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83:, one of the first bridges across the Rhine in the area, and played a decisive role in the development of trade in Basel. There was a toll of 30 silver marks for mules, horses and goods crossing the bridge, which the bishop transferred to his own pocket until he could settle the debt. The procedure of placing Christian treasures and religious artefacts as collateral for a loan from Jewish moneylenders was common, but dangerous for Jews, inciting widespread anti-Jewish sentiment.
149:, Jews were allowed back and by 1365, the existence of a second Jewish community is documented. It is estimated to have numbered about 150 people (out of a total population of some 8,000) by 1370. A building on the corner of GrĂŒnpfahlgĂ€sslein and Gerbergasse served the second community as a synagogue. From 1394, they briefly used a site on HirschgĂ€sslein as a cemetery. It was still listed as âGarden of Edenâ as late as the 16th century in
290:
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240:. These works were largely censored by the authorities. Jewish editors were allowed to stay in Basel for the purpose of proofreading and typesetting. However, their residence permits were temporary, and the city resolutely excluded Jews between the 16th and 18th centuries, also in the villages surrounding Basel.
181:, which had been partly destroyed by the earthquake. The gravestones from the cemetery of the first Jewish community were used alongside other stones and debris for the construction of the wall. Several early historical scholars mention these gravestones, among them Johannes Tonjola. In his introduction to
285:
committed to giving Jews full and equal residency and trading rights, these were not fully implemented in
Switzerland until 1874. However, the religious freedom granted during the Helvetic Republic paved the way for the third Jewish community of Basel, which was established around 1805. Sources cite
263:
often had to pay with dice in addition to the required customs money. Symbolically, this referred to the soldiers who played dice for Jesus' clothes at the foot of the cross. The practice of dice toll was not only humiliating for travelling Jews, but also very inconvenient, as the dice were not only
124:
The pogrom was committed by an angered mob and was not legally sanctioned by the city council or the bishop. The mob captured all remaining Jews in the city and locked them into a wooden hut they constructed on an island in the Rhine (the location of this island is unknown, it was possibly near the
369:
Basel is home to both liberal and conservative Jewish families. There is also an orthodox community, the âIsraelitische
Religionsgesellschaft Basel,â which split from the IGB in 1927. In 2004, liberal Jews founded Migwan. Since the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, many Basel Jews have moved
351:
In 1900, the Jewish population of Basel counted around 1900 people. Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi
Germany starting in 1933 brought this number up to 3000. After 1938, Jewish passports were marked with a red J, identifying them so that they could be more easily turned back at the border. According to
136:
Similar pogroms took place in
Freiburg on 30 January, and in Strasbourg on 14 February. The massacre had notably taken place before the Black Death had even reached the city. When it finally broke out in April to May 1349, the converted Jews were still blamed for well poisoning. They were accused
132:
The number of 300 to 600 victims mentioned in medieval sources is not credible; the entire community of Jews in the city at the time was likely of the order of 100, and many of them would have escaped in the face of persecution in the preceding weeks. A number of 50 to 70 victims is thought to be
280:
proclaimed in 1798, Jews were granted legal equality â on paper. In practice, Jews initially received the rights of settled
Frenchmen instead of Swiss citizenship. After the dissolution of the Helvetic Republic, the new measures were reversed, and it was only in 1872 that Jews were granted full
188:
In 1859, the city walls were demolished in order to increase space and improve hygiene conditions in the city. The debris from the demolished walls were used to fill in the city moat, and these areas were converted into streets and green spaces, which largely still bear names referring to the
86:
Little is known about anti-Jewish riots in 13th century Europe, but it is clear that the Jews were endangered. Their legal situation was precarious, since they were not under the direct protection of the city authorities (bishop and nobility), but under the indirect protection of the empire.
305:
Unterer
Heuberg was the site of a small synagogue built in the 1840s. It was the first prayer house belonging exclusively to the Jewish community, while previously Jews prayed in their private homes. The old synagogue was used until 1868, when the Great Synagogue (Grosse Synagoge Basel) was
243:
Jewish tradesmen were permitted during the daytime, as customs duties of the time indicate. In 1552 the Basel
Council decided on a âJew toll of 6 shillingsâ, taxing humans like goods and animals. A customs order for the Spalentor in 1775 shows a list of charges that includes Jews.
67:
and a Jewish cemetery existed in the 13th century. The cemetery was located next to the
Petersplatz, on the site of the university building (Kollegienhaus). During its construction in 1937, more than 150 graves were discovered, as well as many fragmented gravestones.
