394:
382:
512:
751:, or to 395, the division of the Empire. However, this approach is rather arbitrary as it is more an assumption of political as opposed to cultural and linguistic developments. It is only after the Eastern Roman-Byzantine culture was subjected to such massive change in the 7th century that a turning point in language development can be assumed. Medieval Greek is the link between the ancient and modern forms of the language because on the one hand, its literature is still strongly influenced by
219:"does not necessarily refer to a fully homogeneous Indo-European language of the (late) Early/Middle Bronze periods (ca. 2200/2000-1700 BCE, but estimates vary)". He argues that Proto-Greek developed "during a long, continuous linguistic process , as a migrating population of (soon-to-become) Greek speakers were en route to/on the outskirts of Greece, i.e., somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper" and amalgamating with Pre-Greek speakers."
774:
441:
686:
601:
393:
914:, p. 1: "he majority view for the last twenty or thirty years has been that the arrival of the proto-Greek-speakers is signalled archaeologically by two waves of destruction which took place at various sites in central and southern Greece at the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period. These waves seem now to be flattening out under critical scrutiny."
1063:, pp. 84–86: "Contacts must have existed, too, until 1900 B.C., when Western tribes lived in Epirus, Southwest Illyria and Western Macedonia, i.e. in the western neighborhood of the Ionians The main body of the Proto-Greeks – as seen already in Sakellariou 1980 – had settled in southwest Illyria, Epirus, Western Macedonia, and northwestern Thessaly."
1129:, p. 156: "The Proto-Greek region included Epirus, approximately up to Αὐλών in the north including Paravaia, Tymphaia, Athamania, Dolopia, Amphilochia, and Acarnania), west and north Thessaly (Hestiaiotis, Perrhaibia, Tripolis, and Pieria), i. e. more or less the territory of contemporary northwestern Greece)."
1599:
Belyaev, Oleg; Dewey-Findell, Tonya Kim; Boutilier, Matthew; Freiberg, Cassandra; Tegethoff, Robert; Serangeli, Matilde; Liosis, Nikos; Stroński, Krzysztof; Schulte, Kim; Gupta, Ganesh Kumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Greenhill, Simon J.; Kühnert, Denise; Gray, Russell D. (2023).
316:
Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and
Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995) date the separation of Greek from the Greek-Armenian-Aryan clade of Proto-Indo-European to around the 3rd millennium BCE. The Greek clade afterwards split into independently developed dialects (i.e., eastern: Arcado-Cyprian, Aeolic, Ionic; western:
416:
dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700 BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior of 1955 differentiated them between a West Greek (consisting of Doric and
Northwest Greek) and an East
1598:
Heggarty, Paul; Anderson, Cormac; Scarborough, Matthew; King, Benedict; Bouckaert, Remco; Josz, Lechoslaw; Kümmel, Martin
Joachim; Jügel, Thomas; Irslinger, Britta; Pooth, Roland; Liljegren, Henrik; Strand, Richard F.; Haig, Geoffrey; Macák, Martin; Kim, Ronald I.; Anonby, Erik; Pronk, Tijmen;
1181:, p. 248: "Thus in the region defined just above, roughly northern and north-western Greece, one finds only archaic Greek place-names. Consequently, this is the proto-Hellenic area, the early homeland of the Greeks where they lived before they invaded central and southern Greece."
535:), the Ionians (mostly settled in the west coast of Asia Minor, including Smyrna and the area to the south of it), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the coast of the Pelopennesus, for example, of Sparta, Crete and the southernmost parts of the west coast of Asia Minor).
175:, searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks'". A Middle Bronze Age estimate, originally presented by C. Haley and J. Blegen in 1928, was altered to an estimate spanning the transition from
3283:
551:
were written in a kind of literary Ionic with some loan words from the other dialects. Ionic, therefore, became the primary literary language of ancient Greece until the ascendancy of Athens in the late 5th century. Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as
785:
in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had already been present centuries earlier, from the 4th to the 15th century. During most of the period, the language existed in a situation of
639:
the Attic dialect became the basis of the Koiné (Κοινή; "common"). The language was also learned by the inhabitants of the regions that
Alexander conquered, turning Greek into a world language. The Greek language continued to thrive after Alexander, during the
1816:
Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005). "The
Cultural Counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan: Matching the Dispersal and Contact Patterns in the Linguistic and Archaeological Record". In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.).
879:); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (
310:
river valley from where their main body moved west. As such, Katona, agreeing with M. V. Sakellariou, argues that the main body of Greek-speakers settled in a region that included southwestern
Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western
381:
1050:
is mid EH II (2400/2300 B.C.) (L and A available). Their route between
Ukraine and Greece can be supposed to have led through Rumania and East Balkans towards the Hebros-valley (North-Eastern Greece). Here they turned to the West (A
252:
BCE; its formation in Greece occurred during the beginning and end of the Early
Helladic III period (~2200–2000 BC). Specifically, Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged
425:
argued for a division between a
Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental through today.
813:(Καθαρευουσιάνοι), who supported the "purified dialect". Up to that point, use of Dhimotikí in state affairs was generally frowned upon. Use of the Demotic dialect in state speech and paperwork was forbidden.
1867:
Renfrew, Colin (1973). "Problems in the
General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin". In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
489:, there was a period of about five hundred years when writing was either not used or nothing has survived to the present day. Since early classical times, Greek has been written in the
1889:
Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.).
1871:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
1548:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
403:(1973 and 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek ones.
370:) and Pieria in Macedonia during the Late Neolithic period. However, the dating of Proto-Greek in Bronze Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common
1497:
835:. Greek is spoken today by approximately 12–15 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, but also by minority and immigrant communities in many other countries.
1776:
194:
that other archaeological excavations in Greece demonstrated were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes.
797:(Καθαρεύουσα) form – Greek for "purified language" – was sanctioned as the official language of the state and the only acceptable form of Greek in
190:
BCE). However, the latter estimate, accepted by the majority of scholars, was criticized by John E. Coleman as being based on stratigraphic discontinuities at
171:
Estimates for the introduction of the Proto-Greek language into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of
286:
John E. Coleman (2000) estimates that the entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC (c. 3200 BC) with
3222:
2051:
736:. This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek. The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of Byzantine Studies, or
531:, corresponding to the three main tribes of the Greeks, the Aeolians (chiefly living in the islands of the Aegean and the west coast of Asia Minor north of
3054:
2278:
145:
language was the most recent common ancestor of all Greek dialects. Proto-Greek split off from its nearest Indo-European relatives sometime during the
3293:
2659:
3258:
281:
Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date the arrival of Proto-Greek speakers from the Eurasian steppe into the Greek peninsula to 2200 BCE.
202:
In modern scholarship, different settlement models have been proposed regarding the development of Proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula.
1566:
Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". In Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (eds.).
3314:
1976:
1900:
1666:
1588:
1556:
1545:
Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1973). "The Arrival of the Greeks in Greece: The Linguistic Evidence". In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
1702:
743:
The beginning of Medieval Greek is occasionally dated back to as early as the 4th century, either to 330, when the political centre of the
2590:
387:
Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975).
210:, places Greek south of the Caucasus as an already diverged branch of Indo-European at around 7000 years before present (ca. 5000 BCE).
2460:
2264:
2228:
1292:
2371:
2254:
2115:
2007:
1955:
1921:
1879:
1857:
1828:
1645:
1535:
1514:
1481:
1449:
1375:
1327:
2574:
2542:
2361:
2336:
2202:
2182:
2044:
3212:
2595:
2514:
2408:
2366:
2320:
2274:
2249:
2223:
2207:
1356:
Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary
2444:
2403:
2387:
2315:
2284:
1753:
1396:
342:(1981) placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to Aulon river to the north including
236:) throughout Europe and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age.
3217:
3122:
2493:
2488:
2259:
2151:
2146:
2120:
2095:
844:
2652:
824:
forms of the language for use by the Greek government, though the Katharevousa movement has left marks in the language.
371:
242:
229:
2023:
1838:
Ramón, José Luis García (2017). "41. The Morphology of Greek". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
1569:
Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden. Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001
2881:
2524:
2037:
265:
295:
A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration of the Proto-Greek speakers from Ukraine towards the south
159:) and possibly even earlier, though it is unknown whether the characteristic Greek sound-changes occurred within the
1507:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture
1145:: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."
2269:
3268:
2923:
3186:
3026:
2176:
1406:
Dickinson, Oliver (2016). "The Coming of the Greeks and All That". In Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. Keith (eds.).
641:
225:
1572:(in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 136.
953:, "A DensiTree showing the probability distribution of tree topologies for the Indo-European language family."
875:, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim), and in Bryan Feuer's annotated bibliography (
3248:
3196:
3127:
3046:
2645:
417:
Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the
269:
1284:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
3157:
3065:
2974:
2803:
2621:
2616:
2519:
2060:
1407:
721:
502:
48:
3273:
3161:
3081:
3060:
3011:
2310:
2197:
1742:
Mallory, J. P. (2003). "The Homeland of the Indo-Europeans". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
1601:"Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages"
781:
The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the
1721:
Littauer, M. A.; Crouwel, J.H. (1996). "Robert Drews and the Role of Chariotry in Bronze Age Greece".
