348:
763:
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779:
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735:
687:
309:
747:
699:
591:
507:
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602:. Jews returning to Bratislava from the war met with indifference and sometimes even hostility. Many found new people living in their former homes. Immediately after the war, Bratislava became the centre of Slovak Jewry due to the fact that many Slovak Jewish survivors preferred to settle in Bratislava as opposed to their former hometowns in the country.
242:
afterwards, the synagogue was demolished. A gothic entrance portal from this synagogue was uncovered in the 1990s, it is located in the courtyard of a building on Panská Street No. 11. The synagogue was rebuilt in 1339. In the 14th century there were several hundred Jews living in
Bratislava and the city featured a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, a
253:. In 1367 or 1368 several Jewish families were permitted to return. In 1399 permission was granted for construction of a synagogue, probably at the place of the formerly destroyed one. At the end of the 14th century, there were approximately 800 Jews living in the city (total population of the city in 1435 was 5,000).
444:
At the beginning of the 20th century, conditions began to steadily improve, and many
Bratislava Jews acquired university education. They started to influence the life and commerce in Bratislava. In the 1900 local elections, 24 Jews were elected to the Bratislava city council. According to the 1910
241:
asking him to have the Jewish temple demolished. It is one of the first written mentions of Jews living in the city. The
Cistercian Cloister stood near the today's cloister on Uršulínska Street with the synagogue directly next to it. The Pope had the Archbishop investigate the situation and soon
272:
decreed that Jews no longer had to wear distinct clothing but it wasn't until the
Prefect of Bratislava Jewry Jakub Mendel complained directly to the King in 1521, that the city was forced to change the law. Despite discrimination, the community grew and was allowed to build a second synagogue.
643:. Refugees were at first housed in a camp in Devínska Nová Ves and later in several Bratislava hotels (Hotel Central and Hotel Jeleň) and the ŽNO kitchen in Bratislava. These Jews were met with no sympathy from the citizens of Bratislava, who feared that the migrants might settle in the city.
375:
known as the Ktav Sofer became the Rabbi of
Bratislava. After his death in 1871, his son Simcha Bunim Sofer known as the Shevet Sofer became Rabbi. The last Rabbi of Bratislava from the Schreiber – Sofer dynasty was Akiva Sofer known as the Daas Sofer, who emigrated in 1939 to
331:
In 1707, there were 200 Jewish families living in
Schlossgrund under the protection of the noble Pálffy ab Erdöd family, most of them refugees. In 1709 Jewish population was 189, in 1732, there were 50 Jewish families living in Schlossgrund, and in 1736 the population was 772.
538:
in March 1939, discriminatory measures were undertaken by the government against the Jewish minority. On 25 March 1942, deportations of Jews out of
Slovakia commenced. German forces occupied Bratislava in September 1944 and the approximately 2,000 remaining Jews were sent to
280:
in 1526 they were expelled permanently as part of the general expulsion from the
Kingdom of Hungary. The synagogue was torn down and a monastery was built in its place. Many Bratislava Jews fled into neighboring Austria but a few remained in an area called
221:
granted to
Bratislava's Jewish inhabitants rights equal with other citizens of the city. Jews became represented by a Jewish Mayor, elected from the ranks of Christian citizens by the King and since 1440 by the Bratislava City Council.