156:
The Jewish community left the city again in 1397, this time voluntarily, in spite of attempts by the city council to retain them, moving east into
Habsburg territories, perhaps fearing renewed persecution in the face of a climate of anti-Judaic sentiment in the
39:. At the end of the 14th century, a second community formed. But it was short-lived and disbanded before the turn of the century. For the following 400 years, there was no Jewish community in Basel. Today, there are several communities, ranging from
359:
opened in the
Kornhausgasse. It was the first Jewish museum in German-speaking Europe, predating the oldest German Jewish museums in Augsburg and Frankfurt by 22 years. The museum contains many objects relevant to the Jewish history of the area.
113:. Already at Christmas 1348, before the plague had reached Basel, the Jewish cemetery was destroyed and a number of Jews fled the city. In January 1349, there was a meeting between the bishop of Strasbourg and representatives of the cities of
78:
A noteworthy transaction is recorded in a loan document from 1223. Bishop Heinrich of Basel temporarily transferred the cathedral treasury to the Jews of Basel in order to obtain a loan. He used the money to fund the construction of the
133:
plausible by modern historians. Jewish children appear to have been spared, but they were forcibly baptized and placed in monasteries. It appears that also a number of adult Jews were spared because they accepted conversion.
333:, which took place in Basel in 1897. Later, 10 of the 22 Zionist congresses took place there. Although the congresses met largely with public sympathy, many Jews in Basel maintained a guarded attitude to
145:
Following the expulsion of the Jews in 1349, Basel publicly resolved to not allow any Jews back into the city for at least 200 years. However, less than 15 years later, in the wake of the disastrous
722:
374:
have contributed to the decline in the Jewish population of Basel. While there were still about 2000 Jews in Basel in 1980, the number sank to 1218 in 2004 and to just over 1100 in 2009.
363:
In 1973, the Israelitische Gemeinde Basel (or IGB) became the first Jewish community in Switzerland to be recognised under public law, giving it the same status as the national churches.
306:
inaugurated. Following the 1871 annexation of Alsace by the Germans, many Alsatian Jews moved to Basel. Other newcomers came from the Southern Germany and from the Swiss âJudendörferâ
264:
demanded at customs posts, but also by hostile bystanders. In Switzerland, the dice toll was largely replaced by financial regulations during the course of the 17th century. After the
161:
in the 1390s. This time, the dissolution of the Jewish community was long-lasting, with the modern Jewish community in Basel established only after more than four centuries, in 1805.
1465:
314:, where Jews were allowed to settle since the 17th century. To accommodate the growing community, the Great Synagogue was expanded in 1892, just 30 years after its construction.
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348:(JĂŒdischer Friedhof Hegenheim). Efforts to establish a Jewish cemetery in Basel were finally successful in 1903, when the cemetery in Theodor Herzl street opened.
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153:'s city map, although there was no longer a Jewish community in Basel at that time. It is possible that it was still used by Jews living elsewhere in the region.
137:
and partly executed, partly expelled. By the end of 1349, the Jews of Basel had been murdered, their cemetery destroyed, and all debts to Jews declared settled.
1652:
75:. Their main customers were the urban upper class of bishops and nobility. Excluded from the guilds, the Jewish community relied on trade for their products.
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and Basel to coordinate their policy in face of the rising tide of attacks against the Jews in the region, who were nominally under imperial protection.
325:.â The hatred and anti-Semitism displayed in the scandal surrounding his public shaming amplified calls for a Jewish state. The writer and journalist,
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original wall. During this process, most of the embedded gravestones were lost. Only a few of them remain. Ten are on display in the courtyard of the
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268:, France (among others) put pressure on Basel to end discriminatory measures, and in 1794, the Jew toll was likewise abolished.
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The Jews of Basel were tradesmen, doctors, scribes, and moneylenders, a trade that was forbidden by the church but permitted by
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31:. The medieval community thrived at first but ended violently with the Basel massacre of 1349. As with many of the violent
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Juden in Basel und Umgebung Zur Geschichte einer Minderheit. Darstellung und Quellen fĂŒr den Gebrauch an Schulen
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Juden in Basel und Umgebung Zur Geschichte einer Minderheit. Darstellung und Quellen fĂŒr den Gebrauch an Schulen
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Juden in Basel und Umgebung Zur Geschichte einer Minderheit. Darstellung und Quellen fĂŒr den Gebrauch an Schulen
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Juden in Basel und Umgebung Zur Geschichte einer Minderheit. Darstellung und Quellen fĂŒr den Gebrauch an Schulen
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Swiss regulations, the religious communities were responsible for supporting their co-religionists financially.
