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293:. The press Cato describes was known as a lever or beam press which was built on an elevated platform that contained and shallow basin that would slope and narrow to a run off point where the freed juice would exit. The press would consist of a large horizontal beam held up by two upright fixtures in the front and one upright fixture in the front. The grapes were placed under the beam with pressure was applied by a windlass that was affixed by rope to the front of the beam and a user winding down that end. Rope would also be used wound around the "cake" of the pressed grape skins to help keep it in place.
19:
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395:. It was here that the basket press became popular. The press included a large cylindrical basket made of wood staves bound together by wood or metal rings with a heavy horizontal disc fitted at the top. After the grapes were loaded into the basket, the disc would depress towards the bottom with juice seeping out between the staves into a waiting basin or tray. In some presses, added pressure would come from a giant lever or manual hand crank.
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the sack hung between two large poles with workers holding each pole. After the grapes were loaded into the sack, the workers would walk in opposite directions, squeezing the grapes in the bag and capturing the juice in a vat underneath the bag. This early wine press not only had the benefit of exerting more pressure on the skins and extracting more juice than treading but the cloth also acted an early form of
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In the 20th century, wine presses advanced from the vertical style pressing of the basket press and ancient wine press to horizontal pressing with pressure either being applied at one or both ends or from the side through the use of an airbag or bladder. These new presses were categorized as "batch",
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By the 2nd century AD, the Romans began using a "screw press" that would be the predecessor to the basket press that would become popular in the Middle Ages. This press would include a large beam with a hole cut out of the middle through which a screw was fitted through. Attached the base of the beam
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or cloth. Ropes and pulleys attached to the beam would raise the beam and stone above the vat that would be loaded with grapes. Then six to eight workers (usually slaves) would be divided on either side of the screw. The workers would walk clockwise, turning the screw as it the stone descended upon
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was extracted from olives. This press would entail laying the grapes out underneath several planks of wood and then weighing the planks down with rocks to press the juice out from the grapes. The wine made from these rudimentary pressing wasn't held in high esteem by the Greeks, often tainted with
242:
and paintings also showed the
Egyptians by at least by the 18th Dynasty (c. 1550 – c. 1292 BC) were also using a type of cloth "sack press" in which grapes or skins left over from treading would be twisted and squeezed by a tourniquet to release the juice. A modified version of this sack press had
406:
land tenants were willing to pay a portion of their crop to use a landlord's wine press if it was available. This was probably due in part to the added volume of wine (anywhere from 15 to 20%) that pressing could produce versus treading. But safety could have also been a driving force since many
219:) are based on left over grape pips (seeds) and while they provide solid evidence of wine making, they do not necessarily provide evidence of how the wine was made and if the modern concept of pressing (i.e. extracting juice from the skins and separating it from the skins and seeds) was used.
271:(1600–1100 BC). Like most of the earlier presses, it was mainly a stone basin for treading the grapes by feet with a run-off drain for the juice to flow. However, there is evidence that some of the later Cretan winemakers would sometimes use a pressing method similar to how
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machinery in the 19th century brought about a revolution in wine press technology as manual basket press gave way to steam-powered presses that greatly increased the efficiency of pressing and reduced the amount of labor needed to operate a press. Even the advancement of
187:, Russia) dating to between 7000 and 5000 BC of early winemaking using hollowed-out logs that they would fill with grapes, tread with their feet and then scoop the juice and crushed grape remains into jars to ferment. In the 17th century, French traveller Sir
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environment that can be desired for wine making with white wine grapes. Additionally, many of today's modern presses are computerized which allows the operator to control exactly how much pressure is being applied to the grape skins and for how many cycles.
