95:
31:
50:
72:
467:
The hitch shape is deep and laterally compressed, with a small head, and a terminal mouth pointing upwards. They are generally silver all over; younger fish have a black spot at the base of the tail, losing it as they age, and becoming generally darker as well. The anal fin is noticeably longer than
468:
for other
California minnows, with 11–14 rays, while the dorsal fin has 10–13 rays, and is placed further back, the base being positioned between pelvic and anal fins. The tail fin is large and deeply forked. They can get large for minnows, with lengths of up to 36 centimetres (14 in)
491:. They can be found in lakes, sloughs, and slow-moving sections of rivers and streams. With the highest temperature tolerance among the native fish of the Central Valley, they can be found in both warm and cool water; they also have considerable salt tolerance, for instance occurring in
535:. Although once abundant, but no longer commercially fished in Clear Lake, populations have been declining. The most likely cause appears to be loss of springtime spawning water flows due to water diversion and damming.
919:
Baumsteiger, Jason; Young, Matthew; Moyle, Peter B. (2019). "Using the
Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Concept to Protect Fishes with Low Levels of Genomic Differentiation: Conservation of an Endemic Minnow (Hitch)".
875:
Schönhuth, Susana; Vukić, Jasna; Šanda, Radek; Yang, Lei; Mayden, Richard L. (October 2018). "Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the
Holarctic family Leucisidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei)".
1063:
Girard, C.F. (1856). "Researches upon the cyprinoid fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States, west of the
Mississippi Valley, from specimens in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution".
1130:
Girard, Charles (1854). "Descriptions of new fishes, collected by Dr. A.L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the survey of the
Pacific Railroad Route, under Lieut. R.S. Williamson, U.S.A.".
1316:
1645:
1595:
794:
Jason
Baumsteiger & Peter B. Moyle (2019). "A reappraisal of the California Roach/Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus/Lavinia) species complex".
1536:
1378:
1590:
1615:
1610:
1620:
1497:
1290:
1523:
1329:
963:
756:
1158:
848:
1605:
1630:
727:
Hopkirk, J.D. (1988). "Fish evolution and the late
Pleistocene and Holocene history of Clear Lake, California". In Sims, John D. (ed.).
736:
544:
1196:
676:
1562:
1417:
1640:
79:
1020:
770:
1528:
1334:
955:
358:
196:
1037:
516:
426:
838:
639:
1635:
532:
520:
496:
1541:
1383:
700:
Gobalet, Kenneth W. (1989). "Remains of Tiny Fish from a Late
Prehistoric Pomo Site Near Clear Lake, California".
1625:
985:
94:
1435:
1600:
524:
362:
354:
235:
1219:
284:
257:
219:
1422:
1409:
1567:
1484:
1264:
752:
729:
Late
Quaternary Climate, Tectonism, and Sedimentation in Clear Lake, Northern California Coast Ranges
568:
616:
295:
410:
350:
39:
1370:
1139:
1112:
1073:
937:
901:
819:
709:
333:
244:
89:
1357:
1321:
487:
Hitch are omnivores of the open water, eating a combination of filamentous algae, insects, and
1549:
1471:
1391:
1251:
1016:
893:
844:
811:
765:
732:
512:
1554:
1396:
1347:
1104:
929:
885:
803:
611:
508:
477:
402:
374:
366:
1181:
189:
136:
597:
30:
1584:
1342:
1192:
672:
602:
473:
146:
59:
54:
941:
905:
823:
1256:
528:
492:
469:
1476:
1510:
1365:
1303:
889:
488:
398:
166:
1462:
1242:
807:
419:
405:
370:
325:
179:
156:
414:. Other authorities classify the Leuciscidae as a family and place the genus
106:
897:
815:
648:
NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
1456:
1277:
1236:
1205:
854:
685:
318:
126:
713:
381:), and the two species can hybridize, leading some authorities to place
1502:
1430:
1295:
1282:
1143:
1116:
1077:
933:
390:
1308:
1515:
329:
116:
1213:
1108:
1095:, a Cyprinid Fish from the Pajaro-Salinas River Basin, California".
1404:
1159:"Feds deny protection for Clear Lake hitch fish, prompting outcry"
1013:
Endemism in Fishes of the Clear Lake Region of Central California
321:
1269:
1217:
1489:
1132:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1066:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
328:, and was once very common. The common name may derive from a
1025:. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 96.
393:
data appear to support the fishes' separate lineages. The
1188:(University of California Press, 2002), pp. 136–139
543:
The Clear Lake hitch was listed as threatened under the
484:
complex), and these taxa can hybridize with each other.
731:. The Geological Society of America. pp. 183–194.
447:
These common names or DPS correspond to the subspecies
472:. All of these features make them look much like the
332:
word for this species. It is the only species in the
837:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
1446:
1226:
755:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
702:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
986:"State May Declare Unique NorCal Fish Threatened"
429:(DPS) or subspecies of the hitch are recognized:
459:Baird and Girard in Girard, 1854, respectively.
617:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202129A18230971.en
922:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
563:According to Hopkirk (1988), the Pomoan word
8:
440:Monterey hitch (Salinas hitch, Pajaro hitch)
373:. While the hitch is closely related to the
1052:– via California Academy of Sciences.
1038:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: References"
992:. Public Media Group of Southern California
1214:
667:
665:
70:
48:
29:
20:
1091:Miller, Robert B. (1945). "The Status of
843:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 181–186.
615:
789:
787:
964:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
588:
556:
443:Sacramento hitch (Central Valley hitch)
397:genus has been placed in the subfamily
476:. The hitch is closely related to the
1646:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
1596:NatureServe apparently secure species
878:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
251:
7:
1436:050BEE4C-B1BC-4A2E-A98A-2B5DD61498E2
1410:AC1C6A25-0B0A-585B-4E95-FBB1F196732B
1036:Fricke, Ron, ed. (1 November 2022).
1591:IUCN Red List least concern species
603:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1015:. University of California Press.
708:(2). Malki Museum Press: 231–239.
650:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
14:
1616:Fish of the Western United States
1611:Endemic fish of the United States
545:California Endangered Species Act
1621:Freshwater fish of North America
93:
1157:Kovner, Guy (4 December 2020).
638:NatureServe (2 December 2022).
984:Clarke, Chris (30 July 2014).
771:California Academy of Sciences
1:
1042:Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes
457:Lavinia exilicauda exilicauda
349:The hitch was first formally
427:distinct population segments
1606:Endemic fauna of California
1186:Inland Fishes of California
890:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026
453:Lavinia exilicauda harengus
1662:
1631:Salinas River (California)
1011:Hopkirk, John D. (1974).
808:10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.3
507:Their range includes the
482:Hesperoleucus symmetricus
379:Hesperoleucus symmetricus
268:Baird & Girard, 1854
250:
243:
225:
218:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1195:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
741:. Special Paper No. 214.
675:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
495:(7–8 ppt salinity), and
359:Charles Frédéric Girard
355:Spencer Fullerton Baird
265:Leucosomus occidentalis
1641:Fish described in 1854
757:"Species in the genus
610:: e.T202129A18230971.
573:Pogonichthys ciscoides
449:Lavinia exilicauda chi
408:in the 5th edition of
292:Lavinia exilicauda chi
1209:. April 2006 version.
753:Eschmeyer, William N.
596:NatureServe. (2013).
1044:. Reference no. 2199
689:. July 2023 version.
598:"Lavinia exilicauda"
569:Clear Lake splittail
840:Fishes of the World
437:in Pomoan language)
411:Fishes of the World
324:endemic to central
40:Conservation status
1228:Lavinia exilicauda
1199:Lavinia exilicauda
1163:The Press Democrat
958:Lavinia exilicauda
934:10.1002/tafs.10144
679:Lavinia exilicauda
642:Lavinia exilicauda
433:Clear Lake hitch (
334:monospecific genus
314:Lavinia exilicauda
238:& Girard, 1854
229:Lavinia exilicauda
211:L. exilicauda
76:Apparently Secure
1636:San Joaquin River
1578:
1577:
1550:Open Tree of Life
1392:Open Tree of Life
1220:Taxon identifiers
1093:Lavinia ardesiaca
850:978-1-118-34233-6
766:Catalog of Fishes
513:San Joaquin River
455:Girard, 1856 and
418:in the subfamily
305:
304:
299:
288:
281:Lavinia ardesiaca
277:
269:
261:
254:Lavinia compressa
200:
83:
63:
1653:
1626:Sacramento River
1571:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1215:
1210:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
952:
946:
945:
916:
910:
909:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
853:. Archived from
834:
828:
827:
791:
782:
781:
779:
777:
749:
743:
742:
724:
718:
717:
697:
691:
690:
669:
660:
659:
657:
655:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
619:
593:
576:
561:
509:Sacramento River
499:lagoon (9 ppt).
478:California roach
422:of that family.
375:California roach
367:Sacramento River
294:
283:
275:
273:Lavinia harengus
267:
256:
231:
195:
98:
97:
77:
74:
73:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1222:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1109:10.2307/1438351
1090:
1089:
1085:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
954:
953:
949:
918:
917:
913:
874:
873:
869:
860:
858:
851:
836:
835:
831:
793:
792:
785:
775:
773:
751:
750:
746:
739:
726:
725:
721:
699:
698:
694:
671:
670:
663:
653:
651:
637:
636:
632:
622:
620:
595:
594:
590:
585:
580:
579:
562:
558:
553:
541:
505:
465:
451:Hopkirk, 1974,
347:
239:
233:
227:
214:
194:
92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Genus of fishes
12:
11:
5:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Lavinia (fish)
1598:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1352:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1193:Froese, Rainer
1189:
1182:Peter B. Moyle
1176:
1175:
1149:
1122:
1103:(4): 197–204.
1083:
1055:
1028:
1021:
1003:
976:
947:
928:(2): 406–416.
911:
867:
849:
829:
802:(2): 221–240.
