History of the Russian Orthodox Church

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pilgrimage and other devotions to sacred spaces and objects (especially icons).There were also persistent beliefs in the presence and power of the supernatural (apparitions, possession, walking-dead, demons, spirits, miracles, and magic). The lower classes also stressed the vitality of local "ecclesial communities" actively shaping their own ritual and spiritual lives, sometimes in the absence of clergy, and defining their own sacred places and forms of piety. Various

2545: 2490:. The government seized all church lands. Thus the Russian Orthodox Church found itself without official state backing for the first time in its history. One of the first decrees of the new Communist government (issued in January 1918) declared freedom of "religious and anti-religious propaganda". This led to a marked decline in the power and influence of the Church. The Church was also caught in the crossfire of the 2821:, which proclaimed loyalty towards the Soviet state and condemned political dissent within the Church. The Appeal made it clear that its purpose was "legalisation" of the Patriarchal Church's structures, namely The Temporary Patriarchal Synod. The legalisation had been granted by the authorities shortly thitherto. Moreover, he demanded pledges of loyalty to the Soviet state from all Russian Orthodox clergy abroad. 4656: 4328: 1944: 24: 1654: 2744: 2991:. The petitioners say their address was the final document of the conference titled "The Triumph and Collapse of an Empire: Lessons from History". According to them "The state sovereignty of the Russian Federation is law. Our call is for backing up its spiritual sovereignty, too, by declaring the Orthodoxy's special role in the Russian Constitution". 2344:, who initially reversed Peter's decree, eventually re-affirmed it in 1764 and went still further by closing 569 out of 954 monasteries. In 1785 the Orthodox clergy did not receive a single seat in Catherine's legislative commission. By 1786, Catherine chose to simply exclude all religion and clerical studies programs from lay education. In 1797 the 2699:

demolishing the institutional church and shifting the authority to the parish, they helped to empower parishioners, above all, religious activists. It was precisely because these non-clerical tserkovniki so aggressively propagated the faith and defended their church that they would become a prime target of repression in the 1930s.

2964:, is a jurisdiction of the church which was separated from Moscow for several decades. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad was formed in the 1920s by Russian communities outside Communist Russia who refused to recognize the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church, as they believed it had fallen under the influence of the 1811:(1354–78), supported the rising power of the principality of Moscow. The church enjoyed protection for its land and buildings as well as freedom from taxes. In addition it was guaranteed freedom from persecution in accordance with Islamic religious law. To that extent, there was even a legal relationship between the 3192: 2906:

other persons to meet their needs, collected voluntary contributions in houses of worship for the support of their property. The Government granted the free use of houses of worship and other publicly owned property of the USSR. Russian Orthodox priests were trained at theological academies and seminaries

2909:

In the Soviet Union the charitable and social work formerly done by ecclesiastical authorities were regulated by the government. Church owned property was nationalized. Places of worship were legally viewed as state property which the government permitted the church to use. After the advent of state

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altogether and to return to the "collegial" form of church government. Tikhon refused to recognize the authority of the Council and the validity of the "court" decision. The Council's decisions had no effect on the life of the Patriarchal or "Tikhonite" Church, which continued to exist, albeit on an

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in 1901–1903, bringing together prominent intellectuals and clergy to explore together ways to reconcile the Church with the growing of undogmatic desire among the educated for spiritual meaning in life. Especially after 1905, various religious societies arose, though much of this religious upheaval

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with the Moscow Patriarchate. According to the provisions of the Act, the Moscow Patriarchate guarantees that ROCOR will maintain its independent hierarchy, continuing to be "an indissoluble, self-governing part of the Local Russian Orthodox Church", the only change being that when she elects a new

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Citizens of the USSR were permitted to form religious societies for their religious needs if at least 20 believers reached the age of 18. Believers who composed an association performed religious rites, organized meetings for prayer, and other purposes connected to worship. They hired ministers and

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Between 1945 and 1959 the number of open churches reached 25,000. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. But in 1959 Nikita Khrushchev initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. By 1985 fewer than 7,000

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The Soviets' official religious stance was one of "religious freedom or tolerance", though the state established atheism as the only scientific truth (see also the Soviet or committee of the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Scientific and Political Knowledge or Znanie which was until 1947

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In the postwar era, having changed its political orientation, the Orthodox Church reviewed its traditional positions. It went on to approve the accomplishments of the socialist state, and it called on believers to participate in the international peace movement. Modernist tendencies grew stronger,

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Relations between the church and state improved considerably. For his work, Patriarch Pimen was awarded testimonials and personal medals by the Soviet Peace Fund (1969 and 1971) and the gold Fighter for Peace medal from the Soviet Peace Committee. His predecessor Patriarch Aleksy was awarded four

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The mass closure of churches continued until 1939, by which time there was only a few hundred left. According to the official data of the government Commission on Rehabilitation: in 1937 136,900 Orthodox clerics were arrested, 85,300 of them were shot dead; in 1938 28,300 arrested, 21,500 of them

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Indeed, the party's anti-religious policy arguably had a certain salutary effect: if nothing else, it helped to expunge the clerical dead wood, those who served from convenience rather than conviction. More important, the Bolsheviks unwittingly helped to foster religious revival in the 1920s: by

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One sees a similarly renewed vigor and variety in religious life and spirituality among the lower classes, especially after the upheavals of 1905. Among the peasantry we see widespread interest in spiritual-ethical literature and non-conformist moral-spiritual movements, as well as an upsurge in

2509:, the Russian Orthodox Church came under persecution of the Communist government. The Soviet government stood on a platform of militant atheism, viewing the church as a "counter-revolutionary" organization and an independent voice with a great influence in society. While the 1823:, the capital of the Golden Horde. The increasing importance of Moscow and the growing power of the political system also created ideas that contributed to a theological basis of the stature of Moscow. References have already been made regarding the perception of Moscow as a 2009:

near Moscow to found dozens of monasteries across northeastern Russia. Some of the most famous monasteries were located in the Russian North, in order to demonstrate how faith could flourish in the most inhospitable lands. The richest landowners of medieval Russia included

1819:" corresponded with the Orthodox idea of a state that protected the Orthodox Church and, therefore could call for loyalty. Centuries later, the ecumenical patriarchs dealt hardly differently with the Ottoman rulers. In 1261, the Russian church established an eparchy in 2715:

on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea. Eight metropolitans, twenty archbishops, and forty-seven bishops of the Orthodox Church died there, along with tens of thousands of the laity. Of these, 95,000 were put to death, executed by firing squad. Father

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churches remained active. It is estimated that 50,000 clergy were executed by the end of the Khrushchev era. Members of the church hierarchy were jailed or forced out, their places taken by docile clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB.