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129:, now paved-over). The hut was set alight and the Jews locked inside were burned to death or suffocated.
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JĂŒdische Schweiz. 50 Objekte erzĂ€hlen Geschichte / Jewish Switzerland. 50 objects tell their stories.
212:, and the Basel printing presses gained worldwide fame with their prints of Jewish writings. In 1578
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JĂŒdische Schweiz. 50 Objekte erzĂ€hlen Geschichte / Jewish Switzerland. 50 objects tell their stories
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In 1998, the university established the Zentrum fĂŒr JĂŒdische Studien, a center for Jewish studies.
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419:"Zur VerpfÀndung sakraler KultgegenstÀnde an Juden im mittelalterlichen Reich: Norm und Praxis"
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From about 1500, Basel became a centre of scholarly study of Judaism. Hebrew was taught at the
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Lithograph of a Jew at the Spalentor, after a watercolour by Constantin Guise, circa. 1838.
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Haumann, Erlanger, Kury, Meyer, Wichers, Heiko, Simon, Patrick, Werner, Hermann (1999).
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185:, 1661, he describes counting 570 Hebrew gravestones when walking along the city wall.
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Among the many Jews migrating to Basel from Alsace was the family of the young
1507:
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For about a century, the Jewish community of Basel buried their dead in
177:
In 1398, the city gate âSpalentorâ was built during an extension of the
1521:
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With the French Revolution granting Jews equal rights in 1791, and the
256:
1832:
1514:
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between 10 and 35 Jewish families living in Basel around that time.
452:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
47:, and there are still more Jews who donât belong to any community.
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288:
195:
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72:
56:
24:
1493:
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436:"Der "EuropĂ€ische Tag der JĂŒdischen Kultur" schlĂ€gt BrĂŒcken"
59:
in the late 12th to early 13th century, migrating from the
35:
events of the time, it was linked to the outbreak of the
200:
Customs list for the Spalentor, 1775. Collection of the
16:
History of the Jewish communities of Basel, Switzerland
87:
Anti-Jewish propaganda in Basel is well documented.
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370:away. The ageing population and a general trend of
1466:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918â1920)
516:Haumann, Erlanger, Kury, Meyer, Wichers (1999).
19:Between the 12th century and modern times, the
2810:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
301:Great Synagogue of Basel, inaugurated in 1868.
293:Coloured collotype of the old synagogue, 1848.
716:
8:
596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
530:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
489:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
234:Lexicon chaldaicum, talmudicum et rabbinicum
224:translated the religious philosophical work
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985:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
980:
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625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
520:. Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag.
479:. Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag.
572:Lubrich, Battegay, Naomi, Caspar (2018).
805:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
3007:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus
410:
618:
589:
546:175 Jahre Israelitische Gemeinde Basel
523:
482:
2674:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
690:Christoph Merian Verlag, Basel 2018,
681:JĂŒdische Gemeinden in Baden und Basel
109:against Jews triggered by rumours of
7:
2826:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
2416:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack
321:, who gained fame in the so-called â
247:Another anti-Judaic measure was the
216:published a censored edition of the
165:400 Years without a Jewish Community
281:citizenship in Basel. Although the
576:. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag.
