Constitutional history of Canada

1667:. It proposed an amending formula that included unanimous consent of Parliament and all provinces for select areas of jurisdiction, the consent of Parliament and of the provinces concerned for provisions affecting one or more, but not all of the provinces, the consent of Parliament and of all the provinces except Newfoundland in matters of education, and the consent of Parliament and of the legislature of Newfoundland in matters of education in that province. For all other amendments, consent of Parliament and of at least two-thirds of the provincial legislatures representing at least 50 per cent of the population of Canada would be required. Agreement amongst the provinces was not achieved and the proposal was not implemented, but it was revived again with the Fulton-Favreau Formula in 1964, and several components were included in the 1826:

first in accordance with Resolution 176, approval by Quebec of any changes to the BNA Act was impossible. This assertion of national duality was immediately followed with Resolution 177 that stated, "Quebec will never agree, under the existing system, to the patriation of the Constitution and to an amending formula as long as the whole issue of the distribution of powers has not been settled and Quebec has not been guaranteed all the powers it needs for its development." As such, Quebec's government refused to approve the new Canadian constitution a year later. This failure to approve was a highly symbolic act, but one without direct legal consequence as no one questions the authority of the Canadian Constitution within Quebec.

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amended constitution. The National Assembly of Quebec rejected the repatriation unanimously. In spite of Quebec's lack of assent, the constitution still applies within Quebec and to all Quebec residents. Many in Quebec felt that the other provinces' adoption of the amendment without Quebec's assent was a betrayal of the central tenets of federalism. They referred to the decision as the "Night of the Long Knives". On the other hand, many federalists believe that Lévesque's goal at the constitutional conference was to sabotage it and prevent any agreement from being reached, so that he could hold it up as another failure of federalism. In this school of thought, patriation without Quebec's consent was the only option.

1359: 1655:, returned to power under the slogan "Equality or Independence". The new premier of Quebec stated, "As a basis for its nationhood, Quebec wants to be master of its own decision-making in what concerns the human growth of its citizens—that is to say education, social security and health in all their aspects—their economic affirmation—the power to set up economic and financial institutions they feel are required—their cultural development—not only the arts and letters, but also the French language—and the Quebec community's external development—its relations with certain countries and international bodies". 949:. They demanded the application of the elective principle to the political institutions of the province, after the American model; but did not advocate, in any explicit way, the introduction of responsible government. Lord Aylmer, the governor-general of Canada at that time, in an analysis of the resolutions, maintained that "eleven of them represented the truth; six contained truth mixed with falsehood; sixteen were wholly false; seventeen were doubtful; twelve were ridiculous; seven repetitions; fourteen consisted of abuse; four were both false and seditious; and the remaining five were indifferent." 1186: 1761:

languages, but only the relevant provinces would be needed to approve amendments concerned with a particular region of Canada. The provinces would have been given the right to enact laws amending their respective constitutions, except for provisions concerning the office of Lieutenant Governor. Two-thirds of the provinces representing half of the population, as well as the federal Parliament, would be needed for amendments regarding education. The formula officially died in 1965 when Quebec Premier

771:(which had just occurred in July) had on the decision. In the first paragraph, Grenville writes: "I am persuaded that it is a point of true Policy to make these Concessions at a time when they may be received as matter of favour, and when it is in Our own power to regulate and direct the manner of applying them, rather than to wait 'till they shall be extorted from Us by a necessity which shall neither leave Us any discretion in the form, nor any merit in the substance of what we give." 4878: 3748: 3241: 2108: 248: 1311: 2039:. Despite near-unanimous support from the country's political leaders, this second effort at constitutional reform was rejected in a nationwide October 1992 referendum. Only 32 per cent of British Columbians supported the accord, because it was seen there and in other western provinces as blocking their hopes for future constitutional changes, such as Senate reform. In Quebec 57 per cent opposed the accord, seeing it as a step backwards compared to the Meech Lake Accord. 418: 50: 1784:

province having or having ever had 25 percent of the Canadian population, thus essentially giving Quebec and Ontario veto powers. The provinces were supposed to confirm their acceptance by June 28, 1971, but a change of premiers in Saskatchewan and the reluctance of the federal government to recommend the Charter to Quebec's legislature, due to deficiencies in the clauses dealing with income security, led to the failure of this initiative.

1472:, enacted by the Parliament of Canada, effectively giving birth to the province of Manitoba. The 36 articles of the act established the territorial limits, the subjects' right to vote, the representation in the Canadian House of Commons, the number of senators, the provincial legislature, permitted the use of English and French in the Parliament and in front of the courts and authorized the setting-up of a denominational education system. 907:

Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution authorizing a Lower Canadian delegation to go to London in order to officially present the quasi-unanimous opposition of the representatives of Lower Canada to the project of union. Exceptionally, even the Legislative Council gave its support to this resolution, with a majority of one vote. Having in their possession a petition of some 60 000 signatures, the Speaker of the House of Assembly,

711:(Call to the Justice of the State) in London. Printed in French, the document is the first plea in favour of a constitutional reform in Canada. Du Calvet, imprisoned at the same time and for the same reasons as Fleury Mesplet and Valentine Jautard, both suspected of sympathizing and collaborating with the American revolutionaries during the war, undertook to have the injustice committed towards him be publicly known by publishing 260: 2122: 4890: 3735: 3253: 812: 1444:, discussed the possibility of a fusion to counter the threat of American annexation, and to reduce the costs of governance. The Province of Canada entered these negotiations at the behest of the British government, and this led to the ambivalence of Prince Edward Island, which delayed joining the new Dominion until 1873. The constitutional conference, ironically, was held on Prince Edward Island, in 1059: 1928:

not interested in imposing French on other provinces; rather, it wished to safeguard it inside Quebec. Many Canadians recognize that the province of Quebec is distinct and unique but they do not conclude from this that Quebec merits a position of greater autonomy than the other provinces, which they feel would be the result of granting special powers that are unavailable to the other provinces.

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that questioning established authority was a sin that would prevent them from receiving the sacraments. The Church refused to give Christian burials to supporters of the rebellion. With liberal and progressive forces suppressed in Lower Canada, the Catholic Church's influence dominated the French-speaking side of French Canadian/British relations from the 1840s until the

2136: 1624:("It must change!", "Masters in our own house") secularized government institutions, nationalized electricity production and encouraged unionization. The reforms sought to redefine the relations between the vastly working-class francophone Québécois and the mostly anglophone business class. Thus passive Catholic nationalism stylized by Father 457:

that it would be more practical to keep the current civil institutions. He believed that, over time, the Canadians would recognize the superiority of British civilization and willingly adopt its language, its religion, and its customs. He officially recommended to retain French civil law and to dispense the Canadians from taking the

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to create a multicultural and bilingual society in all of Canada. Some Canadians saw Trudeau's actions as an attempt to "shove French down their throats" (a common phrase at the time). Many Québécois viewed his compromise as a sell-out and useless: Quebec already had a charter enacted in 1975 and was

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Bill C-60 was tabled in the House of Commons by the Prime Minister It contained a guarantee of "the right of the individual to the use and enjoyment of property, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with law." This language was contentious, especially in PEI. and as a result,

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On November 24, 1784, two petition for a house of assembly, one signed by 1436 "New Subjects" (Canadians) and another signed by 855 "Old Subjects" (British), were sent to the king of Great Britain. The first petition contained 14 demands. "A Plan for a House of Assembly" was also sketched in the same

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The policy of Great Britain regarding its newly acquired colonies of America was revealed in a Royal Proclamation, issued on October 7, 1763. The proclamation renamed Canada "The Province of Quebec", redefined its borders and established a British-appointed colonial government. Although not an act of