1263:
511:
3263:
3243:
3191:
3091:
3050:
2720:
2611:
2110:
2085:
462:
Greece, when Mycenaean Greek would have been spoken, and so can be used as an estimator of the range.
400:
339:
142:
1839:
3238:
3086:
2866:
2824:
2692:
2244:
668:
624:
572:
486:
287:
207:
176:
146:
136:
3016:
2951:
2913:
2702:
2429:
2294:
2187:
2167:
2125:
2100:
2064:
1804:
1796:
1689:
1491:
474:
80:
56:
52:
206:
Paul Heggarty et al. (2023), advancing a mixed steppe-farmer model of Indo-European origins via
801:. The whole attempt led to a linguistic war, along with the creation of literary factions: the
3142:
3107:
2969:
2945:
2558:
2498:
2481:
2413:
2172:
2105:
2090:
2029:
2003:
1972:
1951:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1853:
1824:
1788:
1749:
1662:
1641:
1584:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1477:
1445:
1392:
1371:
1323:
1302:
1288:
698:
367:
273:
155:
84:
38:
306:
BCE. Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the
17:
3178:
3147:
3021:
2890:
2476:
2439:
2289:
2192:
2130:
1993:
1845:
1780:
1730:
1620:
1612:
1426:
817:
782:
729:
575:
519:
In the archaic and classical periods, there were three main dialects of the Greek language:
72:
863:
A comprehensive overview is in Oliver Dickinson's "The Coming of the Greeks and All That" (
790:, with regional spoken dialects existing side by side with learned, archaic written forms.
623:
For centuries, the Greek language had existed in multiple dialects. As Greek culture under
245:(PIE), the last phase of which gave rise to the later language families having occurred in
3288:
3278:
2984:
2819:
2733:
2697:
2687:
773:
685:
435:
75:
eras, Greek speakers wrote numerous texts in a variety of dialects known collectively as
1354:
728:. From 620 onwards, Greek was the only language of administration and government in the
3137:
3132:
3117:
3001:
2989:
2772:
2668:
1734:
1430:
820:
1974–1976 brought the acceptance of the Demotic dialect as both the de facto and
748:
713:
680:
490:
329:
BC viewing earlier estimates as "deeply flawed". Drews' model, however, is rejected by
68:
44:
30:
1600:
3308:
3253:
3152:
2979:
2964:
2932:
2876:
2871:
2846:
2746:
1808:
1459:
Filos, Panagiotis (2014). "Proto-Greek and Common Greek". In Giannakis, G. K. (ed.).
752:
737:
689:
Distribution of Greek dialects in Asia Minor after the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
664:
656:
506:
241:
David Anthony (2010) argues that Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the
92:
127:
is largely an outgrowth of Dimotiki, with some features retained from Katharevousa.
3006:
2959:
2939:
2814:
2785:
2682:
1965:
Woodard, Roger D. (2008). "Chapter 3: Greek dialects". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
794:
768:
756:
744:
694:
690:
660:
649:
520:
482:
119:
96:
1913:
Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik
1997:
1966:
1945:
1911:
1890:
1869:
1818:
1743:
1656:
1635:
1578:
1546:
1525:
1471:
1439:
1388:
The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East
1386:
1365:
1317:
1306:
1282:
827:
Today, standard modern Greek, based on Demotic, is the official language of both
322:
Robert Drews (1994) dates the coming of chariot-riding Greeks into the Aegean in
2908:
2900:
2858:
2841:
2836:
2759:
717:
604:
600:
595:
564:
528:
524:
440:
422:
359:
351:
55:
sub-family. Although it split off from other Indo-European languages around the
1441:
Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, Revised Edition
1417:
Dickinson, Oliver (December 1999). "Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves".
645:
628:
459:
413:
363:
330:
60:
1792:
3168:
2434:
1931:
Teodorsson, Sven-Tage (1979). "On the Pronunciation of Ancient Greek Zeta".
1616:
787:
733:
618: Intensely hellenised areas with a significant Greek-speaking minority.
583:
470:
233:
108:
1769:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1849:
1841:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: Volume 1
1784:
333:
on the grounds that it is both historically and linguistically inaccurate.
224:
Nancy Demand (2012) argues that speakers of what would become Proto-Greek
3112:
1409:
The Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Studies in Honor of Anthony Snodgrass
1339:"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."