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impurities and having a short shelf life. Much more prized was the wine produced from "free run" juice that was released by the grapes under their own weight before any treading or pressing. This wine was believed to be the most pure and was often used for
310:
would also include descriptions of the workings of wine presses in their agricultural treatises. Yet despite their frequent mentions in ancient writings and archaeological evidence showing the presence of wine presses throughout the
202:
of
Armenia. This site, dating back to around 4000 BC included a trough that measured about 3 by 3 1/2 feet and included a drain that went into a 2-foot-long vat that could contain about 14–15 gallons (52–57 liters) of wine. The
668:
Another advancement in the horizontal batch press was the complete enclosure of the press (sometimes called "tank press") that reduced the exposure of the grape must to air. Some advance presses can even be flushed with
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or the "free run" juice that was released by the mere weight of the grapes squeezing each other as they were loaded into the press. This was usually the lightest in colour and body and was often kept separate from the
580:. By the end of the 18th century, nearly all prestigious Bordeaux wine estates were following de Pontac's method of giving the grapes more time to ferment in the vat and then using a basket press on the darker
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As the use of the basket press became more popular, wineries and wine writers started to make a distinction between the quality of wine that came from different levels of pressing. The highest quality was the
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showed that the ancient
Egyptians developed some innovations to their wine presses-such as the use of long bars hanging over the treading basins and straps that the workers could hold onto while treading.
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had a positive influence as the cost of transporting large wine presses from manufacturers to wine regions throughout the globe decreased and more wineries were able to afford to purchase a wine press.
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The first wine press was probably the human foot and the use of manual treading of grapes is a tradition that has lasted for thousands of years and is still used in some wine regions today.
315:, their use was actually relatively rare. This was because having a wine press was a very expensive and large piece of equipment that most Roman farmers, outside the estate holding
84:
The more modern idea of a piece of a winemaking equipment used to extract the juice from the skins probably emerged during the Greco-Roman periods from which written accounts by
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the grapes, providing added pressure with each turn. A hole or spout at the bottom of the vat would allow the juice to drain out where it was usually moved by bucket into
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was considered too delicate and lacking on its own to make fine
Champagne and it was sometimes discarded or used for other wines. The first and second pressings (called
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would subject the grapes/pomace to increasing pressure from one end of the press to the other with new grapes being added and the pomace being continuously removed.
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A Roman architectural relief from the 1st century AD showing that grape treading was still widely used as a means of pressing wine grapes during Roman times
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323:, could not afford. Instead, it was much more common for Roman estates to have large tanks or troughs where grapes were tread upon by feet or paddles.
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were employing a "sack press" made of cloth that was squeezed with the aid of a giant tourniquet. The use of a wine press in winemaking is mentioned
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and by small local farmers throughout Europe was still mostly down by treading in stone lagers. However, there are many church records that showed
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The exact origins of winemaking (and, thus, of pressing grapes) are not known, but most archaeologists believe that it originated somewhere in the
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54:. The earliest wine press was probably the human foot or hand, crushing and squeezing grapes into a bag or container where the contents would
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560:, Champagne and other French wine regions had adopted the basket press, saw the use of a wine press become more popular after darker, more
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or cut since the pomace cake was literally cut with ropes, chains or paddles to remove it between pressings) were the most ideal for
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that saw the windlass replaced by a vertical screw that often included a counterweight to increase pressure. Marcus
Terentius Varro,
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With relatively modest changes, the basket press has continued to be widely used for centuries since its introduction by both small
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Winemaking in ancient Egypt probably used people's feet for crushing and pressing the grapes, but tomb paintings excavated at
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Ancient
Egyptian pressing basin, in which grapes were probably trodden by human feet in the Marea region around present-day
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and survive long transport voyages overseas. Winemaking texts such as the 1803 annotated and updated edition of de Serres'
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Book 18 CHAP. 74. (31.), translation by John
Bostock and H.T. Riley, Perseus, Tufts University. Accessed: May 10th, 2012
881:(18-19) LacusCurtius, English Translation by W. D. Hooper and H. B. Ash, University of Chicago. Accessed: May 8th, 2012
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began recommending that all fine producers employ the use of a wine press and that sometimes blending in a bit of the
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While the basket press was becoming more widely used by Church-owned estates in France and
Germany, winemaking in the
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which like the basket press had to have the pomace emptied and grapes reloaded, and as "continuous" where a belt or
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913:(I. 54) published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1934. LacusCurtius, University of Chicago. Accessed: May 11, 2012
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One of the first written accounts of a mechanical wine press was from the 2nd century BC Roman writer Marcus Cato.