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and the provincial premiers set an agenda and gave their ministers responsibility for constitutional issues and a mandate to proceed with exploratory discussions to create a new Canadian constitution. However, given the separatist government of Quebec's position that there be two nations established

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to Lower and Upper Canada in order to investigate the uprisings and to bring forth solutions. His recommendations were formulated in what is known as "Lord Durham's Report" and suggested the forced union of the Canadas with the expressed purpose of "making an English Province should never again be

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to the Crown. The document requested vast democratic reforms such as the transfer of power to elected representatives. The reply came three years later in the form of the Russell Resolutions, which not only rejected the 92 Resolutions but also revoked one of the assembly's few real powers, the power

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Some believe that the leaders of Quebec used their refusal to agree to the 1982 constitutional amendment as a bargaining tool to gain leverage in future negotiations, because the federal Canadian government desired (though it is not legally necessary) to include all the provinces willingly into the

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resources, supplemental taxation, social services, seniors' retirement pension funds, inter-provincial trade, and other areas affecting the daily lives of its citizens. Many Canadians viewed the additional demands as too greatly reducing the power of the federal government, assigning it the role of

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in the 1960s and approved at a federal-provincial conference in 1965. The formula would have achieved the patriation of the Constitution. Under the formula, all provinces would have to approve amendments that would be relevant to provincial jurisdiction, including the use of the French and English

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Following the publication of the Report on the Affairs of British North America, the British Parliament adopted, in June 1840, the Act of Union. The new Act, which effected the legislative union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada to form a single province named the Province of Canada, implemented the

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The rebellion was also contained by the Catholic clergy, which, by representing the only French-Canadian institution with independent authority, exercised a tremendous influence over its constituents. During and after the rebellions Catholic priests and the bishop of Montreal told their congregants

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of Lower Canada and the Reformers of Upper Canada. Leader of the Parti Canadien, Pierre-Stanislas Bédard was the first politician of Lower Canada to formulate a project of reform to put an end to the opposition between the elected Legislative Assembly and the Governor and his Council which answered

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Although it solved the immediate problems related to the settlement of the Loyalists in Canada, the new constitution brought a whole new set of political problems which were rooted in the constitution. Some of these problems were common to both provinces, while others were unique to Lower Canada or

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to Britain to present their objections. They objected to the creation of two provinces, suggested an increase in the number of representatives, asked for elections every three years (instead of seven), and requested an electoral division which would have overrepresented the Old Subjects by granting

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was commissioned as captain general and governor in chief of the Province of Quebec, a four-year military rule ended, and the civil administration of the colony began. Judging the circumstances to be inappropriate to the establishment of British institutions in the colony, Murray was of the opinion

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Though the Parti Québécois government said that the federal government of Canada would be responsible for international relations, Quebec proceeded to open its own representative offices in foreign countries around the world. These quasi-embassies were officially named "Quebec Houses". Today, the

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The governor was also given the mandate to "make, constitute, and ordain Laws, Statutes, and Ordinances for the Public Peace, Welfare, and good Government of our said Colonies, and of the People and Inhabitants thereof" with the consent of the British-appointed councils and representatives of the

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Ministerial responsibility, the principal object of parliamentary struggles conducted by the Parti Canadien in Lower Canada and the Reformers in Upper Canada, becomes a reality in 1848, when Governor Lord Elgin agreed to let the leaders of the majority parties in Canada-East and the Canada-West,

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was granted. By this time, the French-speaking majority of Lower Canada had become a political minority in a unified Canada. This, as Lord Durham had recommended in his report, resulted in English political control over the French-speaking part of Canada, and ensured the colony's loyalty to the

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which set forth the guidelines for the federal government to recognize any future provincial referendum on secession. The act set out that, after such a referendum was held, the Parliament of Canada would determine whether the question was clear and whether a "clear majority" was attained. The

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Supported by Governor Dalhousie, anglophone petitioners from the Eastern Townships, Quebec City and Kingston, the bill submitted in London provided, among other things, that each of the two sections of the new united province would have a maximum of 60 representatives, which would have put the

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This partition ensured that Loyalists would constitute a majority in Upper Canada and allow for the application of exclusively British laws in this province. As soon as the province was divided, a series of acts were passed to abolish the French civil code in Upper Canada. In Lower Canada, the

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The 1971 Victoria Conference, a meeting between the federal government and the provinces, brought about the Victoria Charter. This Charter sought to establish a formula for amending the Constitution without requiring the unanimous consent of the provinces. Notably, it would give a veto to any

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the conference undertook to address the desires of Quebec. Amongst numerous initiatives, the conference members examined the recommendations of a Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission, the question of a Charter of Rights, regional disparities, and the timelines of a general review of the

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placed in any hands but those of an English population." Doing so, he claimed, would speed up the assimilation of the French-Canadian population, "a people with no history, and no literature" into a homogenized English population. This would prevent what he considered to be ethnic conflicts.

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The conciliatory approach of Murray in dealing with the demands of the Canadians was not well received by the merchants. In May 1764, they petitioned the king for Murray's removal, accusing him of betraying the interests of Great Britain by his defence of the Canadian people's interests. The

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decision, the Court ruled that the Canadian constitution did not give provinces the power to unilaterally secede. However, it also ruled that, in the event that a clear majority of the population voted in favour of a clear referendum question on secession, the democratic principles of the

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The mobilization of the citizens of Lower Canada and Upper Canada began in late summer and petitions in opposition to the project were prepared. The subject was discussed as soon as the session at the Parliament of Lower Canada opened on January 11, 1823. Ten days later, on January 21, the

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As early as 1765, British merchants established in Quebec City addressed a petition to the King to ask for "the establishment of a house of representatives in this province as in all the other provinces" of the continent. Indeed, all the other colonies of British America had parliamentary

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A Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Civil Government of Canada was appointed on May 2, 1828 "to enquire into the state of the civil government of Canada, as established by the Act 31 Geo. III., chap. 31, and to report their observations and opinions thereupon to the house."

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The government of Quebec, in line with its policy of the duality of nations, objected to the new Canadian constitutional arrangement of 1982 (the patriation), because its formula for future constitutional amendments failed to give Quebec veto power over all constitutional changes.

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The second letter was written on May 25, 1775. Shorter, it urged the inhabitants of Canada not to side against the revolutionary forces. (The congress was aware that the British colonial government had already asked the Canadians to resist the call of the revolutionaries.)

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The coexistence, on the territory of the province, of French-speaking and Catholic communities (the Métis) as well as English-speaking and Protestant communities (British and Anglo-Canadian immigrants) explains the institutional arrangement copied from that of Quebec.

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attempted to address these concerns and bring the province into an amended constitution. Quebec's provincial government, then controlled by a party that advocated remaining in Canada on certain conditions (the Parti libéral du Québec), endorsed the accord (called the

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Tensions quickly developed between the British merchants or old subjects, newly established in the colony, and Governor Murray. They were very dissatisfied with the state of the country and demanded that British institutions be created immediately. They demanded that

430:, by which the colony was granted a legislature. The new governor of the colony was given "the power and direction to summon and call a general assembly of the people's representatives" when the "state and circumstances of the said Colonies will admit thereof". 1692:

was held in Toronto to discuss the Canadian confederation of the future. From this, a first round of what would become annual constitutional meetings of all provincial premiers and the prime minister of Canada, was held in February 1968. On the initiative of

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secretly submitted a bill to British House of Commons which projected the legislative union of the two Canadian provinces. Two months after the adjournment of the discussions on the bill, the news arrived in Lower Canada and caused a sharp reaction.

