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in there. I have not brought it in for ornamental purposes, although it does look nice and home-like. His syndicate received the first (and only) clear title to oil sands lands in 1910, and he was elected to the
Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame one hundred years later. Otherwise, history has not been kind to this man, who was a bit of a dreamer, a lot of a con. According to one historian, "His venture was marked by wild speculation, fraud and ultimate failure." Quite poor, he died in 1941 ā probably in his seventies ā in St. Albert, Alberta.
700:, an engineer with the federal department of mines, began investigating the economic possibilities of the oils sands. It was then that the idea of using the sands as road paving material was born. In 1915, Dr. Ells laid three road surfaces on sections of 82nd Street in Edmonton. Materials used included bitulithic, bituminous concrete and sheet asphalt mixtures. A report, ten years later, by a city engineer stated that the surface remained in excellent condition. McMurray asphalt also saw use on the grounds of the
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1143:. Using this method, the company pumps high-pressure steam into a section of the underground reservoir for a week or so, then pumps the liquid oil out for as long as several months. Imperial also uses steam-assisted gravity drainage. In its SAGD production system, Imperial drills two horizontal wells, one five metres above the other. Steam injected through the upper well reduces the
1220:, by the time he founded Husky as a refining operation. He turned his attention back to Canada after the second world war, and decided to set up a refinery at Lloydminster. Steel was scarce, so Husky dismantled a small Wyoming refinery constructed during the war to provide bunker fuel to the American Navy. It loaded the pieces onto 40 gondola cars and shipped them north by railway.
966:, the company applied to build a massive oil sands upgrading complex at the site of its Edmonton refinery. The project, which could cost as much as $ 27-billion, would be built in four 100,000-barrel-per-day (16,000 m/d) stages. Like its existing upgrader, Shell's new facility would process bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, as well as bitumen from steam-driven
674:{{Hammerstein (1870ā1941), who arrived in the region in 1897, promoted the Athabaska tar sands for over forty years, taking photos with descriptive titles such as "Tar Sands and Flowing Asphaltum in the Athabasca District," that are now in the National Library and National Archives Canada. Photos of the Athabaska tar sands were also featured in Canadian writer and adventurer,
1154:, which in 1978 began participating in experiments at a pilot project in the Athabasca area. Like Imperial at Cold Lake, from 1984 to 1994 JACOS and its partners also experimented with a cyclic steam stimulation pilot project on the Hangingstone Lease. Since then the company has developed SAGD production on that lease. It is also constructing a demonstration plant using
1325:) proposed the Plains Upgrader. This facility would have cost $ 1.2 billion and upgraded 50,000 barrels (7,900 m) of oil per day. Gradually, however, consortium members pulled out of the project as they concluded that the high cost of upgrading would make the project uneconomic. In the end, only PetroCanada and Saskoil - both
1275:. The big challenge in hydroprocessing is to deal with the impurities found in heavy crude, as they poison the catalysts over time. Many efforts have been made to deal with this to ensure high activity and long life of a catalyst. Catalyst materials and pore size distributions need to be optimized to deal with these challenges.
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we are entering. An earth-movement here has created a line of fault clearly visible for seventy or eighty miles along the river-bank, out of which oil oozes at frequent intervals. Tar there is in plenty. It oozes from every fissure, and into some bituminous tar well we can poke a twenty-foot pole and find no resistance.
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in 1965 and completion in 1968. However, the Oil and Gas
Conservation Board had concerns about competition between synthetic oil and conventional oil for limited markets. It therefore decided not to bring too many oil sands plants on stream at once, and rejected the Cities Service proposal in favor of the GCOS project.
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of its own production. And in 1979, when federal policy permitted the company to charge world price for its oil, the plant finally became a money-making asset to Suncor. The plant found solutions to the problems of extracting a commercial grade of oil from the sands - problems that had been the concern of
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Heavy oil differentials explain the large cost discrepancies between the Husky
Upgrader ($ 1.6 billion for 46,000 barrels per day (7,300 m/d) capacity) and the Co-op upgrader ($ 600 million for 50,000 barrels per day (7,900 m/d).) The Husky facility was designed to process heavier grades of
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oilsands deposit, in the 1970s and 1980s. Bearing such field-hand monikers as "steam flood", "fire flood" and "huff and puff" techniques, these extraction methods - like the Barber
Asphalt and Paving Company's 1910 experiment - essentially apply heat to the underground reservoir. This melts the oil -
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In 1962 (the same year the Great
Canadian Oil Sands proposal went up for approval) Cities Service Athabasca Inc. proposed a 16,000 cubic metre per day plant at the site of its Mildred Lake pilot project. Including a pipeline to Edmonton, the plant was to cost $ 56 million, with construction beginning
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The company agreed to buy the plant within a period of ten years for the original investment of $ 250,000. The cost of the plant was $ 750,000, however. A legal claim against Oil Sands
Limited resulted in the province taking possession of the plant and property at Bitumount. The plant consisted of
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Husky began producing heavy oil from local fields in 1946, and by the 1960s was easily the biggest regional producer. In 1963 the company undertook another in a series of expansions to the refinery. To take advantage of expanding markets for
Canadian oil, it also began a program to deliver heavy oil
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commercially attractive lighter grades of oil. But heavy oil can also be quite viscous. It can need some form of heat or solvent and pressure before it can flow into a well bore to be produced. When heavy oil requires these techniques to go into production, it is known as non-conventional heavy oil.
