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potential allies, diplomats, and spies". There were also Jews that possessed special skills in a wide range of fields that the
Ottomans took advantage of, including David and Samuel ibn Nahmias, who established a printing press in 1493. That was then a new technology and accelerated production of literature and documents, which was especially important for religious texts and bureaucratic documents. Other Jewish specialists employed by the empire included physicians and diplomats that emigrated from their homelands. Some of them were granted landed titles for their work, including Joseph Nasi, who was named Duke of Naxos.
356:
853:) and Rabbi Joseph Garson, who was living in Damascus at the time. The Safed attack may have been initiated by retreating Mamluk soldiers who accused the Jews of treacherously aiding the Turkish invaders, with Arabs from the surrounding villages joining the melee. In Hebron, Jews were attacked, beaten and raped, and many were killed as their homes and businesses were looted and pillaged. An account of the event, recorded by Japheth ben Manasseh in 1518, mentions how the onslaught was initiated by Turkish troops led by Murad Bey, the deputy of the Sultan from Jerusalem.
620:
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contacts with Europe, who knew
European languages, and brought new knowledge and technologies". Additionally, some Sephardic Jews "were...prominent merchants with European markets" who were even regarded as "potential allies, diplomats, and spies" during times of war against Christians. Throughout the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire saw an increased Jewish influence on the economy and commerce. There is no doubt among historians that "Spanish Jews contributed significantly to the development of the capital in the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century".
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2256:, p. 15: "Capsali, relying on Jewish informants, was perhaps better informed about what was happening to Jewish communities in remote parts of the Empire. He wrote about Jews suffering in time of war: the pogrom in Safed during Selim I's campaign against the Mamluks for the conquest of Syria, Palestine and Egypt; and preparations for a pogrom against the Jewish community in Cairo on the eve of Selim’s conquest of the city.'
1115:, or Grand Rabbi, was still the civil and spiritual ethnarch of Ottoman Jews, and he was now constrained by the creation of two councils, one spiritual and one civil. These councils were elected by a general assembly of 80 deputies, composed of 20 rabbis and 60 laymen, themselves elected by Istanbul Jews. The hahambaşı was now an elected position, whereupon 40 extra deputies from the provinces were added to the assembly.
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314:, the Turkish term for the Chief Rabbi. There were no restrictions in the professions Jews could practice, analogous to the restrictions common in Western Christian countries. There were restrictions, however, regarding the areas Jews could live in or work, which were similar to the restrictions placed on Ottoman subjects of other religions. Like all non-Muslims, Jews had to pay the
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1174:, a high-ranking official observed, "whereas in former times, in the Ottoman State, the communities were ranked, with the Muslims first, then the Greeks, then the Armenians, then the Jews, now all of them were put on the same level. Some Greeks objected to this, saying: 'The government has put us together with the Jews. We were content with the supremacy of Islam.'"
934:
2268:, p. 185: "When the Mamluks realized that the Ottomans were about to conquer Israel in 1516, they accused the Jews of treason and of supporting the new rulers. Before withdrawing, the Mamluk soldiers took revenge by attacking the Jews of Galilee and Safed and looting their property. Naked and destitute, the Jews were forced to hide in the fields."
787:
2280:, p. 407: "While the Jews of Jerusalem were not affected by the Ottoman invasion, those of Safed suffered heavily. The retreating Mameluke forces attacked them and the Arabs of the surrounding villages used the opportunity to set upon the Jews and despoil them. They abandoned everything and fled for their lives to hide in the fields."
1377:, had Jewish populations of about 20,000 Jewish people by the early 16th century. Salonica was considered the main center of Jewish life in the Ottoman Empire. Jewish people maintained a strong presence in Salonica until the outbreak of World War II and the Holocaust, when "there were around 56,000 Jews living in" the city.
2292:, p. 44: "In contrast to the Jews of Jerusalem, who were not adversely affected by the conflict between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks in 1516, Safed appears to have suffered considerably. Retreating Mamluks attacked the community, while Arabs in nearby villages exploited the opportunity to do likewise."
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Under
Ottoman rule, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Jews continued to thrive, becoming part of the commercial and political ruling class. Like Armenians, the Jews could engage in necessary commercial activities, such as moneylending and banking, that were proscribed for Moslems under
1156:, most scholars conclude that Arab anti-Semitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized").