1214:
1187:
478:
In the early 1920s there were approximately 11,000 Jews in
Bratislava, 3,000 Neolog and 8,000 Orthodox. In the 1930 there were 14,882 Jews in the city (12% of the total population), 5,597 of declared Jewish
347:
762:
301:
were expelled, many refugees settled in Schlossgrund and a Jewish quarter later becoming synonymous with the Vydrica area began to form. The size of the Jewish population of Bratislava in the
722:
264:
which ordered that Jews are required to wear distinct clothing, by ordering the Bratislava Jews to wear a red hooded cape at all times, in order to be visible from the distance. In 1506,
631:
At the same time, Bratislava became a major transit point for Polish, Hungarian and Romanian Jews who survived the war and were headed for the transit camp in the Rothshild Hospital in
1222:
578:. Today, no evidence of the camp remains due to the large-scale construction project in Petržalka later in the 20th century when the former village was transformed into the largest
734:
335:
Jews were permitted to return to the city in the 1700s, and the population increased to 2,000 Jews by the end of the 18th century. During the 18th century the city was home to a
371:
in the 19th century. During Sofer's tenure as the Rabbi of Bratislava (1806 – 1839), the yeshiva was attended by hundreds of students. After Sofer's death in 1839, his son
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on Bratislava Jews. In 1864 a synagogue, later to be called the Bratislava Orthodox Synagogue, was built on Zámocká Street in Schlossgrund. A progressive Jewish
639:
run by the Jewish Agency. From 1945 until February 1949, more than 150,000 Jewish migrants passed through Bratislava, most of them leaving though the border at
324:
operated in Bratislava along with other charitable institutions. A Jewish cemetery was established on the outskirts of the city which later became known as the
198:
in the 11th century as first Jewish settlements appeared also in Bratislava. Bratislava Jews of this time had strong connections to the Jewish Community of
616:
Difficulties were encountered in recovering seized Jewish property taken by local Slovaks. These economic factors combined with deep-rooted and widespread
108:. In 1930, approximately 15,000 Jews lived in the city (total population was 120,000). Part of the community emigrated during the late 1930s and after the
570:
Engerau). Engerau was a labor camp. On March 30, 1945 some of the remaining prisoners were killed by guards and the remaining inmates were sent on a
414:, the General Jewish Congress of Budapest, attended also by delegates from Bratislava, tried to unify Hungarian Jews. The efforts failed and in 1868
490:
The four most prominent organizations influencing the life of Bratislava Jews as well as Slovak Jews in general during the interwar period were the
1334:
1197:
987:
809:
778:
686:
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group active in Bratislava, Ahavat Zion, was formed. In 1902, the Hungarian Zionist Organization was established in Bratislava, in 1904 the
202:. The first Jewish religious community in Bratislava was founded in the late 13th century, as evidenced by the Menor Codex (Memorbuch) from
698:
445:
census, there were 8,027 Jews living in the city. In 1913, the Jewish quarter in Schlossgrund was ravaged by fire but was quickly rebuilt.
143:
cemetery and many other Jewish landmarks and monuments. Bratislava Jewish Community comprises approximately 500 people and since 1993, the
624:
caused the vast majority of Slovaks in Bratislava to feel hostile towards the Jews. Jews in the city were physically attacked during the
249:
In 1360, all Jews were expelled from Bratislava and their belongings were confiscated, part of the community found refuge in the town of
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411:
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82:
73:) was a multicultural city with a Hungarian and German majority and a Slovak and Jewish minority. In 1806 when the city was part of the
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and they lived in the areas of today's Nedbalova Street, Františkánska Street, Zámočnícka Street and Baštová Street. A 1299 decree of
1047:
1329:
746:
286:
422:, and Status Quo. There were approximately 1,000 Orthodox Jewish families in the city and approximately 60 Neolog Jewish families.
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helped to defend his Jewish neighborhood against racist gangs by utilizing principles he would later use to found the martial art
1319:
799:
105:
1217:[Anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava (August 1946, August 1948) in the atmosphere of post-war anti-Semitism in Slovakia].
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The majority of war survivors decided to emigrate out of Slovakia. Of the 30,000 Jews who remaining in Slovakia at the end of
1324:
1314:
804:
475:, many Bratislava Jews owned businesses and many were employed as doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, artists and more.
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Bratislava Jews always formed a compact community somewhat closed to the outside world. They were employed in finance, as
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On April 15, 1945, Max Weiss became the chairman of the revived Jewish community and prayer services were renewed in the
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convened in Bratislava and in 1840 passed a law enabling Jews to freely settle in any free city. During and after the
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1215:"Protižidovské nepokoje v Bratislave (august 1946; august 1948) v atmosfére povojnového antisemitizmu na Slovensku"
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124:
90:
23:
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547:. Despite organized effort by the Bratislava Jewish Community, most of its members were ultimately deported into
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established control in 1919. The community was partially protected by a guard formed by Jewish soldier veterans.