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From the tunnels the researchers drilled wells up into the reservoir to conduct two sets of tests. The Phase A pilot involved three well pairs 70 metres in length, each with 40ā50 metres of exposure to the McMurray formation. Phase B involved another three well pairs, 70 metres apart, each with 500
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per day as by-products. Because at that time the industry was having difficulties marketing its oil, the provincial government established a policy that would limit oil sands production. According to this policy, synthetic oil from the oil sands could supplement conventional oil sales, but could not
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At about that time two
American promoters, Max Ball and B.O. Jones from Denver, entered the oil sands scene. They reportedly had a secret recovery method known as the McClay process, and they claimed substantial financial backing. They negotiated leases with the federal and Alberta governments and
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which included photos of
Hammerstein's oil drill works along the Athabasca River. "While the Count was unsuccessful drilling for "elephant pools of oil," Cameron's book and its images... made her a media celebrity." "In all Canada there is no more interesting stretch of waterway than that upon which
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I have all my money put into (the
Athabasca oil sands), and there is other peoples' money in it, and I have to be loyal. As to whether you can get petroleum in merchantable quantities ... I have been taking in machinery for about three years. Last year I placed about $ 50,000 worth of machinery
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Fraser's crew unsuccessfully tried to kill the well by casing it, then abandoned the well for that year. They returned in 1898 to finish the job, but again they failed. In the end, they simply left the well blowing wild. Natural gas flowed from the well at a rate of some 250,000 cubic metres per day
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The roar of the gas could be heard for three miles or more. Soon it had completely dried the hole, and was blowing a cloud of dust fifty feet into the air. Small nodules of iron pyrites, about the size of a walnut, were blown out of the hole with incredible velocity. We could not see them going, but
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Under the terms of the original agreement, Husky would receive 50 per cent of the plant's net revenue plus a 10 per cent return on investment until Husky recovered that investment. The balance of plant profit would go proportionally to Husky's partners. A wrinkle in this arrangement occurred as the
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Few Canadian refineries can process more than small amounts of heavy oil, so production has traditionally gone to United States asphalt plants. This changed in the 1980s, however, with the announcement that construction would begin on two heavy oil upgraders. Like the plants at Syncrude, Suncor and
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These developments made heavy oil for the first time more than a marginal resource. Within five years, area production had increased fivefold to nearly 2,000 cubic metres per day. By the early 1990s, production from the heavy oil belt was some 40,000 cubic metres per day, and Husky was still one of
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and officially opened on June 29, 1987. The magnitude of the UTF is hard to imagine. Sinking the shafts was done with a drill bit almost four metres in diameter, weighing 230 tonnes. The two shafts below the oil sand reservoirs were 223 metres deep and neither one deviated from the vertical by more
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While Absher has been largely forgotten as a pioneer in the oil sands business, others have realized his dream of using heat to release oil from the sands. Today, some commercial projects pipe high-pressure steam into the oil sands reservoir. Other projects actually ignite the oil underground, then
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The plant went into operation in the summer of 1978 and produced 5 million barrels (790,000 m) of oil within a year. World oil prices leaped skyward in 1979-80 and remained high for the first half of the 1980s. This helped Syncrude become successful financially as well as technically. Syncrude
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An executive group representing the remaining partners invited the other governments of Canada to participate as commercial partners in the project. The province also reviewed the cost estimate given by the oil companies. When it found that the consortium's cost estimates were not out of line, the
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interests) withdrew its 30 per cent participation in the project. A few days later, the three remaining partners informed the Alberta government that the maximum risk they were willing to take on the project was $ 1 billion. They would need to find another $ 1 billion of risk capital if the project
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plant was a landmark in oil sands development. It pioneered technology for bitumen extraction and upgrading, and it was the world's first large-scale commercial plant. In the early years it was not particularly profitable, but the plant was nonetheless able to cover operating expenses from the sale
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No nation can long be secure in this atomic age unless it be amply supplied with petroleum ... It is the considered opinion of our group that if the North American continent is to produce the oil to meet its requirements in the years ahead, oil from the Athabasca area must of necessity play an
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which recounted her 10,000 mile-round trip to the Arctic Ocean. Following this journey and the publication of her book, she travelled extensively as lecturer, with magic lantern slides of her Kodak images, promoting immigration to western Canada at Oxford, Cambridge, St. Andrew's University and the
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Husky's move into the area spurred drilling and production. Within two years of Husky's arrival, there were oversupplies of heavy oil and shortages of storage space. Producers solved the problem by storing the oil in earthen pits holding up to 16,000 cubic metres each. For a while Husky bought the
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Often called conventional heavy oil, this low-density oil can be recovered by conventional drilling techniques or by waterflood, a technique of injecting water into the reservoir to increase pressure, thus forcing the oil toward the well bore. When these techniques work, heavy oil is like the more
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experiments, and he carried on numerous experiments over the following five years - efforts that drew the interest of oil sands pioneers Sidney Ells and Karl Clark. Absher not only used steam to melt the bitumen, but also tried igniting fires within his wells. In the end, however, he was unable to
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Heavy oil and bitumen, which have far more carbon mass than hydrogen, are heavy, black, sticky and either slow-pouring or so close to being solid that they will not pour at all unless heated. Although the dividing line is fuzzy, the term heavy oil refers to slow-pouring heavy hydrocarbon mixtures.
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took a 15 per cent interest, Alberta 10 per cent and Ontario five per cent. The private partners - Cities Service Canada, Gulf Oil Canada and Imperial Oil - agreed to retain their $ 1.4 billion interest in the project, but gave Alberta the option to convert a $ 200 million loan to Gulf and Cities
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and later by D.G. McConnell, also of the Geological Survey, led to drilling some test holes. In 1893, Parliament voted $ 7,000 for drilling. This first commercial effort to exploit the oil sands probably hoped to find free oil at the base of the sands, as drillers had in the gum beds of southern
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Accordingly, Saskatchewan took a 20 per cent equity position and guaranteed loans equal to 45 per cent of the project. In exchange, it became a 50 per cent partner in the combined operation with Consumers' Co-op, which committed its existing refinery (valued at $ 500 million) to the project. The
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Elsewhere in Alberta, petroleum explorers made other heavy oil finds as they pursued the elusive successor to the Turner Valley oil field. They developed production from many of these fields, but only in small volumes. The recovery techniques of the day combined with the low price of oil and the
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Financial difficulties delayed construction of the GCOS plant until a new investor - Sun Oil Company's Canadian subsidiary, today known as Suncor - was found. The capacity of the proposed plant increased to 7,500 cubic metres per day and the cost escalated from $ 122 to $ 190 million. The larger
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In 1943, the federal government decided to aid oil sands development, and took over the Abasand plant. The federal researchers concluded that the hot water process was uneconomic because of the extensive heat loss and proposed a "cold" water process. But work at the plant came to an end with a
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These wells helped establish that the bitumen resource in the area was huge. There was now clear recognition of the commercial potential of the oil sands, and a long period of exploration and experimentation followed. The point of this research was to find a method of getting oil out of the oil
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The first heavy oil discoveries came with the pursuit of conventional light and medium crude oil. Because much of western Canada's heavy oil is in pools close to the surface, early explorers using older rigs discovered many of those pools before they came upon the deeper light oil reservoirs.