1392:
Additionally, some historians claim
Salonica was seen as the "New Jerusalem" and has been named the "Mother of Israel" where the Jewish Sabbath "was most vigorously observed". Also, there were many international organizations that thought about creating a new Jewish state instead of Palestine before
806:
population of the Empire was largely uninterested in business enterprises and accordingly left commercial occupations to members of minority religions. Additionally, since the
Ottoman Empire was engaged in a military conflict with the Christian nations at the time, Jews were trusted and regarded "as
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began in Spain and
Portugal and Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. Religious persecution caused many Sephardic Jews to immigrate to Salonica and make up a majority of the city's population. In Salonica, Jews lived in communities around synagogues in which "Jewish organizations
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to place certain restrictions on Jews living in the region. For example, some of the restrictions placed on Jews in the
Ottoman Empire were included, but not limited to, a special tax, a requirement to wear special clothing, and a ban on carrying guns, riding horses, building or repairing places of
810:
Although the
Ottomans did not treat Jews differently from other minorities in the country, the policies seemed to align well with Jewish traditions, which allowed communities to flourish. The Jewish people were allowed to establish their own autonomous communities, which included their own schools
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in certain regions of the Empire. This was especially true for the
Sephardic Jews, who had large amounts of political and cultural influence in the Ottoman Empire. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire had political and cultural influence because they "were perceived as Westerners who had extensive
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community. In fact, the
Sephardic Jews eclipsed and absorbed the Romaniot Jews and changed the culture and the structure of Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire. In the centuries that followed, the Ottomans reaped the benefits of the Jewish communities that they adopted. In exchange for Jews
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was not settled by Spanish Jews until later. The Jewish population at Jerusalem increased from 70 families in 1488 to 1,500 at the beginning of the 16th century, and that of Safed increased from 300 to 2,000 families. Damascus had a Sephardic congregation of 500 families. Istanbul had a Jewish
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in 1470. Even before then, as the Ottomans conquered Anatolia and Greece, they encouraged Jewish immigration from the European lands from which they were expelled. The Ashkenazi Jews mixed with the already large Romaniot Jewish communities that had become part of the Ottoman Empire as they had
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During the Classical Ottoman period, the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well as diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century
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and courts. Those rights were extremely controversial in other regions in Muslim North Africa and absolutely unrealistic in Europe. The communities would prove to be centers of education and trade because of the large array of connections to other Jewish communities across the Mediterranean.
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Moins de douze ans après, en 1660, sous Mohammed IV, la ville de Safed, si importante autrefois dans les annales juives parce qu'elle était habitée exclusivement par les Israélites, fut détruite par les Arabes, au point qu'il n' y resta, dit une chroniquer une seule ame
1053:, which required orphans of Jewish parents to be raised as Muslims. Once Ottoman rule began, the Orphan's Decree was revoked, although a "Dung-Gatherers' Decree," which tasked Jews with cleaning sewers, remained in effect. Also, the Ottoman authorities raised the
1385:
provided all the religious, legal, educational and social services". The concentration of Jews in the city as well as the binding social capital provided by Jewish organizations allowed Salonica to become an "almost autonomous" zone for Jews to flourish in.
1122:. A key difference was the lack of clergy; The hahambaşı still held absolute spiritual authority over Jews of Istanbul, but provincial Jews were free to organize their local affairs as they wished. Istanbul was also the only city represented in the chamber.
925:. However, the city was also served by large port, making it easily susceptible to infectious agents from abroad. Incidents of plague often affected the production of broadcloth as residents of Salonica repeatedly became ill, died or fled during outbreaks.
2475:(1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..."
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I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish
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The strength of the Jewish community in Salonica can even be seen after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman Empire fell, the city of Salonica was not depicted as a Greek or Turkish city, but instead was considered a Jewish city.
873:. When Alvaro Mendès arrived in Istanbul in 1588, he is reported to have brought with him 85,000 gold ducats. The Mendès family soon acquired a dominating position in the state finances of the Ottoman Empire and in commerce with Europe.
610:
is a land wherein nothing is lacking" and asked "Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?" Many had taken the Rabbi up on his offer, including the Jews who were expelled from the German Duchy of Bavaria by
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contributing their talents for the benefit of the empire, they would be rewarded well. Compared to European laws, which restricted life for all Jews, that was a significant opportunity, which drew Jews from across the Mediterranean.
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themselves. They had come to the Ottoman Empire from many lands, bringing with them their own customs and opinions, to which they clung tenaciously, and had founded separate congregations. Another tremendous upheaval was caused when
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to codify Jewish affairs in the empire. The constitution was ultimately a temporary victory for the laity, as the constitution was quickly eroded by renewed rabbinical control and corruption. This state of affairs continued until
68:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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Although many Sephardic Jews had large amounts of political and cultural capital, the Jewish community in the Ottoman Empire was decentralized for most of the region's history. This changed, however, when the Sultan appointed a
1342:
or a chief rabbi to exercise jurisdiction in the community regarding issues of "marriage, divorce, engagement, and inheritance" in addition to delivering "his community's share of the taxes and keeping order" in the community.
54:
542:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Despite this interpretation however, the Romaniotes would be the most influential community in the Empire for several decades, until that position would be lost to a wave of
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The history of Jews in the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is principally a chronicle of decline in influence and power. They lost their influential positions in trade mainly to the
1239:. While the authorities under Sharif Pasha, Egyptian governor of Damascus, tortured the accused until they confessed to the crime, and killed two Jews who refused to confess, prominent European Jews such as
160:. The experience of Jews in the Ottoman Empire is particularly significant because the region "provided a principal place of refuge for Jews driven out of Western Europe by massacres and persecution."
