History of the French Communist Party

1987:, facing off against, among others, Giscard and Mitterrand. The PCF envisioned the 1981 election as the opportunity for it to regain its leadership of the left, and it was encouraged by Marchais' rising poll numbers (from 15% to 19%). He ran a populist campaign, which attacked the PS—in particular its alleged shift to the right—as much as the incumbent right-wing President. Marchais' attacks on Mitterrand were often so harsh that many Socialists felt that Marchais was playing into Giscard's hands by attacking Mitterrand. To counter such accusations, Marchais proclaimed himself as the "anti-Giscard candidate" and, late into his campaign, attacked the incumbent as the "president of injustice". 543: 2486: 2467:, initially a supporter of the anti-liberal collectives, later withdrew from the process and announced his independent candidacy. The PCF's leadership and members voted in favour of maintaining Buffet's candidacy, despite the failure of the anti-liberal collectives and called on other left-wing forces to support her candidacy. This support was not forthcoming, and after a low-key campaign she won only 1.93%, even lower than Robert Hue's 3.4% in the previous presidential election. Once again, the low result meant that the PCF did not meet the 5% threshold for reimbursement of its campaign expenses. 2598: 1395: 1083: 121: 1074:'s regime in Vichy. One of the major actions organized by the PCF against the occupation forces was a demonstration of thousands of students and workers, staged in Paris on 11 November 1940. In May 1941, the PCF helped to organize more than 100,000 miners in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments in a strike. On 26 April 1941, the PCF called for a National Front for the independence of France with the Gaullists. The Vichy French police, and later the Germans, began to arrest and intern large number of communists. 1457:, his Minister of the Interior. It was also prevented by a growing sense of disquiet among sections of the labour movement with PCF tactics, which included the derailment in early December 1947 of the Paris-Tourcoing Express, which left twenty-one people dead. Sensing a change of mood, the CGT leadership backed down and called off the strikes. From this point forward the PCF moved into permanent opposition and political isolation, a large but impotent presence in French politics. 978:

publications and activities geared to their interests. The Party discarded its original notions of Communist femininity and female political activism as a gender-neutral revolutionary. It issued a new model more attuned to the mood of the late 1930s and one more acceptable to the middle class elements of the Popular Front. It now portrayed the ideal Young Communist as a paragon of moral probity with her commitment to marriage and motherhood, and gender-specific public activism.

2220: 1205: 24: 2010: 1013:'s government. At first the PCF reaffirmed its commitment to national defense, but after the Comintern addressed French Communists by declaring the war to be 'imperialist', the party changed its stance. PCF parliamentarians signed a letter calling for peace and viewed Hitler's forthcoming peace proposals favourably. The Comintern ordered the PCF leadership to flee to Belgium, while 2729:

unexpectedly, found a number of its incumbents place behind the PS candidate in the first round. Applying the traditional rule of "mutual withdrawal", FG/PCF candidates who won fewer votes than another left-wing candidates withdrew from the runoff. As a result, the FG was left with only 10 seats – 7 of those for the PCF. It was the PCF's worst seat count in its entire history.

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Nazi occupiers. In return, Otto Abetz would have allowed for the liberation of over 300 communist prisoners. Moscow later denounced the attempts of the PCF to lobby the Germans for the party's legalization. In August 1940, a new policy categorically forbade any expressions of solidarity with the occupiers and limited interactions between the PCF and the occupiers.

1886:. The Common Programme marked the PCF's acceptance of democratic principles and civil liberties, and included major institutional, economic and social reforms. The PCF believed, like in 1936, that it would gain the upper hand over the PS and quickly decimate their socialist rivals. On the contrary, however, the PCF was weakened by the alliance with the PS. In the 939:, alongside the Soviet Union. Blum's government officially maintained a neutral policy of non-intervention, but in practice his government ensured the safe passage of aid and Soviet weapons to the besieged Spanish republicans. The PCF often played a major role in such actions, and it sent a number of French volunteers to fight for the republicans in the 632:, railroad worker and union activist, was chosen as the new secretary-general. He wanted to put an end to sectarianism, which was criticized by communist officeholders and leaders of the CGTU. Most notably, he proposed alliances with other left-wing parties (including the SFIO) in order to combat fascism. This strategy was criticized by the board of the 1783:, it pleaded for conciliation, then it expressed its surprise and disapproval about the Soviet intervention—but it never firmly condemned it. Nevertheless, the PCF publicly criticized a Soviet action for the first time in its history. This event caused frictions in the Politburo: Jeannette Vermersch, Thorez's widow, resigned. 1519:(a SFIO-Radical-MRP alliance). The Third Force's changes to the electoral law before the 1951 election were designed to weaken the PCF and RPF. Hence, the PCF lost 79 seats and won fewer seats than the SFIO (107) although it had 26.3% of the vote against only 15.4% for the SFIO. The PCF won 25.4% and 150 seats in the 2176:

was abandoned, the leadership structures revamped and renamed and public criticism of the party line was allowed with the formation of party factions. This move was intended to revitalize the PCF and attract non-affiliated leftists to the party. However, it largely failed to stop the party's decline.

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in June 1981 was another major setback for the PCF, which marked the end of the PCF's dreams of regaining leadership of the left. A number of PCF supporters had already defected to the PS and Mitterrand by the first round of the presidential election, and the party was unable to stop the bleeding. In

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The PCF, no longer restrained by the responsibilities of office, was free after 1947 to channel the widespread discontent among the working class with the poor economic performance of the new Fourth Republic. Furthermore, the PCF was under orders from Moscow to take a more radical course, reminiscent

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Domestically, the PCF led anti-war actions, but although the party published pacifist propaganda for soldiers they stopped short of inciting desertion. The role of the PCF in alleged sabotage operations, against armaments plants, has been a point of debate among historians. In 1951, A. Rossi listed a

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During Mitterrand's term as PS first secretary, the PS re-emerged as the dominant party of the left. Worried about these trends, Marchais demanded updates to the Common Programme, but the negotiations failed, ending the union of the left. The PS accused Marchais of being responsible for the division

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By 1944 the PCF had reached the height of its influence, and was powerful in large areas of the country through the Resistance units under its command. Some in the PCF wanted to launch a revolution as the Germans withdrew from the country, but the leadership, acting on Stalin's instructions, opposed

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and Vichy was successfully able to oppose the legalization of the PCF. Nevertheless, the PCF limited openly anti-German or anti-occupation actions and instead adopted virulently anti-British, anti-imperialist, anti-socialist and anti-Vichy/Pétain rhetoric which shied away from directly attacking the

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The party was banned in 1939 on the outbreak of World War II. Under Comintern direction the PCF opposed the war and may have sabotaged arms production. The leadership, threatened with execution, fled abroad. After the German invasion of 1940 the party failed to persuade the occupiers to legalise its

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The cross-class coalition of the Popular Front forced the Communists to accept some bourgeois cultural norms they had long ridiculed. These included patriotism, the veterans' sacrifice, the honor of being an army officer, the prestige of the bourgeois, and the leadership of the Socialist Party and

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The FG allowed the PCF to halt its decline, but perhaps with a price. The FG won 6.5% in the 2009 European elections, 5.8% in the 2010 regional elections and 8.9% in the 2011 cantonal elections. However, paying the price of its greater electoral and political independence vis-a-vis the PS, it fell

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department south of Paris. Under their leadership, the PCF maintained strong internal cohesion under centralized authority, which greatly boosted their power and influence within the resistance movement. In the regions, local communists played significant roles in spearheading the resistance. Most

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The new communist party defined itself as a revolutionary party, which used legal as well as clandestine or illegal means. The party organization was run under strict democratic centralist precepts, until the 1990s: the minority factions were compelled to follow the majority faction, any organized

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in January 1976, for example, the party spoke of a "democratic and revolutionary way to socialism" and "taking into account conditions of our time in favour of the forces of progress, liberty and peace". The PCF's goal was the "transformation of the capitalist society into a socialist society, a

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Since 2017, the party decided to run independent campaigns on national level. It came with abysmal results. For example, in 2019 European Parliament election the PCF won just over half of million votes (by itself this result was the worst since 1920s). On regional level the party again run joint

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The Communists in the 1920s saw the need to mobilize young women, but saw them as auxiliaries to male organizations. In the 1930s there was a new model, of a separate but equal role for women. The Party set up the Union des Jeunes Filles de France (UJFF) to appeal to young working women through

615:, the PCF won 9.8% of the vote and 26 seats, considerably weaker than the SFIO. But under the leadership of the left-wing faction, priority was given to general strikes and revolutionary actions rather than elections. In the French Parliament, the PCF's first elected deputies were opposed to the 268:. However, amid concerns within France and abroad over the extent of communist influence, the PCF was excluded from government in May 1947. Under pressure from Moscow, the PCF thereafter distanced itself from other parties and focused on agitation within its trade union base. For the rest of the 2728:

in June saw the FG win 6.9%, a result below Mélenchon's first round result but significantly higher than the PCF's result in 2007. Nevertheless, the PCF – which made up the bulk of FG incumbents and candidates – faced a strong challenge from the PS in its strongholds in the first round, and,

1021:'s orders, deserted the army and fled to Moscow in order to escape prosecution. The PCF became a clandestine organization, at first rather disorganized. In France, the government dissolved all Communist-led local administrations, cracked down on communist trade unionists and targeted the 2605:

The PCF, to counter its slow decline, sought to build a broader electoral coalition with other (smaller) left-wing or far-left parties. In October 2008, and again at the PCF's XXXIV Congress in December 2008, the PCF issued a call for the creation of a "civic and progressive front". The

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as the "German anarchist". Although the PCF and the CGT were compelled by their base to join the movement as it expanded to take the form of a general strike, the PCF feared that it would be overwhelmed by events – especially as some on the left, led by Mitterrand were attempting to use

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were removed from party membership cards. Pierre Laurent stated that "It is an established and revered symbol that continues to be used in all of our demonstrations, but it doesn't illustrate the reality of who we are today. It isn't so relevant to a new generation of communists."