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containing the graves of the Rabbis from the Old Jewish Cemetery is an important visiting site in Bratislava.
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308:
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664:, a historical part of Bratislava, was demolished in the 1960s by the communist authorities of the city.
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on Jewish Street. At the end of the 15th century, Bratislava City Council implemented the 1215 decree of
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tried to prevent Jews from leaving Bratislava by confiscating the property of anyone who left. In 1520,
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70:
46:
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218:
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Mikulášska Street and Židovská Street, part of the former Jewish Quarter in Bratislava in the 1930s.
194:, although there are no records of them settling here. Jews started to migrate in larger numbers to
1299:
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accepted a rabbinate in Bratislava and settled in the city. In the same year, he established the
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1072:"Ján Lukačka et. al. - Chronológia starších slovenských dejín (Slovak Older History Chronology)"
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1193:
1048:"Kam zmizlo Podhradie? – Židovská štvrť (Where did Podhradie disappear? - The Jewish Quarter)"
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400:
294:
261:
230:
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Egon GÁL, Peter SALNER: Sprievodca židovskou Bratislavou. Bratislava : Zing Print, 2000.
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Part of the former Jewish quarter including the Bratislava Neolog Synagogue as seen in 1914.
613:, ritual slaughter, kosher butcher and canteen, homes for the aged, schools and a hospital.
234:
140:
109:
94:
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the Bratislava Jewish community split, The smaller Neolog community established a separate
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Jews were expelled and accepted back several times in history of Bratislava, but after the
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Of the over 15,000 Jews living in Bratislava in 1940, only approximately 3,500 survived
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136:
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1308:
339:, which under the direction of Meir Halberstadt attracted many rabbis into the city.
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1124:"Príbeh bratislavskej židovskej komunity (Story of the Bratislava Jewish Community"
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617:
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riots threatened the Jewish population of Bratislava. It was during this time that
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Place of the Bratislava Orthodox Synagogue that was demolished in the early 1960s.
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206:. Sometime between 1250 and 1300, the Rabbi of Bratislava was Jonah (or Yonah).
187:
168:
144:
78:
66:
483:. In the 1938 elections, Kraus of the Jewish National Party was elected Deputy
460:
and the events were accompanied by attacks on Jews, which continued during the
621:
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214:
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164:
97:
Jewry who made major influence on the general traditional orthodox and future
58:
35:
1145:"Engerau: Bratislava - Petržalka, Tábor Engerau, Camp Engerau, Lager Engerau"
609:. Jewish newspapers started to be printed and the community re-established a
297:
and the Schlossgrund area and allowed Jews to settle here. In 1670, when the
1278:
540:
527:. On 11 November 1938, violent attacks on the Bratislava synagogues and the
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was established in the city despite opposition from the Rabbi of Bratislava
381:
226:
210:
199:
159:
117:
31:
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285:, outside of the walled city. Most of them left in 1572 on the orders of
62:
768:
Mass grave of 497 Hungarian Jews from the concentration camp Engerau in
256:
During the first half of the 15th century Jews were forced to live in a
636:
434:
336:
171:
178:
It is known that Jews were active as traders and liaisons between the
632:
610:
552:
396:
243:
183:
27:
494:, the Orthodox community, Yeshurun - the liberal community, and the
186:. The area of today's Bratislava was at the crossroads of important
93:
in Europe. Pressburg Yeshiva produced hundreds of future leaders of
594:
Bratislava Neolog Synagogue built in 1893, demolished in 1967–1969.
948:"Slovakia Synagogues, Jewish Cemeteries, Jewish Museum Bratislava"
589:
505:
346:
307:
203:
158:
41:
18:
1189:
Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48
1144:
54:
487:, and three Jews were elected to the Bratislava city council.