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had taken advantage of tight world oil supplies to rapidly and regularly increase prices. Policy-makers in the oil consuming countries therefore considered it a matter of national urgency to develop stable, secure energy supplies. Because the resource was so large and development was clearly
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Heavy crude feedstock needs preāprocessing before it is fit for conventional refineries. This is called 'upgrading,' the key components of which include 1) removal of water, sand, physical waste and lighter products; 2) catalytic purification (hydrodemetallization, hydrodesulfurization and
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The oilsands projects just described are unique in the world: They exploit near-surface bitumen from open-pit mines. The industry has also spent decades experimenting with ways to recover bitumen from deeper deposits. The only way to develop petroleum resources underground is through
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in 1914. The province's first significant production of heavy oil came from the Wainwright field in 1926. Producers drew almost 6,000 barrels (950 m) of heavy oil from the field in that year. A small-scale local refinery distilled the heavy goo into usable products.
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The key to the $ 35 million project was the construction of a reversible pipeline which could move the viscous heavy oil into the marketplace. The 116-kilometre "yo-yo" pipeline - the first in the world - brought condensate from the Interprovincial Pipe Line station at
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Canada's oil measure, the cubic metre, is unique in the world. It is metric in the sense that it uses metres, but it is based on volume so that Canadian units can be easily converted into barrels. In the rest of the metric world, the standard for measuring oil is the
1251:. The company began mixing this very light hydrocarbon with heavy oil, enabling it to flow more easily. The company then pumped the blend through its pipeline (hence the nickname "yo-yo") back to Hardisty. From there the Interprovincial took it eastward to market.
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to participate in the project, yet both took part themselves. The province had a particular interest, since an upgrader would increase the market for heavy oil from Saskatchewan's fields. This would give the provincial oil industry an important boost. The
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Mining at the Abasand plant began May 19, 1941. By the end of September, 18,475 tonnes of oil sand had produced 2,690 cubic metres of oil, but in November fire destroyed the plant. Rebuilt on a larger scale, it was fully operational in June 1942.
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661:, and decided to stay and turn his interest from gold to the oil sands. In 1906 he drilled at the mouth of the Horse River, but struck salt instead of oil. He continued working in the area, however, in 1907 Hammerstein made a presentation to a
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a separation unit, a dehydrating unit and a refinery. The plant conducted successful tests using the Clark hot water process in 1948/49 then closed, partly because the recent Leduc discoveries had lessened interest in the oil sands.
552:. Fields in northern Alberta include four major deposits which underlie almost 70,000 square kilometres of land. The volume of bitumen in those sands dwarfs the light oil reserves of the entire Middle East. One of those deposits, the
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Under the agreement with the government, the plant was to be in operation by September 1, 1936. But forest fires and failure of equipment suppliers to meet delivery dates delayed completion. The agreement called for mining 45,000
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government refused to pay its share of $ 190 million in cost overruns. The other players eventually agreed to pay Saskatchewan's share, but would withhold returns to that province until they had recovered Saskatchewan's arrears.
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is a sister resource to bitumen. It is lighter than bitumen and its reservoirs are much smaller than the great oil sands deposits. Like the oil sands, only a small percentage of Canada's large heavy oil resource is producible.
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1345:. Heavy oil is worth less than light oil; the question is, How much less? Unless upgraded oil fetched considerably more per barrel than the less attractive heavy oil, the upgrader would not make money on processing the stuff.
889:
Reviewing project costs in late 1973, the Syncrude consortium found that costs had more than doubled, from $ 1 billion to $ 2.3 billion. In December 1974, Atlantic Richfield (whose American parent needed cash to develop its
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partners pulled out of the Plains Upgrader because upgrading heavy oil at that time was a risky financial proposition. To be economic, these projects rely on substantial differences in pricing ("differentials") between
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Royal Geographical Society. Her photographs were reproduced in 2011ā2012 in an exhibit at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa, Canada. Cameron was particularly enthusiastic about the Athabaska region and the
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agreed to provide the device. But before the experiment could take place, public pressure for an international ban on nuclear testing had mounted. The provincial government withheld approval and thus killed the plan.
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plant which resulted went on production in 1978, exactly two centuries after Peter Pond's first sighting of the oil sands. But before the plant shipped its first barrel of oil, the project went through many trials.
780:. When the Alberta government became disenchanted with federal efforts in the oil sands and decided to build its own experimental plant at Bitumount, the province engaged Oil Sands Limited to construct the plant.
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communities using oil from the oil sands to caulk their canoes. Despite the fascination of the early explorers, however, the existence of the sands did not excite commercial interests for more than a century.
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oil than the Co-op upgrader, and its output was more desirable. This critical difference meant Husky would pay less for its feedstock and receive more for its output than the Co-op plant. From the beginning,
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to 550 metres of direct contact with the oil sand reservoir. The results were excellent, and the petroleum industry soon began producing bitumen through SAGD well pairs drilled and operated from the surface.
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The upgrader went on stream in mid-1992, but required debottlenecking before it could reach design capacity of 46,000 barrels per day (7,300 m/d). The plant upgrades Lloydminster-area heavy oil and
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saw the project as an opportunity to move the nation one small step towards the stated goal of crude oil self-sufficiency. For its part, the Co-op wanted an assured supply of crude oil for its refinery.
1360:. This would eliminate duplication in facilities and infrastructure by taking advantage of existing land, processing units, storage and pipeline facilities, technical and operating staff and management.
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After a series of false starts, in 1988 Husky and its three partners announced a firm agreement to construct the Bi-Provincial Upgrader - today better known as the Husky Upgrader. Located just east of
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from the sand. The Alberta Research Council set up two pilot plants in Edmonton and a third at the Clearwater River. These plants were part of a successful project (led by the Research Council's Dr.
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Bitumen refers to mixtures with the consistency of cold molasses that pour at room temperatures with agonizing slowness. Oils with high viscosity and heavy gravity do not float on water, but sink.
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On stream in 1988, the Consumers' Co-op refinery/upgrader complex was a 50,000-barrel-per-day (7,900 m/d) facility. The $ 700 million upgrader provided upgraded oil as refinery feedstock.
796:(GCOS) received approval from the Alberta government to build and operate a 10,000 cubic metre per day plant near Fort McMurray. The plant was to produce 240 tonnes of sulfur and 900 tonnes of
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also bought the McMurray plant of the Alberta Research Council. In 1935, Abasand Oils Limited, Ball's American-backed operating company, started construction of a new plant west of Waterways.
