265:"Important to the definition of these lines is that they represent a determinate and unchanging amount of force. Though, therefore, their forms, as they exist between two or more centers or sources of power, may vary greatly, and also the space through which they may be traced, yet the sum of power contained in any one section of a given portion of the lines is exactly equal to the sum of power in any other section of the same lines, however altered in form or however convergent or divergent they may be at the second place."
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305:"Another theory of electricity which I prefer denies action at a distance and attributes electric action to tensions and pressures in an all-pervading medium, these stresses being the same in kind with those familiar to engineers, and the medium being identical with that in which light is supposed to be propagated."
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then they too would align with the field. Faraday did not conceive of this field as a mere mathematical construct for calculating the forces between particles—having only rudimentary mathematical training, he had no use for abstracting reality to make quantitative predictions. Instead he conjectured
171:
between two electrically charged spheres obeys the same (up to a sign) force law as Newton's law of universal gravitation: the force between two bodies is directed along the line separating the bodies and its magnitude is proportional to the product of their charges (for gravitation, their masses)
369:. Mathematically, quantum fields are formalized as operator-valued distributions. Although there is no direct method of measuring the fields themselves, the framework asserts that all particles are "excitations" of these fields. For example: whereas Maxwell's theory of
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Despite the success of these theories in making accurate numerical predictions of a wide range of phenomena, these laws were generally seen as deficient as natural philosophies of mechanics, since they were all essentially
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mechanisms. In the context of the development of field theory, the fact that a function could be written to give the force per unit
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in terms of the same electric and magnetic fields. In order to explain this wave phenomena, Maxwell considered a
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Faraday's conceptualisation to help formulate his unification of electricity and magnetism in his theory of
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in 1915, consistent with special relativity and that could explain gravitation in terms of a field theory of
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Wald, Robert M. (2006-08-03). "The
History and Present Status of Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime".
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showed in 1823 that the force between infinitesimal lengths of current-carrying wires similarly obeys an
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in 1687 provided a framework with which to investigate the motion and forces associated with
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such that the force is directed along the line of separation between the wire elements.
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for each point in space was just a mathematical construct. It was seen as untenable on
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of a field theory which encodes the information of its allowed particle interactions.
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when postulating, after discovering that all the constituent materials of a human are
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Faraday, Michael. "Experimental
Researches in Electricity.--Twenty-Eighth Series."
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Faraday, Maxwell, and the
Electromagnetic Field: How Two Men Revolutionized Physics
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drawing of a magnetic field from 1644. It shows the magnetic field of the Earth
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were generated and reasoned qualitatively about these forces with force lines:
301:, a medium tha permeated all space that allowed light to propagate. He wrote
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describes light as a self-propagating wave in the electromagnetic field, in
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389:. More detailed understanding of the framework is obtained by studying the
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attempted to prove that electromagnetic radiation were oscillations of a
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had its origins in the 18th century in a mathematical formulation of
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Iron filings used to show the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet.
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McMullin, Ernan. "The
Origins of the Field Concept in Physics."
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The formal definition of gravitational force was introduced by
145:. The success of Newtonian physics since the publication of
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together led to a wave equation that propagated at the
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as a physical object, reasoning about lines of force.
252:, that if a human were set in a sufficiently strong
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Introduction of fields in electricity and magnetism
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365:Fields become the fundamental object of study in
273:, in terms of the relations between magnetic and
488:"Why is Maxwell's Theory so hard to understand?"
172:divided by the square of their distance apart.
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257:that there was force filling the space where
47:, but it was seen as deficient as it implied
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568:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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18:History of the philosophy of field theory
233:and illustrates his theory of magnetism.
536:An introduction to quantum field theory
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143:Newton's law of universal gravitation
45:Newton's law of universal gravitation
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1053:Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era
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229:attracting several round lodestones
167:showed in 1785 that the repulsive
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416:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Press.
214:History of electromagnetic theory
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446:Williams, Leslie Pearce (1966).
281:compiled all known equations of
90:without the need of a medium or
361:History of quantum field theory
133:is the source of an attractive
532:V., Schroeder, Daniel (1995).
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454:. New York, NY: Random House.
320:History of special relativity
316:History of general relativity
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450:The Origins of Field Theory
326:Michelson–Morley experiment
165:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
80:Michelson–Morley experiment
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968:On specific discoveries
916:Lorentz transformations
375:quantum electrodynamics
82:, it became clear that
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412:Forbes, Nancy (2014).
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381:particle called the
367:quantum field theory
186:action-at-a-distance
107:quantum field theory
49:action at a distance
1098:Scientific disputes
1084:Via Panisperna boys
985:Gravitational waves
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663:Maxwell's equations
468:142 (1852): 25-56.
330:luminiferous aether
299:luminiferous aether
287:Maxwell's equations
279:James Clerk Maxwell
135:gravitational field
113:Inverse square laws
92:luminiferous aether
61:James Clerk Maxwell
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540:. Addison-Wesley.
391:Lagrangian density
345:general relativity
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293:. Thus explaining
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174:André-Marie Ampère
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240:coined the term "
39:, the concept of
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494:. Retrieved
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55:treated the
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998:Higgs boson
379:gauge boson
277:. In 1865,
250:diamagnetic
157:electricity
98:, in which
51:. In 1852,
1183:Categories
1019:By periods
837:Geophysics
809:Cosmology
397:References
310:Relativity
246:Researches
1062:By groups
1046:Astronomy
882:Molecules
716:Mechanics
631:Astronomy
564:cite book
349:spacetime
244:" in his
161:magnetism
152:Principia
100:spacetime
1168:Category
993:timeline
980:Graphene
942:timeline
911:timeline
899:timeline
872:timeline
813:timeline
798:timeline
788:timeline
750:timeline
721:timeline
704:timeline
692:timeline
675:timeline
648:timeline
636:timeline
614:timeline
556:20393204
78:and the
1003:Neutron
860:Weapons
845:Fission
760:Entropy
198:current
35:In the
850:Fusion
755:Energy
733:Optics
554:
544:
474:108532
472:
420:
383:photon
194:charge
88:vacuum
41:fields
921:tests
877:Atoms
855:Power
830:tests
513:arXiv
496:6 May
491:(PDF)
470:JSTOR
196:, or
169:force
70:With
570:link
552:OCLC
542:ISBN
498:2017
418:ISBN
324:The
318:and
190:mass
159:and
131:mass
227:(D)
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