "religious toleration was fully tested and found to be a living letter". Catholicism was the only recognized church, and it was supported by the States. Other religions were tolerated, but Catholicism was the official church.
2136:
415:) who celebrate the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Tensions between the group, sometimes known more simply as Boa Morte, rose during the 1990s when the Catholic Church and sisterhood had a dispute over access to sacred items held by the church. Boa Morte was able to provide documentation that they held ownership of the items and courts ruled in their favor twice. However,
317:. Still, a few bishops and numerous priests, particularly in the poorer regions, strongly criticized the military government's economic policies and human rights record. During the violence following the coup, several priests were murdered, and one bishop was kidnapped and beaten which added further concern over the government's human rights violations.
300:
brought together
Catholic clerics and instituted significant changes in the Catholic Church to increase the role of the laity, foster a less hierarchical church, and instill the need for social justice set off activity in Latin America as a whole and Brazil in particular. The Latin American Catholic
258:
The weakness and small size of the
Catholic Church following the establishment of the republic meant, in practice, a paucity of priests for the country's huge population, religious competition from other religions, especially mainline Protestant churches but also nascent Pentecostal Protestantism, as
325:
and became increasingly influential within the church. The goal of these communities was to connect with the poor. Established mainly in the 1970s, these communities aimed to look at the socioeconomic reasons for poverty before turning to
Christianity and prayer for answers. Their ideology was based
215:
and the creation of the republic, a
Constituent Congress was called to assemble in November 1890. The provisional government drafted a constitution that laid out its vision of church-state relations in the new republic and incorporated portions of the decrees that government had issued prior to the
55:
played an important role in the early colonies before eventually being expelled. The
Catholic Church supported Brazilian independence and worked to secure its place within the country. The republican government of the 1890s implemented a greater emphasis on the separation of church and state but the
187:
The
Catholic hierarchy supported the 1822 independence of Brazil, but were opposed to a republican form of government, a model followed by most of the former Spanish American colonies. The transition to independence in Brazil was made easier and less divisive than in Spanish America, since a member
163:
but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the aborigines had no natural defenses. Slave labor and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies, and the Jesuits usually did not object the enslavement
283:
taking a leading role. Secular left-wing political movements and secularization of society, along with the growth of Protestantism and other competing faiths, instilled a sense of urgency for Brazilian Catholic bishops to be proactive. The Conference also aimed to increase outreach to the poor and
320:
During the 1970s, the Catholic Church emerged as a key pro-democracy voice within civil society. Ecclesiastical Base Communities (CEBs), small groups of believers who focused on linking grassroots religious and secular change, spread throughout the countryside. These became the foundations of the
219:
Separation of church and state did, however, leave in place the church's ownership of its "buildings, lands, incomes, and hierarchical organization". The existing churchyards were secularized, and the question of the establishment of new cemeteries was left in the hands of individual communities.
191:
Since the Portuguese crown had exercised the power of patronage of vacant ecclesiastical posts of the Catholic church, the Brazilian monarch did as well. Additionally, they collected the tithe on behalf of the Catholic Church and turned over the proceeds to it. This union of religion and politics
304:
Increasing involvement in the education of elites led to the emergence of new and politically diverse movements among the laity, while attempts to assert more orthodox Catholicism among marginalized peoples increased awareness of the plight of peasants and Indians among the lower clergy and some
101:
to the colony. The Jesuits represented the spiritual side of the enterprise and were destined to play a central role in the colonial history of Brazil. Spreading the Catholic faith was an important justification for Portuguese conquests and the Jesuits were officially supported by the King, who
374:
Despite their advocacy, the Catholic Church still must compete with Neo-Pentecostal Protestant churches, who in recent years, have seen much growth in these populations. Catholicism remains the predominant religion of the country, with 64.6% identifying as Roman Catholic, 22.2% of the country
90:
The church was a physical presence. With the establishment of Portuguese towns and cities, construction of churches and the cathedral of the seat of a diocese was a priority. Although the first church buildings were made with materials at hand, the construction of more opulent edifices soon
403:
movement, which seeks to separate Candomblé and Catholic practices. For some, this separation is out of a desire for African authenticity in Brazil. Not all support this separation, instead believing that Candomblé and Catholicism can both be practiced by a single individual as the two serve
259:
well as secularization of Brazilian society and the rise of secular or atheist political movements. Brazil became a destination for Protestant missionaries who proselytized and set up religious schools. After World War II, there were additional non-Catholic groups in Brazil, including
155:
The Catholic Church showed notable progress in the colonial period, especially 1680–1750, even though hampered by government policy. The church and government had contrary goals as regarding the Amazon Indians, whom the government was exploiting and reducing to slavery.