384:History of the Jews in Switzerland
14:
2818:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
2567:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
2560:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
55:A Jewish community had formed in
2794:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
2695:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
2617:Matza restaurant suicide bombing
686:Caspar Battegay, Naomi Lubrich:
674:Acht Jahrhunderte Juden in Basel
220:. In 1629, the Basel theologian
105:in the 14th century, there were
2913:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2012:KremniÄka and NemeckĂĄ massacres
813:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
613:Die Juden in Basel. 1543 - 1872
450:"The Jewish Community of Basel"
389:Black Death Jewish persecutions
232:, and in 1639 he completed the
228:by the medieval Jewish scholar
2603:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
2432:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre
1442:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
1:
2850:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
2519:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
3052:Jewish Swiss history by city
2802:Jerusalem synagogue massacre
2709:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
2487:Dizengoff Street bus bombing
919:Massacres at London and York
394:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
357:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
202:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
191:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
3042:Antisemitism in Switzerland
2250:Night of the Murdered Poets
141:The Second Jewish Community
3073:
2681:Davidka Square bus bombing
2392:Antwerp summer camp attack
2266:Shafrir synagogue shooting
1969:Operation Harvest Festival
1078:Massacre of the Assumption
272:The Third Jewish Community
222:Johann Buxtorf the Younger
94:
51:The First Jewish Community
3057:Jews and Judaism in Basel
2747:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing
2702:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
2624:Hebrew University bombing
2345:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2305:Avivim school bus bombing
2228:Menarsha synagogue attack
2192:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2874:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
2858:Poway synagogue shooting
2755:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
2589:Ghriba synagogue bombing
2511:Island of Peace massacre
1962:Kielce cemetery massacre
283:Swiss referendum of 1866
238:Johann Buxtorf the Elder
226:FĂŒhrer der UnschlĂŒssigen
2408:Vienna synagogue attack
2384:Paris synagogue bombing
1628:The Bloody Day in Jaffa
101:With the spread of the
27:has been home to three
2731:Beersheba bus bombings
2337:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2258:Scorpion Pass massacre
1955:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1386:Second Kishinev pogrom
1126:Portuguese Inquisition
770:2nd Alexandrian pogrom
331:first Zionist congress
302:
294:
236:, begun by his father
205:
174:
2631:Rishon LeZion bombing
2353:Coastal Road massacre
1354:First Kishinev pogrom
1145:Chmielnicki massacres
1054:Schaffhausen Massacre
973:Armleder persecutions
927:Rintfleisch massacres
611:Wolf, Arthur (1909).
300:
292:
251:. Travelling Jews in
199:
172:
2866:Jersey City shooting
2739:Ashdod Port bombings
2321:Lod Airport massacre
2282:Purge of Polish Jews
2206:Kfar Etzion massacre
1712:CzÄstochowa massacre
1473:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1293:Fourth Odessa pogrom
1249:Second Odessa pogrom
676:, Schwabe AG (2005).
544:Katia Guth-Dreyfus,
81:Mittlere RheinbrĂŒcke
2688:Café Hillel bombing
2056:Tripolitania pogrom
1854:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1378:Fifth Odessa pogrom
1316:1898 Algerian riots
1257:Third Odessa pogrom
1201:First Odessa pogrom
1086:Spanish Inquisition
1062:Moroccan revolution
942:14th â 19th century
872:Rhineland massacres
210:University of Basel
2786:Burgas bus bombing
2471:Crown Heights riot
2424:Ras Burqa massacre
2135:Haifa Oil Refinery
1991:Ardeatine massacre
1926:Dzyatlava massacre
1346:CzÄstochowa pogrom
957:Shepherds' Crusade
762:Alexandrian pogrom
747:1st â 13th century
339:National Socialism
337:until the rise of
303:
295:
206:
175:
147:earthquake of 1356
91:The Basel Massacre
29:Jewish communities
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3001:
3000:
2842:Halamish stabbing
2834:Tel Aviv shooting
2765:
2764:
2718:
2717:
2654:
2653:
2610:Passover massacre
2576:
2575:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2495:Beit Lid massacre
2450:
2449:
2371:
2370:
2361:Nahariya massacre
2292:
2291:
2237:
2236:
2215:
2214:
2165:
2164:
2128:Fajja bus attacks
2115:
2114:
2072:
2071:
2022:
2021:
1978:
1977:
1942:
1941:
1906:
1905:
1757:
1756:
1735:
1734:
1699:
1698:
1683:Tiberias massacre
1612:Constantine riots
1559:
1558:
1484:Russian Civil War
1326:
1325:
1302:
1301:
1038:Brussels massacre
1032:
1031:
937:
936:
905:
904:
831:
830:
821:Battle of Khaybar
797:Bar Kokhba revolt
696:978-3-85616-847-6
655:"Factsheet Basel"
583:978-3-85616-847-6
278:Helvetic Republic
266:French Revolution
218:Babylonian Talmud
151:Sebastian MĂŒnster
3064:
3047:History of Basel
3018:
3015:Dagestan attacks