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In the 1993 federal elections the Bloc Québécois became the official opposition. The following year, the provincial Parti Québécois, also separatist, was elected in Quebec. The two parties' popularity led to a second referendum on independence, the

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principal recommendation of John George Lambton's report, but did not grant a "responsible government" to the new political entity. Entering into force as of February 1841, the 62 articles of the Act of Union brought about the following changes:

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It reported on July 22 of the same year. It recommended against the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada and in favour of constitutional and administrative reforms intended to prevent the recurrence of the abuses complained of in Lower Canada.

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The British merchants of Quebec were not pleased by this new act, which ignored their most important demands. They continued to campaign to abolish the current civil code and establish a house of assembly excluding Catholics and French-speakers.

752:, as "governor-in-chief" and also governor of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and St. John's Island (present-day Prince Edward Island). Carleton, now Lord Dorchester, had been British commander in Canada and governor of Quebec during the 1797:, prior to passage. The reference contained questions on the Senate. The SCC ruled, in Re British North America Act and the Federal Senate (1979), 30 NR 271, that the federal government could act in matters related to section 91.1 of the 434:

people. In the meantime, all British subjects in the colony were guaranteed of the protection of the law of England, and the governor was given the power to erect courts of judicature and public justice to hear all causes, civil or public.

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Subsequently, an agreement between the federal government and all provincial governments, except that of Quebec, agreed to Canada's assumption of full responsibility for its own constitution in 1982 (formerly the responsibility of the

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tax collector and manager of the national border with the United States. Others viewed these changes as desirable, concentrating power in the hands of Québécois politicians, who were more in tune with Québécois desires and interests.

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became prime minister of Canada by winning the leadership race of the federal Liberal Party. He would undertake numerous legislative measures to enhance the status of Quebec within Canada, including the passage into law in 1969 of the

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Most of the recommendations brought forth by the elected assemblies were systematically ignored by the Executive Councils. This was particularly true in Lower Canada with an assembly consisting mostly of French-Canadian members of the

1126:, form their own Executive Council. The Province of Canada therefore had its first government made up of members taken in the elected House of Assembly. This important change occurred a few months after Governor of Nova Scotia, 927: 1679:

For the federal government this demand for an enormous shift in power to a province done under a threat of a possible unilateral declaration of independence, was cause for great alarm. In 1967, on the initiative of Premier

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They expressed their opinion that the time was not right for a house of assembly because the colony could not afford it and suggested that a larger council, composed of both new and old subjects, would be a better choice.

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wrote a private and secret letter to Carleton, informing him of the plans of the king's counsellors to modify Canada's constitution. The letter leaves little doubt as to the influence that American independence and the

623:) inviting them to join in the revolution. The letters circulated in Canada, mostly in the cities of Montreal and Quebec. The first letter was written on October 26, 1774, and signed by the president of the congress, 2096:, asserting that the Quebec government had the right to submit referendum questions to voters, to determine the referendum question's wording, and to accept 50 percent plus one vote as the required winning majority. 582:

The Canadians were dispensed of the test oath, which was replaced by an oath to George III that had no reference to Protestantism. This made it possible for Canadians to hold positions in the colonial administration.

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merchants succeeded in having him recalled to London. He was vindicated, but did not return to the Province of Quebec. In 1768, he was replaced by Sir Guy Carleton, who would contribute to the drafting of the 1774

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the Parti Québécois sought a mandate from the people of Quebec to negotiate new terms of association with the rest of Canada. With an 84-per-cent voter turnout, 60 per cent of Quebec voters rejected the proposal.

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After losing the vote to secede from Canada, the government of Quebec made specific demands as minimum requirements for the Province of Quebec. These demands included control by the government of Quebec over:

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be enforced to protect their business interests and that a house of assembly be created for English-speaking Protestants alone. Murray did not think very highly of these tradesmen. In a letter to the British

971:. The Royal Commission for the Investigation of all Grievances Affecting His Majesty's Subjects of Lower Canada reported on November 17, 1836, and the Ten resolutions of John Russel were mostly based on it. 1817:

After the 1980 referendum was defeated, the government of Quebec passed Resolution 176, which stated, "A lasting solution to the constitutional issue presupposes recognition of the Quebec-Canada duality."

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On March 2, 1837, John Russell, the British Colonial Secretary, submitted ten resolutions to the Parliament in response to the ninety-two resolutions. The Parliament adopted the resolutions on March 6.

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in London. Putting forward the idea of ministerial responsibility, he proposed that the members of the Legislative Council be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the elected House.

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Upper Canada was to be administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the governor general, while Lower Canada was to be administered by a direct representative of the governor general.

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British crown. On the other hand, continual legislative deadlock between English and French led to a movement to replace unitary government with a federal one. This movement culminated in

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As a result, Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with its enormous debt, were united in 1840, and French was banned in the legislature for about eight years. Eight years later, an elected and

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Parliament, the proclamation expressed the will of the British Crown to govern its new possessions. The proclamation was thus considered constitution of Quebec until the passing of the

178: 3890: 2720: 1146:, doctor and journalist from Quebec City, published a detailed project of federation. It was the first time that a project of this type was presented publicly since the proposal that 963:

Following the adoption of the Ninety-Two Resolutions, the Governor Gosford arrived in Lower Canada to replace governor Aylmer. Gosford set up royal commission of inquiry conducted by

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On October 29, 1764, 94 Canadian subjects submitted a petition demanding that the orders of the king be available in French and that they be allowed to participate in the government.

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Faced with the massive opposition of people most concerned with the bill, the British government finally gave up the union project submitted for adoption by its own Colonial Office.

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On June 10, 1791, the Constitutional Act was enacted in London and gave Canada its first parliamentary constitution. Containing 50 articles, the act brought the following changes:

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The Legislative Councils were to be established with no fewer than seven members in Upper Canada and fifteen members in Lower Canada. The members were to hold their seat for life.

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Grenville prepared the constitution in August 1789. But he was appointed to the House of Lords before he could submit his project to the House of Commons. Thus, Prime Minister

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The federal government, the twelve provincial and territorial governments, and four first peoples' groups then negotiated a second proposed constitutional accord in 1992—the

1157:, Member of Parliament for Sherbrooke, agreed to become a Minister of Finance in the Macdonald-Cartier government provided that his own project of confederation is accepted. 3291: 679:

Although both the British and the revolutionaries succeeded at recruiting Canadian men for militia, the majority of the people chose not to get involved in the conflict.

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The governor was given the power to appoint the speaker of the Legislative Assembly, to fix the time and place of the elections and to give or withhold assent to bills.

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The old electoral districts were redrawn in order to overrepresent the population of former Upper Canada and underrepresent the population of former Lower Canada;

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The free practice of the Catholic faith was confirmed. The Roman Catholic Church was officially recognized and permitted to operate under British sovereignty.

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In 1976 the Parti Québécois won the provincial election in Quebec with a 41.4 per cent to 33.8 per cent margin over the Parti libéral du Québec, and in the

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Murray called in the representatives of the people in 1765; however, his attempt to constitute a representative assembly failed, as, according to historian

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form his own government. Nova Scotia thus became the first colony of the British Empire to have a government comparable to that of Great Britain itself.

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month of November. In December, "An Address to His Majesty in opposition to the House of Assembly and a list of Objections" were printed by the press of

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legislation was supported by all members of the House of Commons, except for members of the Bloc Québécois. In response, the Quebec government passed

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of Quebec referred to it as the "first step" towards gaining new powers from the federal government. The accord failed, however, as the legislature in

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A referendum held in Quebec on October 30, 1995, resulted in a narrow 50.56%-to-49.44% decision against Quebec sovereignty, with a 93% voter turnout.

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At the time of the signing, the French colony of Canada was already under the control of the British army since the capitulation of the government of

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the British North America Acts were excluded from the operation of the Statute of Westminster and could only be amended by the British Parliament.