441:
was established, both on the initiative of Samuel Bettelheim.
69:, Bratislava (known as Pressburg or Pozsony through much of
1192:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–121.
433:, synagogue, and other establishments. In 1897, the first
628:(1–6 August 1946) and later riots on 20–21 August 1948.
531:
occurred and sporadic pogroms continued during the war.
1166:"Concentration camp: unknown part of Petržalka history"
190:
and Jews passed through this area from the 1st century
116:, the majority of Bratislava Jews were murdered in the
367:
which was the largest and most influential Yeshiva in
305:
varied from several hundred to 900 Jewish citizens.
1237:"Slovak National Museum - Museum of Jewish Culture"
657:, 90% emigrated in the following months and years.
89:Jewry and a leading power in the opposition to the
1027:"Bratislava: Until the End of the First World War"
924:"Vaše víno piť nemôžem (I cannot drink your wine)"
1288:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
942:
940:
646:In 1949, the communist regime came into power in
452:, several hundred Bratislava Jews served in the
1279:Virtual tour of Jewish monuments in Bratislava
562:established the Engerau concentration camp in
1066:
1064:
8:
1294:Jüdische Volkszeitung (Bratislava, Slovakia)
856:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Bratislava, Slovakia"
456:, and around 50 were killed. After the war,
355:on his official visit to Bratislava in 1913.
229:in the city is attested by a 1335 decree of
671:was established in 1994 as a branch of the
1126:. Israeli Missions in Slovakia. 2013-12-23
131:, Bratislava Jewish Community Museum, the
112:but despite organized efforts such as the
16:History of a Jewish community in Slovakia
704:Former Orthodox Jewish school from 1899.
464:and ceased only after the newly created
343:Pressburg Yeshiva and rise in importance
106:largest and most influential in Slovakia
104:The Bratislava Jewish Community was the
1097:
1095:
1093:
1021:
1019:
830:
682:
233:which mentions a letter from the local
182:and Germanic tribes north of the river
147:of Slovakia and Rabbi of Bratislava is
1074:. Historický ústav SAV. Archived from
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
876:
874:
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716:Former Neolog Jewish school from 1892.
246:and other public Jewish institutions.
85:and the city emerged as the center of
810:History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia
7:
850:
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846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
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380:and later re-founded the yeshiva in
163:Jews mocking the Host in Pressburg (
65:, dates from 1251. Until the end of
635:in the American Occupation Zone in
502:Destruction of the Bratislava Jewry
412:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1284:The Jewish Community of Bratislava
692:The Bratislava Holocaust memorial.
14:
1103:"Bratislava: The Interwar Period"
287:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
1213:Šmigeľ, Michal (June 17, 2013).
1050:. Bratislavske Rozky. 2013-05-06
777:
761:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
800:History of the Jews in Slovakia
418:into three factions: Orthodox,
213:, craftsmen, artisans and even
123:Today, Bratislava features the
1335:Jews and Judaism in Bratislava
1168:. spectator.sme.sk. 1945-03-30
905:. Chabad.org. 23 February 2008
805:History of the Jews in Hungary
543:via the concentration camp in
1:
1298:Digitized periodicals at the
882:"Bratislava: Religious Life"
858:. Encyclopedia Judaica. 2008
462:Hungarian Revolution of 1919
393:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1221:(in Slovak). Archived from
582:complex in Central Europe.
439:World Mizrachi Organization
351:Rabbi Akiva Sofer greeting
1351:
1147:. Engerau.info. 1945-03-29
982:(in Slovak). Marenčín PT.
968:Hradská, Katarína (2008).
607:Heydukova Street Synagogue
534:After the creation of the
289:. In 1599, Count Nicolaus
125:Heydukova Street Synagogue
91:Reform movement in Judaism
24:Heydukova Street Synagogue
458:Austria-Hungary collapsed
353:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1330:Jewish Hungarian history
950:. Slovak Jewish Heritage
754:Museum of Jewish Culture
669:Museum of Jewish Culture
266:Vladislaus II of Hungary
129:Museum of Jewish Culture
114:Bratislava Working Group
53:The first record of the
1186:Cichopek, Anna (2014).