1264:"There is a pending petition for an ISO639-3 code of Medieval Greek: gkm"
478:
467:
418:
347:
343:
172:
113:
1947:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
1800:
1764:
1693:
1677:
1625:
724:
in 1453. The latter date marked the end of the Middle Ages in Southeast
317:
Doric) during the end of the 3rd or beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE.
2996:
1745:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
1071:
1069:
821:
793:
After the establishment of Greece as an independent state in 1829, the
547:
399:
View of "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BCE, reconstructed by
374:
which excludes any possibility of it being present in Neolithic Greece.
355:
307:
1444:. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers.
832:
828:
798:
725:
568:
553:
532:
445:
160:
34:
1820:
The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History
1551:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited. pp. 243–253.
1460:
805:(Δημοτικιστές), who supported the common (Demotic) dialect, and the
1567:
1338:
1874:. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276.
772:
684:
636:
632:
599:
579:
541:
536:
510:
454:
449:
439:
191:
111:, where speakers would switch between informal varieties known as
2637:
1353:
Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916).
358:, Amphilochia, and Acarnania as well as west and north Thessaly (
1462:
Brill Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics III
740:, the study of the history and culture of the Byzantine Empire.
2641:
2033:
950:
586:, which were passed down in written form from classical times.
481:
was not deciphered until 1952. After the fall of the Mycenaean
2626:
1895:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48.
1046:, p. 84: "The time of the departure of the Proto-Greeks
1765:"The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered"
612: Areas where Greek speakers were probably the majority.
163:
or if Proto-Greek speakers themselves migrated into Greece.
1661:(Second ed.). Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
567:, a subdialect of Ionic, was for centuries the language of
276:
to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe.
1527:
Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages
458:. The geographical data is believed to refer primarily to
290:
spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period.
1971:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–72.
1003:
1001:
895:
893:
816:
The fall of the Junta of 1974 and the end of the era of
755:, while on the other hand, many linguistic features of
29:
This article is about the history and evolution of the
1319:
The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek
578:
appears in Attic Greek, including the extant texts of
515:
Distribution of Greek dialects in the classical period
1505:
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (1995).
777:
The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas
3231:
3205:
3177:
3100:
3074:
3039:
2922:
2899:
2802:
2795:
2711:
2675:
2604:
2583:
2567:
2551:
2535:
2507:
2469:
2453:
2422:
2396:
2380:
2354:
2329:
2303:
2237:
2216:
2160:
2139:
2078:
2071:
1748:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 93–121.
934:
932:
759:were already taking shape in the spoken language.
59:(or possibly before), it is first attested in the
1658:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
1075:
644:period (323 BC to 31 BC). During this period the
466:The first known script for writing Greek was the
1367:The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History
887:by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
137:Pre-Greek substrate § Coming of Proto-Greek
1250:
1111:
938:
1777:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1419:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
1122:
1120:
722:Ottoman conquest of the city of Constantinople
2653:
2045:
1823:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 107–141.
1465:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 175–189.
1391:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1287:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
556:and the choral odes of the Greek tragedians.
215:Panayiotis Filos (2014) states that the term
8:
3223:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
1496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
671:" after its most famous work of literature.
627:(356–323 BC) and his successors spread from
37:. For the history of the Greek culture, see
988:
986:
663:. It was during Roman times that the Greek
33:. For the history of the Greek people, see
2799:
2660:
2646:
2638:
2075:
2052:
2038:
2030:
1999:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
1509:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
961:
959:
883:, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in
667:appeared, and Koiné Greek is also called "
1624:
1583:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1099:
864:
107:, the language existed in a situation of
3294:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
1844:. Mouton: De Gruyter. pp. 654–681.
1530:. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
1412:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1359:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1226:
1178:
1138:
1126:
232:(which could have been northeast of the
1311:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1214:
1166:
1154:
1031:
1019:
1007:
992:
923:
899:
880:
856:
377:
51:, the sole surviving descendant of the
1640:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1489:
1308:Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
1238:
1190:
1060:
1043:
977:
872:
2024:A Brief History of the Greek Language
2002:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1087:
965:
876:
338:An older model by Bulgarian linguist
7:
1710:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
1703:"Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory"
1476:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
1342:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
1202:
911:
1735:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1996.tb00087.x
1580:Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
1524:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981).
1473:Indo-European Language and Culture
1431:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x
264:BCE in an area which bordered pre-
25:
1470:Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2004).
867:, pp. 3–21), J. T. Hooker's
655:For many centuries Greek was the
1916:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
1678:"Notes on Early Greek Phonology"
392:
380:
3213:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
1968:The Ancient Languages of Europe
1892:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
1370:. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell.