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that was produced by the left over grape skins being soaked in water that was served to slaves and farm workers.
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or other large fermentation vessels. A replica of this style of Roman screw press still exists at a winery in
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The pressure applied by these manual means was limited and these early wines were probably pale in colour and
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An old horizontal wine press that used wooden planks and a square base to exert pressure on the grape skins
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as possible to keep the juice at its freshest and to avoid any coloring from the red wine grapes of
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parish records from the period reported wine cellar workers suffocating to death (from the released
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In the 1st century AD, Roman statesman Pliny the Elder described a "Greek style" press in his work
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also extracted. That style of wine press would eventually evolve into the basket press used in the
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Godinot to have laid out these specifications for how the press fractions of juice destined to be
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produced by Lord Arnaud III de Pontac began to receive wide acclaim from
English writers such as
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In the 2nd century BC, Cato the Elder wrote a vivid and detailed account of the workings of
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that came from pressing which was darker and had more tannins. In 1600, French wine writer
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was a cut piece of stone that fit the circumference of a vat that was lined with porous
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Nowhere was the analysis of the difference in press fractions more astute than in the
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where grapes that were tread by feet with the juice running off into special basins.
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Large "tank" presses that are fully enclosed can be used for anaerobic winemaking.
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to enhance color and body was essential to create a wine that could last. Even in
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were considered too harsh and colored to be of any value in
Champagne production.
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The earliest evidence of deliberate winemaking is from excavation at sites like
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leading to the modern tank batch and continuous presses used in wineries today.
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described a similar practice still in use thousands of years later in Georgia.
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should be handled. First the pressing were to happen quickly, as soon after
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In the Middle Ages, most winemaking technology advances were made by
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108:. The wines produced by these presses were usually darker, with more
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and others described wooden wine presses that utilized large beams,
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One of the earliest known Greek wine presses was discovered in
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Middle ages and the increasing popularity of the basket press
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providing some of the longest-serving evidence of organised
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A basket press from the Provence region of southeast France
516:) was rarely used and all other pressings after that (the
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pp. 70, 124–125, 147, 202–214 Simon and Schuster 1989
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in the land that now includes the modern countries of
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but these presses were more elaboration of treading
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411:) while treading fermenting wine grapes in a vat.
445:that it was a tradition associated only with the
810:pg 28, 50-51 and 149 Running Press, London 2006
808:Wine: The 8,000-Year-Old Story of the Wine Trade
532:A 1649 drawing of a German horizontal wine press
469:from the left over grape skins after pressing.
226:A 1st century AD wine pressing trough from the
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461:. Much like the ancient Roman pressed wine
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556:, which was still using lagars long after
287:and how to build a press room in his work
112:but could also be more harsh with bitter
2987:Clarification and stabilization of wine
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633:houses. In Europe, basket presses with
207:of these sites (and earlier sites at
7:
120:by wine estates of the nobility and
480:was recorded in 1718 by biographer
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752:pp. 14–31 Simon and Schuster 1989
465:, Middle Age peasants often drank
338:a type of "pressed wine" known as
14:
2066:Megalithic architectural elements
538:the style of winemaking in France
334:Varro also described in his work
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2685:Evolutionary origin of religion
830:Ancient winery found in Armenia
715:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
621:A modern pneumatic batch press
536:In the 17th and 18th century,
110:color extracted from the skins
1:
3013:Glossary of viticulture terms
2298:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1828:British megalith architecture
3018:Glossary of winemaking terms
2293:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1833:Nordic megalith architecture
540:was for heartier wines that
423:A 16th-century basket press
179:. There are stories in the
38:itself with the remains of
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2938:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2441:British Isles and Brittany
2362:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
859:p. 38 Harper Collins 2000
781:Vintage: The Story of Wine
750:Vintage: The Story of Wine
717:Third Edition pp. 545–546
267:in Crete and dated to the
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3028:History of the wine press
2918:Sparkling wine production
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510:sparkling wine production
104:to exert pressure on the
28:history of the wine press
3023:Wine tasting descriptors
637:can be found throughout
285:early Roman wine presses
34:is nearly as old as the
2913:Malolactic fermentation
2673:Evolutionary musicology
2076:Oldest extant buildings
2003:Archaeological features
1522:Prepared-core technique
905:Marcus Terentius Varro
857:A Short History of Wine
719:Oxford University Press
251:Ancient Greece and Rome
75:frequently in the Bible
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951:Prehistoric technology
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90:Marcus Terentius Varro
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2310:List of Stone Age art
1512:Microblade technology
1460:Langdale axe industry
1058:Ard / plough
673:to create a complete
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584:and pressing it into
546:Théâtre d'Agriculture
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474:Champagne wine region
443:Théâtre d'Agriculture
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319:and the most wealthy
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228:Old City of Jerusalem
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21:
2717:Prehistoric medicine
2712:Prehistoric counting
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2690:Paleolithic religion
2668:Behavioral modernity
2025:Causewayed enclosure
1917:Abri de la Madeleine
1041:Neolithic Revolution
629:winemakers to large
200:Vayots Dzor Province
2943:Yeast in winemaking
2895:Carbonic maceration
2756:Prehistoric warfare
1502:Magdalenian culture
1465:Levallois technique
1396:Earliest toolmaking
893:The Natural History
837:. January 11, 2011.