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Sephardic Jews did not envision Palestine as the seat of Jewish governance and autonomy in the immediate aftermath of World War I. Sa'adi Levy, who lived in Salonica, owned a printing press in
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of the Empire. As the empire lost control over its European provinces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Jewish communities found themselves under Christian rule. The
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In the sixteenth century, the leading financiers in Istanbul were Greeks and Jews. Many of the Jewish financiers were originally from Iberia and had fled during the period leading up to the
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Tamar . .challenges David's conclusion concerning the severity of the riots against the Jews, arguing that the support of the Egyptian Jews saved the community of Safed from destruction'.
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In 1881, in response to rising antisemitism in mainland Europe, as well as a number of proposals made by various parties regarding the potential settlement of Jews within the empire, the
320:("head tax") and faced other restrictions in clothing, horse riding, army service, slave ownership, etc. Although many of these restrictions were decreed, they were not always enforced.
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rose to power in the 14th and 15th centuries, there had been Jewish communities established throughout the region. The Ottoman Empire lasted from the early 12th century until the end of
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This constitution was the culmination of a struggle between progressive lay bourgeoisie and conservative rabbis over leadership in the Jewish community, as well as pressure from the
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J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)
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Varlik, Nükhet (2014). "Plague, Conflict, and Negotiation: The Jewish Broadcloth Weavers of Salonica and the Ottoman Central Administration in the Late Sixteenth Century".
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Inalcik, Halil. “The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249.pg236
36:
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Campos, Michelle U. (2005). "Between "beloved Ottomania" and "the Land of Israel": The Struggle over Ottomanism and Zionism Among Palestine's Sephardi Jews, 1908–13".
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2003:
1096:(Ladino). Writer M. Franco stated that Ottoman government employee and translator Yehezkel Gabay (1825-96) wrote the Ottoman Turkish version of this constitution.
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in 1347, the city was a shadow of its former glory. As Mehmed wanted the city as his new capital, he decreed the rebuilding of the city. And in order to revivify
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The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. The synagogue is still in use, although the modern Jewish population of Bursa has shrunk to about 140 people.
865:. Many of these families brought great fortunes with them. The most notable of the Jewish banking families in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire was the
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The Turks' conquest of the city in 1517, was marked by a violent pogrom of murder, rape, and plunder of Jewish homes. The surviving Jews fled to the "
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writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Naar, Devin E. (2014-11-12). "Fashioning the "Mother of Israel": The Ottoman Jewish Historical Narrative and the Image of Jewish Salonica".
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In addition to the already existent Jewish population in the lands the Ottomans conquered, many more Jews were given refuge after the
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in 1872, the Zaydi Imam of Yemen had implemented more restrictions on Jews than had been present in the Ottoman Empire, such as the
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1204:, Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. In 1891, the leading Muslims in
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tax burden on Jews and often did not respect Jewish holidays. Starting around 1881, many Yemeni Jews began to move to Jerusalem.
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179:). By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had the largest Jewish population in the world, with 150,000 compared to
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Peri, Oded (1990). "The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.).
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538:, where they made up 10% of the city's population. But at the same time the forced resettlement, though not intended as an
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1258:. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mohammedan.
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Friction between Jews and Turks was less common than in the Arab territories. Some examples: In 1660 or 1662, under
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905:("rabbi tax"). Sometimes, local rulers would also levy taxes for themselves, in addition to the taxes sent to the
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collected from Christian and Jewish communities was among the main sources of tax income of the Ottoman treasury.
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448:, he opted for the latter. His remaining disciples also converted to Islam. Their descendants are today known as
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1235:) were arrested after being accused of murdering the Christian Father Thomas and his servant in an instance of
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D. Tamar, "On the Jews of Safed in the Days of the Ottoman Conquest" Cathedra 11 (1979), cited Dan Ben Amos,
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writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. According to
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declared that " immigrants be able to settle as scattered groups throughout Turkey, excluding Palestine."
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as part of a larger trend of antisemitism resurging throughout Europe that the Ottomans would exploit. The
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1008:, who speaks of him as an acquaintance whom he esteemed highly. Fonseca was involved in negotiations with
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1494:, a Ladino language newspaper published by David Fresco in Constantinople/Istanbul in the years 1872–1930
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Even though Jews were placed under special restrictions in the Ottoman Empire, there was still a vibrant
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Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001. Vintage Books, 2001
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banking house of Mendès, which moved to and settled in Istanbul in 1552 under the protection of sultan
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that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Among these new Ashkenazi immigrants was
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Ottoman Jews were obliged to pay special taxes to the Ottoman authorities. These taxes included the
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Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton, (1999)
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were subjected to what Gilbert calls punitive taxation. In 1864, around 500 Jews were killed in
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Essai sur l'histoire des Israélites de l'Empire ottoman: depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours
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by the majority Muslim population. Muslims in the Ottoman Empire used the Qur'anic concept of
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from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months most of the Empire's
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and French covering the rival ideological claims and intellectual controversies of the day:
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M. Rosen, Studies in the History of Istanbul Jewry, 1453-1923 (Diaspora, 2), Turnhout, 2015
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Ottoman Jews held a variety of views on the role of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, from loyal
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in 1517. Accounts of the attack against the Jews in Safed were recorded by historian Rabbi
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Studies in Ottoman Social & Economic Life, Heidelberg, (1999); the essay is entitled:
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was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.