86:
Catholicism was an inherent element of Portuguese settlement in Brazil, but the church as an organization was weak. At the time, the church did not feel the need to act independently from the state and therefore relied on state structures rather than creating its own.
56:
20th century saw a flourishing of membership due to mass immigration. The church made attempts at this time to expand their cultural presence through various methods, including advocacy. Today, the Catholic Church in Brazil continues to work towards advocacy.
375:
identifies as Protestant. Between 2000 and 2010, the percentage of Catholics in Brazil dropped from 74% to 65%. The Catholic Church's struggles to connect with poor populations in Brazil is partially a result of conservative leadership under
91:
followed, with decorative tiles and even some stone were imported. During Brazil's first export boom of cane sugar in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portuguese settlements grew and the churches were a locus of local pride.
330:
due to his suspicions of communist-based ideology. While the movement was largely a failure, at its highest point, there were around 80,000 Christian Based Communities. The communities began to decline in the 1980s and 90s.
291:
had a significant impact on all of Latin America and on the Catholic Church, since it was explicitly atheist and Marxist in orientation and provided a model for other Latin American leftist revolutionaries to emulate. Pope
235:
from Catholic countries such as Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Poland. Moreover, there were countless conversions of immigrants from other non-Catholic areas, such as Japan and the Middle East. In 1923,
278:
The Brazilian Catholic bishops sought ways to regain strength and counter growing secularism and loss of Catholic parishioners in Brazil and established the organization of the Brazilian Bishops Conference, with Dom
731:
Serbin, Kenneth P. (2001). Vásquez, Manuel A.; Nagle, Robin; Piletti, Nelson; Praxedes, Walter; Rocha, Zildo; Sydow, Evanize; Ferri, Marilda; Christo], Frei Betto [Carlos Alberto Libânio; Muraro, Rose Marie (eds.).
870:
1912:
334:
By 1979, the Brazilian Church was the most progressive in Latin America, while managing to avoid many of the confrontations between radicals and conservatives that wracked other churches in the region.
355:
Today, the Catholic Church in Brazil largely focuses on human rights, advocating for the poor. In 2000, the church held a referendum that asked how Brazilians felt about the conditions placed by the
168:
419:
ordered that no priest could participate in the celebration. In 1999, when Cardinal Dom Lucus returned to the Vatican, Boa Morte and the church began to celebrate the festival together again.
1801:
898:
2108:
2103:
75:
It is said that the first colonists celebrated in Brazil was on Christmas Sunday in the year 1500 by a priest in the party who claimed possession for Portugal. The members of the
363:
in negotiating a better agreement. The Catholic Church also advocates to raise awareness for social issues like drug abuse, racial discrimination, and childhood homelessness.
175:
as well as the expulsion of other missionaries. Pombal was an advocate of monarchical power over the church, often known as regalism, and state autonomy from the papacy, or
1452:
932:
40:
is the country's predominant faith with approximately 64.6% of the population identifying as a member of the religion. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.
1827:
1902:
33:
1212:
939:
366:
223:
The Catholic Church was not entirely opposed to the separation of church and state, since under the Brazilian monarchy had increasingly controlled the church.
387:
visited Brazil where he attempted to reverse some of the conservative policy of the previous decade and promote a more liberal policy that encouraged change.