83:era, these dialects underwent
1:
3315:History of the Greek language
3218:Center for the Greek Language
2776:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
1723:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
1076:Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995
845:History of the Latin language
716:between the beginning of the
648:, a Greek translation of the
323:
296:
254:
246:
180:
150:
18:History of the Greek language
1655:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010) .
372:Proto-Indo-European language
243:Proto-Indo-European language
103:. For much of the period of
1950:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1322:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
1251:Dawkins & Halliday 1916
1112:Littauer & Crouwel 1996
939:Parpola & Carpelan 2005
659:of the eastern half of the
3331:
1577:Hall, Jonathan M. (1997).
766:
678:
635:and the border regions of
593:
500:
433:
421:script, Walter Porzig and
179:II to Early Helladic III (
134:
117:and a formal one known as
28:
1910:Schwyzer, Eduard (1939).
1337:Coleman, John E. (2000).
1763:Parker, Holt N. (2008).
1316:Clackson, James (1995).
732:, due to the reforms of
3249:Greek language question
1617:10.1126/science.abg0818
1281:Anthony, David (2010).
473:, used for the archaic
95:throughout the eastern
1701:Katona, A. L. (2000).
1676:Hamp, Eric P. (1960).
1634:Hooker, J. T. (1976).
1385:Drews, Robert (1994).
1364:Demand, Nancy (2012).
778:
712:, is the stage of the
702:
620:
516:
503:Ancient Greek dialects
497:Ancient Greek dialects
463:
99:, and later grew into
49:Indo-European language
1850:10.1515/9783110261288
1785:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431
1438:Feuer, Bryan (2004).
1143:Late Neolithic Period
885:Bronze Age Migrations
776:
688:
603:
514:
443:
125:Modern Standard Greek
3259:Morphemes in English
3244:Eteocypriot language
2676:Origin and genealogy
1944:West, M. L. (1997).
951:Heggarty et al. 2023
401:Vladimir I. Georgiev
340:Vladimir I. Georgiev
331:modern Mycenologists
268:to the east and pre-
91:which was used as a
3264:Terms of endearment
3239:Eteocretan language
3206:Promotion and study
2693:Pre-Greek substrate
1241:, pp. 443–444.
1157:, pp. 101–153.
1078:, pp. 761–762.
1022:, pp. 51, 369.
926:, pp. 106–107.
720:around 600 and the
669:New Testament Greek
625:Alexander the Great
487:Bronze Age collapse
208:Bayesian statistics
147:European Bronze Age
3284:Greek Language Day
2914:Jewish Koine Greek
2703:Hellenic languages
1303:Buck, Carl Darling
1102:, pp. 97–107.
779:
703:
621:
517:
464:
266:Proto-Indo-Iranian
57:3rd millennium BCE
3302:
3301:
3108:Cypriot syllabary
3035:
3034:
2909:Hellenistic Koine
2635:
2634:
2350:
2349:
2065:world's languages
1994:Sihler, Andrew L.
1978:978-1-139-46932-6
1902:978-3-82-531449-1
1668:978-1-4443-1892-0
1590:978-0-521-78999-8
1558:978-0-7156-0580-6
1229:, pp. 19–20.
699:Cappadocian Greek
571:. Most surviving
156:3rd millennium BC
85:dialect levelling
39:culture of Greece
16:(Redirected from
3322:
3027:Greco-Australian
2800:
2781:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2525:Standard Chinese
2076:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2013:
1982:
1961:
1940:
1927:
1906:
1885:
1863:
1834:
1812:
1759:
1738:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1688:(3/4): 187–203.
1672:
1651:
1637:Mycenaean Greece
1630:
1628:
1594:
1573:
1562:
1541:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1466:
1455:
1434:
1413:
1402:
1381:
1360:
1349:
1333:
1312:
1298:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1034:, p. 139ff.
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
981:
975:
969:
963:
954:
948:
942:
936:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
888:
869:Mycenaean Greece
861:
783:Byzantine Empire
730:Byzantine Empire
708:, also known as
617:
611:
576:Greek literature
448:as described in
396:
384:
328:
325:
305:
301:
298:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
189:
188: 2200/2100
185:
182:
158:
152:
21:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3289:Trojan language
3279:Minoan language
3227:
3201:
3173:
3101:Writing systems
3096:
3092:Standard Modern
3070:
3066:Standard Modern
3031:
2985:Greco/Calabrian
2918:
2895:
2791:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2734:Mycenaean Greek
2727:
2707:
2698:Graeco-Phrygian
2688:Graeco-Armenian
2671:
2666:
2636:
2631:
2600:
2579:
2563:
2547:
2531:
2503:
2465:
2449:
2418:
2392:
2376:
2346:
2325:
2299:
2233:
2212:
2156:
2135:
2067:
2058:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1989:
1987:Further reading
1979:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1866:
1860:
1837:
1831:
1815:
1762:
1756:
1741:
1720:
1705:
1700:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1633:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1352:
1348:(1–2): 101–153.