428:"My impression is that no pressure existed, that it was merely performαnce that counted."
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Two violent incidences took place in Safed and Hebron after the Ottomans had ousted the
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and the Ottoman Empire, occurred during the reign of Mehmed the Conquerors's successor,
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Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and His Kabbalistic Fellowship
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1463:("Translation Journal"), began in 1876 and edited by Jozef Niego, published in Istanbul
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2660:"Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I"
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Salonica became the Jewish center of the Ottoman Empire after 1492. At this time, the
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996:, who were able to "capitalize on their religio-cultural ties with the West and their
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Some Jews who reached high positions in the Ottoman court and administration include
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Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith
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H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)
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Olson, Robert W. (1979). "Jews in the Ottoman Empire in Light of New Documents".
2308:. Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House. p. 746.
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1469:("The East"), began in 1867, edited by an anonymous person, published in Istanbul
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In 1865, when the equality of all subjects of the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed,
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Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Century
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Banking on Baghdad: inside Iraq's 7,000-year history of war, profit and conflict
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were allowed to settle in the wealthier cities of the empire, especially in the
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During the Ottoman Empire, the following newspapers served Jewish communities:
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further lowered the number of Jews within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.
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In particular on the history of Istanbul Jewry in the Ottoman Empire, see
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Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history
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The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity
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1366:
1228:
1028:
1005:
895:
775:
746:
722:
714:
702:
698:
694:
670:
531:
499:
340:
316:
307:
153:
134:
2913:
2196:
1601:
1409:
1365:
Although Jews were spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, the cities of
1263:
1189:
1160:
1039:
1020:
866:
786:
591:
527:
423:
372:
252:
184:
90:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2473:
The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.
1544:("The Nation"), October 1919 to 17 September 1922, edited by Jak Loria
406:, the apogee of Jewish influence could arguable be the appointment of
2359:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia
1534:("The Journal of the Orient"), 1918–1977, by the political scientist
1317:
1274:
rule after the occupation of the region in 1878. The independence of
1213:
1201:
1197:
993:
961:
834:
830:
803:
730:
623:
607:
599:
511:
477:
449:
444:. He was eventually caught by the Ottoman authorities and when given
256:
244:
180:
2856:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001
1412:
and socialism. The family were merchants and central figures in the
1118:
The Jewish millet constitution is noted for its similarity with the
2063:
Jewish Salonica : between the Ottoman Empire and modern Greece
472:
under Ottoman rule took place after the Empire gained control over
1516:
1431:
1303:
1293:
1193:
1055:
953:
932:
883:
850:
767:
754:
750:
742:
726:
718:
666:
638:
618:
569:
395:
354:
321:
272:
260:
248:
121:
2173:"The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire | My Jewish Learning"
2120:"EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire"
1891:
Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)
1745:"EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire"
1223:
An important instance of anti-Semitism around this time was the
918:
602:
and wrote a letter inviting the European Jewry to settle in the
98:{{Translated|tr|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki Yahudilerin tarihi}}
65:
3980:
3574:
3169:
2741:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2701:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2386:
An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
1216:. In 1897, synagogues were ransacked and Jews were murdered in
598:
whose family had lived in France. He became the Chief Rabbi of
791:
595:
519:
418:, a rank usually only bestowed upon Muslims) of the island of
247:
passed into Muslim rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in
17:
2609:
A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
1875:
1873:
802:
The Jews satisfied various needs in the Ottoman Empire. The
487:, he found the city in a state of disarray. After suffering
331:'s minister of Finance ("Defterdar") Hekim Yakup Pasha, his
1315:
In the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Christians were considered
1262:
The overwhelming majority of the Ottoman Jews lived in the
774:. Gradually, the chief centre of the Sephardic Jews became
171:. The Ottoman Empire became a safe haven for Jews from the
1486:("Language Journal"), began in 1899, edited by Avram Leyon
1326:
worship, and having public processions or public worship.
2801:
2799:
3112:(1970). "Eretz Yisrael Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1917".
3030:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
2929:
Better together : restoring the American community
1725:
L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)
1662:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
762:. Bayezid allowed the Jews to live on the banks of the
2332:
Hebron Jews: memory and conflict in the land of Israel
2226:. Spertus College of Judaica Press. 1999. p. 56.