891:
399:, practiced by Afro-Brazilians, has faced a number of discussions surrounding its relationship to Catholic practices. These discussions have led to the anti-
1485:
978:
1867:
1166:
29:
2161:
1620:
72:
that the crown of Castile exercised over clerical appointments in its overseas empire. "The right of nomination is the very essence of patronage."
884:
1314:
1256:
114:
68:), by which the papacy ceded control over naming clerics to vacant benefices, but did not cede it in matters of dogma. This was similar to the
212:
407:
Groups that incorporate Candomblé have developed around the celebration of certain Catholic traditions. One such group is the Sisterhood of
159:
The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives. The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from
1124:
1020:
1986:
64:
When the Portuguese claimed Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese crown already exercised the power of patronage of ecclesiastical appointments (
260:
1884:
1771:
408:
347:
and the question of the mixing of Catholic ritual with rites from other sources continued to provoke much discussion within the church.
305:
bishops. Many clergy members and lay leaders thus supported the attempts at social and political reform that took place during the post-
172:
2024:
1326:
1077:
1156:
1927:
1407:
1297:
314:
1422:
1346:
966:
944:
240:
was the first Japanese missionary to move to Brazil to work on behalf of the non-Catholic Japanese living in southeast Brazil.
231:
During the first half of the 20th century the Catholic Church in Brazil had a huge expansion in number of faithful due to the
1661:
1280:
927:
919:
907:
518:
1956:
1535:
1510:
1119:
1996:
1515:
1505:
961:
802:
244:
696:
SHINTANI, Alberto Hikaru (March 2015). "The Japanese immigrants in Brazil and the social role of the Catholic Church".
1961:
1104:
356:
1331:
243:
In an attempt to grow the Catholic Church's presence in Brazilian culture, the church supported the construction of
1970:
995:
531:
237:
2029:
1731:
1042:
380:
360:
359:(IMF). It found that 95% of respondents were against the conditions. The results of this referendum assisted the
44:
1862:
1437:
954:
734:""Bowling Alone", Bishops' Biographies, and Baptism by Blood: New Views of Progressive Catholicism in Brazil"
1480:
1336:
1063:
179:(after the model in France). The Brazilian church held little power and thus was in no position to protest.
1951:
1837:
1550:
516:
Thomas C. Bruneau, "Power and Influence: Analysis of the Church in Latin America and the Case of Brazil".
297:
268:
1847:
1832:
1545:
1402:
1309:
1109:
1092:
1005:
949:
252:
232:
1897:
1457:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2006:
1933:
1776:
1736:
1555:
1432:
1371:
1176:
1151:
1087:
344:
106:
102:
instructed Tomé de Sousa to give them all the support needed to Christianise the indigenous peoples.
2128:
1852:
1842:
1791:
1649:
1635:
1495:
1237:
1000:
467:
416:
110:
280:
2140:
1917:
1686:
1610:
1578:
1397:
1366:
1203:
1191:
1052:
990:
535:
272:
136:
is linked to their capacity to understand the native culture, especially the language. The first
125:
by managing to pacify the Tamoio natives. The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of
122:
1706:
2086:
1991:
1766:
1752:
1726:
1711:
1615:
1600:
1530:
1520:
1389:
1321:
1222:
1186:
1082:
784:
753:
565:
376:
327:
306:
149:
48:
1976:
1781:
1761:
1681:
1666:
1565:
1467:
1341:
1181:
1139:
1134:
1114:
1097:
1010:
745:
288:
171:
instituted a series of reforms in Portugal and its overseas possessions, which included the
141:
94:
80:
79:, the first of the religious orders to arrive in Brazil, accompanied the 1549 expedition of
76:
2034:
2001:
1945:
1939:
1796:
1701:
1605:
1417:
911:
251:
in the 1920s and 30s. Also during this time, the church advocated and succeeded in making
200:
37:
864:
255:
the patron saint of Brazil in 1929, thus securing the country as a pilgrimage location.