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from April 29 to May 8, 1923, which apart from confirming the decisions concerning changes in the canonical rules of ordinations and clerical marriage, put Patriarch Tikhon (then under house arrest, awaiting civil trial) on ecclesiastic trial

3166:РПЦ: вмешательство Константинополя в ситуацию на Украине может породить новые расколы: Митрополит Волоколамский Иларион завил, что Русская православная церковь представит доказательства неправомерности притязаний Константинополя на Украину 4426: 645: 2634:

In the early 1920s, Lenin expelled the leading Russian religious thinkers. Forced to leave Russia, these theologians settled in various European cities. The vessels which carried these intellectuals to Europe came to be known as the

1843:, which were arranged according to the calendar so that they could be read continuously in the liturgy and in the monasteries. These had strong Russian features and supported a providential view of the Russian political system. 4436: 655: 4481: 700: 2658:

explains that the Russian Religious Renaissance was an attempt to interpret all aspects of human existence: culture, politics, even economics, in Christian terms. This Renaissance was brought about by the generation of

2398:, and Eastern religions. A fascination with elemental feeling, with the unconscious and the mythic, proliferated along with visions of coming catastrophe and redemption. The visible forms of God-Seeking were extensive. 4486: 2691:, aggressively arrested and executed bishops, priests, and devout worshippers for refusing to hand in church valuables. Some 20,000 people were executed just outside Butovo, including many clergy, ascetics and laymen. 705: 1975:, who defended ecclesiastical ownership of land and property. The sovereign's position fluctuated, but eventually he gave his support to Joseph. New sects sprang up, some of which showed a tendency to revert to the 2385:

During the final decades of the imperial order in Russia many educated Russians sought to return to the Church and revitalize their faith. No less evident were non-conformist paths of spiritual searching known as

1918:

Metropolitan Jonas, like his predecessors, was given the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', but his successors styled themselves as Metropolitans of Moscow and All Rus'. Five years later, Constantinople

4456: 675: 2410:, who, until his death in 1908 (though his followers remained active long after), emphasized Christian living and sought to restore fervency and the presence of the miraculous in liturgical celebration. 5835: 2618:, a sister from the Grand Duchess Elizabeth's convent. They were herded into the forest, pushed into an abandoned mineshaft and grenades were then hurled into the mineshaft. Her remains were buried in 2501:

According to Lenin, a communist regime cannot remain neutral on the question of religion but must show itself to be merciless towards it. There was no place for the church in Lenin's classless society.

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of 1551. This assembly unified Church ceremonies and duties in the whole territory of Russia. At the demand of the Church hierarchy the government canceled the tsar's jurisdiction over ecclesiastics.

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After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Joseph Stalin revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. On September 4, 1943, Metropolitans

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In November 2013, a large group of Russian entrepreneurs, public figures and scientists called for defining a special role of Orthodoxy in the Constitution. The appeal has been submitted to the

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The Russian Orthodox Church supported tsarist Russia, therefore creating another reason the Bolsheviks would attempt to diminish their influence on the Russian people and government.

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officially claimed religious toleration, in practice the government discouraged organized religion and did everything possible to remove religious influence from Soviet society.

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and the Russian Orthodox Church since these rights had been conceded in a formal document (jarlig). The church was only required to pray for the Khan. This continuation of the "

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funded universal education, the Church's influence on education declined. Outside of sermons during the celebration of the divine liturgy it was restricted from evangelizing.

2423:, who bluntly repudiated the materialism and atheism that had dominated the thought of the intelligentsia for generations as leading inevitably to failure and moral disaster. 4401: 2228:

In the late 17th and the next two centuries, due to the expansion of the boundaries of the Russian state, the Russian Church experienced phenomenal geographic expansion too.

889: 620: 2189:, sought to establish the primacy of the Orthodox Church over the state in Russia. In 1666–1667, he undertook a revision of translations of liturgical texts (from Greek to 2891:

even in the religious aspects of ideology and practice. For example, the church no longer glorified senseless suffering, which it once considered as a road of salvation.

806: 5099: 4451: 4431: 2933: 670: 650: 4446: 4441: 1175: 665: 660: 6764: 4993: 4841: 4369: 4270: 1273: 541: 497: 5845: 5592: 3029:, his election must be confirmed by the Patriarch of Moscow. In turn, ROCOR recognizes the Patriarch of Moscow as the head of the entire Russian Orthodox Church. 1180: 140: 1835:. The metropolitan of Moscow, Makariy (1483–1563) contributed above all, to the strengthened emphasis of the Moscow idea of the state. He emphasized the Russian 5404: 2525: 1597: 1263: 6112: 3619: 2824:

This, as well as the fact that his actions were seen by many as usurpation of the power that he was not entitled to, being a deputy of imprisoned Metropolitan

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Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: “As the Mother Church, it is reasonable to desire the restoration of unity for the divided ecclesiastical body in Ukraine”

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was dissolved and the Tsarist government – which had granted the Church numerous privileges – was overthrown. After a few months of political turmoil, the

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The Washington Post Anti-Communist Priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa By Patricia Sullivan Washington Post Staff Writer Sunday, November 26, 2006; p. C09

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those who continued to oppose them. The Old Believers had formed a vigorous body of dissenters within the Russian Orthodoxy for the next two centuries.

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By the mid-10th century, there was already a Christian community amongst Kievan nobility, under the leadership of Greek and Byzantine priests, although

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was informal: circles and salons, séances, private prayer. Some clergy also sought to revitalize Orthodox faith, most famously the charismatic Father

1741: 625: 437: 432: 6621: 45: 32: 6571: 5878: 5491: 4642: 4117: 1590: 781: 447: 371: 2817:(Stragorodsky, 1887–1944), going against the opinion of a part of the Church's parishes, in 1927 issued an Appeal to the faithful, widely known as 2431:

beliefs, which the Orthodox establishment branded as 'sectarianism', also flourished, including both non-Orthodox Christian denominations, notably

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Sermons to young people by Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa. Given at the Chapel of the Romanian Orthodox Church Seminary, The Word online. Bucharest

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after the memorial service for the late Metropolitan of Perge, Evangelos) The official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, 2 July 2018.

2725: 1983: 1888:, however, rejected Florence's concessions to Rome and forbade the proclamation of the acts of the Council in Moscow in 1452. Metropolitan 1715: 1560: 1550: 1377: 1154: 1036: 254: 232: 1733: 6329: 4214: 4098: 3295:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Gregory Freeze, 'Subversive Piety: Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia', 2865: 2078: 1268: 2329:

and was tightly intertwined with the state. The Synod remained the supreme church body in the Russian Church for almost two centuries.

2236: 5927: 5830: 4871: 4354: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3048: 2591: 2293:, and Innocent (Figurovsky) of Beijing. The Japanese mission was the most successful, reaching about 35,000 baptized members in 1914. 1238: 1205: 995: 975: 578: 3921: 3394: 3342: 3321: 2255: 752: 6566: 2590:

In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed. This included people like the

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that began later the same year, and many leaders of the Church supported what would ultimately turn out to be the losing side (the

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intellectual movement in theology and philosophy actually reached its full expression outside Russia in what is now called the

2599: 2443: 1808: 1695: 894: 870: 850: 836: 6743: 6711: 6538: 6457: 6134: 5888: 5658: 5574: 5465: 4918: 3079: 2988: 2968:. Relations between the two churches began improving in the 1990s, and there was a formal reconciliation in 2007 through the 2941: 2607: 2595: 2487: 2248: 1434: 2365:. This marked a beginning of a significant spiritual revival in the Russian Church after a lengthy period of modernization. 3105: 1857:

During the 15th century the Russian Church was pivotal in the survival and life of the Russian state. Such holy figures as

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in Paris in 1925, these émigré theologians began to teach and write about Orthodox theology in a distinctive new way. The

2326: 1832: 1405: 1333: 396: 3423: 2932:: Throughout the summer of that year, major government-supported celebrations took place in Moscow and other cities. The 5922: 5061: 5023: 4933: 4913: 4881: 4851: 4846: 4831: 4816: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4637: 4534: 4336: 4160: 3406: 2134: 2015: 2011: 1575: 1148: 970: 386: 346: 5066: 3378: 6769: 6286: 5932: 5917: 5903: 5810: 5800: 5290: 5018: 5008: 4988: 4958: 4876: 4861: 4772: 4184: 3898: 2244: 2138: 1711: 1525: 816: 69: 4983: 4923: 1752:, appointed the metropolitan who governed the Church of Rus'. The Metropolitan's residence was originally located in 1642: 1641:

and foretold the foundation of a great Christian city. The spot where he reportedly erected a cross is now marked by