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in August 1939, forming neutrality between both ideological rivals. The non-aggression pact between the Nazis and Moscow dismayed many French communists, a number of whom rejected the pact. A fifth of the PCF's caucus left the party, forming a dissident parliamentary group.

1811:, an anti-communist who governed his city in coalition with the centrists. As Defferre's candidacy rapidly foundered, Duclos, buoyed by his amiability and personal popularity, rose in the polls. Duclos won 21.3%, placing third but completely eclipsing Defferre (5%), the 1874:, who had effectively controlled the party since 1970. Marchais began a moderate liberalization of the party's policies and internal life, although dissident members, particularly intellectuals, continued to be expelled. The PCF formed an alliance with Mitterrand's new 919:

formed a Socialist-Radical government, supported from the outside by the PCF. However, the Popular Front government soon collapsed under the strains of domestic financial problems (including inflation) and foreign policy issues (the radicals opposed intervention in the

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was also among the founders. Frossard himself resigned in 1923, and the 1920s saw a number of splits within the party over relations with other left-wing parties and over adherence to the Communist International's dictates. The party gained representation in the

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Initially allotted a minor share in Mitterrand's government, the PCF resigned in 1984 as the government turned towards fiscal orthodoxy. Under Marchais the party continued loyal to the Soviet Union up to its fall in 1991, and made little move towards

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was the party's candidate. The collapse of the FGDS after 1968 and Mitterrand's temporary fall from grace after his actions in May 1968 broke up the PCF's alliance with the left. Indeed, it was impossible for the PCF to support the SFIO's candidate,

1934:, which allowed the PCF to strengthen its base in local government. But these elections also confirmed the PCF's slow decline: in the 1976 cantonal elections, the PS (26.6%) obtained more votes than the PCF (22.8%) for the first time since 1936. 1406:'s electoral victory in 1981. It thus began to pursue a more militant policy, alienating it SFIO and prompting divisions and tensions on the French left. The PCF fell back on its union activities, at a time when the PCF tightly controlled the 2140:

in 1991 led to a crisis in the PCF, but it did not follow the example of some other European communist parties by dissolving itself or changing its name. At the XXVIII Congress in 1994, Marchais stepped down as secretary-general in favour of

1548:. While this stance by the PCF may have helped it retain widespread popularity in metropolitan France, it lost it credibility on the radical left. Nevertheless, during his scholarship to study radio engineering in Paris (from 1949 to 1953), 2277:. Instead, it attempted to actively reach out to and embrace social movements, trade unions and non-communist activists as a strategy to counter the PCF's decline. The party sought to create a broader alliance including 'anti-liberal' and 1990:

The election was a massive disaster for the PCF. Marchais won only 15.4% in the first round, in fourth place. Reluctantly, Marchais endorsed Mitterrand in the runoff, facilitating Mitterrand's narrow victory with 51.8% on 10 May 1981.

2045:(professional development). Although some on the right worried about the PCF's participation in government and decried the PS' alliance with the PCF, Mitterrand outmaneuvered the PCF at every turn. As the government's initial leftist 1460:

The party remained tightly controlled by Thorez, Duclos and Frachon (although the latter focused his activities on the CGT). Thorez remained secretary-general and uncontested leader of the PCF until his death in 1964, but he suffered

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in November 1947, the CGT called a strike, as PCF activists attacked the town hall and other 'bourgeois' targets in the city. When the protests spread to Paris, and as many as 3 million workers joined the strike, Ramadier resigned.

2447:), proposed her candidacy and emerged as the winner in most preparatory votes organized by these collective structures. However, the entire effort soon fell into disarray before collapsing completely. The far-left – represented by 592:. Frossard resigned and left the PCF in 1923 to found a dissident United Communist Party which later became the Communist Socialist Party (but Frossard himself rejoined the SFIO). The general secretariat of the Party was shared by 974:

the parliamentary Republic. Above all the Communists portrayed themselves as French nationalists. Young Communists dressed in costumes from the revolutionary period and the scholars glorified the Jacobins as heroic predecessors.

1293:(MRP) throughout this period. The tripartite governments under the provisional government (GPRF) and, after October 1946, the Fourth Republic, introduced a program of social reforms which laid the foundations of the French 3303: 2717:. A few days later, on 16–18 June, an internal primary open to all PCF members was held, ratifying Mélenchon's candidacy. Mélenchon's candidacy for the FG, the position endorsed by the PCF leadership, won 59%. PCF deputy 908:. The PCF made substantial gains in the 1934 cantonal elections and established themselves as the dominant political force in working-class municipalities surrounding Paris (the Red Belt) in the 1935 municipal elections. 1980:. In the 1978 election, for the first time in a legislative election since 1936, the PCF was surpassed by the PS as the largest party on the left (20.6% for the PCF, 22.6% for the PS). Nonetheless, the PCF won 86 seats. 1484:

The PCF remained a loyally Stalinist party throughout the period, and the PCF opposed the de-stalinization process begun by Moscow and other communist parties after Stalin's death in 1953. The PCF strongly supported the

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and only rarely held strategic cabinet portfolios such as finance, defense or the interior. PCF cabinet ministers usually held the public health, armaments, reconstruction, industrial production and labour portfolios.

3259: 1339:(social rights) established in France during the second half of the twentieth century. Although the PCF were the largest party in most tripartite governments formed between 1945 and 1947, they never obtained the 367:, and others. The FG has continued up to the present and has brought the French communists somewhat better electoral results, at the price of some tension within the party and with other parties in the FG. With 1035:

number of sabotage operations initiated by the PCF against armaments factories throughout France, but later historians have downplayed the PCF's role in any such actions, stating that they were isolated cases.

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as Minister of Youth and Sports; Michelle Demessine (later Jacques Brunhes) as secretary of state for tourism; and, after 2000, Michel Duffour as secretary of state for heritage and cultural decentralization.

671:) and imposed a strict "class against class" line on the Communist International. In France, a Stalinist committee took control of the PCF . Its most influential figures came from the Communist Youth, notably 2122:, in which it managed 11.3% but lost more seats, winning only 27. Between 1988 and 1993, the PCF did not participate in PS governments, but offered piecemeal case-by-case parliamentary support to the PS. The 1660:, the PCF obtained 21.8% of the vote and 41 seats, a substantial recovery aided by mutual withdrawal deals with the SFIO and other left-wing parties in the runoffs (which had not been the case in 1958). 572:

but a reorganization of party's structure on the model of the Bolsheviks (discipline, local organization under the shape of "cells", ascent of a young political staff which came from the working-class).

743:. A member of the presidium of the executive committee of the Comintern from 1922 onwards, and from 1923 onwards the secretary of the French Federation of Young Communists, later elected to the French 706:, was chosen as the new secretary-general in 1930. In 1931, Barbé and Celor were accused of responsibility for excesses in the "class against class" strategy. Nonetheless, the strategy was continued. 466:). This majority option won three quarters of the votes from party members at the congress. The pro-Comintern majority founded a new party, known as the French Section of the Communist International ( 1652:

Little by little, however, the PCF began to escape its political isolation and it was joined in opposition by centre-left and centrist parties. Furthermore, as political debate shifted away from the

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Nevertheless, the FG strategy caused further tension and even dissent within PCF ranks. Up to the higher echelons of the PCF leadership, some were uneasy with Mélenchon's potential candidacy in the

2413:, the PCF won 7.8% nationally and 108 seats; a decent performance, although it was below the party's result in previous cantonal elections in 2001 (9.8%) and 1998 (10%). The PCF did poorly in the 1434:, denounced the 'moderation' of the French Communists and their excessive participation in 'bourgeois' parliamentary governments, even though this policy had been previously approved by Moscow. 319:

became leader. The party's renunciation of much traditional communist dogma after this did little to stem its declining popularity, although it entered government again in 1997 as part of the

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in London. The communists began cooperating with the Free French, while maintaining their distance from other resistance organizations in the north and the south—remaining independent of the