2097:
1922:
1716:
1691:
1655:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1427:
1412:
1351:
1227:
1217:
973:
839:
322:
126:
69:
121:. Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of the
109:
and prominent figures such as Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro, Leonardo Nunes, and, later,
2155:
1981:
1907:
1873:
1857:
1817:
1500:
1475:
1251:
1161:
1146:
1068:
554:"Power and Influence: Analysis of the Church in Latin America and the Case of Brazil"
25:
726:
724:
722:
720:
195:
A conflict in the early 1870s between the church and the Emperor about the place of
2091:
1966:
1822:
1786:
1525:
1447:
1291:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1015:
384:
264:
203:, was responsible for a substantial weakening in the Empire's political stability.
396:
118:
876:
1892:
1721:
1696:
1671:
1644:
1631:
1540:
1442:
1129:
176:
133:
2135:
1676:
1261:
400:
293:
196:
788:
757:
569:
310:
248:
1490:
1244:
1232:
65:
772:
1747:
1361:
983:
733:
553:
379:. Suspicious of communist-based ideology, the Pope did not support the
160:
148:
in 1595. The Jesuits often gathered the aborigines in communities (the
145:
137:
98:
52:
1356:
1266:
1171:
21:
749:
152:) where the natives worked for the community and were evangelised.
132:
The success of the Jesuits in converting the indigenous peoples to
365:
1913:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
880:
773:"LIBERATION THEOLOGY IN BRAZIL: Some History, Names and Themes"
683:
Domingos Chohachi Nakamura: O Apóstolo dos Imigrantes Japoneses
472:
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices - Credo Reference
97:, first Governor General of Brazil, brought the first group of
494:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966, p. 4.
850:(2): 287–295 – via OhioLINK Electronic Journal Center.
588:
Diccionario Historico, Geographico e Ethnographico do Brazil
391:
Conflict Between the Catholic Church and Candomblé Practice
1802:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
144:
language was compiled by José de Anchieta and printed in
117:, which was the settlement that gave rise to the city of
807:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
542:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 230–31.
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
321:
so-called "popular church", which assertively advocated
113:, established the first Jesuit missions in Salvador and
1833:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
507:, New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 190.
2017:
1883:
1810:
1745:
1629:
1564:
1466:
1388:
1290:
1279:
1202:
1062:
1051:
918:
261:
the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints
492:Church and State in Latin America, revised edition
343:In the 20th century, such controversial issues as
663:
661:
370:An image from Pope Francis's 2013 visit to Brazil
227:The Brazilian Catholic Church in the 20th Century
20:from the colonial era until the modern era. The
1903:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
640:The Church and Freemasonry in Brazil, 1872–1875
309:Republic. However, growing unrest and fear of
892:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
47:begins with the region's colonization by the
8:
1918:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
1868:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
1287:
1276:
1059:
899:
885:
877:
714:Bruneau, "Power and Influence", pp. 26–27.
522:, vol. 8, no. 2 (summer 1973), pp. 36–37.
871:Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death
404:different aspects for the practitioner.
395:The connections between Catholicism and
313:led the church hierarchy to endorse the
301:Church became far more socially active.
83:, the first governor-general of Brazil.
18:history of the Catholic Church in Brazil
803:"Brazil's Changing Religious Landscape"
771:Carvalhaes, Cláudio; Py, Fábio (2017).
503:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
428:
413:Irmandade de Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte
698:The Annual Review of Migration Studies
7:
105:The first Jesuits, guided by Father
1772:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
738:Latin American Politics and Society
173:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
115:São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
1327:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
14:
838:Selka, Stephen (April 10, 2014).
669:Church and State in Latin America
653:Church and State in Latin America
627:Church and State in Latin America
614:Church and State in Latin America
601:Church and State in Latin America
584:Church and State in Latin America
2162:History of Catholicism in Brazil
2134:
2122:
1453:Fourth Council of Constantinople
1408:Second Council of Constantinople
32:, both by geographical area and
1423:Third Council of Constantinople
1347:First Council of Constantinople
383:that arose in Brazil. In 2013,
1662:Dissolution of the monasteries
928:History of the Catholic Church
558:Latin American Research Review
519:Latin American Research Review
284:make liturgy more accessible.