826:Thomas H. Maugh II
635:hydraulic machinery
599:The advancement of
198:in what is now the
2933:Traditional method
2707:Origin of language
2700:Spiritual drug use
2610:Rectangular dolmen
2512:Dartmoor kistvaens
2325:Carved stone balls
2037:Circular enclosure
1996:Other architecture
1939:Alp pile dwellings
1527:Solutrean industry
1438:Gravettian culture
1088:Secondary products
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441:noted in his work
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363:region of France.
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278:medicinal purposes
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245:filtering the wine
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1547:Yubetsu technique
1532:Striking platform
1497:Lithic technology
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1367:Game drive system
1286:Projectile points
1178:Mortar and pestle
835:Los Angeles Times
713:J. Robinson (ed)
655:Archimedes' screw
518:vins de pressoirs
439:Olivier de Serres
400:Iberian Peninsula
383:(particularly in
71:ancient Egyptians
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1960:Water management
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269:Mycenaean period
183:(in what is now
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1951:Wattle and daub
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889:
885:
878:De Agri Cultura
874:
870:
854:
850:
845:
841:
825:
821:
805:
794:
778:
763:
747:
732:
712:
689:
684:
615:
586:new oak barrels
526:
524:Changing styles
500:. The free run
417:
415:Press fractions
369:
357:Beaucaire, Gard
299:Natural History
290:De Agri Cultura
253:
181:Imeretin Valley
130:
122:Catholic Church
94:Pliny the Elder
36:history of wine
12:
11:
5:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Sugars in wine
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:Chaptalization
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Alligator drum
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:lunar calendar
2658:
2647:
2645:
2644:Other cultural
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2448:Venus figurine
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Megalithic art
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2330:Cave paintings
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2132:Material goods
2124:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1848:Cliff dwelling
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Fire hardening
1430:
1425:
1423:Clovis culture
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1346:Manis Mastodon
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:throwing stick
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
958:
955:
954:
949:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
916:
915:
898:
883:
868:
848:
846:wine dispenser
839:
819:
792:
761:
730:
686:
685:
683:
680:
614:
613:Modern presses
611:
606:rail transport
570:Jonathan Swift
525:
522:
447:wines of Anjou
416:
413:
409:carbon dioxide
368:
365:
361:Languedoc wine
252:
249:
196:Areni-1 winery
185:Krasnodar Krai
129:
126:
86:Cato the Elder
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3094:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Simple dolmen
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Passage grave
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:Gallery grave
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:Burial mounds
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Statue menhir
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:Stone carving
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Sewing needle