2216:
2214:
1853:
Muslims & Zimmis in the Ottoman cultur and society
1847:
1845:
917:
The Jews of Salonica were well known for the spinning
645:
in 1492 and granted them permission to settle in the
2202:
Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands),
1943:, "The Jews of Islam", New York (1984), pp. 135 –136
1887:
1885:
61:
57:
a machine-translated version of the Turkish article.
4181:
4165:
4149:
4106:
4071:
4028:
3926:
3888:
3608:
3499:
3459:
3201:
3091:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
2004:"Holocaust | Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey"
1090:
Konstitusyon para la nasyon yisraelita de la Turkia
167:, Anatolia had already been home to communities of
3113:
2570:
402:especially, the Jews rose to prominence under the
2745:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2705:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
1816:"International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey"
1716:B. Lewis, The Jews of Islam, PUP, (1987) 137–141
677:in 1492, declared by the Spanish King and Queen
2867:Lewis (1999), pp. 136–137; Gerber (1986), p. 86
2612:. Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 260–263.
778:, where they soon outnumbered the pre-existing
275:became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the
673:. The expulsion came about as a result of the
86:accompanying your translation by providing an
48:Click for important translation instructions.
35:expand this article with text translated from
3992:
3586:
3181:
2816:
2814:
2747:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2707:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2265:
226:'s silver Torah case, Constantinople, 1860 –
8:
2536:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1918:"The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire"
1480:Ottoman Turkish and Ladino (Judeo-Spanish):
1212:to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from
3141:Ottoman history and society: Jewish sources
2847:
2845:
2389:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
2356:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).
2277:
2253:
2205:Jewish Publication Society 2011 p.61, n.3:
1200:. In 1875, 20 Jews were killed by a mob in
616:conquered lands from the Byzantine Empire.
347:, who was the master of the mint in Egypt.
206:of modern Turkey continues to be home to a
4015:Jews and Judaism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
3999:
3985:
3977:
3593:
3579:
3571:
3188:
3174:
3166:
2673:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 312–332.
2640:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2093:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
941:, seventeenth century. From the 1901-1906
4063:Sejdić and Finci constitutional challenge
2749:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2709:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2383:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994).
1163:in 1828. There was a massacre of Jews in
2335:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40.
2302:Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum (2007).
1557:, 1909–1911, published by Nahum Solokoff
1457:Ottoman Turkish with Hebrew characters:
1356:
1308:Administrative building backside of the
1231:(which was then under the leadership of
971:
785:
459:
217:
198:brought an increased Jewish presence to
3089:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
2805:
2790:
2778:
1622:
1243:demanded the release of the condemned.
956:, with a substantial Jewish community,
464:Paths of Jewish immigration to Salonika
446:the choice between death and conversion
4276:History of the Jews in the Middle East
4266:Jews and Judaism in the Ottoman Empire
2633:
2086:
564:was soon bolstered by small groups of
2895:
2893:
2891:
2653:
2651:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2025:
2023:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1612:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1154:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies
758:community of 30,000 individuals with
235:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
228:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
7:
2485:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1912).
2413:Historic cities of the Islamic world
2289:
2149:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour"
1980:"Jewish Community in Ottoman Empire"
1632:"Ottomans' benefactions on the Jews"
1607:Jews in Palestine under Ottoman rule
1442:, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica (
550:Influx of Sephardic Jews from Iberia
442:proclaimed himself to be the Messiah
351:Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600)
4237:List of Bosnia and Herzegovina Jews
2658:Mandel, Neville J. (October 1974).
2329:Jerold S. Auerbach (30 July 2009).
2124:jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu
1787:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 287.
1749:jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu
1693:The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire
1585:Racism and discrimination in Turkey
1570:History of the Jews in Thessaloniki
1353:History of the Jews in Thessaloniki
580:
391:
279:was compiled there as well as many
3003:Azagury, Yaelle (12 August 2020).
2769:) // CITED: p. 24 (PDF p. 26/338).
2729:) // CITED: p. 37 (PDF p. 39/338).
2508:. Librairie A. Durlacher. p.
2410:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007).
1507:, published beginning in 1908, by
1192:. In 1869, 18 Jews were killed in
14:
4173:Arie Livne Jewish Cultural Center
2827:, HarperCollins, 2002, pp 179–82.
2491:. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 283.
1855:by Haim Gerber, Jerusalem, (1999)
1393:the state of Israel was created.
1361:Jewish family of Salonica in 1917
1208:asked the Ottoman authorities in
1070:Constitution of the Jewish Millet
502:in 1204, and the outbreak of the
4019:
4007:
3554:
3545:
3544:
2858:. Vintage Books, 2001, pp 10–11.
1696:. Darwin Press. pp. 12–13.
1159:There was a massacre of Jews in
271:, as well as many other cities.
243:, on 15–20 August 636, when the
22:
2577:. John Wiley and Sons. p.