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in Montreal. The main objection to the house of assembly was that the colony was not, according to its signatories, in a position to be taxed.

441:, which granted Canadians the privilege to maintain their civil laws and practise their religion. The application of British laws such as the 3023: 2295: 1801:

only with regards to matters of exclusive federal jurisdiction. The government chose to discontinue Bill C-60 as a result of this decision.

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The candidates to the legislative elections had to prove from then on that they were the owners of a land worth at least 500 pounds sterling;

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These constituted a sort of declaration of rights on the part of the patriote party. They were drafted by A. N. Morin, but were inspired by

461:. Nevertheless, Murray followed his instructions and British institutions began to be established. On September 17, 1764, the Courts of the 3687: 3651: 3531: 3526: 3449: 3137: 2325: 620: 400: 686:

became governor in replacement of Guy Carleton. (He served up until 1786, when Guy Carleton (now Lord Dorchester) returned as governor.)

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French civil law was fully restored and British criminal law was established. The seigneurial method of land tenancy was thus maintained.

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Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien referred the matter over whether a province could unilaterally secede from the federation to the

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The Fulton–Favreau formula was a proposed formula of amendment of the Constitution of Canada developed by federal justice minister E.

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The mandates, proclamations, laws, procedures and journals had from then on to be published and archived in the English language only;

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Each of the two sections of the province corresponding to the old provinces were allotted an equal number of elected representatives;

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The Legislative Assembly was to be established with no less than sixteen members in Upper Canada and fifty members in Lower Canada.

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asking the Canadians to close their ears to the call of the "rebels" and defend their country and their king against the invasion.

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Since Canada's constitution was patriated without Quebec's consent, later initiatives would seek to ameliorate the constitutional

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occurred. The FLQ's violent pursuit of a socialist and independent Quebec culminated in the 1970 kidnappings of British diplomat,

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The boundaries of the Province of Quebec were greatly expanded to the west and south. The territory now covered the whole of the

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by the British Parliament, and was proclaimed into law by Queen Elizabeth II on April 17, 1982. In Canada, this was called the

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Each province was given an elected Legislative Assembly, an appointed Legislative Council, and an appointed Executive Council.

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to pass its own budget. This rebuff heightened tensions and escalated into armed rebellions in 1837 and 1838, known as the

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No assembly of representatives was created, which allowed the governor to keep ruling under the advice of his counsellors.

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On February 10, 1763, France ceded most of New France to Great Britain. The 1763 Treaty of Paris confirmed the cession of

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in the district of Montreal, Governor Gosford suspended, on March 27, 1838, the Constitutional Act of 1791 and set up a

915:, Member of Parliament, went to London to present the opinion of the majority of the population which they represented. 2393: 4851: 4432: 4307: 3779: 3714: 3621: 3578: 3506: 3126: 2648: 1550: 1544: 1491: 707: 343: 191: 128: 2683: 1747: 1959:, with varying results. Two formal, and unsuccessful, attempts were made to reform the constitution. A subsequent 1078:

The parliamentary institutions of the former provinces were abolished and replaced by a single Parliament of Canada;

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made by the United States, for the defence of Britain's holdings. American claims are evinced by the invasions of

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A portion of eastern North America; the 1763 "Proclamation line" is the border between the red and the pink areas.

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Royal Commission for the Investigation of all Grievances Affecting His Majesty's Subjects of Lower Canada (1835)

497:, the Canadians were unwilling to renounce their Catholic faith and take the test oath required to hold office. 4846: 4474: 4273: 4204: 4194: 4189: 4174: 3709: 3591: 3521: 2482: 2460: 1648: 1609: 1566: 1372: 1367: 1252: 1229: 1201: 775: 768: 2300: 4437: 4403: 4290: 3905: 3813: 3556: 3308: 3210: 3152: 3040: 2465: 2413: 2362: 2076: 2014: 1835: 1794: 1583: 1529: 1376: 1362: 1206: 1143: 733: 494: 223: 98: 4841: 4785: 4773: 4763: 4668: 4638: 4489: 4459: 4447: 4408: 4344: 4285: 4241: 3772: 3646: 3601: 3536: 3215: 3167: 3001: 2703: 2492: 2449: 2341: 2164: 2056: 2044: 1960: 1945: 1924: 1822: 1810: 1766: 1725:; Quebec's provincial political party that has since espoused the province's sovereignty. That same year, 1668: 1358: 1185: 1177: 1112: 1100: 1095: 998: 993: 695: 367: 355: 311: 303: 228: 148: 118: 108: 83: 78: 68: 41: 1647:

The Quiet Revolution also forced the evolution of several political parties, and so, in 1966, a reformed

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Royal Commission for the Investigation of all Grievances Affecting His Majesty's Subjects of Lower Canada

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was the act that established Canada, by the confederation of the North American British colonies of the

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granted many of the requests of the Canadians. Enacted on June 13, 1774, the act changed the following:

1722: 1417:, respectively. Quebec and Ontario were given equal footing with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the 1150:

had made in the same direction to John George Lambton while he was a governor of the Canadas in 1838.

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Canada and the other British dominions achieved full legislative sovereignty with the passage of the

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In the two provinces, a movement for constitutional reform took shape within the majority party, the

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In May 1774 the British merchants trading in Quebec responded by submitting their case to the king.

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Following the Supreme Court's decision, the federal government introduced legislation known as the

1718: 1652: 1463: 1131: 1053: 683: 669: 373: 213: 73: 2021:, a federal political party intent on defending Quebecers' interests while pursuing independence. 1706: 1612:, dramatically changed the face of Quebec's institutions. The new provincial government headed by 417: 4723: 4599: 4526: 4464: 4371: 4325: 4246: 4209: 4133: 3671: 3626: 3541: 3516: 3501: 3182: 3177: 3142: 3011: 2633: 2470: 2388: 2159: 2154: 1533: 1390: 1280: 385: 319: 1734:, which expanded upon the original official language status of both French and English from the 599:

The Quebec Act was also very negatively received in the British colonies to the south. (See the

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In December 1773, Canadian landlords submitted a petition and a memorandum in which they asked:

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international affairs minister is responsible for the less-expensive Quebec delegation system.

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In 1990, after the Meech Lake Accord had failed, several Quebec representatives of the ruling

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withdrew his support. Modified versions re-emerged in the Victoria Charter (1971) and in the

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extending ultimately from the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Arctic coasts. Canada obtained

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fisheries, including a partitioning of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the Atlantic Provinces;

1778: 1605: 1577: 1448:. Newfoundland also participated (at the Quebec Conference) and likewise declined to join. 1422: 1234: 1006: 702: 600: 2226: 1075:

The provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were unified to form the Province of Canada;

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French-speaking majority of Lower Canada in a position of minority in the new Parliament.

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Provisions were made to allot clergy reserves to the Protestant churches in each province.

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caused numerous administrative problems and legal irregularities. The requirements of the

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Dupras on "THE CONSTITUTION OF CANADA: A BRIEF HISTORY OF AMENDING PROCEDURE DISCUSSIONS"

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gave way to a more active pursuit of independence, and in 1963 the first bombings by the

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also effectively excluded Catholics from administrative positions in the British Empire.

619:

attempted to rally the Canadian people to its cause. The delegates wrote three letters (

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The Executive and Legislative Councils were not responsible to the Legislative Assembly

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The Legislative Assemblies did not have full control over the revenues of the provinces

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The province of Quebec already had theoretically full control over education, health,

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the federal government of Canada paying for the above changes using federal tax funds

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Prior to the BNA Act of 1867, the British colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and

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Following the rebellions, in May 1838, the British government sent Governor General

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in 1995 – only narrowly lost – shook Canada to its core, and would bring about the

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The movement for reform did not receive any support from the Canadians originally.