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oil by weight rather than volume since it was clogged with earth, tumbleweed and jackrabbits. The company had to strain and remeasure the stuff before it could begin refining.
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possible, the oil sands looked like Canada's best bet. As a result, the prospect that the Syncrude project would collapse was a matter of both political and economic concern.
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heat would create a large cavern and simultaneously liquefy the oil. The cavern could serve as a collection point for the now-fluid oil, enabling the company to produce it.
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railroad tracks in Lloydminster, the refinery soon began to get contracts for locomotive bunker fuel. The company also found a strong market for asphalt for road building.
441:) gravity. Ten degrees API is the gravity of water. Light oils use a higher API number. Generally heavier than water, bitumen typically has an API of 8-10 degrees API.
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The company began reassembling the 400 cubic metre per day facility in 1946, and the refinery went on production the following year. Strategically located between the
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731:) to develop a hot water process to separate the oil from the sands. In 1930, the Fort McMurray plant actually used the process to produce three car loads of oil.
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The reason for the long gap between approval and completion was an alarming escalation of costs that beset all major North American projects in the 1970s. High
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The company with the most extensive experience in the heavy oil belt was the one to propose - and eventually develop - Canada's other heavy oil upgrader.
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were to go on. The alternative - shutting down the project - would have cost the four partners (Including Atlantic Richfield) an estimated $ 250 million.
1367:, which began in Britain in the mid-19th century. Frequently expanded and modernized, the Co-op plant (first constructed in 1935) was a small but modern
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One cubic metre of oil = 6.29 barrels. One cubic metre of natural gas = 35.49 cubic feet. One kilopascal = 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).
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Drilled at a site called Pelican Portage, the well blew out at 235 metres after encountering a high-pressure gas zone. According to drilling contractor
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As has often been the case, the oil sands were different. The resources were so huge that experimentation began at about the same time as drilling for
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governments owned 31.67 per cent, 24.16 per cent and 17.5 per cent each. The balance belonged to Husky, which has since acquired the entire facility.
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federal government guaranteed loans equal to 35 per cent of the project. Repayment on the principal of the loans would not begin until late 1992.
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Barry Glen Ferguson, Athabasca Oil Sands: Northern Resource Exploration: 1875ā1951; Alberta Culture/Canadian Plains Research Center; 1985; p. 21
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about these differentials were vital factors in economic calculations for the two projects, each of which has since undergone major expansions.
1206:. While the first discovery occurred in 1938, serious development did not begin until Husky Oil moved into the area after the second world war.
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947:, located 75 kilometres north of Fort McMurray. Known as the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, the entire complex consists of Muskeg River, Shell's
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of the oil, which is recovered through the lower borehole. This plant produces more than 150,000 barrels (24,000 m) of bitumen per day.
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combining carbon and oxygen are many in number. Those with more carbon atoms per hydrogen atom are heavier and denser. Most hydrocarbons are
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In recent years, oil sands and heavy oil development have been so successful that these resources now account for more than half of Canada's
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Service into ownership interests. Alberta also took full ownership in the no-risk pipeline and electrical utility which the plant needed.
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are creating technologies which have increased the amount producers can extract. Small improvements in technology applied to such a huge
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Ontario a few decades earlier. Although the Survey's three wells failed to find oil, the second was noteworthy for quite another reason.
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when talk about a refinery/upgrader complex began in the early 1980s. Both the federal and Saskatchewan governments had forbidden their
1058:. In 1959 Richfield suggested an experimental plan to release liquid hydrocarbons from the sand through the expedient of an underground
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pump air below the surface to keep combustion going. These techniques effectively melt the oil, which pumps then bring to the surface.
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displace it. Oil from the plant could not exceed 5 per cent of total volumes in markets already supplied by conventional Alberta oil.
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1062:. The company proposed detonating a 9-kiloton explosive device below the oil sands at a site 100 kilometres south of Fort McMurray.
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342:), they tend to come on stream later in the cycle of petroleum resource development in a given producing region. This is because
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1013:, drilled a bore hole into the bitumen and pumped in steam to liquefy the oil. The experiment failed. In the early 1920s, other
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1423:, this $ 1.6 billion upgrader received most of its funding from government. Originally budgeted at $ 1.2 billion, the federal,
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715:(the community closest to the near-surface deposits) was small and far from market, and transportation costs were high.
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to Athabasca in 1778, he saw the deposits and wrote of "springs of bitumen that flow along the ground." A decade later,
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that is, decreases its viscosity - so it can be pumped to the surface. An increasingly successful system now in use is
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government kept prices for oil from these technological pioneers at artificially low levels until well into the 1980s.
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under the oil sand reservoir. More than a kilometre in length, each tunnel was five metres wide by four metres high.
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plant received approval in 1964 and went into commercial production in September 1967. The final cost: $ 250 million.
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1268:. Since carbon rejection is generally inefficient and wasteful, catalytic hydrocracking is preferred in most cases.
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1480:. The advantage of the latter measure is that it reflects oil quality. In general, lower grade oils are heavier.
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The first recorded mention of Canada's bitumen deposits goes back to June 12, 1719. According to an entry in the
369:. Although the promise of the oil sands deposits has been clear for more than a century, oil production from the
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Cities Service later reapplied for a much larger plant, and the proposal received approval in late 1969. The
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1598:. Imaginations. Edmonton, Alberta: Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta. pp. 68ā102. Archived from
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and is a slightly denser gas. Gases, of course, have no gravity at atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
421:") of northern Alberta. To appreciate these resources, it is important to understand a simple concept from
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of $ 0.063 per cubic metre on production for the first five years, and $ 0.31 per cubic metre thereafter.
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Although private contractors also mined oil sand as a paving material, the proposition was not economic.
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1216:, an Alberta farmer driven to bankruptcy when the bank called a loan on his farm. Nielson had moved to
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disastrous fire in 1945. In July 1943, International Bitumen Company reorganized as Oil Sands Limited.
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participated in a historic meeting in Winnipeg in February, 1975. That meeting salvaged the project.
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By this time the world was in the thralls of an energy crisis. Beginning in 1973, the members of the
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first. The more difficult-to-extract resources are developed later, generally during periods of high
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1908:
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1445:
1314:-like operations turn heavy oil and bitumen into lighter and lower-sulfur, more desirable crude.