3010:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
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2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2904:
2901:Beersheba attack
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2506:
2498:
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2482:
2474:
2466:
2463:Cairo bus attack
2452:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2329:Ma'alot massacre
2324:
2316:
2308:
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2285:
2277:
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2253:
2239:
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2217:
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2130:
2117:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2081:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2042:TopoÄŸÄany pogrom
2037:
2035:Deutsch SchĂŒtzen
2024:
2015:
2007:
2005:SÄrmaÈu massacre
2000:
1993:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1919:DĂŒnamĂŒnde Action
1908:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1882:Kaunas (October)
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1759:
1750:
1737:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1672:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1568:
1565:Zavirtcha pogrom
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1394:BiaĆystok pogrom
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1335:
1319:
1311:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1185:Algiers massacre
1180:
1172:
1169:Massacre of Uman
1164:
1156:
1148:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
981:
976:
968:
960:
946:
930:
922:
914:
898:
891:
884:
868:
863:
860:Granada massacre
855:
847:
844:CĂłrdoba massacre
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
789:The Great Revolt
778:
773:
765:
751:
725:
718:
711:
702:
662:
661:
659:
651:
645:
644:
637:
631:
630:
624:
616:
608:
602:
601:
595:
587:
569:
563:
562:
555:
549:
542:
536:
535:
529:
521:
513:
507:
501:
495:
494:
488:
480:
472:
466:
465:
463:
461:
446:
440:
439:
432:
426:
425:
423:
415:
399:Zionist Congress
329:, organised the
214:Ambrosius Froben
43:to religious to
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2400:Antwerp bombing
2398:
2390:
2382:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2313:Munich massacre
2311:
2303:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2233:
2226:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1604:Campbell pogrom
1602:
1596:Hebron massacre
1594:
1586:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1362:Zablotov pogrom
1360:
1352:
1344:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1241:Damascus affair
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1102:Lisbon massacre
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
979:
971:
963:
955:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
894:
887:
880:
866:
858:
850:
842:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
776:
768:
760:
742:
729:
666:
665:
657:
653:
652:
648:
639:
638:
634:
617:
610:
609:
605:
588:
584:
571:
570:
566:
557:
556:
552:
543:
539:
522:
515:
514:
510:
502:
498:
481:
474:
473:
469:
459:
457:
456:on 24 June 2018
448:
447:
443:
434:
433:
429:
421:
417:
416:
412:
407:
380:
274:
183:Basilea Sepulta
167:
143:
99:
93:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2638:Matzuva attack
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2503:Purim massacre
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:Purim stabbing
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:Tripoli pogrom
2270:
2262:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2199:Cairo bombings
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1998:LuduÈ massacre
1994:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1933:Sarny massacre
1929:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1748:Dorohoi pogrom
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1719:DynĂłw massacre
1715:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1640:
1636:Przytyk pogrom
1632:
1624:
1620:Thrace pogroms
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1588:Safed massacre
1584:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1402:Siedlce pogrom
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1269:Russian Empire
1262:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1225:Safed massacre
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1177:TĂ©touan pogrom
1173:
1165:
1157:
1153:Safed massacre
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1070:Cordoba pogrom
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
990:
988:
978:
977:
969:
965:Navarre pogrom
961:
952:
950:
943:
939:
938:
935:
934:
932:
931:
923:
915:
906:
903:
902:
900:
899:
892:
885:
877:
875:
865:
864:
856:
848:
839:
837:
833:
832:
829:
828:
826:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
784:
782:
781:Jewish revolts
775:
774:
766:
757:
755:
748:
744:
743:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
699:
698:
684:
677:
664:
663:
646:
632:
603:
582:
564:
550:
537:
508:
503:Nolte (2019),
496:
467:
441:
427:
409:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
379:
376:
323:Dreyfus affair
319:Alfred Dreyfus
273:
270:
166:
163:
142:
139:
111:well poisoning
97:Basel Massacre
95:Main article:
92:
89:
52:
49:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:Netiv HaAsara