1336:
1330:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:, p. 45ff.
1086:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
984:
976:
972:
964:
957:
949:
945:
937:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
891:
862:
858:
853:
841:
771:
765:
710:Byzantine Greek
683:
677:
619:
615:
613:
609:
607:language area:
598:
592:
562:
509:
501:Main articles:
499:
438:
436:Mycenaean Greek
432:
430:Mycenaean Greek
411:
409:Diversification
404:
397:
388:
385:
326:
303:
299:
261:
257:
249:
200:
187:
183:
169:
161:Greek peninsula
153:
139:
133:
65:Mycenaean Greek
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Greek numerals
3135:
3133:Attic numerals
3130:
3125:
3118:Greek alphabet
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2975:Constantinople
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2773:Medieval Greek
2770:
2757:
2744:
2731:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:Greek language
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2381:Other European
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:External links
2016:
2015:
2014:
2008:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1835:
1829:
1813:
1760:
1754:
1739:
1729:(3): 297–305.
1718:
1716:(1–2): 65–100.
1698:
1673:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1482:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1435:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1350:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1299:
1294:978-1400831104
1293:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1205:, p. 160.
1195:
1193:, p. 136.
1183:
1171:
1169:, p. 101.
1159:
1147:
1131:
1116:
1114:, p. 299.
1104:
1100:Dickinson 1999
1092:
1080:
1065:
1053:
1036:
1024:
1012:
997:
982:
970:
968:, p. 175.
955:
943:
941:, p. 131.
928:
916:
904:
902:, p. 104.
889:
865:Dickinson 2016
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
837:
811:Katharevusyáni
767:Main article:
764:
761:
749:Constantinople
714:Greek language
706:Medieval Greek
681:Medieval Greek
679:Main article:
676:
675:Medieval Greek
673:
614:
608:
594:Main article:
591:
588:
561:
558:
498:
495:
491:Greek alphabet
434:Main article:
431:
428:
410:
407:
406:
405:
398:
391:
389:
386:
379:
376:
375:
335:
334:
319:
318:
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312:
292:
291:
283:
282:
278:
277:
272:and pre-Proto-
270:Proto-Armenian
238:
237:
221:
220:
212:
211:
199:
196:
177:Early Helladic
168:
165:
132:
129:
123:. Present-day
101:Medieval Greek
31:Greek language
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3327:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3295:
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3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
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3247:
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3240:
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3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:Cyrillization
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Archaic forms
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
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3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
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3042:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:Griko/Apulian
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:Arcadocypriot
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2767: 300 BC
2761:
2758:
2748:
2747:Ancient Greek
2745:
2735:
2732:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:Austroasiatic
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
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2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
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2273:
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2240:
2236:
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2209:
2206:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
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2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:Indo-European
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:0-19-508345-8
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1957:9780191591044
1953:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1923:9783406033971
1919:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1881:0-7156-0580-1
1877:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1859:9783110261288
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1830:9780700714636
1826:
1822:
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1814:
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1806:
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1798:
1794:
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1715:
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1699:
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1691:
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1679:
1674:
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1664:
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1659:
1653:
1649:
1647:9780710083791
1643:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1586:
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1575:
1571:
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1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1537:9789535172611
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1516:31-108-1503-6
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1483:1-4051-0316-7
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:9780786417483
1447:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:(1): 97–107.
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1377:9781405155519
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:9780631191971
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:Horrocks 2010
1223:
1220:
1217:, p. 52.
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:Georgiev 1973
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Georgiev 1981
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:Georgiev 1981
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 82.
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:, p. 81.
994:
989:
987:
983:
980:, p. 49.