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In the oil sands, this thick, black gunk is mixed with sand and many chemical impurities such as
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287:
484:- has four hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom. It has light gravity, and takes the form of a
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2015:
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Alfred Hammerstein, who claimed to be a German count (historically there are von Hammerstein
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2111:
1949:
1830:
1299:
1224:
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662:
507:
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437:. The oil industry measures the weight of oil on terms of an artificial scale known as API (
335:
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began to prepare for the upgrader by building a new 25,000-barrel-per-day (4,000 m/d)
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than 25 mm. As a safety measure, AOSTRA constructed two parallel tunnels through the
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809:
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incorporated the Bituminous Sand Extraction Company. In 1926, Absher received a Canadian
529:; these must be separated from the bitumen for the oil to be useful. This can be done by
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Their partners gone, SaskOil suggested reducing upgrader costs by integrating with the
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Canada's Oil Sands. Broad industry site with open forum and debate on specific issues
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Four years later, by which time Shell Canada had been wholly acquired by its parent,
932:
813:
712:
654:
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of the Geological Survey also noted the presence of the oil sands. Later reports by
935:. The plant has produced nearly 2 billion barrels (320,000,000 m) of this oil.
625: ... There was danger that the men would be killed if struck by these missiles.
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2143:
2020:
1954:
1560:
The New North: Being Some Account of a Womanās Journey through Canada to the Arctic
1428:
1420:
1401:
1397:
1368:
1311:
1303:
1209:
1203:
1132:
944:
843:
816:(a legendary industrialist, then 85 years old) made remarks which still ring true:
680:
The New North: Being Some Account of a Womanās Journey through Canada to the Arctic
653:), was one of the colourful early players in the oil sands. He said he encountered
573:
565:
549:
386:
324:
316:
3041:
697:
327:. The extent of these resources is well known, but better technologies to produce
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2727:
2717:
2423:
2403:
2082:
2065:
1983:
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1318:
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now meets about 14 per cent of Canada's oil requirements, mostly in the form of
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481:
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nature and size of the finds meant that most of the oil remained undeveloped.
1009:
experiment in Alberta took place in 1910, when a Pittsburgh-based outfit, the
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multiplied budgets for practically every aspect of the Syncrude project.
875:
461:
449:
374:
1713:, Canadian Centre for Energy Information, Calgary; Seventh edition, 2004
1667:
Bitumen: the people, performance and passions behind Alberta's oil sands
1435:
project neared completion, however, when Saskatchewan's newly installed
994:
means "in place," and refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or
750:
lease carried a rental of $ 2.47 per hectare per year. There was to be
413:
Much of Canada's petroleum effort has focused on producing oil from the
354:
prices, such as the extended period of higher prices which began in the
2827:
2817:
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In the late 1970s, a group of heavy oil producers (Gulf, Husky, Shell,
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995:
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956:
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768:
Between 1930 and 1955, the International Bitumen Company Limited under
747:
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622:
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It is difficult to grasp the immensity of Canada's oil sands and heavy
465:
426:
320:
1680:
Peter McKenzie-Brown; Gordon Jaremko; David Finch (15 November 1993).
1404:
next to the old plant. This facility - which processed heavy oil into
1290:
are urging a higher percentage of the reservoirs' oil to the surface.
1264:
hydrodenitrogenation; and 3) hydrogenation though carbon rejection or
307:
are among the world's great petroleum deposits. They include the vast
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1112:
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826:
526:
511:
489:
453:
370:
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experiments also took place, but none were commercially successful.
998:
to oil reservoirs beneath the earth. There are several varieties of
746:
of sands in 1937 and 90,000 tonnes each year after 1938. The 1,555-
488:
at normal temperatures and pressures. The next heavier hydrocarbon,
2926:
2900:
2870:
2832:
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2767:
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1151:
1002:
technique, but the ones that work best in the oil sands use heat.
743:
650:
646:
560:
Westward expansion and first colonialist accounts of the oil sands
1023:
In the mid-1920s, a remarkable and persistent experimenter named
3154:
3094:
2847:
2325:
1101:
943:
In 2003, Shell Canada and its partners began producing from the
569:
3267:
1739:
1660:
Offshore Dream: A History of Nova Scotia's Oil and Gas Industry
1271:
Catalytic purification and hydrocracking are together known as
2986:
2852:
2625:
1720:, University of Calgary Press, Calgary; Second Printing, 2007.
485:
79:
17:
1711:
Our Petroleum Challenge: Sustainability into the 21st Century
1448:
bitumen, making still more of those resources available for
1150:
The first Asian-owned company involved in the oil sands was
1107:
SAGD was initially tested at the Underground Test Facility (
1036:
produce oil from the oil sands. His activities ended as the
2615:
1348:
While the Plains partnership collapsed, the idea survived.
1091:
to produce heavy oil from the oilsands, especially in the
1718:
Developing Alberta's Oil Sands: From Karl Clark to Kyoto
1633:
Peter McKenzie-Brown, "How public money saved Syncrude."
665:
committee investigating the potential of the oil sands:
104:
1586:
1584:
1302:
could mean enormous additions to Canada's recoverable
1212:
was born during the Depression through the efforts of
1706:, Gray's Publishing, Victoria, British Columbia; 1978
1591:
Gismondi, Mike; Davidson, Debra J. (September 2012).
1185:
One of the first finds was in the Ribstone area near
3216:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
1111:), ah experimental bitumen mining project funded by
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3301:
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1974:
1917:
1876:
1869:
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1684:
The great oil age: the petroleum industry in Canada
1534:Peter McKenzie-Brown, Gordon Jaremko, David Finch,
1530:
1528:
1526:
1139:oil sand plant. This plant uses a technique called
556:, is the world's largest known crude oil resource.
1681:
723:Researchers began to look for ways to extract the
1054:production from deep oil sand deposits came from
630:until 1918. In that year a crew led by geologist
1620:
572:man, Wa-Pa-Sun, brought a sample of oil sand to
1593:"Imagining the Tar Sands: 1880ā1967 and Beyond"
1310:Shell's Scotford facility near Edmonton, these
818:
667:
618:
3279:
1751:
1644:Five largest conventional heavy oil producers
1073:received federal approval in Canada, and the
900:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
808:During the opening ceremonies for the plant,
621:could hear them crack against the top of the
267:
93:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1069:This idea came remarkably close to reality.