1954:"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati"
1592:History of the Jews in Istanbul
426:, Haim Gerber describes it as:
343:'s physician Is'hak Pasha, and
3602:History of the Jews in Europe
3512:British Indian Ocean Territory
3005:"The story of Jewish Salonica"
1140:Antisemitism in the Arab world
815:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
456:Resettlement of the Romaniotes
432:An additional problem was the
187:'s combined figure of 75,000.
96:You may also add the template
1:
4157:Old Jewish Cemetery, Sarajevo
2061:Naar, Devin E. (2016-09-07).
1630:Kamran, Tahir (6 June 2021).
1575:History of the Jews in Turkey
1400:that published newspapers in
1045:Prior to the creation of the
208:small Jewish population today
2876:Sharkey (2017), pp. 155-158.
2606:Sharkey, Heather J. (2017).
2242:", not to return until 1533.
2223:The Solomon Goldman lectures
2153:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2035:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1120:Armenian millet constitution
863:expulsion of Jews from Spain
434:lack of unity among the Jews
310:and were represented by the
288:expulsion of Jews from Spain
3196:History of the Jews in Asia
3139:Shmuelevitz, Aryeh (1999).
2031:"Sephardi Jews in Salonica"
1088:which was enacted in 1865,
1000:". An exception to this is
964:over a struggle for power.
109:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
4292:
3066:Those Were the Generations
2927:Putnam, Robert D. (2003).
1350:
1177:Throughout the 1860s, the
1129:
1073:
818:
553:
485:conquest of Constantinople
232:
60:Machine translation, like
4231:
4208:Perished in the Holocaust
3540:
3102:Stanford University Press
3087:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3064:; Mishal, Nissim (2000).
2974:10.1007/s10835-014-9216-z
2679:10.1080/00263207408700278
2548:10.1017/s0020743805052165
2451:10.1007/s10835-014-9219-9
2362:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185.
2266:Ben-Ami & Mishal 2000
1310:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
1299:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
737:coastal regions (such as
613:Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria
468:The first major event in
175:fleeing persecution (see
129:was built in 1878 at the
37:the corresponding article
4198:Hungarian-Jewish descent
3261:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2931:. Simon & Schuster.
2767:Martin Luther University
2757:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2739:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2727:Martin Luther University
2717:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2699:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2065:. Stanford, California.
1227:, in which many Jews in
1136:Islamic–Jewish relations
1092:, originally written in
871:Suleiman the Magnificent
713:), Western and Northern
3522:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3116:The Jews: Their History
3096:Fine, Lawrence (2003).
1270:for example came under
968:18th and 19th centuries
952:(1649–87), the city of
937:Jewish subjects of the
921:for the manufacture of
661:(1481–1512), after the
653:An influx of Jews into
534:, were concentrated in
365:Joods Historisch Museum
224:Abraham Salomon Camondo
107:For more guidance, see
4271:Jewish Turkish history
3651:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2667:Middle Eastern Studies
2502:Franco, Moïse (1897).
2416:. BRILL. p. 207.
1690:Levy, Avigdor (1992).
1580:Antisemitism in Turkey
1450:
1362:
1312:
1301:
1260:
988:
945:
799:
650:
606:, in which he stated "
493:a devastating conquest
465:
368:
230:
137:
4166:Cultural institutions
2902:Jewish Social Studies
2569:Black, Edwin (2004).
2305:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1867:, Channel 4 –History.
1768:Akbar, M. J. (2003),
1435:
1416:between Salonica and
1360:
1307:
1297:
1251:
1233:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
1132:Antisemitism in Islam
1038:Some Jews thrived in
1010:Charles XII of Sweden
975:
936:
789:
663:expulsion of the Jews
622:
590:'French'), a
463:
358:
233:Further information:
221:
165:the Ottoman conquests
148:and covered parts of
125:
80:copyright attribution
3436:United Arab Emirates
3044:, 9780814779583. p.
2008:www.projetaladin.org
1064:Council of Ministers
766:. Egypt, especially
127:Bet Yaakov Synagogue
3889:States with limited
3463:limited recognition
2471:Sidney Mendelssohn.
1667:Springer Publishing
1531:Le Journal d'Orient
1418:Manchester, England
1406:Ottoman nationalism
1382:Spanish Inquisition
985:Istanbul University
943:Jewish Encyclopedia
857:Banking and finance
825:1517 Hebron attacks
643:Spanish Inquisition
544:new Jewish arrivals
540:anti-Jewish measure
290:under the reign of
239:At the time of the
183:'s and non-Ottoman
150:Southeastern Europe
4244:List of synagogues
3110:Finkelstein, Louis
3028:Shaw, Stanford J.
3009:The Jerusalem Post
2177:My Jewish Learning
1922:My Jewish Learning
1526:("The Young Turk")
1451:
1363:
1313:
1302:
1264:European provinces
1172:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
989:
946:
839:Ottoman–Mamluk War
821:1517 Safed attacks
800:
733:) but also in the
691:European provinces
651:
466:
369:
231:
156:, and much of the
138:
88:interlanguage link
4253:
4252:
4058:Sarajevo Haggadah
3974:
3973:
3568:
3567:
3505:other territories
3079:978-9-6544-8745-0
2763:info page on book
2759:. pp. 21–51.