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Father Arseny 1893–1973 Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father. Introduction, pp. vi, 1. St Vladimir's Seminary Press

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Many thousands of victims of persecution were subsequently recognized in a special canon of saints known as the "

2623: 2178: 2069:, who "was much embarrassed for want of funds", with a view to elevating the status of the Moscow Metroplis to a 1029: 923: 776: 757: 467: 228: 6738: 6706: 6601: 6281: 6094: 5587: 5523: 4973: 4866: 4379: 4359: 4246: 4191: 4179: 3470: 2576: 2301: 2263: 2133:

as well as any Catholic pretender to the Moscow throne. That period also saw the Trinity Monastery (the modern

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The year 1917 was a major turning point for the history of Russia, and also the Russian Orthodox Church. The

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to govern the church. The Holy Governing Synod was modeled after the state-controlled synods of the Lutheran

2073:. Eventually, after protracted negotiations, in January 1589 the Moscow Patriarchate was established, making 5949: 5825: 5707: 5506: 5108: 4978: 4908: 4726: 4364: 4299: 4155: 4143: 4043: 2881: 2395: 2118: 2074: 2006: 1618: 1298: 1063: 845: 801: 791: 588: 457: 452: 189: 151: 4416: 2704:

shot dead; in 1939 1,500 arrested, 900 of them shot dead; in 1940 5,100 arrested, 1,100 of them shot dead.

6669: 6556: 6174: 5795: 5716: 5124: 5051: 4963: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4258: 4239: 2857: 2849: 2636: 2538: 2391: 1920: 1565: 730: 487: 77: 3644: 6664: 6606: 6497: 6492: 6370: 6364: 6164: 5712: 5677: 5582: 5496: 5278: 4251: 3138: 2548: 2194: 1935:, legitimate successor to Constantinople, and the metropolitan of Moscow as head of the Russian Church. 1924: 1908: 1630: 1500: 1258: 289: 5790: 4529: 3493: 2694:

The church survived underground, and Freeze argues that the persecution in some ways made it stronger:

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Highest authority of Russian Orthodox Church in 1917, following the election of St. Tikon as Patriarch

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This agreement made the Church Abroad a mostly self-governing branch of the Russian Orthodox Church.

2940:; many older churches and some monasteries were reopened. An implicit ban on religious propaganda on 2712: 2708: 2358: 2240: 2126: 2082: 2066: 2019: 1510: 1475: 860: 408: 314: 285: 2655: 2177:, who broke away from the established Church in protest against ecclesiastical reforms of Patriarch 1907:, a Russian bishop, without recourse to Constantinople. The Russian church within the bounds of the 6678: 6659: 6487: 6399: 6394: 6321: 6122: 6039: 6014: 5893: 5873: 5820: 5721: 5619: 5516: 5484: 5428: 4660: 3431: 2976: 2531: 2341: 2333: 2198: 1952: 1892:, who had signed the Council's acts, was expelled from his position for apostasy in the same year. 1885: 1873: 1862: 1703: 1520: 1490: 3786:

Freeze, Gregory L. "Subversive piety: Religion and the political crisis in late Imperial Russia".

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independence that the Orthodox Church had enjoyed in that country was abolished in 1811 and the

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The schism peaked in 1666 when Nikon was deposed but the Moscow Church endorsed his reforms and

2193:) and some Moscow-specific rituals to bring them into accord with the prevalent practice of the 1997:

Monastic life flourished, with two major strands co-existing until the definitive defeat of the

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Freeze, Gregory L. "A case of stunted Anticlericalism: Clergy and Society in Imperial Russia".

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Freeze, Gregory L. "Social Mobility and the Russian Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century".

3390: 3361: 3338: 3317: 2825: 2615: 2584: 2491: 2452: 2407: 2290: 2161: 1972: 1840: 1465: 1460: 1429: 1343: 1318: 1098: 908: 3565:ИСТОРИКО-КАНОНИЧЕСКАЯ СПРАВКА о причинах, побуждающих верующих покидать Московскую патриархию 2201:, who was initially a close friend of Nikon, upheld the Patriarch's initiatives. The ensuing 525:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

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The Making of Holy Russia: The Orthodox Church and Russian Nationalism Before the Revolution

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language for the first time, paving the way for the Christianization of the Slavs. There is

1691: 1658: 1505: 1480: 1308: 1083: 960: 745: 482: 477: 366: 309: 3990: 2864:. They received permission to convene a council on September 8, 1943, that elected Sergius 2806:

When Tikhon died in 1925, the Soviet authorities forbade patriarchal elections to be held.

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of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.

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Freeze, Gregory L. "Handmaiden of the state? The church in Imperial Russia reconsidered".

3620:"The Visit of His Eminence Metropolitan Laurus to the Parishes of Argentina and Venezuela" 3479: 3427: 2945: 2837: 2829: 2717: 2688: 2668: 2664: 2318: 2274: 2190: 2186: 2086: 1928: 1904: 1889: 1881: 1804: 1769: 1757: 1737: 1722: 1530: 1485: 740: 615: 568: 2251:

the following year. His title, privileges, and status were subsequently greatly reduced.

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was finally lifted. For the first time in the history of Soviet Union, people could see

1963:

and his successor was plagued by numerous heresies and controversies. One party, led by

6688: 6674: 6649: 6644: 6435: 6409: 6339: 6154: 6056: 6051: 6034: 5974: 5868: 5815: 5644: 5564: 5413: 4589: 4581: 4514: 3210:«Передача» Киевской митрополии Московскому патриархату в 1686 году: канонический анализ 2611: 2495: 2479: 2038: 1998: 1836: 1555: 1313: 1278: 1200: 950: 913: 735: 117: 3622:. Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (russianorthodoxchurch.ws). Archived from 6758: 6591: 6528: 6517: 6404: 6291: 6194: 6182: 6046: 6019: 6009: 5959: 5692: 5438: 5258: 4539: 3596: 3407:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/25/AR2006112500783.html

3230: 2961: 2861: 2764: 2174: 2150: 2106: 2081:. During the next half a century, when the tsardom was weak, the patriarchs (notably 2062: 1968: 1495: 1419: 1384: 725: 4676:

with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the

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http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/resources/sermons/calciu_christ_calling.htm

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A pivotal point in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church came in 1988 with the

2313:, Peter I prevented a successor from being named. In 1721, following the advice of 1729:

was the first ruler of Kievan Rus to convert to Christianity, either in 945 or 957.

6616: 6546: 6424: 6233: 6204: 6071: 5768: 5511: 5470: 4519: 4135: 3454:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), 2980: 2899: 2794: 2580: 2510: 2506: 2182: 2167: 2130: 2122: 1877: 1820: 1812: 1726: 1248: 1103: 356: 304: 207: 3083: 2541:). Criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden and sometimes led to imprisonment. 3911: 3727: 3645:"Patriarch Tikhon's Catacomb Church. History of the Russian True Orthodox Church" 2583:

experimentation, in order to force them give up their religious convictions (see

1708:

evidence that the first Christian bishop was sent to Novgorod from Constantinople

170:

Russian Orthodox Church Department for External Church Relations official website

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Ecumenical Patriarch Takes Moscow Down a Peg Over Church Relations with Ukraine

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After resuming communication with Moscow in the early 1960s, and being granted

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The Russian church enjoyed a favoured position while parts of Russia lay under

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The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform

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In the 19th century, there were missionary efforts in Russia's possessions in

1980: 1964: 1932: 1824: 1675: 1424: 1303: 1283: 1137: 3928:

The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia

3131: 1690:. Christianity was introduced into Kievan Rus by Greek missionaries from the 1637:. According to one of the legends, St. Andrew reached the future location of 6631: 6581: 6507: 6502: 6276: 6261: 5989: 5979: 5682: 5668: 5392: 4655: 4327: 4073: 3867:

Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond

3704: 3670: 2965: 2619: 2575:. Many Orthodox (along with peoples of other faiths) were also subjected to 2568: 2556: 2483: 2267: 2070: 1943: 1634: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1328: 1253: 1161: 1073: 955: 324: 261: 248: 3647:. Церковные Ведомости Русской Истинно-Православной Церкви (catacomb.org.ua) 23: 5077: 4012: 3985:

Freeze, Gregory L. "Recent Scholarship on Russian Orthodoxy: A Critique".