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served in cabinet between November 1945 and May 1947, including a period as vice-president of the council of ministers between January 1946 and May 1947. The PCF was a core component of the

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as a common candidate of the "anti-liberal left" had little success. To maintain a presence in parliament after 2007 the party's few remaining deputies had to group together with those from

150:(SFIO) party to set up the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC). The SFIO had been divided over support for French participation in World War I and over whether to join the 2732:

Despite this defeat, the PCF leadership remains supportive of the FG strategy. Pierre Laurent was reelected unopposed at the XXXVI Congress in February 2013. On the same occasion, the

751:, he came to advocate an alliance between the Communists and SFIO. Doriot was then expelled in 1934, and with his followers. Afterwards he moved sharply to the right and formed the 41: 2474:, in which it won only 4.3% of the vote and 15 seats. Having fallen the 20-seat threshold to form its own group in the National Assembly, the PCF was compelled to ally itself with 1602:

since 1946. However, given the widespread support for de Gaulle's return to power and the Fifth Republic, the PCF was more marginalized and isolated than ever. The NO vote in the

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this and adopted a policy of co-operating with the Allied powers and advocating a new Popular Front government. Many well-known figures joined the party during the war, including

3300: 644:), leading to the detention of some PCF members, including Sémard. On his release from prison, he became more and more controversial. Only 11 PCF candidates were elected in the 1716:

widespread student riots and strikes broke out in France. The PCF initially supported the general strike but opposed the revolutionary student movement, which was dominated by

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became popular with some members of the party, leading to their exclusion from the PCF and the foundation of a small Maoist party in 1963. In the early 1960s, the authority of

3256: 481:. These members went on to form a rump SFIO, which had a much smaller membership than the SFIC but which could count on a strong base of officeholders and parliamentarians. 2713:

On 5 June 2011, the PCF's national delegates approved, with 63.6% against, a resolution which included an endorsement of Mélenchon's candidacy as the FG's candidate in the

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By the close of 1945 party membership stood at half a million, an enormous increase from its pre-Popular Front figure of less than thirty thousand. In the first post-war

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for the unicameral interim Constituent National Assembly in October 1945, the PCF became the single largest party in France with 26.2% of the vote and 159 seats. In the

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In its early years, as the communists fought the SFIO for control of the French left, the new party was weakened and marginalized by a series of splits and expulsions.

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in 1944, the party had become a powerful force in many parts of France. It was among the leading parties in elections in 1945 and 1946, and entered into the governing

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Internally, the PCF sought to respond to the growing international denunciation of Soviet communism, which followed the Prague uprising (1968) and the publication of

1523:. The PCF remained in opposition throughout this period, but as a major parliamentary force they contributed to the governmental instability of the Fourth Republic. 299:, the party supported the strikes while denouncing the revolutionary student movements. After heavy losses in the ensuing parliamentary elections, the party adopted 3611: 2160:, he condemned the Soviet Union, in particular its rejection of individualism, human rights and liberal democracy. Under Hue the party embarked on a process called 1702: 1638: 1283: 384: 147: 3748: 2750:

In 2016, just year ahead of 2017 presidential election, the Left Front's (and the Left Party's) member Jean-Luc Mélenchon announced creation of the new party, the

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replacing Mauroy as Prime Minister, the PCF resigned from the government. The PCF joined the ranks of the opposition, largely abstaining in the National Assembly.

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took 36.8% and Emmanuel Dang Tran, an "orthodox" Communist, won only 4.1%. Mélenchon won 11.1% in the first round of the presidential election on 22 April 2012.

1248:, the communists were very popular and formed one of the major political forces in the country. The PCF was nicknamed the "party of the 75,000 executed people" ( 2297: 1919:

himself, the Soviet government and the French communist leaders had done everything in order to prevent Mitterrand from being elected: they regarded him as too

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on May 3, virulently denounced the leaders of the movement in an article entitled "False revolutionaries who must be exposed". He referred to student leader

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by the SFIO government created strains with its coalition partners. The United States were worried of communist power in France and Italy, and conditioned

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A majority of socialist parliamentarians and local officeholders were opposed to membership, particularly because of the Communist International's strict

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The PCF's brief recovery proved short lived. The party became riddled with internal conflict, as many sectors – notably the "orthodox" faction – opposed

1890:, the PCF increased its support—winning 21.4% and 73 seats—but the distance separating it from the PS was reduced, with Mitterrand's PS winning 19.2%. 1843:). Pompidou won easily, with 58.2%, but most PCF voters did not vote: abstention increased from 22.4% in the first round to 31.2% in the second round. 3606: 3392: 1352: 1264: 295:'s unsuccessful presidential bid in 1965 and started to move apart to a limited extent from the Soviet Union. During the student riots and strikes of 215:

with Hitler. During this period the PCF adopted a more patriotic image, and favoured an equal but distinct role for women in the communist movement.

3841: 1701:, CIR) and he enjoyed good relations with all left-wing parties including the PCF and the SFIO. The PCF also signed an electoral agreement with the 1407: 495: 88: 3284: 568:'s power over the Communist International, led to internal crises. "Bolshevization" implied not only the adoption of the political strategy of the 3873: 2452: 2114:. Juquin ran as a dissident against the PCF's official candidate, receiving support from small far-left (Trotskyist), red green/eco socialist and 1820: 60: 584:. Indeed, the party leadership was opposed to the strategy of the "proletarian unique front". Furthermore, one of Frossard's internal opponents, 2235:, the PCF list, despite its attempt to open to social movements and non-communist activists, won only 6.8% and 6 MEPs. 1999 was followed by the 1614:

in single-member constituencies, which makes it hard for parties without any electoral alliances or deals with other parties to win many seats.

307:(PS). Under the Common Programme, however, the PCF steadily lost ground to the PS, a process that continued after Mitterrand's victory in 1981. 3626: 1362:, to believe that a Communist takeover of France was imminent. A number of factors came to precipitate the expulsion of all PCF ministers from 499: 439:

set out the 21 conditions for membership. When they returned, Frossard and Cachin recommended that the party join the Communist International.

2184:, Hue managed an acceptable 8.6%, a result superior to Lajoinie's 1988 result but inferior to Lajoinie and Juquin's combined support in 1988. 3836: 2865: 1791: 1698: 1603: 1260: 896:

During the Popular Front era (after 1934) the PCF rapidly grew in size and influence, its growth fueled by the popularity of the Comintern's

67: 2239:, in which Hue won only 3.4% in the first round. For the first time, the PCF candidate obtained fewer votes than the Trotskyist candidates ( 3902: 3444: 2479: 402:

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 sparked tensions within the SFIO, when a majority of the SFIO took what left-wing socialists called a "

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In 2015 regional election, the Left Front and the PCF combined won just over 4 per cent of the vote, what was the low point of coalition.

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movements. Lajoinie, a poor candidate, obtained only 6.8% while Juquin took 2.1%. The PCF, however, had a brief respite in the subsequent

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The collegial leadership of the party was divided between young leaders and more experienced politicians. The secretary for organization,

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Hughes, Hannah Cole. "Contemporary Perspectives on the French Communist Party: A Dying Ideology?" Thesis. Kent State University, 2013.

2681: 2208: 1530: 1136: 1091: 816:), similar to how the Socialists, prior to the First World War, had supported republican and Radical governments without participating. 220: 191:

line from the late 1920s, leading to loss of membership through splits and expulsions, and reduced electoral success. With the rise of

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and the PCF disagreed with Mélenchon's PG on issues such as participation in PS-led regional executives. In 2010, a number of leading

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in the fascist movement, which advocated union of workers and employers. Some members were attracted to these new ideas, most notably

246: 224: 869:. Following this crisis, the PCF, like the whole of the socialist movement, feared that France was on the verge of fascist takeover. 146:

since 1920, peaking in strength around the end of World War II. It originated when a majority of members resigned from the socialist

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economic policies proved unsuccessful, with rising unemployment and deindustrialization. Between 1982 and 1983, PS finance minister

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Simultaneously, however, many communists and PCF cells reorganized clandestinely and began organizing opposition to the Germans and

1039: 767: 683:, denouncing social democracy and the SFIO as akin to bourgeois parties. Simultaneously, the new leadership purged dissidents, like 340: 107: 1951:, affirmed its independence vis-a-vis Moscow and endorsed democratic liberties—although it did not drop revolutionary rhetoric. In 506:

factions or contrary opinions were forbidden, while membership was tightly controlled and dissidents often purged from the party.

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activities, and while denouncing the war as a struggle between imperialists, began to organise opposition to the occupation. When

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which saw a Gaullist landslide. The PCF won 20% of the vote and lost over half its seat, holding only 34 in the new legislature.