36:with over 201 million people.
1:
1536:Fourth Council of the Lateran
1511:Second Council of the Lateran
1120:Apostles in the New Testament
865:The Catholic Church in Brazil
844:Journal of Africana Religions
840:"Black Catholicism in Brazil"
22:Federative Republic of Brazil
1650:Catholic Counter-Reformation
1516:Third Council of the Lateran
1506:First Council of the Lateran
962:Catholic ecumenical councils
247:in Rio de Janeiro on top of
233:mass immigration of migrants
552:Bruneau, Thomas C. (1973).
381:Christian Based Communities
357:International Monetary Fund
183:Empire of Brazil, 1822–1889
2178:
996:History of the Roman Curia
638:Mary Crescentia Thornton,
409:Our Lady of the Good Death
238:Domingos Chohachi Nakamura
24:is the largest country in
2117:
1732:European wars of religion
1043:Eastern Catholic Churches
873:, Google Arts and Culture
867:, Harvard Divinity School
45:Catholic Church in Brazil
16:This article details the
1863:Mary of the Divine Heart
1486:Clash against the empire
1438:Second Council of Nicaea
1332:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2129:Vatican City portal
1481:Investiture Controversy
1337:First Council of Nicaea
642:. Washington D.C. 1948.
60:Colonial era, 1500–1822
2141:Catholicism portal
1952:Second Vatican Council
1838:Our Lady of La Salette
1645:Protestant Reformation
1632:Protestant Reformation
1551:Second Council of Lyon
940:Ecclesiastical history
681:ONICHI, Pedro (2005).
371:
361:Cardoso administration
351:Theological Liberalism
345:theological liberalism
298:Second Vatican Council
1848:First Vatican Council
1546:First Council of Lyon
1310:Constantine the Great
1006:Christian monasticism
369:
315:military coup of 1964
289:1959 Cuban Revolution
253:Our Lady of Aparecida
30:fifth largest country
2025:Sexual abuse scandal
1934:Mit brennender Sorge
1777:Age of Enlightenment
1556:Bernard of Clairvaux
1433:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1372:Council of Chalcedon
1152:Council of Jerusalem
1021:Role in civilization
1001:Religious institutes
933:By country or region
164:of African peoples.
28:. It is the world's
1853:Papal infallibility
1843:Our Lady of Lourdes
1792:Shimabara Rebellion
1636:Counter-Reformation
540:Early Latin America
505:Early Latin America
269:Jehovah's Witnesses
245:Christ the Redeemer
43:The history of the
1898:Our Lady of Fátima
1687:Ignatius of Loyola
1611:Catherine of Siena
1579:Pope Boniface VIII
1398:Benedict of Nursia
1367:Council of Ephesus
1204:Ante-Nicene period
1157:Split with Judaism
991:Crusading movement
536:Stuart B. Schwartz
417:Cardinal Dom Lucas
372:
273:Four Square Gospel
249:Corcovado Mountain
213:Revolution of 1889
123:France Antarctique
2149:
2148:
2109:COVID-19 pandemic
2087:Pope Benedict XVI
1992:Pope John Paul II
1767:Pope Benedict XIV
1753:French Revolution
1737:Thirty Years' War
1727:Robert Bellarmine
1712:John of the Cross
1616:Pope Alexander VI
1601:Council of Vienne
1531:Francis of Assisi
1521:Pope Innocent III
1390:Early Middle Ages
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1322:Arian controversy
1275:
1274:
1223:Apostolic Fathers
490:J. Lloyd Mecham,
377:Pope John Paul II
328:Pope John Paul II
169:Marquis of Pombal
150:Jesuit Reductions
107:Manuel da Nóbrega
2169:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2104:Patriarch Kirill
1977:Pope John Paul I
1782:Anti-clericalism
1762:Pope Innocent XI
1682:Society of Jesus
1667:Council of Trent
1621:Age of Discovery
1566:Late Middle Ages
1468:High Middle Ages
1458:East–West Schism
1342:Pope Sylvester I
1288:
1277:
1187:General epistles
1182:Pauline epistles
1115:John the Baptist
1098:Great Commission
1060:
1011:Catholic culture
901:
894:
887:
878:
852:
851:
835:
818:
817:
815:
814:
799:
793:
792:
768:
762:
761:
728:
715:
712:
706:
705:
693:
687:
686:
678:
672:
665:
656:
649:
643:
636:
630:
623:
617:
610:
604:
597:
591:
586:, p. 262 citing
580:
574:
573:
549:
543:
529:
523:
514:
508:
501:
495:
488:
482:
481:
479:
478:
464:
111:José de Anchieta
77:Society of Jesus
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2035:World Youth Day
2013:
2002:World Youth Day
1946:Pacem in terris
1940:Pope John XXIII
1879:
1806:
1797:Edict of Nantes
1755:
1751:
1741:
1707:Teresa of Ávila
1702:Tridentine Mass
1638:
1634:
1625:
1606:Knights Templar
1560:
1462:
1418:Gregorian chant
1376:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1271:
1198:
1067:
1055:
1047:
914:
912:Catholic Church
905:
861:
856:
855:
837:
836:
821:
812:
810:
801:
800:
796:
770:
769:
765:
750:10.2307/3177033
730:
729:
718:
713:
709:
695:
694:
690:
680:
679:
675:
666:
659:
650:
646:
637:
633:
624:
620:
611:
607:
598:
594:
581:
577:
551:
550:
546:
530:
526:
515:
511:
502:
498:
489:
485:
476:
474:
466:
465:
430:
425:
393:
353:
341:
229:
209:
201:Religious Issue
199:, known as the
185:
62:
12:
11:
5:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:Lateran Treaty
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1748:Baroque period
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Peter Canisius
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Francis Xavier
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:Exsurge Domine
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Pope Clement V
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:Avignon Papacy
1584:Western Schism
1581:
1576:
1574:Thomas Aquinas
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Saint Boniface
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:Pope Gregory I
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Biblical canon
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1304:
1285:
1281:Late antiquity
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Pope Clement I
1218:Church Fathers
1215:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
981:
979:Biblical canon
974:Catholic Bible
971:
970:
969:
959:
958:
957:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
924:
922:
916:
915:
906:
904:
903:
896:
889:
881:
875:
874:
868:
860:
859:External links
857:
854:
853:
819:
794:
783:(1): 157–179.
763:
744:(4): 127–141.
716:
707:
688:
673:
657:
644:
631:
618:
605:
592:
575:
544:
532:James Lockhart
524:
509:
496:
483:
427:
426:
424:
421:
392:
389:
352:
349:
340:
337:
323:social justice
296:'s call for a
228:
225:
208:
205:
184:
181:
127:Rio de Janeiro
70:Patronato real
61:
58:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2174:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Mother Teresa
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Pope Pius XII
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1874:Rerum novarum
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Pope Leo XIII
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:United States
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Pope Pius VII
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Scholasticism
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Pope Urban II
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Justin Martyr
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:New Testament
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Commissioning
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:Apostolic Age
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
955:Papal primacy
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
883:
882:
879:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
858:
849:
845:
841:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
820:
808:
804:
798:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:CrossCurrents
774:
767:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
721:
717:
711:
708:
703:
699:
692:
689:
684:
677:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
655:, pp. 275–76.
654:
648:
645:
641:
635:
632:
628:
622:
619:
616:, pp. 263-64.
615:
609:
606:
602:
596:
593:
590:, I, 1264-65.