3796:

Freeze, Gregory L. "The Orthodox Church and Serfdom in Prereform Russia".

3700:"Proposal for enshrining special role of Orthodoxy in Constitution sparks" 6475: 6354: 5994: 5687: 5433: 5423: 5377: 5372: 5367: 3550: 2790: 2432: 2420: 2217: 2022:. In the 18th century, the three greatest monasteries were recognized as 1971:, called for secularisation of monastic properties. They were opposed by 1960: 1816: 1663: 1363: 1358: 1213: 1143: 1131: 1120: 559: 3699: 3299:, vol. 68 (June 1996): 308–50; Mark Steinberg and Heather Coleman, eds. 2413:

In 1909, a sensation-creating volume of essays appeared under the title

1653: 6512: 6442: 6102: 6066: 4713:

UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.

3894: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3582: 3335:

A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious Policies

2937: 2560: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2378: 2353: 2206: 2089:) would run the state along with (and sometimes instead of) the Tsars. 1991: 1803:

rule from the 13th-15th century. Sergius, as well as the metropolitans

1800: 1683: 1679: 1626: 1228: 1078: 3569: 3536: 3020:

On 17 May 2007, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia signed the

2305:

Headquarters of the Holy Synod of the Russian Empire in St. Petersburg

5528: 5448: 5315: 3165: 2773: 2564: 2551:

addressing the Court during his 1922 trial for anti-Soviet agitation.

2202: 1866: 1777: 1687: 1515: 1108: 391: 376: 3846:

Orthodox Russia in Crisis: Church and Nation in the Time of Troubles

3760:

Cross and Kremlin: A Brief History of the Orthodox Church in Russia

2758:

antagonized the communist government, further degrading relations.

2243:

was installed as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' by

6076: 3753:

The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretative History of Russian Culture

3452:

Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc

2742: 2543: 2505:

Even before the end of the civil war and the establishment of the

2442: 2415: 2372: 2348:

banned the election of priests who were now appointed by bishops.

2300: 2282: 2278: 2205:

saw harsh persecution of such Old Believers' figures as Protopope

2154: 2048: 2023: 1942: 1699: 1652: 1223: 1126: 3889:. "The Russian Orthodox Episcopate, 1721–1917: a Prosopography". 3860:

A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People

536:

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

428:

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

5773: 3291:

A.S. Pankratov, Ishchushchie boga (Moscow, 1911); Vera Shevzov,

3168: 2895:

Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and other medals of the USSR.

2684: 2435:, and various forms of deviant popular Orthodoxy and mysticism. 2102: 1903:, when the Russian bishops in Moscow elected their own primate, 1788: 1787:

occurred, and Russian church ceased to be in communion with the

1753: 1638: 1088: 267: 5081: 4745: 4016: 3527:

Freeze, "Recent Scholarship on Russian Orthodoxy" (2008) p. 276

3358:

Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

2902:

stood at 6893 and the number of functioning monasteries to 18.

2555:

Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers along with

2026:, while those subordinated directly to the Synod were labelled 1725:

remained and would long remain the dominant religion. Princess

3839:

Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia

3728:"A History and Introduction of the Orthodox Church in America" 2679:

Anti-religious campaign and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s

2235:, which until then composed of the Orthodox population on the 2037:

convened a number of church councils, which culminated in the

1674:'s greatest mission outreach was to a medieval state known as 17: 2960:(also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad), based in 1923:

to the Ottoman Turks. Afterwards, the Russian Church and the

1869:

oppression, and to expand both economically and spiritually.

2594:

who was at this point a monastic. Along with her murder was

2401:

A series of 'Religious–Philosophical Meetings' were held in

2181:. An ambitious figure, who dreamt of celebrating liturgy in 2065:, who was effectively running the government, contacted the 1827:. From that moment the sources began to use more the notion 68: 3881:

Apology of Culture: Religion and Culture in Russian Thought

1756:. As Kiev was losing its political significance due to the 169: 3599:. Orthodox Christian Information Center (orthodoxinfo.com) 3539:Гонения на Русскую Православную Церковь в советский период 3509:"Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims" 3301:

Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia

3420:

The Anti-Humans. Student Re-Education in Romanian Prisons

3862:(2000) This highly influential holy man lived 1829–1908. 3832:

Russian Levites: Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century

2231:

In 1686, the Moscow Patriarchate obtained a part of the

3314:

History of the Orthodox Church in the History of Russia

2970:

Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate

2164:, Disputing with Patriarch Joachim the Matters of Faith 1876:

1439, a group of Orthodox leaders agreed upon terms of

6694:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4704:

Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.

3106:"The Baptism of Russia and Its Significance for Today" 2451:

In 1914 in Russia, there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox

509:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches

3987:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

2053:

The three-barred cross of the Russian Orthodox Church

3665: 3663: 3661: 2129:(1606–1612), proved to be a staunch opponent of the 6537: 6456: 6385: 6320: 6242: 6173: 6087: 5854: 5737: 5573: 5464: 5346: 5244: 5133: 5037: 4779: 4625: 4580: 4495: 4415: 4335: 4207: 4133: 4072: 4063: 3774:

The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History

3689:

The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia p. 313

3494:"The Orthodox Renaissance | Paul L. Gavrilyuk" 2840:(Russian Catacomb Church) within the Soviet Union. 2614:; Grand Duke Sergei's secretary, Fyodor Remez; and 2317:, the patriarchate of Moscow was replaced with the 1831:, tsardom, representing a translation of the Greek 165: 157: 146: 131: 113: 105: 94: 84: 2920:1000th anniversary of the christianization of Rus' 2898:By 1987 the number of functioning churches in the 2832:), solidified the already existing split with the 2793:status. The Council then resolved to abolish the 2934:1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church 2173:The year 1666 saw the start of the schism of the 2097:The beginning of the 17th century proved to be a 3551:Solovetsky Camp. Solovki Camp. Solovetsky Island 2872:which had been closed since 1918 was re-opened. 2151:Old Believers § Reforms of Patriarch Nikon 1853:15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism 1621:is traditionally said to have been founded by 5093: 4757: 4729:whose autonomy is not universally recognized. 4028: 3303:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007) 2526:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union 1839:tradition. He made brief readings available, 1598: 8: 3913:The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia 3013:in 1970, the Metropolia became known as the 2125:in 1610. At this time of political turmoil, 2101:for Russia, following the death of the last 2836:abroad and provoked another split with the 6170: 5100: 5086: 5078: 4764: 4750: 4742: 4721: 4719: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4069: 4035: 4021: 4013: 3434:, 1971. Originally written in Romanian as 3293:Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution 2860:were officially received by Soviet leader 2641:St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute 2486:took power in October 1917 and declared a 2297:Abolition of patriarchy and the Holy Synod 1605: 1591: 176: 4407:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 3436:Piteşti, Centru de Reeducare Studenţească 3005:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 2834:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 1865:helped the country to withstand years of 4643:Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4007:"Atheism and Orthodoxy in Modern Russia" 3874:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 3597:"The Moscow Patriarchate and Sergianism" 2475:with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns. 48:of all important aspects of the article. 6518:Fostering of early experimental science 4665: 3618:Belikow, Yaroslav (December 11, 2004). 3466: 3464: 3070: 2870:Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary 2819:The Declaration of Metropolitan Sergius 2247:; this act was recognized by Patriarch 214: 188: 6765:History of the Russian Orthodox Church 6622:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4633:Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches 3054:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 3044:History of the Eastern Orthodox Church 2958:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2117:from the west, with the Polish prince 1895:In 1448, the Russian Church in Moscow 64: 44:Please consider expanding the lead to 4053:Autocephalous and autonomous churches 3269:(New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 298. 3183:orthodoxyindialogue.com, 2 July 2018. 2781:, dethroned him, stripped him of his 2724:of this particular period as well as 7: 3853:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 3767:The Church Reform of Peter the Great 3142:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3108:. orthodox.clara.net. Archived from 2726:Metropolitan Joseph (Ivan Petrovykh) 1561:Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs 1171:Differences from the Catholic Church 1037:History of Eastern Orthodox theology 4427:Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania 3507:Kishkovsky, Sophia (June 8, 2007). 2369:Fin-de-siècle religious renaissance 1678:, whose territories are now within 883:Other possible ecumenical councils: 646:Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania 4380:Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate) 3879:Mrowczynski-Van Allen, Artur, ed. 3049:History of Christianity in Ukraine 2948:of church services on television. 2592:Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna 2539:The League of the Militant Godless 1764:moved to a new centre of power at 14: 4355:Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 4350:Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 3837:Garrard, John and Carol Garrard. 3781:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 3154:A history of the Christian Church 3130:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2761:The Soviet authorities sponsored 2351:The 18th century saw the rise of 1625:, who is thought to have visited 753:American Orthodox Catholic Church 126:Michael, 1st metropolitan of Kiev 4654: 4595:Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom 4525:State church of the Roman Empire 4437:Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg 4375:Americas (Romanian Patriarchate) 4326: 3104:Voronov, Theodore (2001-10-13). 3082:. chrysostom.org. Archived from 2866:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 2639:. With the establishment of the 2285:, by efforts of such figures as 2121:elected the Russian Tsar by the 2113:, in 1598. The Poles and Swedes 2079:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 1694:in the 9th century. In 863–869, 1633:along the northern coast of the 656:Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg 196: 22: 4510:First seven ecumenical councils 4397:Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 3942:History of Russian Christianity 3581:(Created for the government of 3360:(Cornell University Press 1998 3039:History of Eastern Christianity 2258:in the early 19th century, the 2254:Following the incorporation of 1696:Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius 976:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 837:First Seven Ecumenical Councils 150:(as a patriarchate) in 1589 by 36:may be too short to adequately 6481:Separation of church and state 6150:Formal and material principles 6135:Separation of church and state 4556:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 3267:Catherine the Great: A Profile 3212:risu.org.ua, 25 December 2016. 3133:"The Religion of Russia" 2596:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 2488:separation of church and state 2249:Dionysius IV of Constantinople 2237:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2045:Autocephaly and reorganization 1901:Patriarchate of Constantinople 1897:became effectively independent 1742:Patriarchate of Constantinople 46:provide an accessible overview 1: 6145:Hymnody of continental Europe 5296:Apostles in the New Testament 4505:Apostles in the New Testament 4482:Switzerland and Liechtenstein 4402:Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate) 4385:Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate) 4370:Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate) 2649:Russian Religious Renaissance 2630:Russian Religious Renaissance 1951:praying before the relics of 1406:Intercession of the Theotokos 1181:Opposition to papal supremacy 1000:Moscow–Constantinople schism 701:Switzerland and Liechtenstein 4725:Semi-autonomous part of the 4638:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 3916:(St Vladimir's Press, 1998) 3730:. Orthodox Church in America 3568:(in Russian). Archived from 3337:, Palgrave Macmillan (1987) 3080:"Life of the Apostle Andrew" 2989:Russian regional parliaments 2838:Russian True Orthodox Church 2709:Solovki Special Purpose Camp 2135:Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius 2016:Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery 2012:Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery 1911:was thenceforth effectively 971:Christianization of Bulgaria 6775:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 5593:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4773:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 4365:China (Moscow Patriarchate) 4360:Japan (Moscow Patriarchate) 3905:Russia under the Old Regime 3235:Russia under the old regime 2735:and confessors of Russia". 