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who was opposed to De Gaulle's regime since 1958. Mitterrand had never been a member of the SFIO (he was the leader of the small

1657: 1607: 1520: 1505: 1256: 912: 805: 696: 649: 622: 612: 547: 3831: 2962: 1422:. In September 1947 several European Communist parties met in Szklarska Poręba in Poland, where a new international agency, the 1351:

The PCF and socialists played a major role in drafting the proposed April 1946 constitution, but it was rejected by voters in a

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The new strategy, likewise, also faced internal resistance on two fronts: on the one hand from the party's traditionalist and

542: 3734: 2744:, the Left Front managed to retain same number of votes and to lose two seats. Both of them were held by the PCF candidates. 2635: 2631: 2586: 2410: 2382: 2371: 2061: 1927: 1358:

The party's strong electoral showing and surge in membership led some observers, including American under-secretary of state

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electoral alliance alongside other left-leaning parties. The party won 12 seats, up two compared to the previous election.

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the next year, the Comintern declared Germany to be an enemy, and the PCF expanded its anti-German activities, forming the

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newspaper. The government decreed that any communist propaganda, assimilated to Nazi propaganda, would be punished by the

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Under Hue's leadership, the PCF also renewed its alliance with other left-wing forces, primarily the PS, as part of the

1498: 931:

As the only major communist party in western Europe that was still legal, the PCF played a major role in supporting the

744: 645: 172: 2597: 2439:

from 2005 attempted to create "anti-liberal collectives" which could run a common 'anti-liberal left' candidate in the

1314: 1002: 885:

strategy whereby communists were to form anti-fascist coalitions with their erstwhile socialist and bourgeois enemies.

3641: 3631: 3578: 3058: 2902: 2696: 2340: 1378:

aid to the expulsion of communists from governments in both countries. Domestically, large-scale strikes broke out at

1290: 1119: 368: 332: 327:. Under Buffet, the PCF turned away from parliamentary strategy and sought broader social alliances. It condemned the 261: 233: 143: 2432:("refounders" or "rebuilders") who wanted to create a united front with parties and movements on the left of the PS. 2091:, winning only 9.8% and 35 seats. But Marchais refused to budge, and the PCF remained loyal to Moscow until the end. 1302: 3225: 2292:

while they were in government). As such, in 2005, the PCF played a leading role in the left-wing NO campaign in the

2255: 1964:. However, this was only a relative change of direction, as the PCF remained largely loyal to Moscow, and in 1979, 1512: 1486: 874: 722: 81: 2931:

Jessica Wardhaugh, "Fighting for the Unknown Soldier: The Contested Territory of the French Nation in 1934–1938",

1598:. The PCF regarded de Gaulle as a right-wing autocrat with fascist tendencies, and it had been the sworn enemy of 954:. The PCF believed that the accords would allow Hitler to turn his attention eastwards, towards the Soviet Union. 812:. This time, although the PCF did not participate in the coalition, it supported the government from the outside ( 3807: 3783: 3651: 2562: 2375: 2129:

The Communists were unable to benefit from President Mitterrand and the PS' unpopularity after 1991–1992. In the

1098:

efforts within France, notably advocating the use of direct action and political assassinations. In August 1941,

1043: 710: 1689:, on the belief that a PCF candidate would not be able to do well, the PCF supported the left-wing candidacy of 1394: 1058:, which would take a neutral stance on the occupation. But these negotiations were a disaster for the party, as 276:, remained politically isolated, still taking a Stalinist line, though retaining substantial electoral support. 3851: 3741: 3122: 2137: 1762: 1610:, the first under the new constitution, the PCF won only 18.9% and 10 seats. It was badly penalized by the new 1340: 1046:, the relationship between the Communists and the German occupiers fluctuated. The domestic leadership, led by 1009:

Shortly after France entered World War II in September 1939, the PCF was declared a proscribed organisation by

798: 714: 692: 3776: 2385:, the PCF ran some independent lists in the first round – some of them expanded to civil society actors, like 2022:

the legislative elections, the PCF won only 16.2% of the vote and 44 seats, a far cry from the PS' 285 seats.

688: 406:" line in support of the French war effort. Gradually, anti-war factions gained in influence in the party and 1753:'s initial vacillations to create a political alternative to the Gaullist regime. It welcomed Prime Minister 1143:

which organized the southern resistance. The National Front, PCF and CGT participated in the creation of the

1094:, Stalin ordered all communists to engage in the armed struggle against the new Nazi enemy. The PCF expanded 3676: 2518: 2316: 2077: 1957: 1761:. When de Gaulle regained the initiative over the situation on 30 May, by announcing the dissolution of the 1494: 1383: 1371: 932: 680: 633: 601: 589: 581: 569: 561: 432: 418: 388: 204: 151: 120: 34: 3389: 2463:) was unwilling to participate in the efforts to begin with, preferring their own independent candidacies. 1667:

estimated the party membership to be approximately 260,000 (0.9% of the working age population of France).

1386:(PCI) were expelled from the Italian government. The PCF responded with a series of strikes and sabotages. 1263:

for another constituent assembly, the PCF placed second but remained strong with 26% and 153 seats. In the

1106:. In October, the Germans stepped up reprisal actions, ordering the execution of 22 interned communists at 1082: 3867: 3478: 3460: 3088: 2885: 2779: 2498: 1938: 1916: 1875: 1694: 1690: 1646: 1403: 1268: 1218: 940: 905: 901: 890: 852: 717:, which affected France beginning in 1931, caused much anxiety and disturbance, as in other countries. As 577: 455: 407: 304: 292: 269: 196: 163: 130: 1969: 1956:

fraternal society without exploiters or exploited". The PCF began to follow a line closer to that of the

3281: 3120:

Mai 68 et ses suites législatives immédiates : Article de Georges Marchais, L'Humanité (3 mai 1968)

2320: 2173: 2000: 1943: 1664: 1595: 1576: 1382:

factories in April 1947. The PCF was finally expelled from government in May 1947, the same time as the

1173: 858: 529: 474: 280: 159: 3693: 2611: 2374:, which finally forced president Chirac to scrap plans for the bill, aimed at creating a more flexible 1903:

did not hide their satisfaction with Mitterrand's narrow defeat at the hands of centre-right candidate

1497:, disillusioned with the policies of the Soviet Union, left the party after the violent suppression of 431:, were commissioned to meet with Bolshevik leaders in Russia. They observed the second congress of the 356: 183:, leader from 1924 to 1928, sought party unity and alliances with other parties; but leaders including 924:

while the socialists and communists were in favour), and was replaced by a moderate government led by

3822: 2460: 2301: 1729: 1516: 1237: 752: 478: 411: 396: 253: 2944:

Susan B. Whitney, "Embracing the status quo: French communists, young women and the popular front",

2677: 1478: 3885: 3572: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3209: 2751: 2718: 2619: 2607: 2526: 2475: 2386: 2364: 2344: 2336: 2262: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2029:'s new government, their first cabinet participation since 1947. The four Communist ministers were 1851: 1758: 1678:, a reform of the party doctrine (the thesis of the unique party was abandoned). During this time, 1630: 1367: 1287: 1010: 951: 925: 862: 718: 684: 597: 593: 360: 352: 344: 324: 1972:. Its assessment of the Soviet and Eastern European communist governments was "positive overall". 1779:'s leadership, the PCF slowly and incompletely distanced itself from the Soviet Union. During the 2669: 2570: 2534: 2502: 2394: 2360: 2244: 1850:, a member of the Central Committee of the PCF from 1945 on, was expelled from the party for his 1745: 617: 537: 303:

as leader and in 1973 entered into a "Common Programme" alliance with Mitterrand's reconstituted

2673: 2497:, the PCF fared better than expected but nevertheless had contrasted results overall. It gained 1310: 1071: 3656: 3514: 3376: 3064: 2968: 2861: 2841: 2823: 2733: 2665: 2456: 2448: 2402: 2240: 2095: 1855: 1787: 1750: 1733: 1675: 1591: 1326: 1241: 1233: 1168: 1155: 1128: 1095: 1047: 936: 921: 403: 372: 238: 228: 208: 2247:), and by virtue of falling under 5% its campaign expenses were not reimbursed by the state. 414:

in Russia aroused hope for a similar communist revolution in France among some SFIO members.

3703: 3682: 3560: 3548: 2421: 2406: 2390: 2381:

Nevertheless, the PCF's new strategy did not bring about a major electoral recovery. In the

2348: 2169: 2073: 2030: 1965: 1871: 1859: 1832: 1754: 1737: 1679: 1626: 1611: 1526: 1345: 1107: 866: 756: 660: 629: 565: 300: 212: 3720: 3163: 1899: 1204: 1023: 963:

Communist Party (French Section of the Communist International) of the Region of Madagascar

636:

as "parliamentarist". At the same time, the party campaigned against French colonialism in

486: 427: 3666: 3396: 3307: 3288: 3229: 2324: 2278: 2053:

changed course in favour of orthodox fiscal and economic policies and austerity measures (

1808: 1534: 1298: 1018: 783: 585: 447: 328: 3510: 3417:

The French Communist Party during the Fifth Republic: A Crisis of Leadership and Ideology

2464: 2064:, the PCF won only 15.9% and lost 45 general councillors. It suffered more losses in the 824: 808:, winning only 8% of the vote and 10 seats. The 1932 election saw the victory of another 676: 2435:

Buoyed by the success of the left-wing NO campaign in 2005, the PCF and other left-wing

2359:

high pressure hose. While most of the Socialist deputies voted for the declaration of a

3616: 3584: 3554: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3506: 2853: 2775: 2707: 2703: 2589:

on the same day, the PCF won 8.8% and 117 seats, a small increase on the 2004 results.