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Timber circle
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:Tor enclosure
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:fulacht fiadh
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:spear-thrower
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:Bow and arrow
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Grinding slab
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Domestication
1071:
1069:
1068:Digging stick
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Founder crops
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
988:
987:New Stone Age
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
952:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
912:
910:
909:De re rustica
902:
899:
895:
894:
887:
884:
880:
879:
872:
869:
866:
865:0-06-621282-0
862:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
836:
833:
831:
823:
820:
817:
816:1-56025-871-3
813:
809:
806:T. Pellechia
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
790:
789:0-671-68702-6
786:
782:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
762:
759:
758:0-671-68702-6
755:
751:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
688:
681:
679:
676:
672:
662:
658:
656:
650:
648:
645:and parts of
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
612:
610:
607:
602:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:vin de presse
547:
543:
539:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
514:vin de taille
511:
507:
503:
502:vin de goutte
499:
498:Pinot Meunier
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:vin de presse
456:
455:vin de goutte
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:vin de presse
431:
430:vin de goutte
421:
414:
412:
410:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
343:
341:
337:
336:De re rustica
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
300:
294:
292:
291:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
257:
250:
248:
246:
241:
236:
229:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:carbon dating
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Transcaucasia
139:
134:
128:Early history
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
52:ancient world
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
3048:
3027:
2905:Fermentation
2561:wedge-shaped
2546:Funeral pyre
2539:Great dolmen
2495:Chamber tomb
2476:Round barrow
2431:Stone circle
2303:Blombos Cave
2231:Grooved ware
2155:Chalcolithic
2059:Thornborough
1977:Flush toilet
1912:Blombos Cave
1907:Rock shelter
1863:Quiggly hole
1755:Architecture
1730:illustration
1372:Buffalo jump
1193:Storage pits
1156:Aşıklı Höyük
1146:Ground stone
982:Subdivisions
906:
901:
891:
886:
876:
875:Marcus Cato
871:
856:
855:R. Phillips
851:
842:
834:
827:
822:
807:
780:
749:
714:
667:
651:
624:
598:
582:vin vermeilh
581:
578:Samuel Pepys
549:
545:
535:
517:
513:
505:
501:
478:Dom PĂ©rignon
471:
462:
458:
454:
451:Loire Valley
442:
434:
429:
426:
397:
378:
344:
339:
335:
333:
313:Roman empire
297:
295:
288:
282:
262:
232:
193:
189:Jean Chardin
153:Caspian Seas
147:between the
142:
138:Lake Mariout
83:
67:18th dynasty
60:
40:wine presses
27:
25:
15:
3008:Wine bottle
2980:Other steps
2971:Wine cellar
2928:SĂĽssreserve
2583:unchambered
2578:Long barrow
2568:Grave goods
2524:Court cairn
2519:Clava cairn
2471:Bowl barrow
2409:Rock cupule
2352:Golden hats
2345:Hill figure
2246:Unstan ware
2226:Cord-marked
2091:Sweet Track
2013:Burnt mound
1934:Stilt house
1922:Sibudu Cave
1715:Tally stick
1683:Quern-stone
1668:Hammerstone
1658:Fire plough
1629:Pesse canoe
1587:Bannerstone
1557:Other tools
1470:Lithic core
1418:Aurignacian
1306:Bare Island
1188:Quern-stone