2377:Russian Orthodox Church in 2340:all church land and serfs. 2309:In 1700, upon the death of 2245:Patriarch Joachim of Moscow 2145:Schism of the Old Believers 2137:) withstanding months of a 1526:Photios I of Constantinople 1043:20th century (Neo-Palamism) 966:Christianization of Georgia 101:(basic) and local languages 6791: 5610:Art patronage of Julius II 4074:Four ancient patriarchates 3825:European History Quarterly 3059:Orthodox Church in America 3022:Act of Canonical Communion 3015:Orthodox Church in America 3001:Orthodox Church in America 2998: 2917: 2879: 2844:World War II rapprochement 2604:Konstantin Konstantinovich 2529: 2523: 2148: 2001:in 1551. The disciples of 1850: 1176:Opposition to the Filioque 719:Noncanonical jurisdictions 6702: 6113:Calvinist–Arminian debate 5115: 4651: 4457:Great Britain and Ireland 4324: 4050: 3891:Journal of Social History 3788:Journal of Modern History 3677:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3430:, Soldiers of the Cross, 3316:1998 St Vladimir's Press 3297:Journal of Modern History 3280:Russia: People and Empire 3251:Russia: People and Empire 3195:(The Homily by Patriarch 3156:. Oxford, 1855. Page 481. 2624:Church of Maria Magdalene 2361:and his disciples at the 2319:Most Holy Governing Synod 2115:repeatedly invaded Russia 2057:During the reign of Tsar 1776:, moved the residence to 1768:in 1299; his successors, 1413:The four fasting periods: 1294:Eastern Orthodox marriage 902:Other important councils: 758:American World Patriarchs 676:Great Britain and Ireland 76:The Trinity Cathedral of 67: 6602:Christian existentialism 4487:United States of America 4392:Semi-autonomous churches 4271:Czech Lands and Slovakia 3680:, 1969–1978 (in Russian) 3595:Talantov, Boris (1968). 3564: 2828:(according to the XXXIV 2683:The sixth sector of the 2612:Vladimir Pavlovich Paley 2577:psychological punishment 2160:An Old Believer Priest, 2139:siege by a hostile force 1698:translated parts of the 1672:Church of Constantinople 1456:Athanasius of Alexandria 706:United States of America 498:Czech Lands and Slovakia 320:Four Marks of the Church 5109:History of Christianity 4727:Russian Orthodox Church 4661:Christianity portal 4044:Eastern Orthodox Church 3910:Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 3208:Константин Ветошников. 2882:Rehabilitation (Soviet) 2711:was established in the 2270:of the Russian Church. 2039:Hundred Chapter Council 1649:Christianization of Rus 1619:Russian Orthodox Church 1289:Eastern Orthodox bowing 190:Eastern Orthodox Church 6670:Fourth Great Awakening 6557:Second Great Awakening 5796:Fall of Constantinople 5588:Development of primacy 4822:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4674:severed full communion 4605:Liturgy of Saint James 4600:Liturgy of Saint Basil 4065:Autocephalous churches 3876:(1981) pp. 111–22 3872:de Madariaga, Isabel. 3855:(1998) pp. 332–56 3827:13#.2 (1983): 177–200. 3608:(English translation). 3537:Дамаскин (Орловский). 3333:Dimitry Pospielovsky, 3312:Dimitry Pospielovsky, 3152:Karl August von Hase. 2930:Baptism of Kievan Rus' 2858:Nicholas (Yarushevich) 2850:Sergius (Stragorodsky) 2770:II All-Russian Council 2752: 2552: 2448: 2382: 2306: 2170: 2054: 1956: 1667: 1643:St. Andrew's Cathedral 1566:Eastern Orthodox cross 731:Spiritual Christianity 78:Troitse-Sergieva Lavra 73: 6665:Reformed epistemology 6607:Third Great Awakening 6577:Seventh-day Adventist 6498:First Great Awakening 6371:Book of Common Prayer 6165:Protestant work ethic 5708:Independent Catholics 5659:Monastery dissolution 4610:Liturgy of Saint Mark 3751:Billington, James H. 3475:"Cross meets Kremlin" 3139:Catholic Encyclopedia 2918:Further information: 2746: 2600:Ioann Konstantinovich 2598:Romanov; the Princes 2549:Metropolitan Benjamin 2547: 2530:Further information: 2524:Further information: 2446: 2376: 2304: 2224:Territorial expansion 2158: 2061:, his brother-in-law 2052: 2035:Metropolitan Macarius 1946: 1909:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1780:in the 14th century. 1656: 1576:Statistics by country 1501:Maximus the Confessor 929:Constantinople (1872) 72: 6488:Edicts of toleration 6297:Three Forms of Unity 6062:Bohemian Reformation 5635:Catholic Reformation 5492:Roman state religion 5311:Council of Jerusalem 3989:2#2 (2008): 269–78. 3858:Kizenko, Nadieszda. 3848:(2012); 17th century 3783:36#1 (1985): 82–102. 3671:Православная церковь 3456:Editura Curtea Veche 2952:Post-Soviet recovery 2815:Metropolitan Sergius 2802:Metropolitan Sergius 2608:Igor Konstantinovich 2563:being sent to these 2520:Under Communist rule 2381:, built in the 1870s 2359:Paisius Velichkovsky 2241:Gedeon Chetvertinsky 2067:Ecumenical Patriarch 2020:Solovetsky Monastery 1979:: for instance, the 1931:) saw Moscow as the 1884:. The Moscow Prince 1746:Ecumenical patriarch 1718:, circa 866-867 AD. 1511:Theodore the Studite 1476:Gregory of Nazianzus 1334:Russian bell ringing 1259:Liturgical entrances 1069:Essence vs. Energies 1064:Contemplative prayer 817:Evangelical Orthodox 639:Episcopal assemblies 362:Ecumenical Patriarch 315:Apostolic succession 141:Metropolis of Moscow 6660:Liberation theology 6567:Jehovah's Witnesses 6400:Radical Reformation 6128:Resistance theories 6015:Christian mysticism 6010:Early Scholasticism 5722:Ecclesial community 5620:Counter-Reformation 5485:Constantinian shift 5038:States with limited 4337:Autonomous churches 3907:(2nd ed. 1976) ch 9 3893:34.1 (2000): 5–34. 3830:Freeze, Gregory L. 3816:Freeze, Gregory L. 3432:Englewood, Colorado 3171:, 1 September 2018. 2995:Churches in America 2813:(acting Patriarch) 2768:(officially called 2637:Philosophers' ships 2532:Enemy of the people 2342:Catherine the Great 2336:made an attempt to 2256:Georgia into Russia 2185:in Constantinople, 1953:Metropolitan Philip 1939:Changes and reforms 1874:Council of Florence 1863:Metropolitan Alexis 1859:Sergius of Radonezh 1704:Old Church Slavonic 1521:Cyril and Methodius 1491:Cyril of Alexandria 1378:Liturgical calendar 1194:Liturgy and worship 830:Ecumenical councils 233:History of theology 6770:988 establishments 6734:Oriental Orthodoxy 6377:King James Version 6189:Ninety-five Theses 5985:Apostolic Brethren 5759:Church of the East 5754:Oriental Orthodoxy 5600:Crusading movement 5120:Early Christianity 4477:Spain and Portugal 4003:Hilarion (Alfeyev) 3940:Shubin, Daniel H. 3933:Strickland, John. 3562:Alekseev, Valery. 3514:The New York Times 3426:2007-09-27 at the 3278:Geoffrey Hosking, 3078:Damick, Andrew S. 2985:Russian Parliament 2946:live transmissions 2926:1000th anniversary 2854:Alexius (Simansky) 2753: 2553: 2449: 2439:Russian revolution 2383: 2315:Feofan Prokopovich 2307: 2287:Innocent of Alaska 2233:Metropolis of Kiev 2211:Boyarynya Morozova 2171: 2127:Patriarch Germogen 2099:troublesome period 2055: 1986:was influenced by 1957: 1770:Metropolitan Peter 1716:Patriarch Ignatius 1668: 1623:Andrew the Apostle 1471:Cyril of Jerusalem 1401:Feast of Orthodoxy 696:Spain and Portugal 204:Christ Pantocrator 89:Patriarch Kirill I 74: 6752: 6751: 6729:Eastern Orthodoxy 6597:Finnish Awakening 6552:Holiness movement 6493:Congregationalism 6452: 6451: 6312:Metrical psalters 5749:Eastern Orthodoxy 5693:Neo-Scholasticism 5400:Canon development 5301:Jewish Christians 5075: 5074: 4739: 4738: 4322: 4321: 4057:Eastern Orthodoxy 3926:Richters, Katja. 3851:Hughes, Lindsey. 3765:Cracraft, James. 3626:on April 29, 2007 3458:, Bucharest, 2005 3366:978-0-8014-3485-3 2826:Peter (Polyansky) 2798:illegal footing. 2661:Nicholas Berdyaev 2656:Paul L. Gavrilyuk 2616:Varvara Yakovleva 2492:Russian Civil War 2408:John of Kronstadt 2291:Nicholas of Japan 2213:and many others. 2162:Nikita Pustosviat 2007:Trinity monastery 1990:and converted to 1988:Zechariah the Jew 1973:Joseph of Volotsk 1795:Under Mongol rule 1748:, along with the 1736:was originally a 1712:Patriarch Photius 1615: 1614: 1466:Basil of Caesarea 1461:Ephrem the Syrian 1344:Sign of the cross 1319:Paschal troparion 1099:Mystical theology 909:Quinisext Council 610:Semi-Autonomous: 255:View of salvation 175: 174: 63: 62: 6782: 6171: 5558:Non-Chalcedonian 5539:Constantinople I 5331:General epistles 5326:Pauline epistles 5306:Paul the Apostle 5284:Great Commission 5102: 5095: 5088: 5079: 4780:Sovereign states 4766: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4730: 4723: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4681: 4670: 4659: 4658: 4552:Old Calendarists 4530:East–West Schism 4393: 4330: 4070: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4014: 3944:, in 4 volumes: 3903:Pipes, Richard. 