979:
974:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
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920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
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896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
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870:
866:
860:
857:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
818:Metapolítefsi
814:
812:
809:(Λόγιοι), or
808:
804:
803:Dhimotikistés
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
775:
770:
762:
760:
758:
754:
753:Ancient Greek
750:
747:was moved to
746:
741:
739:
738:Byzantinology
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
696:
692:
687:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
665:New Testament
662:
658:
657:lingua franca
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
606:
602:
597:
589:
587:
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581:
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566:
559:
557:
555:
550:
549:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
508:
507:Ancient Greek
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
442:
437:
429:
427:
424:
420:
415:
408:
402:
395:
390:
383:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
332:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
294:
293:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
275:
271:
267:
244:
240:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
218:
214:
213:
209:
205:
204:
203:
197:
195:
193:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
157:
148:
144:
138:
130:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:lingua franca
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:Ancient Greek
74:
70:
67:. During the
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3162:Romanization
3012:Romano-Greek
3002:Mariupolitan
2950:
2940:Katharevousa
2938:
2931:
2788:(since 1453)
2786:Modern Greek
2712:
2683:Graeco-Aryan
2508:Sino–Tibetan
2470:Austronesian
2341:
2304:Indo-Iranian
1998:
1967:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1912:
1891:
1870:
1840:
1819:
1772:
1768:
1744:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1685:
1681:
1657:
1636:
1626:10234/204329
1608:
1604:
1579:
1568:
1547:
1526:
1506:
1472:
1461:
1440:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1387:
1366:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1318:
1307:
1283:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1215:Woodard 2008
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1167:Mallory 2003
1162:
1155:Coleman 2000
1150:
1142:
1134:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1056:
1051:available)."
1047:
1039:
1032:Coleman 2000
1027:
1020:Anthony 2010
1015:
1008:Anthony 2010
993:Anthony 2010
973:
946:
924:Coleman 2000
919:
907:
900:Coleman 2000
884:
881:Renfrew 1973
868:
859:
826:
815:
810:
806:
802:
792:
780:
769:Modern Greek
763:Modern Greek
757:Modern Greek
742:
709:
705:
704:
661:Roman Empire
654:
652:, appeared.
650:Hebrew Bible
622:
563:
546:
540:
518:
483:civilization
465:
453:
412:
216:
201:
170:
140:
124:
120:Katharevousa
118:
112:
105:Modern Greek
104:
100:
97:Roman Empire
88:
76:
64:
43:
26:
3269:Place names
3143:Orthography
2952:Misthiotika
2946:Cappadocian
2760:Koine Greek
2741: 1600
2728: 2900
2721:Proto-Greek
2622:Interlingue
2617:Interlingua
2605:constructed
2520:Gan Chinese
2397:Afroasiatic
1779:: 443–444.
1239:Parker 2008
1191:Hajnal 2007
1141:, p. 192: "
1061:Katona 2000
1044:Katona 2000
978:Demand 2012
873:Hooker 1976
795:Katharévusa
718:Middle Ages
697:in orange.
693:in yellow.
642:Hellenistic
605:Koine Greek
596:Koine Greek
590:Koine Greek
565:Attic Greek
560:Attic Greek
485:during the
423:Ernst Risch
360:Histiaeotis
327: 1600
311:Macedonia."
304: 2300
300: 2400
262: 2200
258: 2400
250: 2500
228:from their
217:Proto-Greek
184: 2400
143:Proto-Greek
131:Proto-Greek
89:Koine Greek
81:Hellenistic
3179:Literature
3148:Diacritics
2891:Pamphylian
2882:Macedonian
2863:Northwest
2780: 330
2754: 800
2461:Vietnamese
2311:Hindustani
2279:in Ukraine
2265:Macedonian
2245:Belarusian
2229:Lithuanian
2198:Portuguese
2026:(archived)
1939:: 323–332.
1755:1134828772
1398:0691029512
1275:References
1266:. Sil.org.
1088:Drews 1994
966:Filos 2014
877:Feuer 2004
646:Septuagint
629:Asia Minor
460:Bronze Age
414:Ivo Hajnal
364:Perrhaibia
302: – c.
260: – c.
186: – c.
135:See also:
61:Bronze Age
3192:Byzantine
3169:Greeklish
3040:Phonology
3017:Tsakonian
2970:Himariote
2820:Mycenaean
2796:Varieties
2743:–1100 BC)
2730:–1600 BC)
2612:Esperanto
2568:Iroquoian
2494:Sundanese
2435:Malayalam
2423:Dravidian
2372:Hungarian
2295:Ukrainian
2255:Bulgarian
2116:Norwegian
2111:Icelandic
2086:Afrikaans
2061:Histories
1809:161497388
1793:0018-098X
1492:cite book
1203:Hall 1997
912:West 1997
788:diglossia
734:Heraclius
701:in green.
584:Aristotle
573:classical
477:dialect.
475:Mycenaean
471:syllabary
352:Athamania
288:pre-Greek
234:Black Sea
167:Estimates
109:diglossia
79:. In the
73:Classical
3309:Category
3274:Proverbs
3113:Linear B
3055:teaching
2811:Central
2769:–AD 330)
2756:–300 BC)
2575:Cherokee
2552:Koreanic
2543:Japanese
2482:Filipino
2362:Estonian
2337:Albanian
2203:Romanian
2183:Galician
2079:Germanic
1996:(1995).