3415:History of the petroleum industry in Canada
315:reservoirs that surround the small city of
3286:
3272:
3264:
2603:
2588:
1873:
1758:
1744:
1736:
1538:, Detselig Enterprises Ltd., Calgary; 1993
1127:The largest single plant in Canada to use
274:
260:
142:
1511:List of articles about Canadian tar sands
1412:for refining into high-end products like
1358:Consumers' Cooperative Refinery in Regina
910:Minesite at Syncrude's Mildred Lake plant
444:Gravity refers to the weight spectrum of
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1363:The Co-op refinery was a product of the
905:
862:and pseudo-scientists for many decades.
539:
514:under standard conditions, with greater
334:Because of the cost of developing these
31:This article includes a list of general
2678:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1616:
1522:
218:
197:
150:
2552:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2311:2020 RussiaāSaudi Arabia oil price war
1255:Canada's biggest heavy oil producers.
1075:United States Atomic Energy Commission
657:area bitumen deposits en route to the
544:Oil sands deposits in Alberta, Canada.
331:from them are still being developed.
7:
3316:Frontier exploration and development
2683:China National Petroleum Corporation
1286:cause heavy oil reservoirs to grow.
1202:The most important exception was at
448:, which increases with the ratio of
915:governments of Canada, Alberta and
319:, which sits on the border between
146:This article is part of a series on
2743:National Iranian South Oil Company
2459:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1575:"Cameron, Agnes Deans (1863ā1912)"
533:and processing and by underground
37:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3211:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3100:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2753:Oil & Gas Development Company
1087:Many companies experimented with
518:associated with greater gravity.
305:oil sands and heavy oil resources
3295:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
3248:
3247:
1490:
1239:to national and export markets.
794:Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited
776:operated a small-scale plant at
377:oil sands plants did not become
158:
84:
22:
2758:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1658:Beaton, Jim, and Eleanor Meek.
1098:steam assisted gravity drainage
1050:The most dramatic proposal for
678:'s, best-selling book entitled
3226:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2997:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2663:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1:
2172:Production sharing agreements
1557:Cameron, Agnes Deans (1909).
1011:Barber Asphalt Paving Company
959:, and supporting facilities.
642:sands at a reasonable price.
385:. Despite comparatively high
311:of northern Alberta, and the
3420:Petroleum industry in Canada
3206:Canadian petroleum companies
3201:American Petroleum Institute
2738:National Iranian Oil Company
2723:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1621:Gismondi & Davidson 2012
1408:and simultaneously provided
1288:Enhanced recovery techniques
439:American Petroleum Institute
3351:Northwestern Alberta Plains
3221:International Energy Agency
2206:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
107:, discuss the issue on the
3441:
3425:Bituminous sands of Canada
2808:PTT Public Company Limited
2409:East Midlands Oil Province
2394:List of natural gas fields
1994:Integrated asset modelling
1280:technological improvements
708:and elsewhere in Alberta.
638:finally shut in the well.
285:
3243:
3180:Weatherford International
2713:Iraq National Oil Company
1773:
1416:- was completed in 1983.
480:) - the simplest form of
3378:Northern Rocky Mountains
1619:, p. 71) cited in (
788:Great Canadian Oil Sands
3364:North-central foothills
3311:Oil sands and heavy oil
3231:World Petroleum Council
3105:China Oilfield Services
2162:Petroleum fiscal regime
1861:Western Canadian Select
1856:West Texas Intermediate
1688:. Detselig Enterprise.
1506:Energy policy of Canada
1278:Figuratively speaking,
1266:catalytic hydrocracking
1048:Thermonuclear thinking:
986:production techniques.
568:journal, on that day a
250:Energy policy of Canada
198:Resources and producers
180:Oil sands and heavy oil
52:more precise citations.
2708:Indian Oil Corporation
2194:Submersible pump (ESP)
2139:Underbalanced drilling
1960:of gasoline and diesel
1702:J. Joseph Fitzgerald,
1665:Peter McKenzie-Brown,
1141:cyclic steam injection
939:Shell in the oil sands
911:
823:
672:
627:
545:
404:Defining the resources
389:in world markets, for
363:conventional petroleum
348:light, high-value oils
3085:Cameron International
2527:Petrodollar recycling
2510:fossil fuel phase-out
2073:Differential sticking
2026:Reflection seismology
1999:Petroleum engineering
1841:OPEC Reference Basket
1563:. New York: Appleton.
1365:Co-operative movement
1056:Richfield Oil Company
909:
543:
381:until well after the
3335:Depositional regions
2982:Occidental Petroleum
2296:1990 oil price shock
2122:Shale oil extraction
2095:Drilling engineering
2078:Directional drilling
2004:Reservoir simulation
1704:Black Gold with Grit
1162:bitumen extraction.
970:oil sands projects.
704:, on the highway in
578:Hudson's Bay Company
346:tend to extract the
175:Story of natural gas
113:create a new article
105:improve this article
95:may not represent a
3321:Natural gas liquids
3303:Hydrocarbon history
3130:Naftiran Intertrade
3075:Amec Foster Wheeler
3002:Reliance Industries
2891:Naftiran Intertrade
2703:Hindustan Petroleum
2301:2000s energy crisis
1187:Wainwright, Alberta
1085:bitumen production:
840:petroleum engineers
702:Alberta Legislature
685:Athabaska tar sands
676:Agnes Deans Cameron
590:Alexander Mackenzie
584:travelled down the
554:Athabasca oil sands
435:natural gas liquids
429:: the "gravity" of
417:(sometimes called "
409:A Matter of Gravity
211:Petroleum companies
152:Petroleum in Canada
2977:Marathon Petroleum
2399:List of oil fields
2009:Reservoir modeling
1767:Petroleum industry
1468:Metric conversions
1378:federal government
1373:Crown corporations
1327:Crown corporations
1304:crude oil reserves
1089:thermal techniques
1021:Jacob Owen Absher:
924:federal government
912:
692:Surface extraction
580:. When fur trader
546:
383:1979 energy crisis
288:Unconventional oil
3402:
3401:
3361:North-east Plains
3261:
3260:
3239:
3238:
3125:Nabors Industries
3055:
3054:
2253:Well intervention
2228:Petroleum product
2127:Ljungstrƶm method
2031:Seismic inversion
2016:Petroleum geology
1970:
1969:
1695:978-1-55059-072-2
1577:. ABC Book World.