779:H. Johnson
748:H. Johnson
601:steam power
562:full bodied
213:Neolithic B
118:Middle Ages
44:viticulture
3071:Categories
2887:Maceration
2877:Wine press
2867:Destemming
2818:Winemaking
2722:trepanning
2615:Ring cairn
2573:Jar burial
2556:transepted
2488:U.S. sites
2389:Petroglyph
2315:Bird stone
2273:wine press
1946:Stone roof
1929:Roundhouse
1821:long house
1798:Stonehenge
1766:Ceremonial
1710:Stone tool
1537:Tool stone
1507:Metallurgy
1411:Mousterian
1388:Toolmaking
1326:Cumberland
1299:Transverse
1269:Schöningen
1161:Qesem cave
1129:Earth oven
1083:Irrigation
994:Technology
962:Prehistory
727:0198609906
682:References
574:John Locke
494:Pinot noir
393:bishoprics
317:patricians
265:Palekastro
240:Hieroglyph
209:Çatalhöyük
169:Azerbaijan
102:windlasses
48:winemaking
2839:Noble rot
2766:symbolism
2630:Tor cairn
2588:Grønsalen
2529:Cremation
2421:Sculpture
2399:Pictogram
2384:Petroform
2204:amber use
2172:Cosmetics
1982:Reservoir
1967:Check dam
1897:Pueblitos
1892:Pit-house
1875:Longhouse
1809:Dwellings
1678:Microlith
1609:Bow drill
1604:Bone tool
1597:prismatic
1406:Acheulean
1321:Cresswell
1294:Arrowhead
1220:Boomerang
1136:Granaries
1098:Terracing
977:Stone Age
675:anaerobic
639:Sauternes
631:Champagne
564:wines of
542:could age
486:Champagne
457:with the
359:, in the
321:plebeians
304:Columella
273:olive oil
215:sites in
3082:Oenology
2854:Pressing
2404:Rock art
2367:painting
2340:Geoglyph
2165:timeline
2145:Beadwork
1885:Mehrgarh
1880:Mudbrick
1788:megalith
1663:Fire-saw
1485:debitage
1480:analysis
1448:Hand axe
1428:Cupstone
1006:Glossary
967:Timeline
671:nitrogen
643:Burgundy
566:Ho-Bryan
558:Burgundy
554:Bordeaux
467:piquette
353:amphorae
98:capstans
32:pressing
3038:Terroir
2996:Related
2844:Vintage
2826:Harvest
2761:Symbols
2372:pigment
2258:Weaving
2221:Cardium
2216:Pottery
2211:Mirrors
2199:Jewelry
2140:Baskets
2120:culture
1972:Cistern
1778:Pyramid
1720:Weapons
1698:Scraper
1688:Racloir
1648:Cleaver
1636:Chopper
1542:Uniface
1453:Grooves
1443:Hafting
1401:Oldowan
1360:Systems
1311:Cascade
1274:woomera
1264:harpoon
1237:history
1203:Hunting
1183:Pottery
1124:Cooking
1033:Farming
999:history
972:Outline
627:artisan
506:tailles
490:harvest
449:in the
389:Germany
165:Armenia
161:Georgia
114:tannins
56:ferment
50:in the
30:and of
3003:Winery
2966:Solera
2739:flutes
2534:Dolmen
2458:Burial
2268:winery
2241:Linear
2071:Midden
2049:Cursus
2042:Goseck
1902:Pueblo
1853:Dugout
1838:Burdei
1517:Mining
1341:Lamoka
1336:Folsom
1316:Clovis
1173:Metate
1151:Hearth
1119:Basket
1093:Sickle
890:Pliny
863:
814:
787:
756:
725:
476:where
404:feudal
385:France
308:Virgil
235:Thebes
217:Jordan
173:Turkey
157:Russia
106:pomace
79:lagars
69:, the
2953:Aging
2656:sites
2600:Mummy
2320:Cairn
2236:JĹŤmon
2187:shoes
2182:Hides
2054:Henge
2008:Broch
1870:Jacal
1725:Wheel
1673:Knife
1619:Canoe
1614:Burin
1592:Blade
1490:flake
1351:Plano
1259:baton
1249:Spear
1215:Arrow
1168:Manos
1021:Tools
721:2006
647:Italy
482:Canon
463:lorca
340:lorca
149:Black
2749:gudi
2507:Cist
2436:list
2263:Wine
2192:Ă–tzi
2177:Glue
2150:Beds
2118:and
2116:Arts
1987:Well
1843:Cave
1773:Kiva
1703:side
1693:Rope
1641:tool
1575:bone
1565:Adze
1331:Eden
1244:Nets
1114:Fire
1078:Goad
1063:Celt
861:ISBN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
754:ISBN
723:ISBN
576:and
496:and
387:and
348:clay
306:and
211:and
177:Iran
175:and
151:and
100:and
63:body
46:and
26:The
2961:Oak
1858:Hut
1793:row
1624:Oar
1582:Axe
1570:Awl
3073::
832:."
795:^
764:^
733:^
690:^
649:.
641:,
588:.
572:,
280:.
247:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
92:,
88:,
58:.
2810:e
2803:t
2796:v
943:e
936:t
929:v
911:"
907:"
828:"
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