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constitution required political leaders to respond to that result in good faith.

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refused to grant a vote on the Accord in the Newfoundland House of Assembly.

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The Ninety-Two Resolutions of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (1834)

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CBC Digital Archives - Canada's Constitutional Debate: What Makes a Nation?

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from the United Kingdom in 1931, and had its constitution (including a new

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Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Civil Government of Canada

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Meeting in Ottawa on June 9, 1980, the newly re-appointed Prime Minister

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Upper Canada. The problems that eventually affected both provinces were:

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At the time the November 24 petition was submitted to the king, numerous

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refused consent to speed up the process enough to pass the Accord, and

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institutions, even Nova Scotia, which obtained its Parliament in 1758.

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This is a photograph taken in 1885 of the now-destroyed 1884 painting.

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That the law of Britain be applied to all subjects without distinction

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CBC Digital Archives - Charting the Future: Canada's New Constitution

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coexistence of French civil law and English criminal law continued.

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The Royal Proclamation contained elements that conflicted with the

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That the ancient laws, privileges, and customs be restored in full

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includes the amalgam of constitutional law spanning this history.

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communications including cable television, radio, and satellite;

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The Fulton Formula was named for federal Minister of Justice E.

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The Province of Quebec was divided into two distinct provinces,

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Letters to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec (1774-1775)

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Report of the Special Committee of the House of Commons (1828)

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Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (1953)

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ceding Louisiana to Spain to avoid losing it to the British.

603:.) This act was in force in the Province of Quebec when the 48: 2175:

List of documents from the constitutional history of Canada

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Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1963)

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http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/constitution/clips/2226/

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Royal Commission on Dominion–Provincial Relations (1937)

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Soon after the war, which ended with the signing of the

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Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982

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more representatives to the populations of the cities.

1595:

Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems

1401:. The former subdivisions of Canada were renamed from 515:

That the province be extended to its former boundaries

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Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)

388:

to Great Britain. A year before, France had secretly

2905:

Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada

4834: 4808: 4747: 4659: 4575: 4545: 4497: 4488: 4389: 4323: 4227: 4163: 4079: 4070: 4040: 3979: 3968: 3874: 3811: 3802: 3697: 3577: 3490: 3366: 3307: 2936: 2920: 2904: 2711: 2702: 2557: 2524: 2491: 1468:On May 12, 1870, the British Crown proclaimed the 1017:Approximately four months after having proclaimed 2296:Marianopolis College - Readings in Quebec History 1951:Constitutional reform and upheaval (1982 onwards) 1834:the highest court in the province, replacing the 698:in 1783, the constitutional question resurfaced. 2921:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities 2713:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2256:Johansen, "Property rights and the constitution" 952: 2425:Report on the Affairs of British North America 1035:Report on the Affairs of British North America 3780: 3285: 2326: 2291:Canada in the Making - Constitutional history 1917:This action (including the creation of a new 1853:all forms of taxation, except customs duties; 1333: 781:British merchants established in Quebec sent 282: 8: 1923:) came from an initiative by Prime Minister 1805:Referendum on Sovereignty-Association (1980) 1788:Bill C-60, the Constitutional Amendment Bill 1636:and then the provincial minister of labour, 1514:Provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta (1905) 870: 2419:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada 1715:Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale 1013:Suspension of the Constitutional Act (1838) 4744: 4494: 4320: 4076: 3976: 3851:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 3808: 3787: 3773: 3765: 3292: 3278: 3270: 3196: 3121: 3071: 2970: 2708: 2699: 2667: 2613: 2521: 2488: 2444: 2378:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents 2372: 2333: 2319: 2311: 2251: 2249: 1340: 1326: 1164: 890:In 1822, the Secretary of Colonial Office 748:In 1786, the British government appointed 736:were already seeking refuge in Quebec and 289: 275: 28: 2216:The Constitution of Canada, PWGSC website 2025:Referendum on Charlottetown Accord (1992) 1850:natural resources, including oil and gas; 1503:Prince Edward Island Terms of Union, 1873 1421:. This was done to counter the claims of 1009:secularized Quebec society in the 1960s. 744:Parliamentary constitution project (1789) 2237: 2235: 1057: 690:Resumption of the reform movement (1784) 588:A British criminal code was established. 2694:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives 2587:Fines and penalties for provincial laws 2196: 1920:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1497:Province of Prince Edward Island (1873) 1243: 1220: 1192: 1176: 40: 974: 789:Lymburner's revisions were opposed by 124:British North America Acts (1867–1975) 4553:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 3024:Individual ministerial responsibility 2229:CBC Digital Archives October 15, 1964 1906:). The agreement was enacted as the 1486:British Columbia Terms of Union, 1871 975:John Russell's Ten Resolutions (1837) 18:History of the Constitution of Canada 7: 3637:Northwest Territories capital cities 2592:Matters of a local or private nature 2278:The Structure of Canadian Government 621:Letters to the inhabitants of Canada 439:Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 401:Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 4826:Topics by provinces and territories 3221:Constitution Act (British Columbia) 1480:Province of British Columbia (1871) 627:. It was translated into French by 338:became the name of the new federal 134:Succession to the Throne Act (1937) 3201:Provincial constitutions of Canada 3127:Interpretation of the Constitution 1711:Mouvement souveraineté-association 1138:Confederation projects (1858–1864) 376:, including all its dependencies, 154:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 25: 2992:Cabinet collective responsibility 2534:Peace, order, and good government 1838:with the Quebec Court of Appeals; 1107:Ministerial responsibility (1848) 1062:Political organisation under the 4889: 4888: 4876: 3746: 3734: 3733: 3252: 3251: 3239: 2353:List of constitutional documents 2134: 2120: 2106: 2051:Referendum on sovereignty (1995) 1904:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1616:and operating under the slogans 1309: 1184: 1161:British North America Act (1867) 634:The letter pleaded the cause of 501:Restoration movement (1764–1774) 314:, in which France ceded most of 258: 246: 3911:Former colonies and territories 3416:Former colonies and territories 2180:Constitutional debate in Canada 1572:Province of Newfoundland (1949) 1509:History of Prince Edward Island 1286:Territorial evolution of Canada 3846:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 2461:Charlottetown Conference, 1864 2358:Amendments to the Constitution 2011:Progressive Conservative Party 1793:Bill C-60 was referred to the 1736:1867 British North America Act 1386:British North America Act 1867 1299:1867 Canadian federal election 209:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1: 3108:Other unsuccessful amendments 1891:Patriation: Canada Act (1982) 1742:Fulton-Favreau Formula (1964) 1695:Prime Minister Lester Pearson 1630:Front de libération du Québec 1539:Statute of Westminster (1931) 815:Canada in 1791 after the act. 717:and, a few months later, his 129:Statute of Westminster (1931) 3391:Crown and Indigenous peoples 3173:Interjurisdictional immunity 2997:Disallowance and reservation 2649:Statute of Westminster, 1931 2280:. Toronto : Gage, 1984. 1600:The Quiet Revolution (1960s) 719:Appel à la justice de l'État 708:Appel à la justice de l'État 3891:Crown and Indigenous people 2549:Matters excepted from s. 92 1690:first ministers' conference 1551:Statute of Westminster 1931 1545:Statute of Westminster 1931 1492:History of British Columbia 1452:Province of Manitoba (1870) 714:The Case of Peter du Calvet 615:During the revolution, the 530:Reform movement (1765–1791) 4943: 4781:Provincial and territorial 4704:Inventions and discoveries 3841:British Canada (1763–1867) 3138:Indigenous self-government 2628:British North America Acts 2414:Constitutional Act of 1791 2404:Royal Proclamation of 1763 2399:Constitution of New France 2170:Expulsion of the Loyalists 2081:Quebec Secession Reference 2068: 2054: 2028: 1974: 1943: 1894: 1776: 1745: 1592: 1581: 1575: 1564: 1542: 1527: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1461: 1455: 1431:American Revolutionary War 1354:British North America Acts 1351: 1258:British North America Acts 1120:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine 1110: 1051: 1032: 956: 925: 807:Constitutional Act of 1791 804: 754:American Revolutionary War 605:American Revolutionary War 545: 413:Royal Proclamation of 1763 410: 365: 4870: 4007:Newfoundland and Labrador 3728: 3527:Newfoundland and Labrador 3233: 3206: 3195: 3133: 3120: 3083: 3070: 3046:Parliamentary sovereignty 2987:At His Majesty's pleasure 2982: 2969: 2679: 2666: 2623: 2612: 2582:Administration of justice 2577:Property and civil rights 2456: 2443: 2384: 2371: 2348: 2079:in December 1999. In its 1799:British North America Act 1700:British North America Act 1371:, an amalgamation of the 896:Robert John Wilmot-Horton 871: 827:(present-day Quebec) and 801:Constitutional Act (1791) 764:William Wyndham Grenville 607:broke out in April 1775. 407:Royal proclamation (1763) 322:was the colony along the 234:Canadian Human Rights Act 99:Constitutional Act (1791) 89:Royal Proclamation (1763) 2483:Fathers of Confederation 2363:Quasi-constitutional law 2013:and some members of the 1981:In 1987, Prime Minister 1971:Meech Lake Accord (1989) 1640:in what is known as the 1618:"Il faut que ça change!" 1604:In the early 1960s, the 1567:Rowell-Sirois Commission 1368:Fathers of Confederation 1253:Anti-Confederation Party 1230:Fathers of Confederation 1168:This article is part of 894:and his under-secretary 829:Province of Upper Canada 825:Province of Lower Canada 114:Supreme Court Act (1875) 79:Act of Settlement (1701) 4922:Legal history of Canada 3941:Persons of significance 3936:National Historic Sites 3380:Persons of significance 3211:Constitution of Alberta 3153:Equal authenticity rule 3041:Parliamentary privilege 2478:London Conference, 1866 2466:Quebec Conference, 1864 2077:Supreme Court of Canada 2015:Liberal Party of Canada 1940:Constitution Act (1982) 1841:language and education; 1836:Supreme Court of Canada 1795:Supreme Court of Canada 1773:Victoria Charter (1971) 1713:joined forces with the 1584:History of Newfoundland 1530:History of Saskatchewan 734:United Empire Loyalists 495:Francois-Xavier Garneau 224:Canadian Bill of Rights 179:Unsuccessful amendments 119:Constitution Act (1886) 109:Constitution Act (1867) 4927:Constitutional history 4917:Constitution of Canada 3836:New France (1534–1763) 3411:Events of significance 3216:Constitution of Quebec 3168:Implied Bill of Rights 3002:Responsible government 2704:Constitution Act, 1982 2684:Fulton–Favreau formula 2654:Newfoundland Act, 1949 2644:Saskatchewan Act, 1905 2572:Works and undertakings 2493:Constitution Act, 1867 2342:Constitution of Canada 2165:Constitution of Canada 2057:1995 Quebec referendum 2045:1995 Quebec referendum 1961:sovereignty referendum 1946:Constitution Act, 1982 1925:Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1823:Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1811:1980 Quebec referendum 1767:Constitution Act, 1982 1748:Fulton–Favreau formula 1732:Official Languages Act 1669:Constitution Act, 1982 1380: 1271:Constitutional history 1178:Canadian Confederation 1113:Responsible government 1101:Canadian Confederation 1096:responsible government 1067: 999:Lower Canada Rebellion 994:Ninety-Two Resolutions 831:(present-day Ontario). 