1536:The Great Oil Age
1229:Canadian National
1060:nuclear explosion
1025:Jacob Owen Absher
964:Royal Dutch Shell
953:Fort Saskatchewan
949:Scotford Upgrader
945:Muskeg River Mine
508:Organic compounds
458:chemical compound
391:political reasons
340:capital intensive
338:(they tend to be
284:
283:
246:Economy of Canada
141:
140:
133:
115:, as appropriate.
78:
77:
70:
3432:
3356:Canadian Rockies
3342:Southern Alberta
3288:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3251:
3250:
2952:Hess Corporation
2673:Bharat Petroleum
2604:
2589:
2276:1967 Oil Embargo
2112:Lost circulation
1950:Posted oil price
1874:
1831:Isthmus-34 Light
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1699:
1687:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1630:
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1613:
1607:
1606:
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1578:
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1565:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1450:central Canadian
1225:Canadian Pacific
1038:Great Depression
848:mining engineers
770:R.C. Fitzsimmons
586:Clearwater River
494:chemical formula
479:
478:
477:
276:
269:
262:
162:
143:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
88:
87:
80:
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62:
59:
53:
48:this article by
39:inline citations
26:
25:
18:
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3429:
3405:
3404:
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3398:
3347:Central Alberta
3330:
3297:
3292:
3262:
3257:
3235:
3189:
3185:John Wood Group
3175:Valaris Limited
3068:
3065:
3062:
3051:
2917:APA Corporation
2905:
2857:
2656:
2653:
2645:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2479:Classification
2463:
2386:
2380:
2316:Nationalization
2286:1979 oil crisis
2281:1973 oil crisis
2262:
2248:Water injection
2216:Steam injection
2211:Gas reinjection
2179:Artificial lift
2148:
2090:Drill stem test
2042:
1966:
1913:
1865:
1787:
1769:
1764:
1727:
1716:Chastko, Paul,
1696:
1679:
1655:
1653:Further reading
1650:
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1496:
1489:
1486:
1470:
1394:
1354:
1343:heavy crude oil
1273:hydroprocessing
1261:
1200:
1171:Heavy crude oil
1168:
1071:Project Oilsand
979:
941:
868:
858:and many other
821:important role.
810:Sun Oil Company
790:
721:
694:
562:
503:
499:
476:
473:
472:
471:
469:
411:
406:
298:
292:Heavy crude oil
286:Main articles:
280:
248:
137:
126:
120:
117:
102:
89:
85:
74:
63:
57:
54:
44:Please help to
43:
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3354:South-central
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3056:
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3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Surgutneftegas
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Eneos Holdings
2939:
2934:
2932:ConocoPhillips
2929:
2924:
2922:Cenovus Energy
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2863:Energy trading
2859:
2858:
2856:
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2586:
2580:
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2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2547:Swing producer
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2502:
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2419:Gulf of Mexico
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2328:
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2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:2010s oil glut
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:1980s oil glut
2288:
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2100:Drilling fluid
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2038:Seismic source
2035:
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2018:
2013:
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2006:
1996:
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1836:Japan Cocktail
1833:
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1797:
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1789:
1788:
1786:
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1783:Primary energy
1780:
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1762:
1755:
1748:
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1725:External links
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1605:on 2013-10-02.
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1390:
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1352:Co-op Upgrader
1350:
1334:private sector
1284:infrastructure
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1131:production is
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774:Lloyd Champion
720:
717:
693:
690:
561:
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501:
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367:western Canada
282:
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232:Oil refineries
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99:of the subject
97:worldwide view
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3048:
3047:Valero Energy
3045:
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3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
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3012:Suncor Energy
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2660:
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2648:
2642:
2641:TotalEnergies
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
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2599:
2590:
2587:
2585:organisations
2583:Companies and
2581:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
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2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Petrocurrency
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Oil shale gas
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2475:Abbreviations
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Permian Basin
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:United States
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Seven Sisters
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Core sampling
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Indian Basket
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
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1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:Robert Bott,
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1675:9781546452300
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:, p. 71)
1622:
1618:
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1601:
1594:
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1537:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:Energy portal
1493:
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1481:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:
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1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:Cody, Wyoming
1215:
1214:Glenn Nielson
1211:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
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1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Thermonuclear
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
985:
976:
973:
971:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:located near
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
933:synthetic oil
928:
925:
920:
918:
908:
904:
901:
896:
893:
887:
885:
880:
877:
872:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:metallurgists
841:
837:
833:
828:
822:
817:
815:
814:J. Howard Pew
811:
806:
802:
799:
795:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
739:
736:
732:
730:
729:Karl A. Clark
726:
718:
716:
714:
713:Fort McMurray
709:
707:
703:
699:
696:In 1913, Dr.
691:
689:
686:
681:
677:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:Fort McMurray
652:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
626:
624:
617:
615:
610:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
491:
487:
483:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
403:
401:
400:production.
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:oil companies
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
293:
289:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
257:
255:
254:
251:
247:
244:
243:
238:
237:Oil companies
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
188:
186:
185:The frontiers
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Early history
168:
167:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
145:
144:
135:
132:
124:
121:December 2023
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
91:
82:
81:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3388:Saskatchewan
3310:
3150:Schlumberger
3080:Baker Hughes
2972:Marathon Oil
2962:Imperial Oil
2957:Husky Energy
2947:Galp Energia
2937:Devon Energy
2823:Saudi Aramco
2803:Petrovietnam
2748:NNPC Limited
2652:National oil
2532:Petrofiction
2500:Orphan wells
2468:Other topics
2439:Persian Gulf
2366:Saudi Arabia
2336:Standard Oil
2144:Well logging
2021:Petrophysics
1717:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1628:
1617:Cameron 1909
1611:
1600:the original
1569:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1442:
1433:
1429:Saskatchewan
1421:Lloydminster
1418:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1331:
1329:- remained.
1316:
1308:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1208:
1204:Lloydminster
1201:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1133:Imperial Oil
1128:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1004:
999:
989:
988:
983:
980:
974:
967:
961:
942:
929:
921:
913:
897:
888:
881:
873:
869:
824:
819:
807:
803:
791:
782:
765:
764:
760:
756:
740:
734:
733:
722:
710:
695:
679:
673:
668:
644:
640:
636:C.W. Dingman
632:S.E. Slipper
628:
619:
611:
599:
574:Henry Kelsey
566:York Factory
563:
550:oil resource
547:
537:techniques.