2723:info page on book
2719:. pp. 21–51.
2619:978-0-521-76937-2
2342:978-0-7425-6615-6
2315:978-0-02-865936-7
2233:978-0-935982-57-2
1956:. Turkishjews.com
1794:978-90-04-07785-0
1657:Shaw, Stanford J.
1515:; later moved to
1422:League of Nations
1031:, for example, a
1002:Daniel de Fonseca
589:
345:Abraham de Castro
200:Ottoman Palestine
173:Iberian Peninsula
120:
119:
49:
45:
4283:
4245:
4238:
4185:
4138:Zenica Synagogue
4110:
4098:Sephardi culture
4088:La Benevolencija
4075:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3927:Dependencies and
3868:Northern Ireland
3609:Sovereign states
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3517:Christmas Island
3203:Sovereign states
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3144:
3135:
3119:
3105:
3092:
3083:
3070:Yedioth Ahronoth
3049:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2968:(3–4): 337–372.
2957:
2951:
2950:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2445:(3–4): 261–288.
2434:
2428:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2278:Finkelstein 1970
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2254:Shmuelevitz 1999
2251:
2245:
2244:
2218:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2126:. Archived from
2116:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1659:(27 July 2016).
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1436:A 1902 Issue of
1347:Life in Salonica
1272:Austro-Hungarian
1241:Adolphe Crémieux
998:trading diaspora
977:David Ben-Gurion
780:Romaniote Jewish
772:Musta'arabi Jews
693:(cities such as
584:
582:
510:he ordered that
393:
359:Illustration of
241:Battle of Yarmuk
140:By the time the
99:
93:
66:Google Translate
47:
43:
26:
25:
18:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4183:
4177:
4161:
4145:
4108:
4102:
4073:
4067:
4024:
4014:
4005:
3975:
3970:
3928:
3922:
3908:Northern Cyprus
3890:
3884:
3783:North Macedonia
3604:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3536:
3504:
3495:
3476:Northern Cyprus
3462:
3455:
3197:
3194:
3151:
3138:
3132:
3108:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3062:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
3060:
3057:
3052:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2821:Gilbert, Martin
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2632:
2620:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2085:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1865:The Black Death
1863:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1733:
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1566:
1511:(Salonika) man
1461:Ceridei Tercüme
1430:
1369:(Istanbul) and
1355:
1349:
1292:
1225:Damascus affair
1142:
1128:
1078:
1076:Abraham Camondo
1072:
1051:Orphans' Decree
981:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
970:
931:
915:
879:
859:
827:
819:Main articles:
817:
675:Alhambra Decree
573:Yitzhak Sarfati
558:
556:Alhambra Decree
552:
458:
353:
304:Armenian millet
300:Orthodox millet
237:
216:
204:successor state
177:Alhambra Decree
163:At the time of
116:
115:
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97:
91:
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44:(December 2020)
27:
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3149:External links
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3122:Schocken Books
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3093:
3084:
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2995:
2962:Jewish History
2952:
2938:978-0743235471
2937:
2919:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2841:
2829:
2810:
2808:, p. 130.
2795:
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2783:
2781:, p. 129.
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2542:(4): 461–483.
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2439:Jewish History
2429:
2423:978-9004153882
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2402:
2395:
2375:
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2321:
2314:
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2240:land of Beirut
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2019:
1995:
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1669:. p. 40.
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1536:Albert Carasso
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1484:Ceride-i Lisan
1478:
1477:
1476:
1470:
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1448:Ottoman Empire
1429:
1426:
1373:, also called
1367:Constantinople
1348:
1345:
1331:Jewish culture
1291:
1288:
1210:Constantinople
1146:Martin Gilbert
1127:
1124:
1108:'s accession.
1106:Abdul Hamid II
1094:Judaeo-Spanish
1084:agreed upon a
1071:
1068:
1025:Emanuel Karasu
969:
966:
939:Ottoman Empire
930:
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911:
878:
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843:Elijah Capsali
816:
813:
796:Ottoman Empire
790:Painting of a
687:Sephardic Jews
647:Ottoman Empire
635:Sephardic Jews
604:Ottoman Empire
566:Ashkenazi Jews
560:The number of
551:
548:
536:Constantinople
524:Romaniote Jews
508:Constantinople
474:Constantinople
470:Jewish history
457:
454:
352:
349:
277:Shulchan Aruch
222:Jewish leader
215:
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202:. The Ottoman
169:Byzantine Jews
142:Ottoman Empire
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4036:The Holocaust
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3143:. Isis Press.