1801:40205757
1694:40265810
1611:(6656).
1305:(1933).
839:See also
745:monarchy
479:Linear B
468:Linear B
419:Linear B
368:Tripolis
348:Tymphaia
344:Parauaea
274:Phrygian
230:homeland
226:migrated
173:Linear B
114:Dimotiki
87:to form
53:Hellenic
3254:Exonyms
3187:Ancient
3153:Braille
3123:History
3082:Ancient
3075:Grammar
3047:Ancient
3022:Yevanic
2980:Italiot
2965:Cypriot
2933:Demotic
2877:Locrian
2872:Epirote
2867:Achaean
2847:Homeric
2804:Ancient
2713:Periods
2596:Turkish
2536:Japonic
2515:Chinese
2499:Cebuano
2477:Tagalog
2430:Kannada
2409:Aramaic
2367:Finnish
2321:Persian
2290:Slovene
2275:Russian
2250:Bosnian
2224:Latvian
2208:Spanish
2188:Italian
2168:Catalan
2131:Yiddish
2126:Swedish
2101:English
2063:of the
1605:Science
822:de jure
691:Demotic
548:Odyssey
444:Map of
356:Dolopia
154:
69:Archaic
3197:Modern
3051:accent
3007:Pontic
2997:Maniot
2960:Cretan
2924:Modern
2815:Aeolic
2782:–1453)
2584:Turkic
2559:Korean
2445:Telugu
2414:Hebrew
2404:Arabic
2388:Basque
2355:Uralic
2316:Nepali
2285:Slovak
2270:Polish
2238:Slavic
2217:Baltic
2177:Quebec
2173:French
2161:Italic
2140:Celtic
2106:German
2091:Danish
2006:
1975:
1954:
1933:Lingua
1920:
1899:
1878:
1856:
1827:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1692:
1682:Glotta
1665:
1644:
1587:
1555:
1534:
1513:
1480:
1448:
1395:
1374:
1326:
1291:
833:Cyprus
829:Greece
799:Greece
726:Europe
695:Pontic
616:
610:
569:Athens
554:Pindar
533:Smyrna
527:, and
521:Aeolic
446:Greece
198:Models
47:is an
35:Greeks
3232:Other
3087:Koine
3061:Koine
2901:Koine
2859:Doric
2855:West
2842:Ionic
2837:Attic
2833:East
2591:Azeri
2489:Malay
2440:Tamil
2342:Greek
2330:other
2260:Czech
2193:Latin
2152:Welsh
2147:Irish
2121:Scots
2096:Dutch
1805:S2CID
1797:JSTOR
1775:(3).
1706:(PDF)
1690:JSTOR
1048:semel
851:Notes
807:Lóyii
637:India
633:Egypt
580:Plato
542:Iliad
537:Homer
529:Doric
525:Ionic
455:Iliad
450:Homer
308:Evros
192:Lerna
45:Greek
3160:and
2004:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1789:ISSN
1750:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1498:link
1478:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1289:ISBN
831:and
582:and
545:and
505:and
141:The
71:and
2627:Ido
1846:doi
1781:doi
1731:doi
1621:hdl
1613:doi
1609:381
1427:doi
631:to
539:'s
452:'s
63:as
3311::
2777:c.
2764:c.
2751:c.
2738:c.
2725:c.
1937:47
1935:.
1852:.
1803:.
1795:.
1787:.
1773:77
1771:.
1767:.
1727:15
1725:.
1714:28
1712:.
1708:.
1686:38
1684:.
1680:.
1619:.
1607:.
1603:.
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1490:{{
1423:43
1421:.
1346:28
1344:.
1119:^
1068:^
1000:^
985:^
958:^
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493:.
366:,
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350:,
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324:c.
297:c.
255:c.
247:c.
181:c.
151:c.
3057:)
3053:/
3049:(
2775:(
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2277:(
2179:)
2175:(
2053:e
2046:t
2039:v
2012:.
1981:.
1960:.
1926:.
1905:.
1884:.
1862:.
1848::
1833:.
1811:.
1783::
1758:.
1737:.
1733::
1696:.
1671:.
1650:.
1629:.
1623::
1615::
1593:.
1561:.
1540:.
1519:.
1500:)
1486:.
1454:.
1433:.
1429::
1401:.
1380:.
1332:.
1297:.
1253:.
871:(
149:(
41:.
20:)
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