534:
524:
520:
506:
446:hydrocarbons
443:
412:
395:
360:
333:
325:Saskatchewan
317:Lloydminster
304:
299:
206:Oil reserves
179:
127:
118:
94:
64:
55:
36:
15:
3373:Fort Nelson
3368:Liard River
3326:Natural gas
3120:Halliburton
2992:Phillips 66
2813:QatarEnergy
2783:Petrobangla
2718:KazMunayGas
2608:Supermajors
2557:heavy crude
2444:Prudhoe Bay
2424:Niger Delta
2404:Caspian Sea
2167:Concessions
2117:Measurement
2083:Geosteering
2066:Squeeze job
1976:Exploration
1925:Consumption
1884:Consumption
1877:Natural gas
1806:Bonny Light
1319:PetroCanada
1296:development
892:Prudhoe Bay
706:Jasper Park
614:A.W. Fraser
606:Robert Bell
602:John Macoun
482:natural gas
356:early 1970s
190:Gas liquids
50:introducing
3409:Categories
3170:Transocean
3037:Tullow Oil
3027:TechnipFMC
2793:PetroChina
2631:ExxonMobil
2537:Shale band
2414:East Texas
2387:and fields
2201:Downstream
2154:Production
2061:Completion
1989:Geophysics
1930:Production
1889:Production
1826:Indonesian
1801:Argus Sour
1793:Benchmarks
1517:References
1410:light oils
1005:The first
860:scientists
856:physicists
852:geologists
832:financiers
772:and later
766:Bitumount:
649:, but not
582:Peter Pond
492:, has the
387:oil prices
379:profitable
227:Oil fields
219:Categories
33:references
3358:foothills
3165:TC Energy
3066:companies
2896:Trafigura
2843:Sonatrach
2788:Petrobras
2778:Pertamina
2688:Ecopetrol
2654:companies
2598:companies
2596:petroleum
2572:tight oil
2567:oil shale
2562:oil sands
2542:Shale gas
2483:sweet oil
2454:Venezuela
2429:North Sea
2385:Provinces
2376:Venezuela
2223:Midstream
1918:Petroleum
1778:Petroleum
1462:forecasts
1456:markets.
1446:Cold Lake
1259:Upgraders
1210:Husky Oil
1166:Heavy oil
1145:viscosity
1137:Cold Lake
1118:limestone
1093:Cold Lake
884:inflation
812:chairman
792:In 1962,
778:Bitumount
752:royalties
698:S.C. Ells
600:In 1875,
594:Chipewyan
516:viscosity
431:crude oil
423:chemistry
419:tar sands
415:oil sands
398:crude oil
352:commodity
336:resources
313:heavy oil
309:oil sands
296:Oil sands
109:talk page
58:June 2023
3394:Manitoba
3392:Western
3253:Category
3160:Subsea 7
3140:Petrofac
3135:NOV Inc.
3115:GE Power
3110:Enbridge
3064:services
2886:Mercuria
2876:Glencore
2838:Sonangol
2798:Petronas
2733:Naftogaz
2505:Peak oil
2488:sour oil
2243:Upstream
2238:Refining
2233:Pipeline
2189:Pumpjack
2184:Gas lift
2105:invasion
2048:Drilling
1935:Reserves
1894:Reserves
1484:See also
1454:American
1414:gasoline
1402:refinery
1369:refinery
1312:refinery
1300:resource
1292:Research
1282:and new
1245:Hardisty
1031:for his
996:solvents
977:recovery
876:Syncrude
866:Syncrude
836:chemists
735:Abasand:
719:Pioneers
659:Klondike
462:molecule
450:hydrogen
375:Syncrude
103:You may
2828:Sinopec
2818:Rosneft
2698:Gazprom
2693:Equinor
2621:Chevron
2268:History
2134:Tracers
2056:Blowout
1945:Exports
1940:Imports
1904:Exports
1899:Imports
1425:Alberta
1406:asphalt
1323:SaskOil
1249:Alberta
1160:in situ
1158:-based
1156:solvent
1129:in situ
1083:In situ
1052:in situ
1040:raged.
1033:in situ
1015:in situ
1007:in situ
1000:in situ
991:In situ
984:in situ
975:In situ
968:in situ
957:Alberta
917:Ontario
748:hectare
725:bitumen
623:derrick
576:of the
535:in situ
466:Methane
427:physics
321:Alberta
46:improve
3194:Others
3145:Saipem
3042:TĆ¼praÅ
3032:TNK-BP
3017:Sunoco
3007:Repsol
2967:Lukoil
2910:Others
2881:Gunvor
2515:timing
2449:Russia
2361:Norway
2346:France
2341:Canada
1692:
1673:
1662:(2010)
1113:AOSTRA
1029:patent
827:Suncor
744:tonnes
663:Senate
651:counts
647:barons
527:sulfur
512:liquid
490:ethane
454:carbon
371:Suncor
301:Canada
294:, and
35:, but
3061:Major
2927:Cepsa
2901:Vitol
2871:Enron
2833:SOCAR
2773:Pemex
2768:PDVSA
2763:Orlen
2728:Lotos
2668:ANCAP
2636:Shell
2593:Major
2351:India
1955:Price
1909:Price
1851:Urals
1846:Tapis
1816:Dubai
1811:Brent
1603:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1478:tonne
1398:Husky
1339:light
1198:Husky
1152:JACOS
456:in a
111:, or
3155:Snam
3095:CH2M
2848:TPAO
2356:Iraq
2326:OPEC
2321:GECF
1870:Data
1690:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1452:and
1427:and
1341:and
1332:The
1321:and
1294:and
1227:and
1102:SAGD
922:The
825:The
798:coke
634:and
592:saw
570:Cree
433:and
425:and
373:and
323:and
3090:CGG
2987:OMV
2853:YPF
2626:Eni
1437:NDP
1135:'s
1109:UTF
1104:).
486:gas
460:'s
452:to
365:in
329:oil
303:'s
3411::
2616:BP
2258:XT
1583:^
1525:^
1306:.
1247:,
955:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
838:,
834:,
470:CH
464:.
358:.
290:,
3287:e
3280:t
3273:v
1759:e
1752:t
1745:v
1698:.
1615:(
1100:(
616:,
502:6
500:H
498:2
496:C
475:4
468:(
275:e
268:t
261:v
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
101:.
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
42:.
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