589:
585:
579:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
520:
513:
510:
506:
500:
497:
493:
487:
484:
473:
469:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
429:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
368:
364:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
338:
336:
332:
329:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
302:
299:
295:
290:
285:
282:
281:Hélder Câmara
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
189:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:In 1782, the
165:
162:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
100:
96:
95:Tomé de Sousa
92:
88:
84:
82:
81:Tomé de Sousa
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:Padroado real
59:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
34:by population
31:
27:
26:South America
23:
19:
2096:
2092:Pope Francis
2018:21st century
1967:Pope Paul VI
1944:
1932:
1885:20th century
1872:
1823:Pope Pius IX
1811:19th century
1787:Pope Pius VI
1654:
1526:Latin Empire
1496:Universities
1448:Pope Leo III
1315:Christianity
1300:state church
1292:Great Church
1093:Resurrection
1056:(30–325/476)
1053:Early Church
1038:Latin Church
1033:Papal States
1028:Vatican City
847:
843:
811:. Retrieved
809:. 2013-07-18
806:
797:
780:
776:
766:
741:
737:
710:
701:
697:
691:
682:
676:
668:
652:
647:
639:
634:
626:
621:
613:
608:
600:
595:
587:
583:
578:
564:(2): 25–51.
561:
557:
547:
539:
527:
517:
512:
504:
499:
491:
486:
475:. Retrieved
471:
412:
406:
394:
385:Pope Francis
373:
354:
342:
333:
319:
303:
286:
277:
265:Pentecostals
257:
242:
230:
222:
218:
210:
194:
190:
186:
166:
158:
154:
131:
104:
93:
89:
85:
74:
63:
42:
17:
15:
2098:Laudato si'
1893:Pope Pius X
1722:Philip Neri
1697:Pope Pius V
1672:Thomas More
1541:Inquisition
1443:Charlemagne
1403:Monasticism
1213:Persecution
1105:Holy Spirit
1088:Crucifixion
967:First seven
339:Present day
177:Gallicanism
134:Catholicism
38:Catholicism
1971:coronation
1677:Pope Leo X
1262:Tertullian
1192:Revelation
1167:Background
813:2022-09-22
704:: 119–137.
685:. Fragata.
477:2022-09-22
423:References
401:syncretism
294:John XXIII
271:, and the
211:After the
197:Freemasons
49:Portuguese
1987:Communism
1957:Ecumenism
1303:(380–451)
1295:(180–451)
1284:(313–476)
1206:(100–325)
789:0011-1953
758:1531-426X
671:, p. 275.
629:, p. 264.
570:0023-8791
397:Candomblé
311:Communism
129:in 1565.
119:São Paulo
2156:Category
1997:HIV/AIDS
1491:Crusades
1245:Irenaeus
1238:Ignatius
1233:Polycarp
1083:Ministry
1071:(30–100)
945:Timeline
667:Mecham,
651:Mecham,
625:Mecham,
612:Mecham,
599:Mecham,
582:Mecham,
468:"Brazil"
207:Republic
1962:Judaism
1362:Vulgate
1172:Gospels
1147:Stephen
1064:Origins
984:Vulgate
920:General
910:of the
908:History
603:p. 262.
161:slavery
146:Coimbra
140:of the
138:grammar
99:Jesuits
53:Jesuits
1928:Nazism
1750:to the
1357:Jerome
1267:Origen
950:Papacy
787:
756:
568:
307:Vargas
2030:Islam
1298:Roman
1257:Canon
1130:Peter
1078:Jesus
2080:2023
2075:2019
2070:2016
2065:2013
2060:2011
2055:2008
2050:2005
2045:2002
2040:2000
2007:1995
1177:Acts
1140:Paul
1135:John
1110:Mary
785:ISSN
754:ISSN
566:ISSN
534:and
287:The
142:Tupi
1066:and
1016:Art
746:doi
2158::
846:.
842:.
822:^
805:.
781:67
779:.
775:.
752:.
742:43
740:.
736:.
719:^
702:21
700:.
660:^
560:.
556:.
538:,
470:.
431:^
275:.
267:,
263:,
51:.
1973:)
1969:(
900:e
893:t
886:v
848:2
816:.
791:.
760:.
748::
572:.
562:8
480:.
411:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.