3865:Kozelsky, Mara. 3844:Gruber, Isaiah. 3810:(1974): 641–62. 3800:(1989): 361–87. 3790:(1996): 308–50. 3758:Bremer, Thomas. 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3726:Matusiak, John. 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3559: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3483:. June 24, 2001. 3471:Ostling, Richard 3468: 3459: 3448:Adrian Cioroianu 3445: 3439: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3351: 3345: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3247:Geoffrey Hosking 3244: 3238: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3075: 2756:Patriarch Tikhon 2749:Tikhon of Moscow 2739:Patriarch Tikhon 2665:Sergius Bulgakov 2573:mental hospitals 2403:Saint Petersburg 2363:Optina Monastery 2323:Church of Sweden 2311:Patriarch Adrian 2277:, as well as in 2111:Feodor Ivanovich 2075:Metropolitan Job 1692:Byzantine Empire 1659:Ostromir Gospels 1607: 1600: 1593: 1506:John of Damascus 1481:Gregory of Nyssa 1309:Paschal greeting 1274:Memorial service 1084:Hypostatic union 961:Byzantine Empire 746:Old Calendarists 367:Episcopal polity 310:Christian Church 200: 177: 166:Official website 65: 58: 55: 49: 26: 18: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6698: 6685:Christian right 6587:Oxford Movement 6562:Restorationists 6533: 6448: 6381: 6316: 6267:Presbyterianism 6238: 6218:Book of Concord 6169: 6093: 6091: 6083: 5850: 5740: 5733: 5569: 5468: 5460: 5419:Clement of Rome 5349: 5342: 5246: 5240: 5129: 5111: 5106: 5076: 5071: 5057:Northern Cyprus 5039: 5033: 4954:North Macedonia 4775: 4770: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4653: 4647: 4621: 4576: 4547:Catacomb Church 4491: 4462:Italy and Malta 4418: 4411: 4391: 4331: 4318: 4307:North Macedonia 4209: 4203: 4129: 4059: 4046: 4041: 3999: 3982: 3748: 3746:Further reading 3743: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3575: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3469: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3428:Wayback Machine 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3352: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3311: 3307: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3035: 3007: 2999:Main articles: 2997: 2954: 2922: 2916: 2884: 2878: 2846: 2830:Apostolic canon 2804: 2741: 2720:was one of the 2718:Pavel Florensky 2689:Yevgeny Tuchkov 2681: 2669:Nicholas Lossky 2632: 2579:or torture and 2534: 2528: 2522: 2441: 2371: 2299: 2264:Georgian Church 2226: 2191:Church Slavonic 2187:Patriarch Nikon 2153: 2147: 2095: 2047: 1941: 1929:Russian Tsardom 1925:Duchy of Moscow 1855: 1849: 1797: 1760:, Metropolitan 1758:Mongol invasion 1738:metropolitanate 1651: 1611: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1531:Gregory Palamas 1486:John Chrysostom 1450: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1410: 1390:12 Great Feasts 1380: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1264:Liturgical fans 1206:Divine Services 1196: 1186: 1185: 1167: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1020: 945: 935: 934: 933: 899: 880: 832: 822: 821: 813: 762: 741:Catacomb Church 720: 712: 711: 710: 681:Italy and Malta 640: 632: 631: 630: 608: 599:Bessarabia (RP) 563: 552: 551: 550: 548: 546: 523: 507: 503:North Macedonia 426: 415: 414: 413: 341: 331: 330: 329: 298: 295: 280: 272: 210: 99:Church Slavonic 80: 59: 53: 50: 43: 31:This article's 27: 12: 11: 5: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6650:Pentecostalism 6647: 6645:Jesus movement 6642: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6436:Martyrs Mirror 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420:Martyrs' Synod 6417: 6412: 6410:Swiss Brethren 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6179: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Law and Gospel 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5836:Ottoman Empire 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5565:Biblical canon 5562: 5561: 5560: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5474: 5466:Late antiquity 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5414:Church Fathers 5407: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5354: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5029:United Kingdom 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Czech Republic 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4715: 4706: 4682: 4664: 4663: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4590:Byzantine Rite 4586: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Church Fathers 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4219: 4217: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123:Theophilos III 4115: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4082:Constantinople 4078: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3998: 3997:External links 3995: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3980:Historiography 3978: 3977: 3976: 3974:978-1365408458 3966:978-1365408311 3958:978-1365408021 3950:978-1365407925 3938: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3901: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3804: 3794: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3718: 3691: 3682: 3657: 3636: 3610: 3587: 3554: 3543: 3529: 3520: 3499: 3485: 3460: 3440: 3438:, Madrid, 1963 3418:Dumitru Bacu, 3410: 3398: 3382: 3370: 3346: 3326: 3305: 3284: 3271: 3255: 3239: 3223: 3221:Suny pp. 84–85 3214: 3201: 3185: 3173: 3158: 3145: 3122: 3096: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3027:First Hierarch 2996: 2993: 2953: 2950: 2915: 2912: 2877: 2874: 2845: 2842: 2803: 2800: 2740: 2737: 2701: 2700: 2680: 2677: 2631: 2628: 2585:Piteşti prison 2521: 2518: 2496:White movement 2480:Russian empire 2440: 2437: 2370: 2367: 2298: 2295: 2225: 2222: 2166:. Painting by 2146: 2143: 2119:Władysław Vasa 2094: 2091: 2046: 2043: 2033:In the 1540s, 1999:non-possessors 1940: 1937: 1848: 1845: 1837:ecclesiastical 1807:(1308–26) and 1796: 1793: 1650: 1647: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1430:Apostles' Fast 1427: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1364:Use of incense 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1314:Paschal Homily 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1279:Memory Eternal 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1201:Divine Liturgy 1197: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 998: 993: 991:Ottoman Empire 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 951:Church Fathers 947: 946: 941: 940: 937: 936: 932: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 905: 904: 903: 898: 897: 892: 886: 885: 884: 879: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 841: 840: 833: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 812: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 771: 770: 769: 761: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 743: 736:True Orthodoxy 733: 728: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 629: 628: 623: 618: 612: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 565: 564: 558: 557: 554: 553: 545: 544: 538: 534: 533: 527: 522: 521: 515: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:Constantinople 429: 427: 421: 420: 417: 416: 412: 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 343: 342: 337: 336: 333: 332: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 300: 299: 284: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 258: 251: 249:Holy Mysteries 246: 244:Church history 241: 236: 226: 220: 217: 216: 212: 211: 201: 193: 192: 186: 185: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 152:Constantinople 148: 144: 143: 133: 129: 128: 118:Apostle Andrew 115: 111: 110: 109:Moscow, Russia 107: 103: 102: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 75: 61: 60: 40:the key points 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6787: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Protestantism 