2289: 2285: 2284:

One of the shifts in the PCF's strategy after 2003 came in the form of a more militant

2081: 2050: 2034: 1920: 1908: 1799: 1798:

was held in June 1969. Because of Waldeck Rochet's ill health, senator and party elder

1776: 1671: 1670:

Some months before his death, in 1964, Thorez handed over the leadership of the PCF to

1641:, and they considered the political positions of the Gaullists to be distinct from the 1622: 1474: 1470: 1450: 1427: 1275: 1151: 1103: 1099: 1051: 1014: 947: 943:. At the end of the conflict, the PCF organized humanitarian aid for Spanish refugees. 886: 878: 836: 832: 771: 740: 727: 703: 672: 491: 451: 443: 436: 336: 315:". Extensive reform of the party's structure and policies had to wait until 1994, when 288: 273: 184: 2857: 2767:

lists with the Socialist Party, which became weaker after 2017 presidential election.

513: 3922: 3698: 3500: 3263: 3178:

Nouvelle Histoire de la France contemporaine : Crises et alternances (1974–2000)

2578: 2566: 2542: 2200: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2042: 2026: 1961: 1926:

As Giscard became increasingly unpopular, the left swept midterm local elections—the

1893:

Nominally the French communists supported Mitterrand's Common Programme candidacy in

1847: 1824: 1816: 1780: 1590:

In 1958, the PCF was the only major party which was homogeneous in its opposition to

1493:

left during the late 1950s. Some moderate communist intellectuals, such as historian

1431: 1375: 1363: 1335: 1306: 1294: 1279: 1198: 1111: 1028: 946:

The PCF's 72 deputies (along with only three others) opposed the ratification of the

897: 882: 779: 775: 459: 422: 312: 180: 1185:). Immigrant workers linked to the PCF partook in resistance operations through the 383:

The French Communist Party was founded in December 1920 by a split in the socialist

3688: 3348: 2783: 2615: 2203:'s left-wing government between 1997 and 2002, the PCF returned to government with 1912: 1653: 1545: 1541: 1415: 1359: 1330: 1178: 991: 987: 870: 840: 760: 668: 656: 605: 364: 3136:

Le Couteau entre les dents : 70 ans d'affiches communistes et anticommunistes

1656:

towards socioeconomic issues, the PCF was able to recover lost supporters. In the

1465:

in 1950 and was often in Moscow for treatment. Duclos, in his absence, became the

916: 463: 323:

coalition. Elections in 2002 gave worse results than ever for the PCF, now led by

200: 2630:. The FG has since turned into a permanent electoral coalition, extended for the 2273:

Under Buffet's leadership after 2003, the PCF shifted away from the PS and Hue's

1682:

gained prominence within the party, after his election to the Politburo in 1961.

3879: 3755: 3312: 3268: 2762:

Independent performance and renewed cooperation with the Socialists (since 2017)

2188: 2038: 1836: 1553: 1508:, winning 26.3% of the vote and 103 seats – a loss of 79 seats. The PCF and the 1333:

established in 1947. This program comprised a substantial part of the so-called

1322: 1240:

in 1944, the PCF, along with other resistance groups, entered the government of

1140: 1132: 790: 787: 736: 509: 410:

was elected general secretary in October 1918. Additionally, the success of the

320: 257: 242: 176: 167: 23: 2254:, the PCF won only 4.8% of the vote and 21 seats. Hue himself lost his seat in 2133:, marked by a monumental defeat of the PS, the PCF won only 9.3% and 24 seats. 2009: 1366:'s government in May 1947. Abroad, the PCF refused to vote war credits for the 699:(PUP). By the end of the 1920s, the party contained fewer than 30,000 members. 3790: 3671: 3566: 2846: 2530: 2356: 2153: 2142: 1725: 1717: 1560: 1462: 1454: 1438: 1063: 958: 828: 316: 155: 2827: 2126:

marked another low for the PCF, whose list won only 7.7% and elected 7 MEPs.

600:(left-wing faction). At the same time, Boris Souvarine was expelled from the 387:(SFIO), led by the majority of party members who supported membership in the 3326:

PCF : Pierre Laurent réélu secrétaire national avec 100 % des voix

2687: 2554: 2312: 2046: 1804: 1642: 1634: 1442: 1423: 1419: 557: 231:

and organising direct action and political assassinations through the armed

188: 2899:

The French empire between the wars : imperialism, politics and society

2363:

during the riots, which lasted until January 2006, the PCF, along with the

2168:

included the thorough reorganization of party structure and move away from

1768:

However, the PCF—and the left as a whole—suffered very heavy losses in the

1709:. Mitterrand obtained 44.8% in the runoff. The PCF won 22.5% and 73 seats. 915:; the PCF itself made major gains – taking 15.3% and 72 seats. SFIO leader 770:, called "The Truth about the Colonies". In the first section, it recalled 3424:

A Radiant Future. The French Communist Party and Eastern Europe, 1944–1956

3410:

Stalinism in France: The first twenty years of the French Communist Party.

3257:

Régionales : les élus PG ne participeront pas aux exécutifs régionaux

2393:. The results were rather positive for the party, which won nearly 11% in 1515:(RPF) were sidelined and marginalized by the new governing coalition, the 1398:

Headquarters of the French Communist Party in Paris. Photo taken in 1952.

1127:. At the same time, with Moscow's blessing, the PCF engaged in talks with 371:

as leader since 2010, in a symbolic move the party no longer includes the

287:

with other left-wing forces and an increased strength in parliament. With

3429: 3330: 3241: 3222: 2558: 2550: 2538: 2513:

as well as other smaller towns and kept most of its large towns, such as

2470:

The presidential rout was followed by an equally poor performance in the

2115: 1828: 1827:(1.1%). Eliminated by the first round, the PCF refused to endorse either 1599: 1509: 1274:

Between 1944 and May 1947, the PCF participated in governing coalitions.

1271:, the PCF obtained its best result in its history – 28.3% and 182 seats. 1182: 1159: 446:

in December 1920, this opinion was supported by the left-wing faction (

3645: 3301:

Mélenchon, élu par les militants PCF, peut partir en campagne pour 2012

3101: 2949: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2398: 2025:

After the legislative elections, the PCF obtained cabinet positions in

1765:

and snap elections, the PCF quickly embraced the President's decision.

1549: 1379: 1318: 1186: 1163: 794: 732: 664: 641: 637: 517: 421:

became a major issue for the SFIO. In the spring of 1920, Frossard and

265: 192: 2811: 1839:

in the runoff, considering that they were two sides of the same coin (

889:

spearheaded the formation of an alliance with the SFIO, and later the

3383:

Intellectuals and the French Communist Party: disillusion and decline

2695:

At the PCF's XXXV Congress in 2010, Buffet stepped down in favour of

2582: 2546: 2300:(TCE). The victory of the NO vote, along with a campaign against the 2199:, the PCF enjoyed a brief recovery, winning 9.9% and 35 seats. Under 1721: 1713: 1618: 1490: 1059: 296: 175:

in successive elections, but also promoted strike action and opposed

1674:. The new secretary-general advocated a left-wing coalition against 245:", the London-based government in exile, and later took part in the 2482:(GDR). The PCF's poor showing in 2007 weighed a lot on its budget. 2288:(in 2001, the PCF had only abstained rather than voted against the 2261:

Hue had already resigned the party's leadership in October 2001 to

1866:

The Common Programme, the union of the left and decline (1972–1981)

2920:

The New Jacobins: The French Communist Party and the Popular Front

2686: 2596: 2514: 2484: 2218: 2008: 1393: 1203: 1081: 541: 498:(CGT) trade unions, the Communist minority split away to form the 494:

in 1904, which remained tied to the party until the 1990s. In the

392: 119: 2265:

and was completely sidelined from the party after the 2002 rout.

2327:, who, as Minister of the Interior and leader of the right-wing 2308: 3433: 2702:

In 2010, the PCF played a leading role in the protests against

2585:, where an UMP candidate ousted the PCF after 37 years. In the 1469:

leader of the PCF. Under Duclos' leadership, potential rivals (

1102:(Colonel Fabien) shot and killed a German naval officer in the 679:. They applied the "class against class" political line of the 2653:

from 185 to 95 regional councillors after the 2010 elections.