816: 769:taking of the Bastille 561: 422: 368:Treaty of Paris (1763) 362:Treaty of Paris (1763) 326:, part of present-day 229:Implied bill of rights 149:Constitution Act, 1982 84:Treaty of Paris (1763) 69:Implied bill of rights 62:Constitutional history 53: 42:Constitution of Canada 4048:Northwest Territories 3951:Territorial evolution 3532:Northwest Territories 3477:Territorial evolution 3077:Constitutional debate 2389:Iroquois constitution 1914:of the Constitution. 1844:economic development; 1659:Fulton Formula (1961) 1361: 1061: 990:Louis-Joseph Papineau 947:Louis-Joseph Papineau 909:Louis-Joseph Papineau 814: 778:did it in his place. 759:On October 20, 1789, 636:democratic government 555: 420: 356:Canada's constitution 310:begins with the 1763 199:Constitutional debate 139:Letters Patent (1947) 74:Bill of Rights (1689) 52: 4022:Prince Edward Island 3552:Prince Edward Island 3098:Charlottetown Accord 2394:Mi'kmaq constitution 2185:Living tree doctrine 2037:Charlottetown Accord 2031:Charlottetown Accord 1862:scientific research; 1520:The Saskatchewan Act 1442:Prince Edward Island 1419:Parliament of Canada 1144:Joseph-Charles Taché 656:freedom of the press 640:separation of powers 617:Continental Congress 344:legislative autonomy 4377:Firearms regulation 3467:Population history 3438:Chinese immigration 3103:Calgary Declaration 2501:Canadian federalism 2267:Text of the BNA Act 1756:and Quebec Liberal 1719:Ralliement national 1653:Daniel Johnson, Sr. 1553:, but prior to the 1464:History of Manitoba 1409:to the Province of 1202:Charlottetown, 1864 1132:James Boyle Uniacke 1054:Act of Union (1840) 1048:Act of Union (1840) 684:Frederick Haldimand 670:Jean-Olivier Briand 214:Canadian federalism 104:Act of Union (1840) 4558:Population centres 3183:Dialogue principle 3143:Pith and substance 3012:King-in-Parliament 2937:Part VII – General 2634:Manitoba Act, 1870 2539:Trade and commerce 2471:Quebec Resolutions 2409:Quebec Act of 1774 2276:Mallory, James R. 2160:Politics of Quebec 2155:Politics of Canada 2065:Clarity Act (1998) 1698:constitution (the 1622:"Maître chez nous" 1534:History of Alberta 1381: 1377:Quebec conferences 1281:Quebec Resolutions 1068: 817: 562: 558:Province of Quebec 469:were constituted. 423: 399:in 1760. (See the 386:Cape Breton Island 318:to Great Britain. 192:Constitutional law 54: 4904: 4903: 4883:Canada portal 4804: 4803: 4571: 4570: 4385: 4384: 4340:Political parties 4308:Foreign relations 4223: 4222: 4110:Canadian Prairies 4100:Pacific Northwest 4066: 4065: 3964: 3963: 3921:Foreign relations 3762: 3761: 3753:Canada portal 3323:18000 BCE–1500 CE 3301:History of Canada 3267: 3266: 3246:Canada portal 3229: 3228: 3191: 3190: 3116: 3115: 3093:Meech Lake Accord 3066: 3065: 3056:Royal prerogative 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2662: 2661: 2639:Alberta Act, 1905 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2439: 2438: 2431:Act of Union 1840 2150:History of Canada 1998:deadlocked after 1988:Meech Lake Accord 1977:Meech Lake Accord 1871:labour relations; 1350: 1349: 1155:Alexander T. Galt 886:Union Bill (1822) 795:Charles James Fox 665:On May 22, 1775, 574:Great Lakes Basin 542:Quebec Act (1774) 459:Oath of Supremacy 324:St Lawrence River 307:history of Canada 299: 298: 253:Canada portal 144:Canada Act (1982) 94:Quebec Act (1774) 16:(Redirected from 4934: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4745: 4588:Higher education 4495: 4480:Science and tech 4367:Multiculturalism 4321: 4303:Local government 4268:House of Commons 4252:Governor General 4088: 4077: 3992:British Columbia 3977: 3831:Pre-colonization 3809: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3766: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3737: 3736: 3688:Name etymologies 3568:Name etymologies 3507:British Columbia 3422:Heritage Minutes 3294: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3255: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3197: 3178:Purposive theory 3122: 3072: 3007:Fusion of powers 2971: 2709: 2700: 2689:Victoria Charter 2668: 2614: 2522: 2489: 2445: 2373: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2312: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2253: 2244: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2213: 2204: 2201: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 1779:Victoria Charter 1606:Quiet Revolution 1578:Newfoundland Act 1423:manifest destiny 1413:and Province of 1342: 1335: 1328: 1314: 1313: 1235:Laurentian elite 1188: 1165: 1007:Quiet Revolution 876: 875: 703:Pierre du Calvet 667:Bishop of Quebec 601:Intolerable Acts 291: 284: 277: 263: 262: 251: 250: 249: 29: 21: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4830: 4800: 4743: 4655: 4646:Social programs 4612:Law enforcement 4567: 4541: 4484: 4381: 4319: 4219: 4159: 4146:Atlantic Canada 4124:Canadian Shield 4119:Northern Canada 4086: 4085: 4062: 4036: 3972:and territories 3971: 3960: 3870: 3817: 3798: 3793: 3763: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3724: 3693: 3573: 3494:and territories 3493: 3486: 3362: 3311: 3303: 3298: 3268: 3263: 3240: 3238: 3225: 3202: 3187: 3129: 3112: 3088:Triple-E Senate 3079: 3062: 3034:Question Period 2978: 2953: 2932: 2916: 2900: 2698: 2675: 2658: 2619: 2596: 2559: 2553: 2526: 2520: 2487: 2452: 2435: 2380: 2367: 2344: 2339: 2287: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128:Politics portal 2126: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2033: 2027: 1992:Robert Bourassa 1979: 1973: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1899: 1897:Canada Act 1982 1893: 1807: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1750: 1744: 1723:Parti Québécois 1688:, a provincial 1677: 1661: 1649:Union Nationale 1602: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1555:Canada Act 1982 1547: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1518:Main articles: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1356: 1346: 1308: 1303: 1276:Great Coalition 1239: 1216: 1163: 1153:The same year, 1148:John A. Roebuck 1140: 1128:Sir John Harvey 1115: 1109: 1056: 1050: 1037: 1031: 1023:Special Council 1015: 977: 965:Charles E. Gray 961: 955: 943: 930: 924: 888: 880:Colonial Office 809: 803: 746: 696:Treaty of Paris 692: 625:Henry Middleton 613: 550: 544: 532: 503: 415: 409: 390:signed a treaty 370: 364: 312:Treaty of Paris 295: 257: 255: 247: 245: 239: 238: 194: 184: 183: 169: 159: 158: 64: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4886: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847:Historiography 4844: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4563:Municipalities 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4475:Transportation 4472: 4467: 4462: 4460:Stock exchange 4457: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4428:Communications 4425: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4274:Prime Minister 4271: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4195:National Parks 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4141:Eastern Canada 4138: 4137: 4136: 4129:Central Canada 4126: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4095:Western Canada 4091: 4089: 4087:(west to east) 4074: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886:Constitutional 3882: 3880: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3742: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3710:Historiography 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3428:Historic Sites 3425: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386:Constitutional 3383: 3372: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3249: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3029:Interpellation 3026: 3021: 3019:Implied repeal 3016: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2285:External links 2283: 2282: 2281: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2245: 2231: 2219: 2205: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2142:History portal 2131: 2117: 2101: 2098: 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2055:Main article: 2052: 2049: 2029:Main article: 2026: 2023: 2019:Bloc Québécois 1983:Brian Mulroney 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1952: 1949: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1806: 1803: 1789: 1786: 1777:Main article: 1774: 1771: 1746:Main article: 1743: 1740: 1727:Pierre Trudeau 1721:to create the 1676: 1673: 1660: 1657: 1642:October Crisis 1638:Pierre Laporte 1601: 1598: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1576:Main article: 1573: 1570: 1565:Main article: 1562: 1559: 1543:Main article: 1540: 1537: 1515: 1512: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1352:Main article: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1139: 1136: 1124:Robert Baldwin 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1014: 1011: 986:Parti Patriote 976: 973: 957:Main article: 954: 951: 942: 939: 926:Main article: 923: 920: 887: 884: 873:Parti canadien 867: 866: 863: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 805:Main article: 802: 799: 783:Adam Lymburner 761:Home Secretary 745: 742: 727:Fleury Mesplet 701:In July 1784, 691: 688: 644:taxation power 629:Fleury Mesplet 612: 609: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 