626:Partisan Congress riots
239:Archbishop of Esztergom
1320:Jewish history by city
1274:Slovak Jewish Heritage
673:Slovak National Museum
660:The Jewish quarter in
620:fueled by antisemitic
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511:
356:
317:
316:) in the 17th century.
175:
50:
39:
1325:Jewish Slovak history
1315:History of Bratislava
815:History of Bratislava
786:Chatam Sofer Memorial
593:
576:Bad Deutsch-Altenburg
509:
454:Austro-Hungarian Army
427:Samuel Benjamin Sofer
425:In 1872, under Rabbi
416:Hungarian Jewry split
405:Samuel Benjamin Sofer
373:Samuel Benjamin Sofer
350:
311:
251:Hainburg an der Donau
162:
133:Chatam Sofer Memorial
47:Chatam Sofer Memorial
45:
22:
926:. Pluska. 2008-02-23
903:"Chabad of Slovakia"
387:On 5 June 1839, the
219:Andrew II of Hungary
1300:Leo Baeck Institute
971:Židovská Bratislava
549:extermination camps
515:In the late 1930s,
485:Mayor of Bratislava
466:Czechoslovak regime
378:Mandatory Palestine
326:Old Jewish Cemetery
320:As early as 1689 a
270:Louis II of Hungary
225:The existence of a
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586:After World War II
558:In December 1944,
512:
357:
318:
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75:Kingdom of Hungary
51:
40:
30:style is the only
1225:on June 23, 2013.
1199:978-1-107-03666-6
989:978-80-89218-80-6
976:Jewish Bratislava
641:Devínska Nová Ves
529:Pressburg Yeshiva
401:elementary school
365:Pressburg Yeshiva
295:Bratislava Castle
262:Pope Innocent III
231:Pope Benedict XII
139:cemetery and the
83:Pressburg Yeshiva
26:built in 1926 in
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110:Second World War
95:Austro-Hungarian
87:Central European
81:established the
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99:Charedi Judaism
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1244:. Retrieved
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820:Chatam Sofer
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655:World War II
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618:antisemitism
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560:Nazi Germany
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551:in occupied
536:Slovak State
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492:Jewish Party
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188:trade routes
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149:Baruch Myers
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580:panel hause
572:death march
517:antisemitic
481:nationality
471:During the
448:During the
361:Moses Sofer
303:Middle Ages
169:antisemitic
145:Chief Rabbi
79:Moses Sofer
71:its history
67:World War I
1309:Categories
1172:2017-03-28
1151:2017-03-28
1130:2017-04-08
1109:2017-05-19
1054:2017-03-28
1033:2017-05-18
954:2017-03-28
930:2017-03-28
909:2017-03-28
888:2017-05-19
862:2017-05-21
826:References
622:propaganda
410:After the
215:winemakers
174:from 1591.
165:Bratislava
59:Bratislava
36:Bratislava
770:Petržalka
662:Podhradie
564:Petržalka
541:Auschwitz
525:Krav Maga
496:Histadrut
382:Jerusalem
359:In 1806,
314:Podhradie
227:synagogue
211:merchants
200:Esztergom
118:Holocaust
32:synagogue
1246:13 March
794:See also
141:Orthodox
77:, Rabbi
63:Slovakia
679:Gallery
637:Austria
568:German:
435:Zionist
397:pogroms
337:yeshiva
237:to the
172:woodcut
1296:, B242
1196:
1082:14 May
986:
978:]
633:Vienna
611:mikveh
553:Poland
244:mikveh
184:Danube
137:Neolog
135:, the
28:cubist
980:(PDF)
974:[
545:Sereď
204:Mainz
1248:2020
1241:AEJM
1194:ISBN
1084:2017
984:ISBN
784:The
752:The
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