2478:

and other left-wing MPs to form a parliamentary group, called

1410:(CGT), one of the largest and most militant unions in France. 1317:

bank in 1946, as well as the nationalization of the car maker

1232:

The Communists came out extraordinarily strengthened from the

1228:

The PCF at its peak and the Tripartite governments (1945–1947)

766:

The PCF was the main organizer of a counter-exhibition to the

470:, SFIC), which accepted the strict conditions for membership. 260:

alliance with the socialist SFIO and the Christian democratic

17: 3223:

Résolution du Conseil national pour les élections européennes

2964:

Julian Jackson, The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940

2323:'s right-wing government; Villepin shared his authority with 2076:' PCF list won only 11.2%, closely followed by the far-right 1870:

In 1972 Waldeck Rochet was succeeded as secretary-general by

1854:, being criticized for his attempt to reconcile Marxism with 1529:, a "comrade" of the Communist party, actively supported the 1437:

The PCF denounced the administration as the tool of American

3377:

https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/maurice-thorez-9781845117252/

2916:

The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934–1938

2231:

and the policy of co-governing with the Socialists. In the

2102:, despite the opposition of the moderate "renewers" led by 1923:

and too skillful in his strategy of re-balancing the Left.

203:

in 1936. The party helped to secure French support for the

3344:

French Communist party says adieu to the hammer and sickle

1213:

Provisional Government and the Fourth Republic (1945–1958)

857:

This second Cartel coalition fell following the far-right

195:

this policy shifted after 1934, and the PCF supported the

2347:" employed by Sarkozy, who had called the youth from the 2315:, followed by a 4 October 2005 demonstration against the 1995:

Ephemeral governmental experience and decline (1981–1994)

1897:, but the Soviet ambassador in Paris and the director of 628:

In order to reconcile the various factions of the party,

237:(FTP) group. At the same time the PCF began to work with 2080:(FN) which broke through to win 11%. In July 1984, with 819:

The Communist Party attracted various intellectuals and

484:

The founders of the SFIC took with them the party paper

351:(GDR). Subsequently, a broader electoral coalition, the 264:. The Tripartite governments pursued social reforms and 1449:

This development was prevented by the determination of

1252:) because of its important role during the Resistance. 1236:, in terms of both organisation and prestige. With the 1054:, petitioned the Germans to allow the republication of 881:

led Moscow and Stalin to change course, and adopt the

793:

to "the Soviets' policy on nationalities". In 1934 the

2370:

In 2006, the PCF and other left-wing groups supported

957:

On 12 August 1936, a party organization was formed in

279:

Although the PCF opposed de Gaulle's formation of the

2156:

sought to transform and renew the party. In his book

2087:

The PCF fell under another symbolic threshold in the

1552:, like many other colonials educated in France (e.g. 721:

failed, many were eagerly looking for new solutions.

1947:

in 1973. In 1976, the PCF dropped references to the

1481:, a rising star, was purged from the party in 1954. 873:'s rise to power in 1933 and the destruction of the 580:, was often reluctant to obey the directives of the 3895: 3860: 3800: 3712: 3594: 3469: 3004:, les Iles d'Or, 1951, rééd Éd. de l'Albatros, 1978 1544:took part). Long debates took place on the role of 1191:

Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée

48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2845: 2682:Federation for a Social and Ecological Alternative 417:After the war, the issue of membership in the new 291:as its new secretary-general, the party supported 3366:The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic. 3041:Les avatars du communisme français de 1939 à 1941 2778:won just 2.28% of the vote, narrowly beating the 2601:Marie-George Buffet at the launch of the FG, 2009 2417:, winning only 5.88% and only 2 out of 78 seats. 2339:also criticized the government's response to the 2068:. The party suffered another major defeat in the 1625:was challenged by some members of the Politburo. 1267:, which elected the first legislature of the new 652:, although the PCF increased its support to 11%. 3828:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France 2754:. This left to the rift between the parties and 1858:. From 1982 onwards, Garaudy emerged as a major 1757:'s willingness to dialogue and it supported the 1441:. Following the arrest of some steel workers in 1117:By late 1941 and early 1942, the PCF set up the 468:Section française de l'Internationale communiste 3403:The French Communist Party and the Algerian War 3047:, éditions du Seuil, coll. Points, 1993, p. 446 1703:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left 335:and adopted a more militant stance towards the 2618:responded positively to the call, forming the 2372:protests against the First Employment Contract 1348:was minister of labour between 1945 and 1947. 1123:(FTP), the armed faction of the communist-led 1114:, later honoured as a hero of the resistance. 997:Before Operation Barbarossa (1939 – June 1941) 3445: 2298:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 1594:'s return to power and the foundation of the 1563:was separated from the party, and became the 1556:in 1920), joined the French Communist Party. 1092:Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 786:period; in the second section, it contrasted 516:in 1941 and then declare the independence of 8: 3612:French Section of the Workers' International 3282:Résultats du vote des 16, 17 et 18 Juin 2011 2812:"The French Communists and the Algerian War" 2443:. Buffet, backed by the PCF (except for the 2304:, earned the party some positive publicity. 1606:in September 1958 obtained only 20%. In the 1284:French Section of the Workers' International 1150:During this time period, the PCF was led by 687:, former secretary-general, who created the 385:French Section of the Workers' International 154:(Comintern). The new SFIC defined itself as 148:French Section of the Workers' International 2281:actors from civil society or trade unions. 1402:The PCF remained isolated thereafter until 804:The PCF suffered substantial losses in the 187:(party leader from 1930 to 1964) imposed a 3832:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France 3763:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime 3452: 3438: 3430: 3002:Les communistes pendant la drôle de guerre 2149:Renewal, recovery and collapse (1994–2002) 1983:Marchais was the party's candidate in the 462:), but opposed by the right-wing faction ( 3607:List of French Communist Party congresses 3194:, La documentation française, p. 174 3152:, La documentation française, p. 157 1649:. They were expelled from the Politburo. 588:, was a member of the secretariat of the 546:Six communist candidates running for the 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 3842:Convention for a Progressive Alternative 2614:, and other small parties including the 2269:Attempts to stop the decline (2002–2008) 2223:During a street protest in 2005 in Paris 1325:independence was guaranteed by the 1946 1001:Germany and the Soviet Union signed the 900:strategy, which allowed an anti-fascist 782:in the colonies and other crimes of the 625:, which governed between 1924 and 1926. 576:The first secretary-general of the PCF, 3874:French Committee of National Liberation 3205:Cash-strapped Communists hawk treasures 3134:Buton, Philippe and Laurent Gervereau, 3110:, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar. 1968), pp. 122. 3085:Coalition Strategies Of Marxist Parties 2882:Coalition Strategies Of Marxist Parties 2802: 2691:Pierre Laurent, party leader until 2018 2355:) which needed to be cleaned up with a 1736:, gay movements, prisoners' movement). 1586:The Gaullist Fifth Republic (1958–1972) 57:"History of the French Communist Party" 3749:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais 3627:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France 3100:Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. " 2680:...) left the party to join the small 1862:and was officially convicted in 1998. 1341:presidency of the council of ministers 861:, which forced Radical Prime Minister 500:United General Confederation of Labour 3929:History of the French Communist Party 3602:History of the French Communist Party 3091:: Duke University Press, 1989. p. 265 2888:: Duke University Press, 1989. p. 256 1976:of the left and of its defeat at the 1835:and the centrist caretaker President 1699:Convention of Republican Institutions 1208:Share of vote at elections, 1945–2007 621:coalition formed by the SFIO and the 166:was its first secretary-general, and 7: 3015:De Munich à la Libération, 1938–1944 2706:'s pension reform, which raised the 2489:French Communist Party in Paris 2012 2480:Democratic and Republican Left group 1794:on constitutional reforms, an early 604:and the PCF due to his sympathy for 391:(or "Comintern") founded in 1919 by 355:(FG), was formed including the PCF, 349:Democratic and Republican Left group 46:adding citations to reliable sources 3847:Pole of Communist Revival in France 3291:Official results on the PCF website 3180:, t. 19, Paris: Seuil, 2002. p. 229 2774:, the PCF's presidential candidate 1137:Unified Movements of the Resistance 1078:Armed resistance (June 1941 – 1945) 520:, was one of its founding members. 339:. Buffet's attempt to stand in the 283:in 1958, the following years saw a 3837:Workers' Communist Party of France 3662:National Council of the Resistance 3637:National Front (French Resistance) 3102:Communism and Economic Development 2307:In 2005, a labour conflict at the 2013:Georges Marchais, leader 1972–1994 1775:In terms of foreign policy, under 1617:The party faced internal dissent. 1604:referendum on the new constitution 1426:, was set up. During this meeting 1370:and the violent repression of the 1145:National Council of the Resistance 1139:(MUR), the structure organized by 865:to cede power to the conservative 725:ideas were born during this time ( 425:, director of the party newspaper 272:period the PCF, led by Thorez and 247:National Council of the Resistance 14: 3107:American Political Science Review 2961:Jackson, Julian (22 April 2004). 2772:2022 French presidential election 2742:2014 European Parliament election 2647:2014 European Parliament election 2628:2009 European Parliament election 2569:. However, the PCF lost some key 1040:German invasion of France in 1940 835:(who would be expelled in 1958), 797:Federation of the PCF became the 768:1931 Colonial Exhibition in Paris 755:, which would be one of the most 3728:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne 3138:, Éditions du Chêne, 1989, p. 41 2788:2022 French legislative election 2472:subsequent legislative elections 2424:"orthodox" faction and from the 221:Germany invaded the Soviet Union 22: 3385:(Oxford University Press, 1991) 3125:website, accessed 19 March 2013 2816:Journal of Contemporary History 2319:(CNE) marked the opposition to 2005:France in the twentieth century 1949:dictatorship of the proletariat 1790:'s resignation after he lost a 1581:France in the twentieth century 1504:The PCF suffered losses in the 1408:General Confederation of Labour 1390:Political isolation (1947–1956) 1355:in May 1946, with 53% against. 1301:of strategic economic sectors ( 1223:France in the twentieth century 877:following the 27 February 1933 534:France in the twentieth century 496:General Confederation of Labour 33:needs additional citations for 3735:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest 3364:Bell, D.S. and Byron Criddle. 3192:Les partis politiques français 3150:Les partis politiques français 2933:Modern and Contemporary France 2453:Revolutionary Communist League 2333:upcoming presidential election 2331:(UMP) was a favourite for the 1970:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1645:line of the government of the 1559:In 1959 the PCF federation in 1453:, the new Prime Minister, and 1201:, who joined the PCF in 1944. 655:In 1927, in the Soviet Union, 454:) and the 'centrist' faction ( 375:logo on its membership cards. 1: 3060:Matt Perry, Prisoners of Want 2573:in the second round, such as 2158:Communisme : la mutation 1571:Fifth Republic (1958–present) 1489:in 1956. A split occurred as 847:The Popular Front (1934–1939) 435:, during the course of which 2343:, speaking of a deliberate " 2329:Union for a Popular Movement 1841:blanc bonnet ou bonnet blanc 1499:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1250:le parti des 75 000 fusillés 227:movement within the broader 199:, which came to power under 3642:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 3632:Union of Communist Students 3373:Maurice Thorez: A Biography 3045:La France des années noires 3017:, Points Seuil, 1979, p. 46 2903:Manchester University Press 2237:2002 presidential elections 2106:who advocated in favour of 2094:The PCF leadership imposed 1693:, a former minister of the 1639:secret speech by Khrushchev 1418:policy once pursued by the 1291:Popular Republican Movement 1120:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 524:Marginalization (1922–1934) 234:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 3945: 3813:Workers and Peasants Party 3419:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 3030:, Ramsay, 1980, p. 139-140 2715:2012 presidential election 2658:2012 presidential election 2640:2012 presidential election 2610:(PG), led by PS dissident 2441:2007 presidential election 2252:2002 legislative elections 2209:Minister of Transportation 2182:1995 presidential election 2131:1993 legislative elections 2100:1988 presidential election 1998: 1985:1981 presidential election 1895:1974 presidential election 1770:1968 legislative elections 1687:1965 presidential election 1658:1962 legislative elections 1633:pleaded for a critique of 1574: 1565:Communist Party of Réunion 1513:Rally of the French People 1487:Soviet invasion of Hungary 1216: 1110:including the 17-year-old 985: 911:The Popular Front won the 875:Communist Party of Germany 850: 814:soutien sans participation 697:Party of Proletarian Unity 548:1928 legislative elections 527: 341:2007 presidential election 3808:Socialist-Communist Union 3652:Union of Russian Patriots 2946:Journal of Social History 2758:coalition disintegrated. 2726:2012 legislative election 2643:2012 legislative election 2197:1997 legislative election 2120:1988 legislative election 2089:1986 legislative election 2019:snap legislative election 1978:1978 legislative election 1884:1973 legislative election 1707:1967 legislative election 1637:in the light of the 1956 1608:1958 legislative election 1531:National Liberation Front 1086:National Front logo, 1945 1044:Nazi occupation of France 950:, signed by Daladier and 711:Wall Street Crash of 1929 693:Communist Socialist Party 659:sidelined his opponents ( 613:1924 legislative election 347:and others to create the 331:government's response to 144:political scene in France 142:) has been a part of the 136:Parti Communiste Français 3852:Movement of Progressives 3742:Le Travailleur du Loiret 3412:(London: New Park, 1984) 3190:Pierre, Bréchon (2011), 3148:Pierre, Bréchon (2011), 3123:French National Assembly 2935:(2007) 15#2 pp 185-201. 2626:, FG), at first for the 2495:2008 municipal elections 2138:fall of the Soviet Union 2066:1983 municipal elections 1932:1977 municipal elections 1905:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 982:World War II (1939–1945) 799:Tunisian Communist Party 691:, which merged with the 689:Worker and Peasant Party 556:The "bolshevization" or 477:and its denunciation of 3818:Proletarian Unity Party 3677:Institut Maurice Thorez 2991:, Ramsay, 1980, p.56–68 2918:(1988); Daniel Brower, 2790:, the party joined the 2786:. In the run up to the 2699:, a former journalist. 2636:2011 cantonal elections 2632:2010 regional elections 2415:2004 European elections 2411:2004 cantonal elections 2383:2004 regional elections 2317:New Employment Contract 2124:1989 European elections 2070:1984 European elections 2062:1982 cantonal elections 1958:Italian Communist Party 1928:1976 cantonal elections 1495:Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie 1384:Italian Communist Party 1372:Madagascar insurrection 1265:November 1946 elections 1167:famously, PCF activist 1158:, operating out of the 1003:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 933:Spanish Second Republic 681:Communist International 634:Communist International 602:Communist International 590:Communist International 582:Communist International 570:Communist International 562:Communist International 512:, who would create the 433:Communist International 419:Communist International 389:Communist International 254:German occupation ended 205:Second Spanish Republic 152:Communist International 3784:Les Lettres Françaises 3479:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 3462:French Communist Party 3381:Hazareesingh, Sudhir. 