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2743:Kanun-ı Esasi
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2703:Kanun-ı Esasi
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2130:on 2018-12-14
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3956:Isle of Man
3891:recognition
3843:Switzerland
3778:Netherlands
3560:Asia portal
3461:States with
3381:Philippines
3321:South Korea
3316:North Korea
3211:Afghanistan
3014:8 September
1290:Jewish life
1237:blood libel
983:studied in
837:during the
764:Golden Horn
562:native Jews
526:, from the
504:Black Death
489:many sieges
408:Joseph Nasi
363:from 1906 (
337:Moses Hamon
281:Kabbalistic
158:Middle East
146:World War I
4260:Categories
4150:Cemeteries
4109:Synagogues
4051:Yugoslavia
3813:San Marino
3773:Montenegro
3753:Luxembourg
3733:Kazakhstan
3636:Azerbaijan
3441:Uzbekistan
3416:Tajikistan
3331:Kyrgyzstan
3311:Kazakhstan
3231:Bangladesh
3221:Azerbaijan
3042:0814779581
2837:Mark Cohen
2182:2018-04-16
2158:2018-04-16
2134:2018-12-09
2040:2018-12-09
2013:2018-04-16
1989:2018-04-16
1984:DailySabah
1960:2012-10-16
1927:2018-12-09
1826:2011-05-24
1754:2018-11-24
1618:References
1597:Romaniotes
1554:Hamevasser
1351:See also:
1150:Mark Cohen
1144:Historian
1130:See also:
1074:See also:
1033:Young Turk
1017:Ottomanism
923:broadcloth
902:rav akçesi
899:, and the
833:and taken
707:Adrianople
683:Isabelle I
659:Beyazid II
655:Asia Minor
631:Kemal Reis
627:Bayezid II
554:See also:
516:Christians
412:Sanjak-bey
378:linked to
371:The first
335:physician
333:Portuguese
292:Beyezid II
39:in Turkish
4193:Ashkenazi
3946:Gibraltar
3748:Lithuania
3527:Hong Kong
3481:Palestine
3406:Sri Lanka
3401:Singapore
3281:Indonesia
3034:NYU Press
2990:159989479
2982:0334-701X
2947:928398126
2636:cite book
2628:995805601
2556:162801222
2459:254595877
2290:Fine 2003
2089:cite book
2081:939277881
1542:La Nasion
1491:El Tiempo
1398:Amsterdam
1256:gaberdine
1206:Jerusalem
1183:Marrakech
1167:in 1867.
1165:Barfurush
1113:hahambaşı
950:Mehmet IV
739:Jerusalem
711:Nicopolis
641:from the
500:Crusaders
481:Mehmed II
424:Tax farms
376:synagogue
329:Mehmed II
269:Jerusalem
131:Kuzguncuk
102:talk page
4218:Sephardi
4118:Sarajevo
4093:Sarajevo
3966:Svalbard
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3898:Abkhazia
3873:Scotland
3828:Slovenia
3823:Slovakia
3798:Portugal
3656:Bulgaria
3550:Category
3471:Abkhazia
3421:Thailand
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3351:Maldives
3346:Malaysia
3246:Cambodia
3036:, 1992.
2753:Würzburg
2713:Würzburg
2684:29 March
1941:B. Lewis
1641:13 April
1564:See also
1549:Hebrew:
1538:(Karasu)
1504:L'Aurore
1499:French:
1439:La Epoca
1371:Salonica
1280:Bulgaria
1229:Damascus
1029:Salonika
1006:Voltaire
913:Textiles
877:Taxation
776:Salonica
747:Damascus
715:Anatolia
703:Salonica
699:Sarajevo
695:Istanbul
671:Portugal
532:Anatolia
497:Catholic
476:. After
416:governor
392:עץ החיים
382:rule is
341:Murad II
308:autonomy
214:Overview
154:Anatolia
135:Istanbul
78:provide
4223:Writers
4203:Israeli
4125:Former:
4041:History
3863:England
3853:Ukraine
3803:Romania
3763:Moldova
3721:Ireland
3716:Iceland
3711:Hungary
3701:Germany
3696:Georgia
3686:Finland
3681:Estonia
3676:Denmark
3661:Croatia
3646:Belgium
3641:Belarus
3631:Austria
3626:Armenia
3621:Andorra
3616:Albania
3446:Vietnam
3361:Myanmar
3341:Lebanon
3271:Georgia
3226:Bahrain
3216:Armenia
3055:Sources
2914:4467038
2515:13 July
2199:(eds.),
2197:Dov Noy
1602:Urfalim
1467:Şarkiye
1410:Zionism
1190:Morocco
1161:Baghdad
1040:Baghdad
1021:Zionism
890:ispençe
867:Marrano
831:Mamluks
798:, 1779.
588:
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512:Muslims
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380:Ottoman
283:texts.
253:Sh’chem
185:Ukraine
100:to the
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3961:Jersey
3903:Kosovo
3848:Turkey
3838:Sweden
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3808:Russia
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3276:India
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3251:China
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2910:JSTOR
2663:(PDF)
2552:S2CID
2455:S2CID
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