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:Azusa Revival 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Laestadianism 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6529:Old Lutherans 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Diet of Worms 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6095:Protestantism 6090: 6086: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5846:North America 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5456:Early African 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Justin Martyr 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 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4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914:Liechtenstein 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4540:Old Believers 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Latin America 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208:Autocephalous 4206: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4136:patriarchates 4132: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4087:Bartholomew I 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3922:0-88141-179-5 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808:Slavic Review 3805: 3803: 3799: 3798:Slavic Review 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3772:Ellis, Jane. 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3572:on 2007-09-28 3571: 3567: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395:0-88141-180-9 3392: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343:0-312-38132-8 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322:0-88141-179-5 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231:Richard Pipes 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3123: 3112:on 2007-04-18 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3086:on 2007-07-27 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:New York City 2959: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862:Joseph Stalin 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Retrieved 3084:the original 3073: 3019: 3008: 2974: 2955: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2900:Soviet Union 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2847: 2823: 2818: 2811:Locum Tenens 2810: 2809:Patriarchal 2808: 2805: 2795:Patriarchate 2778: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2730: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2682: 2653: 2633: 2589: 2581:mind control 2569:labour camps 2565:prison camps 2554: 2535: 2515: 2511:Soviet Union 2507:Soviet Union 2504: 2500: 2477: 2450: 2425: 2414: 2412: 2400: 2392:spiritualism 2384: 2352: 2350: 2331: 2308: 2272: 2259: 2253: 2230: 2227: 2215: 2199:Tsar Aleksey 2197:of the day. 2195:Greek Church 2183:Hagia Sophia 2172: 2168:Vasily Perov 2159: 2131:Seven Boyars 2123:Seven Boyars 2096: 2093:17th century 2071:patriarchate 2056: 2032: 1996: 1958: 1947: 1917: 1894: 1871: 1856: 1847:15th century 1828: 1813:Golden Horde 1798: 1785:Great Schism 1782: 1731: 1727:Olga of Kiev 1720: 1669: 1657: 1616: 1571:Saint titles 1551:Architecture 1544:Other topics 1249:Jesus Prayer 1160: 1153: 1136: 1119: 1113: 1104:Nicene Creed 1079:Holy Trinity 1054:Apophaticism 1004:15th–16th c. 985: 981:Great Schism 621:Estonia (MP) 609: 604:Moldova (MP) 579:Estonia (EP) 547: 535: 524: 510: 508: 357:Patriarchate 339:Organization 305:Christianity 292: / 290:Resurrection 288: / 262:View of Mary 260: 253: 208:Hagia Sophia 136: 132:Independence 106:Headquarters 51: 35: 33:lead section 15: 6744:Catholicism 6681:Protestants 6675:Evangelical 6350:39 Articles 6345:Elizabethan 6322:Anglicanism 6302:Westminster 6212:Melanchthon 6175:Lutheranism 6140:Nicodemites 6118:Arminianism 6089:Reformation 6030:Bonaventure 6005:Inquisition 6000:Waldensians 5950:Investiture 5928:Kievan Rus' 5884:Anglo-Saxon 5864:Pelagianism 5856:Middle Ages 5779:Iconodulism 5654:Thomas More 5575:Catholicism 5497:Monasticism 5480:Constantine 5405:Persecution 5363:Adoptionism 5348:Ante-Nicene 5291:Holy Spirit 5274:Crucifixion 5245:Origins and 5146:2nd and 3rd 5040:recognition 5014:Switzerland 4949:Netherlands 4472:Scandinavia 4099:Theodore II 3711:26 November 3197:Bartholomew 3011:autocephaly 2876:Postwar era 2779:in absentia 2733:new-martyrs 2722:New-martyrs 2673:Lev Shestov 2654:Theologian 2469:monasteries 2455:and 29,593 2388:God-Seeking 2354:starchestvo 2028:stauropegic 2003:St. Sergius 1949:Tsar Alexis 1927:(later the 1809:St. Alexius 1774:Theognostus 1324:Prayer rope 1244:Iconostasis 1234:Euchologion 1219:Apolytikion 1094:Metousiosis 1059:Chrismation 691:Scandinavia 397:Monasticism 352:Autocephaly 286:Crucifixion 161:125,000,000 147:Recognition 54:August 2023 6759:Categories 6466:Revivalism 6387:Anabaptism 6335:Henry VIII 6160:Literature 5784:Iconoclasm 5764:Chrysostom 5717:Vatican II 5683:Jansenists 5669:Mass rocks 5605:Lateran IV 5524:Athanasius 5444:Tertullian 5388:Marcionism 5383:Gnosticism 5336:Revelation 5254:Background 4984:San Marino 4944:Montenegro 4924:Luxembourg 4904:Kazakhstan 4807:Azerbaijan 4419:Assemblies 4300:Epiphanius 4252:Anastasios 4228:George III 4094:Alexandria 3734:2007-07-12 3651:2007-07-12 3630:2007-07-12 3603:2007-07-12 3576:2007-07-12 3282:, page 229 3263:Marc Raeff 3253:, page 231 3237:, page 242 3116:2007-07-12 3090:2007-07-12 3065:References 2981:two houses 2966:Bolsheviks 2880:See also: 2787:priesthood 2783:episcopacy 2747:Patriarch 2484:Bolsheviks 2459:, 112,629 2346:Holy Synod 2338:secularize 2327:in Prussia 2266:became an 2149:See also: 2077:the first 1981:archpriest 1977:Mosaic law 1965:Nil Sorsky 1933:Third Rome 1851:See also: 1825:Third Rome 1710:either by 1676:Kievan Rus 1629:and Greek 1425:Great Lent 1304:Paraklesis 1284:Omophorion 1239:Holy Water 1138:Philokalia 797:Montenegro 626:ROCOR (MP) 616:Crete (EP) 589:China (MP) 584:Japan (MP) 560:Autonomous 438:Alexandria 279:Background 202:Mosaic of 6632:Ecumenism 6582:Adventism 6572:Mormonism 6508:Millerism 6503:Methodism 6458:1640–1789 6360:Civil War 6307:Orthodoxy 6262:Huguenots 6244:Calvinism 6229:Eucharist 6224:Orthodoxy 6108:Eucharist 6040:Five Ways 5990:Dulcinian 5943:Pomerania 5869:Gregory I 5713:Vatican I 5703:Modernism 5688:Molinists 5678:Guadalupe 5549:Chalcedon 5544:Ephesus I 5534:Augustine 5410:Apostolic 5393:Montanism 5358:Diversity 5134:Centuries 4919:Lithuania 4276:Rastislav 4161:Porfirije 4118:Jerusalem 3705:Itar Tass 2977:president 2713:monastery 2687:, led by 2622:, in the 2620:Jerusalem 2559:included 2557:execution 2429:heterodox 2396:theosophy 2334:Peter III 2268:exarchate 2005:left the 1899:from the 1886:Vasily II 1805:St. Peter 1702:into the 1635:Black Sea 1435:Dormition 1359:Vestments 1354:Troparion 1349:Sticheron 1339:Semantron 1329:Prosphora 1254:Kontakion 1162:Theotokos 1115:Oikonomia 1074:Hesychasm 956:Pentarchy 924:Jerusalem 768:churches: 448:Jerusalem 372:Canon law 325:Orthodoxy 294:Ascension 224:Structure 124:of Kiev, 38:summarize 6724:Theology 6712:Missions 6707:Timeline 6679:Mainline 6627:Pacifism 6476:Baptists 6395:Theology 6355:Puritans 6330:Timeline 6272:Scotland 6200:Theology 6047:Wycliffe 5995:Crusades 5970:Bogomils 5923:Bulgaria 5879:Germanic 5831:Ethiopia 5729:Timeline 5507:Nicaea I 5502:Councils 5434:Irenaeus 5429:Ignatius 5424:Polycarp 5378:Donatism 5373:Docetism 5368:Arianism 5269:Ministry 5047:Abkhazia 4999:Slovenia 4994:Slovakia 4969:Portugal 4827:Bulgaria 4678:primates 4672:The ROC 4417:Diaspora 4168:Bulgaria 4005:(2005). 3895:in JSTOR 3812:in JSTOR 3802:in JSTOR 3792:in JSTOR 3424:Archived 3033:See also 2942:state TV 2914:Glasnost 2791:monastic 2571:or also 2473:convents 2471:and 475 2453:churches 2433:Baptists 2421:Marxists 2332:In 1762 2260:de facto 2087:Philaret 2083:Germogen 2059:Fyodor I 2018:and the 1961:Ivan III 1841:Menaions 1833:basileia 1829:Tsarstvo 1817:symphony 1766:Vladimir 1744:and the 1723:paganism 1664:Novgorod 1631:colonies 1516:Kassiani 1214:Akathist 1144:Phronema 1132:Palamism 1121:Akribeia 1030:Theology 777:Abkhazia 766:National 468:Bulgaria 409:Bratstvo 347:Autonomy 296:of Jesus 229:Theology 215:Overview 182:a series 180:Part of 137:de facto 122:Vladimir 95:Language 6717:Martyrs 6513:Pietism 6443:Ausbund 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Knowledge (XXG)

History of the Russian Orthodox Church

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