3176:Becker, Jean-Jacques, 2948:(1996) 30#1 pp 29-43, 2810:Wall, Irwin M (1977). 2780:French Socialist Party 2692: 2602: 2593:Left Front (2009–2016) 2490: 2233:1999 European election 2224: 2014: 1939:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1852:revisionist tendencies 1695:French Fourth Republic 1647:French Fourth Republic 1399: 1269:French Fourth Republic 1219:French Fourth Republic 1209: 1171:organized and led the 1087: 1050:with the knowledge of 941:International Brigades 904:with the SFIO and the 853:Popular Front (France) 578:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 550: 456:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 408:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 164:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 131:French Communist Party 125: 3777:Le Prolétaire normand 3028:Le PCF dans la guerre 2989:Le PCF dans la guerre 2844:(November 28, 2001). 2690: 2600: 2488: 2321:Dominique de Villepin 2222: 2174:Democratic centralism 2012: 2001:French Fifth Republic 1999:Further information: 1944:The Gulag Archipelago 1796:presidential election 1728:, and the so-called " 1665:U.S. State Department 1663:In the mid-1960s the 1596:French Fifth Republic 1577:French Fifth Republic 1575:Further information: 1477:) were sidelined and 1397: 1313:bank in 1945 and the 1217:Further information: 1207: 1085: 986:Further information: 859:6 February 1934 riots 596:(center faction) and 545: 530:French Third Republic 528:Further information: 475:democratic centralism 211:and opposed the 1938 160:democratic centralist 123: 3896:Parliamentary groups 3823:French Popular Party 3375:(I.B. Tauris, 2018) 3057:Perry, Matt (2007). 2302:Bolkestein directive 2195:) coalition. In the 2098:'s candidacy in the 1878:(PS). They signed a 1730:new social movements 1705:(FGDS) prior to the 1309:insurance firm, the 1297:. This included the 1288:Christian democratic 1238:liberation of France 969:New social positions 827:, the leader of the 821:artists in the 1920s 753:French Popular Party 412:Bolshevik Revolution 397:Bolshevik Revolution 42:improve this article 3573:Marie-George Buffet 3039:Peschanski, Denis, 3026:Courtois, Stéphane 3013:Jean-Pierre Azéma, 2987:Courtois, Stéphane 2848:Ho Chi Minh: A Life 2752:La France Insoumise 2527:Champigny-sur-Marne 2387:Marie-George Buffet 2345:strategy of tension 2337:Marie-George Buffet 2263:Marie-George Buffet 2213:Marie-George Buffet 2205:Jean-Claude Gayssot 1917:François Mitterrand 1759:Grenelle agreements 1691:François Mitterrand 1536:porteurs de valises 1404:François Mitterrand 1368:First Indochina War 1305:(EDF) in 1946, the 1261:June 1946 elections 1147:(CNR) in May 1943. 952:Neville Chamberlain 759:parties during the 745:Chamber of Deputies 719:economic liberalism 646:Chamber of Deputies 325:Marie-George Buffet 293:François Mitterrand 3426:(Peter Lang, 1999) 3395:2014-05-06 at the 3352:, 10 February 2013 3334:, 10 February 2013 3306:2014-04-30 at the 3287:2012-04-27 at the 3247:on the PCF website 3232:on the PCF website 3228:2009-02-07 at the 2842:Duiker, William J. 2693: 2670:Jacqueline Fraysse 2612:Jean-Luc Mélenchon 2603: 2587:cantonal elections 2535:Fontenay-sous-Bois 2491: 2395:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2361:state of emergency 2245:Olivier Besancenot 2225: 2055:rigueur économique 2033:(transportation), 2015: 1746:Daniel Cohn-Bendit 1430:, standing in for 1400: 1282:alliance with the 1210: 1088: 810:Cartel des gauches 618:Cartel des Gauches 551: 538:Cartel des gauches 479:parliamentarianism 357:Jean-Luc Mélenchon 126: 124:Former logo (1978) 3916: 3915: 3903:National Assembly 3657:French Resistance 3471:General Secretary 3422:Sacker, Richard. 3415:Raymond, Gino G. 3167:, 20 January 1976 2867:978-0-7868-8701-9 2734:hammer and sickle 2666:Patrick Braouezec 2581:and particularly 2461:Workers' Struggle 2457:Arlette Laguiller 2449:Oliver Besancenot 2241:Arlette Laguiller 2037:(Public sector), 1856:Roman Catholicism 1788:Charles de Gaulle 1763:National Assembly 1751:Charles de Gaulle 1734:environmentalists 1676:Charles de Gaulle 1592:Charles de Gaulle 1327:Charter of Amiens 1242:Charles de Gaulle 1169:Georges Guingouin 1129:Charles de Gaulle 937:Spanish Civil War 922:Spanish Civil War 404:social-chauvinist 373:hammer and sickle 209:Spanish Civil War 173:French parliament 118: 117: 110: 92: 3936: 3770:La Voix de l'Est 3694:Marxism–Leninism 3683:Programme commun 3595:Related articles 3561:Georges Marchais 3549:Georges Marchais 3472: 3463: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3431: 3371:Bulaitis, John, 3353: 3341: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3298: 3292: 3279: 3273: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3098: 3092: 3083:Gilberg, Trond. 3081: 3075: 3074: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2958: 2952: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2914:Julian Jackson, 2912: 2906: 2897:Thomas, Martin. 2895: 2889: 2880:Gilberg, Trond. 2878: 2872: 2871: 2851: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2807: 2719:André Chassaigne 2664:within the PCF ( 2422:Marxist-Leninist 2349:housing projects 2193:Gauche plurielle 2170:Marxist-Leninist 2074:Georges Marchais 2031:Charles Fiterman 1966:Georges Marchais 1880:Common Programme 1872:Georges Marchais 1860:Holocaust denier 1833:Georges Pompidou 1755:Georges Pompidou 1738:Georges Marchais 1680:Georges Marchais 1627:Laurent Casanova 1612:two-round system 1527:Jean-Paul Sartre 1346:Ambroise Croizat 1315:Société Générale 1131:, the leader of 1042:and the ensuing 1011:Édouard Daladier 926:Édouard Daladier 867:Gaston Doumergue 863:Édouard Daladier 757:collaborationist 715:Great Depression 502:(CGTU) in 1922. 301:Georges Marchais 252:By the time the 213:Munich Agreement 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3891: 3856: 3796: 3708: 3667:May 1947 crises 3590: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3401:Joly, Danièle. 3397:Wayback Machine 3361: 3359:Further reading 3356: 3342: 3338: 3324: 3320: 3308:Wayback Machine 3299: 3295: 3289:Wayback Machine 3280: 3276: 3272:, 26 March 2010 3255: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3230:Wayback Machine 3221: 3217: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2764: 2674:François Asensi 2624:Front de gauche 2595: 2341:fall 2005 riots 2325:Nicolas Sarkozy 2279:anti-capitalist 2271: 2151: 2007: 1997: 1907:. According to 1876:Socialist Party 1868: 1809:Gaston Defferre 1588: 1583: 1573: 1392: 1311:Crédit Lyonnais 1299:nationalization 1286:(SFIO) and the 1230: 1225: 1215: 1080: 1072:Philippe Pétain 1019:Georgi Dimitrov 999: 994: 984: 971: 855: 849: 784:New Imperialism 586:Boris Souvarine 560:imposed by the 540: 526: 448:Boris Souvarine 381: 329:Nicolas Sarkozy 305:Socialist Party 270:Fourth Republic 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3888:(2008–present) 3883: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3617:Tours Congress 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3587:(2018–present) 3585:Fabien Roussel 3582: 3579:Pierre Laurent 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3555:Waldeck Rochet 3552: 3546: 3543:Waldeck Rochet 3540: 3537:Maurice Thorez 3534: 3531:Jacques Duclos 3528: 3525:Maurice Thorez 3522: 3519:Maurice Thorez 3515:Benoît Frachon 3504: 3498: 3492: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3336: 3318: 3316:, 18 June 2011 3293: 3274: 3262:2012-06-04 at 3249: 3234: 3215: 3213:, 10 June 2007 3197: 3182: 3169: 3155: 3140: 3127: 3112: 3093: 3076: 3069: 3049: 3032: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2973: 2967:. OUP Oxford. 2953: 2937: 2924: 2907: 2905:, 2005. p. 289 2890: 2873: 2866: 2833: 2822:(3): 521–543. 2801: 2799: 2796: 2776:Fabien Roussel 2763: 2760: 2710:by two years. 2708:retirement age 2697:Pierre Laurent 2678:Roger Martelli 2594: 2591: 2367:, opposed it. 2290:Treaty of Nice 2286:Euroscepticism 2270: 2267: 2150: 2147: 2096:André Lajoinie 2082:Laurent Fabius 2078:National Front 2051:Jacques Delors 2035:Anicet Le Pors 1996: 1993: 1968:supported the 1921:anti-communist 1909:Jean Lacouture 1888:1973 elections 1867: 1864: 1800:Jacques Duclos 1777:Waldeck Rochet 1672:Waldeck Rochet 1623:Maurice Thorez 1587: 1584: 1572: 1569: 1479:Auguste Lecœur 1475:Charles Tillon 1451:Robert Schuman 1428:Andrei Zhdanov 1391: 1388: 1336:acquis sociaux 1276:Maurice Thorez 1246:post-war Italy 1229: 1226: 1214: 1211: 1162:region in the 1156:Benoît Frachon 1152:Jacques Duclos 1125:National Front 1100:Pierre Georges 1079: 1076: 1052:Jacques Duclos 1048:Maurice Tréand 1015:Maurice Thorez 998: 995: 983: 980: 970: 967: 948:Munich Accords 913:1936 elections 887:Maurice Thorez 879:Reichstag fire 851:Main article: 848: 845: 843:, and others. 833:Henri Lefebvre 778:'s critics of 772:Albert Londres 741:Jacques Doriot 731:), as well as 728:Groupe X-Crise 704:Maurice Thorez 525: 522: 452:Fernand Loriot 444:Tours Congress 442:At the SFIO's 437:Vladimir Lenin 380: 377: 369:Pierre Laurent 337:European Union 289:Waldeck Rochet 281:Fifth Republic 274:Jacques Duclos 225:National Front 185:Maurice Thorez 138:; abbreviated 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3941: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3868:Popular Front 3866: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3704:Cité Gagarine 3702: 3700: 3699:Eurocommunism 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3501:Pierre Semard 3499: 3496: 3495:Louis Sellier 3493: 3490: 3489:Albert Treint 3486: 3485:Louis Sellier 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3264:archive.today 3261: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3210:The Telegraph 3206: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3070:9780754656074 3066: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974:9780192805508 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782:'s candidate 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Aubervilliers 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Gennevilliers 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:Île-de-France 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:Île-de-France 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:Lionel Jospin 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:eco-socialism 2109: 2108:eurocommunism 2105: 2104:Pierre Juquin 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:Marcel Rigout 2041:(health) and 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Pierre Mauroy 2023: 2020: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:eurocommunism 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Roger Garaudy 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Alain Krivine 1822: 1818: 1817:Michel Rocard 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781:Prague Spring 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732:" (including 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:Marcel Servin 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1521:1956 election 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506:1951 election 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1432:Joseph Stalin 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Marshall Plan 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:Paul Ramadier 1361: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:welfare state 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1199:Pablo Picasso 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108:Châteaubriant 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1029:death penalty 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1004: 996: 993: 989: 981: 979: 975: 968: 966: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 918: 914: 909: 907: 906:Radical Party 903: 899: 898:Popular Front 894: 892: 891:Popular Front 888: 884: 883:popular front 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 854: 846: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:1932 election 802: 800: 796: 792: 789: 785: 781: 780:forced labour 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:Louis Sellier 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 650:1928 election 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Pierre Sémard 626: 624: 623:Radical Party 620: 619: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 598:Albert Treint 595: 594:Louis Sellier 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 571: 567: 564:, as well as 563: 559: 558:stalinization 554: 549: 544: 539: 535: 531: 523: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 490:, founded by 489: 488: 482: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 460:Marcel Cachin 457: 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History of the French Communist Party

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