546:Main article: 543: 540: 531: 528: 520: 519: 516: 513: 502: 499: 480:Lords of Trade 411:Main article: 408: 405: 366:Main article: 363: 360: 348:rights charter 304:constitutional 297: 296: 294: 293: 286: 279: 271: 268: 267: 265:Law portal 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 195: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 45: 44: 38: 37: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4939: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4729:Protectionism 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Dairy farming 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4291:Supreme Court 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4151:The Maritimes 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4002:New Brunswick 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:First Nations 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3755: 3754: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3662:Richmond Hill 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3592:Charlottetown 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3522:New Brunswick 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148:Double aspect 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3051:Reserve power 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2558:Powers under 2556: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450:Confederation 2446: 2442: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2114:Canada portal 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 2000:Elijah Harper 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:René Lévesque 1703: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:Lionel Groulx 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1596: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1446:Charlottetown 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:New Brunswick 1392: 1388: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1373:Charlottetown 1370: 1369: 1364: 1363:Robert Harris 1360: 1355: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316:Canada Portal 1312: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1002: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 981: 972: 970: 966: 960: 950: 948: 940: 938: 934: 929: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911:, as well as 910: 904: 900: 897: 893: 892:Lord Bathurst 885: 883: 881: 874: 864: 861: 860: 859: 855: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 821: 820: 813: 808: 800: 798: 796: 792: 787: 784: 779: 777: 772: 770: 765: 762: 757: 755: 751: 743: 741: 739: 735: 730: 728: 722: 720: 716: 715: 710: 709: 704: 699: 697: 689: 687: 685: 680: 677: 675: 671: 668: 663: 659: 657: 653: 652:trial by jury 649: 648:habeas corpus 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 610: 608: 606: 602: 597: 593: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 571: 570: 569: 567: 559: 554: 549: 541: 539: 536: 529: 527: 524: 517: 514: 511: 510: 509: 506: 500: 498: 496: 491: 489: 483: 481: 476: 470: 468: 464: 460: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 435: 431: 429: 419: 414: 406: 404: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 361: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308: 305: 292: 287: 285: 280: 278: 273: 272: 270: 269: 266: 261: 256: 254: 243: 242: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219:Law of Canada 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167:Document list 163: 162: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 63: 58: 57: 51: 47: 46: 43: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 4893: 4874: 4842:Bibliography 4764:Coat of arms 4748: 4669:Architecture 4639:Homelessness 4490:Demographics 4409:Floriculture 4345:Human rights 4324: 4313:Peacekeeping 4242:Constitution 4164: 4105:Great Plains 4080: 4032:Saskatchewan 3885: 3875: 3819: 3812: 3744: 3732: 3705:Bibliography 3557:Saskatchewan 3455:Peacekeeping 3420: 3385: 3358:1982–present 3256: 3237: 2544:Criminal law 2525:Powers under 2377: 2277: 2262: 2222: 2199: 2086: 2074: 2060: 2041: 2034: 2008: 1990:). Premier 1980: 1956: 1954: 1934: 1930: 1918: 1916: 1900: 1885: 1877: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1791: 1782: 1754:Davie Fulton 1751: 1704: 1682:John Robarts 1678: 1665:Davie Fulton 1662: 1646: 1621: 1617: 1603: 1548: 1474: 1470:Manitoba Act 1469: 1467: 1458:Manitoba Act 1439: 1384: 1382: 1366: 1291: 1270: 1263: 1212:London, 1866 1207:Quebec, 1864 1152: 1141: 1116: 1093: 1069: 1063: 1038: 1016: 1003: 982: 978: 969:George Gipps 962: 944: 935: 931: 917: 913:John Neilson 905: 901: 889: 868: 856: 852: 818: 788: 780: 776:William Pitt 773: 758: 750:Guy Carleton 747: 731: 723: 718: 712: 706: 700: 693: 681: 678: 673: 664: 660: 633: 614: 598: 594: 591: 563: 537: 533: 525: 521: 507: 504: 492: 484: 471: 467:Common Pleas 463:King's Bench 454:James Murray 451: 438: 436: 432: 424: 394: 371: 302: 300: 244: 61: 26: 4724:Individuals 4532:2021 Census 4517:Immigration 4399:Agriculture 4360:Transgender 4200:Great Lakes 4180:Earthquakes 4134:Great Lakes 4041:Territories 4012:Nova Scotia 3931:Monarchical 3916:Immigration 3647:Quebec City 3602:Fredericton 3537:Nova Scotia 3462:Monarchical 3433:Immigration 3163:Living tree 3158:Paramountcy 2976:Conventions 2630:, 1867–1982 2516:Section 125 2511:Section 121 2089:Clarity Act 2071:Clarity Act 2017:formed the 2004:Clyde Wells 1965:Clarity Act 1865:recreation; 1763:Jean Lesage 1758:Guy Favreau 1634:James Cross 1614:Jean Lesage 1524:Alberta Act 1435:War of 1812 1429:during the 1427:the Canadas 1407:Canada East 1403:Canada West 1399:Nova Scotia 1193:Conferences 1041:Lord Durham 1019:martial law 738:Nova Scotia 672:sent out a 382:Nova Scotia 4911:Categories 4852:Historians 4709:Literature 4622:Corruption 4605:Euthanasia 4595:Healthcare 4537:Population 4259:Parliament 4229:Government 3866:since 1982 3715:Historians 3652:Saint John 3617:Lethbridge 3450:Operations 2673:Patriation 2560:Section 92 2527:Section 91 2191:References 1957:status quo 1912:patriation 1908:Canada Act 1582:See also: 1528:See also: 1507:See also: 1490:See also: 1462:See also: 1264:Chesapeake 566:Quebec Act 548:Quebec Act 488:Quebec Act 475:common law 443:penal Laws 428:Quebec Act 397:New France 316:New France 204:Patriation 174:Amendments 4627:Terrorism 4583:Education 4522:Languages 4510:Ethnicity 4505:Canadians 4453:Petroleum 4433:Companies 4335:Elections 4215:Volcanism 4190:Mountains 4072:Geography 3980:Provinces 3970:Provinces 3901:Etymology 3861:1960–1981 3856:1945–1960 3814:Year list 3677:Vancouver 3667:Saskatoon 3492:Provinces 3406:Etymology 3376:Canadians 3353:1960–1981 3348:1945–1960 3343:1914–1945 3338:1867–1914 3333:1763–1867 3328:1534–1763 3309:Year list 2567:Licensing 1705:In 1968, 1610:Québécois 1142:In 1858, 1064:Union Act 878:only the 682:In 1778, 674:mandement 354:in 1982. 352:patriated 4895:Category 4835:Research 4809:Contents 4791:Heraldic 4699:Identity 4694:Holidays 4689:Folklore 4600:Abortion 4527:Religion 4465:Taxation 4372:Cannabis 4350:Intersex 4326:Politics 4298:Military 4210:Wildlife 3997:Manitoba 3926:Military 3896:Economic 3821:timeline 3739:Category 3698:Research 3682:Winnipeg 3632:Montreal 3612:Hamilton 3597:Edmonton 3587:Brampton 3512:Manitoba 3445:Military 3401:Economic 3396:Cultural 3314:Timeline 3258:Category 2721:Preamble 2506:Preamble 2100:See also 1996:Manitoba 1868:prisons; 1856:tourism; 1717:and the 1433:and the 1170:a series 793:such as 447:Test Act 340:Dominion 34:a series 32:Part of 4862:Surveys 4857:Studies 4821:Outline 4796:Tartans 4750:Symbols 4739:Theatre 4684:Cuisine 4661:Culture 4634:Poverty 4576:Society 4470:Tourism 4443:Fishing 4416:Banking 4391:Economy 4247:Monarch 4185:Islands 4082:Regions 4053:Nunavut 4017:Ontario 3987:Alberta 3804:History 3720:Surveys 3672:Toronto 3627:Moncton 3622:Markham 3607:Halifax 3542:Nunavut 3517:Ontario 3502:Alberta 2094:Bill 99 1880:mineral 1686:Ontario 1651:led by 1411:Ontario 1244:Related 560:in 1774 328:Ontario 4759:Anthem 4734:Sports 4679:Cinema 4651:Values 4498:Topics 4438:Energy 4421:Dollar 4286:Courts 4263:Senate 4205:Rivers 4175:Cities 4166:Topics 4027:Quebec 3946:Racism 3877:Topics 3796:Canada 3657:Regina 3642:Ottawa 3579:Cities 3547:Quebec 3472:Sports 3368:Topics 2427:(1839) 2421:(1838) 1415:Quebec 1391:Canada 1294:Affair 1266:Affair 1221:People 1130:, let 1066:(1840) 654:, and 638:, the 384:) and 378:Acadia 374:Canada 336:Canada 332:Quebec 320:Canada 36:on the 4816:Index 4786:Royal 4719:Media 4714:Music 4617:Crime 4546:Lists 4058:Yukon 3956:Women 3562:Yukon 3482:Women 1292:Trent 791:Whigs 452:When 4774:List 4769:Flag 4355:LGBT 4279:list 2806:16.1 1620:and 1532:and 1522:and 1405:and 1397:and 1383:The 1375:and 1122:and 967:and 564:The 556:The 465:and 330:and 301:The 4674:Art 4448:Oil 4237:Law 3378:- ( 1709:'s 1702:). 1684:of 1365:'s 403:.) 4913:: 2949:59 2944:52 2928:36 2912:35 2896:34 2891:33 2886:32 2881:31 2876:30 2871:29 2866:28 2861:27 2856:26 2851:25 2846:24 2841:23 2836:22 2831:21 2826:20 2821:19 2816:18 2811:17 2801:16 2796:15 2791:14 2786:13 2781:12 2776:11 2771:10 2248:^ 2234:^ 2208:^ 2047:. 1967:. 1769:. 1738:. 1671:. 1644:. 1437:. 1393:, 1172:on 1103:. 1025:. 721:. 658:. 650:, 646:, 642:, 490:. 350:) 4270:) 4261:( 3823:) 3818:( 3788:e 3781:t 3774:v 3690:) 3686:( 3570:) 3566:( 3382:) 3316:) 3312:( 3293:e 3286:t 3279:v 2766:9 2761:8 2756:7 2751:6 2746:5 2741:4 2736:3 2731:2 2726:1 2334:e 2327:t 2320:v 1379:. 1341:e 1334:t 1327:v 576:. 380:( 290:e 283:t 276:v 20:)

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