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:Ein HaShlosha
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:Itamar attack
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2645:Hebron ambush
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:Hadera attack
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:KrakĂłw pogrom
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1896:The Holocaust
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:Ć venÄionÄliai
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:Kaunas (June)
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1726:Silc massacre
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1690:Kristallnacht
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1573:Oradea pogrom
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Kielce pogrom
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Shiraz pogrom
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Hebron pogrom
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Hep-Hep riots
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Hebron pogrom
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
991:
989:
986:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:
951:
947:
944:
940:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
876:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
838:
834:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
783:
779:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
756:
752:
749:
745:
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2893:Israel riots
2885:2020âpresent
2538:21st century
2479:AMIA bombing
2063:Cairo pogrom
1644:Brest pogrom
1434:Skver pogrom
1331:20th century
1308:Corfu pogrom
1209:Tzfat pogrom
1118:Safed pogrom
1094:Arles pogrom
1046:1391 pogroms
911:Ham massacre
852:Fez massacre
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2242:1950sâ1960s
2014:(1944â1945)
1898:(1941â1945)
1647: [
1576: [
1486:(1918â1920)
1458:LwĂłw pogrom
1426:LwĂłw pogrom
1370:Kiev pogrom
1271:(1881â1884)
1161:Mawza Exile
1147:(1648â1657)
987:(1348â1350)
975:(1336â1339)
921:(1189â1190)
253:Switzerland
103:Black Death
37:Black Death
33:anti-Judaic
3036:Categories
2099:Kunmadaras
1508:Justingrad
1016:Strasbourg
405:References
372:secularism
230:Maimonides
115:Strasbourg
2770:2010â2019
2723:2004â2009
2545:2000â2009
2077:1946â1999
1798:Szczuczyn
1770:Bucharest
1667:1938â1945
1543:Proskurov
1501:Radomyshl
1418:The Tritl
1338:1900â1937
1137:1600â1899
949:1300â1599
836:1000â1299
815:(614â617)
807:(351â352)
799:(132â136)
732:Massacres
621:cite book
592:cite book
526:cite book
485:cite book
346:Hegenheim
249:dice toll
65:synagogue
61:Rhineland
2957:Nahal Oz
2950:Kissufim
2943:Kfar Aza
2667:Istanbul
1861:Babi Yar
1826:Jedwabne
1233:Allahdad
823:(628 CE)
738:against
615:. Basel.
378:See also
308:Endingen
119:Freiburg
45:orthodox
23:city of
2992:Yakhini
2860:(2019)
2185:Djerada
2178:Tripoli
2106:Miskolc
1889:Rumbula
1847:Tykocin
1777:Antwerp
1638:(1936)
1522:Zviahel
791:(66â73)
736:pogroms
683:(2019).
672:(ed.),
548:(1980).
460:24 June
335:Zionism
312:Lengnau
257:Germany
107:pogroms
41:liberal
3017:(2024)
3009:(2023)
2971:Nir Oz
2922:Be'eri
2903:(2022)
2895:(2021)
2876:(2019)
2868:(2019)
2852:(2018)
2844:(2017)
2836:(2016)
2828:(2015)
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2804:(2014)
2796:(2012)
2788:(2012)
2780:(2011)
2757:(2008)
2749:(2006)
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2733:(2004)
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2473:(1991)
2465:(1990)
2442:(1989)
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2426:(1985)
2418:(1982)
2410:(1981)
2402:(1981)
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2363:(1979)
2355:(1978)
2347:(1975)
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2323:(1972)
2315:(1972)
2307:(1970)
2284:(1968)
2276:(1967)
2268:(1956)
2260:(1954)
2252:(1952)
2156:Manama
2149:Aleppo
2092:Kielce
1868:Odessa
1840:Ponary
1833:Farhud
1819:WÄ
sosz
1657:(1937)
1630:(1936)
1622:(1934)
1614:(1934)
1606:(1931)
1598:(1929)
1590:(1929)
1582:(1927)
1567:(1921)
1536:Fastov
1460:(1918)
1452:(1918)
1444:(1917)
1436:(1917)
1428:(1914)
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1310:(1891)
1286:Warsaw
1259:(1871)
1251:(1859)
1243:(1840)
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1179:(1790)
1171:(1768)
1163:(1679)
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1023:Zurich
1009:Speyer
995:Erfurt
967:(1328)
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929:(1298)
913:(1143)
896:Mainz
889:Speyer
874:(1096)
862:(1066)
854:(1033)
846:(1013)
694:
580:
159:Alsace
127:Birsig
73:rabbis
2985:Re'im
2978:Nirim
2936:Holit
2455:1990s
2376:1980s
2297:1970s
1784:GabĂšs
1655:]
1580:]
1529:Pinsk
1515:Skver
1002:Basel
882:Worms
754:1â999
658:(PDF)
505:p. 71
422:(PDF)
179:walls
57:Basel
25:Basel
21:Swiss
2659:2003
2581:2002
2552:2001
2220:1949
2170:1948
2142:Aden
2120:1947
2084:1946
2027:1945
1983:1944
1947:1943
1911:1942
1812:Lviv
1805:IaÈi
1762:1941
1740:1940
1704:1939
1675:1938
1550:Kiev
1494:Lida
1279:Kiev
772:(66)
764:(38)
740:Jews
692:ISBN
627:link
598:link
578:ISBN
532:link
491:link
462:2018
310:and
259:and
63:. A
734:or
193:.
3038::
1653:pl
1651:;
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1578:hu
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