783:
744:
737:
719:
692:
673:Froese, Rainer
661:
630:
587:
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
567:refers to the
555:
554:
552:
549:
540:
537:
517:Central Valley
515:System of the
504:
501:
464:
461:
445:
444:
441:
438:
383:H. symmetricus
346:
343:
303:
302:
301:
300:
289:
278:
270:
262:
248:
247:
241:
240:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
206:
202:
201:
187:
183:
182:
177:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
137:Actinopterygii
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
991:
987:
980:
977:
965:
961:
959:
951:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
868:
857:on 2019-04-08
856:
852:
846:
842:
841:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
784:
772:
768:
767:
762:
760:
754:
748:
745:
740:
738:0-8137-2214-4
734:
730:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
693:
688:
687:
682:
680:
674:
668:
666:
662:
649:
645:
643:
634:
631:
618:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
592:
589:
582:
574:
570:
566:
560:
557:
550:
548:
546:
538:
536:
534:
533:Salinas River
530:
526:
522:
521:Russian River
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
497:Salinas River
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:golden shiner
471:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:given as the
364:
363:type locality
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
315:
310:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
276:Girard, 1856
274:
271:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
242:
237:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:Cypriniformes
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1447:
1227:
1204:
1198:
1185:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1031:
1012:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
950:
925:
921:
914:
881:
877:
870:
859:. Retrieved
855:the original
839:
832:
799:
795:
774:. Retrieved
764:
758:
747:
728:
722:
705:
701:
695:
684:
678:
652:. Retrieved
647:
641:
633:
621:. Retrieved
607:
601:
591:
572:
564:
559:
542:
539:Conservation
529:Pajaro River
506:
503:Distribution
493:Suisun Marsh
486:
481:
470:total length
466:
456:
452:
448:
446:
434:
424:
415:
409:
394:
386:
382:
378:
348:
337:
336:
313:
312:
308:
306:
291:
280:
272:
264:
253:
228:
226:
210:
209:
190:
173:
18:
1511:iNaturalist
1366:NatureServe
1304:iNaturalist
1168:14 December
1138:: 129–140.
1072:: 165–213.
1048:13 December
996:13 December
969:13 December
884:: 781–799.
776:19 December
623:19 December
489:zooplankton
463:Description
399:Leuciscinae
353:in 1854 by
236:S. F. Baird
167:Leuciscinae
163:Subfamily:
80:NatureServe
1585:Categories
1022:0520094042
861:2022-12-19
583:References
525:Clear Lake
420:Laviniinae
406:Cyprinidae
371:California
326:California
180:Laviniinae
157:Cyprinidae
654:2 January
547:in 2014.
361:with its
351:described
205:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1463:Q6502713
1457:Wikidata
1371:2.101985
1322:10578002
1278:FishBase
1243:Q3753948
1237:Wikidata
1206:FishBase
942:92315840
906:49292104
898:29913311
824:58561676
816:30647303
714:27825386
686:FishBase
345:Taxonomy
319:cyprinid
245:Synonyms
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1503:2361594
1448:Lavinia
1431:ZooBank
1423:1017386
1296:5206009
1144:4059036
1117:1438351
1078:4059153
796:Zootaxa
759:Lavinia
416:Lavinia
401:of the
395:Lavinia
391:genomic
387:Lavinia
338:Lavinia
317:) is a
298:, 1974
296:Hopkirk
287:, 1913
260:, 1854
191:Lavinia
186:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
58: (
1568:269615
1555:319962
1529:163568
1397:319963
1348:202129
1335:163569
1309:104127
1270:207642
1142:
1115:
1097:Copeia
1076:
1019:
940:
904:
896:
847:
822:
814:
735:
712:
531:, and
519:, the
425:Three
403:family
330:Pomoan
285:Snyder
199:, 1854
197:Girard
24:Hitch
1563:WoRMS
1542:71764
1516:89368
1490:25726
1418:WoRMS
1405:Plazi
1384:71765
1355:NAS:
1317:IRMNG
1257:3SNMN
1140:JSTOR
1113:JSTOR
1074:JSTOR
938:S2CID
902:S2CID
820:S2CID
710:JSTOR
565:hitch
551:Notes
309:hitch
258:Ayres
174:Clade
1537:NCBI
1524:ITIS
1498:GBIF
1477:5BJH
1379:NCBI
1343:IUCN
1330:ITIS
1291:GBIF
1283:2796
1170:2022
1101:1945
1050:2022
1017:ISBN
998:2022
990:KCET
971:2022
894:PMID
845:ISBN
812:PMID
800:4543
778:2022
733:ISBN
656:2023
625:2022
608:2013
357:and
322:fish
307:The
1485:EoL
1472:CoL
1358:553
1265:EoL
1252:CoL
1105:doi
930:doi
926:148
886:doi
882:127
804:doi
612:doi
435:chi
385:in
369:in
1587::
1565::
1552::
1539::
1526::
1513::
1500::
1487::
1474::
1459::
1433::
1420::
1407::
1394::
1381::
1368::
1345::
1332::
1319::
1306::
1293::
1280::
1267::
1254::
1239::
1203:.
1184:,
1161:.
1134:.
1111:.
1099:.
1068:.
1040:.
988:.
962:.
936:.
924:.
900:.
892:.
880:.
818:.
810:.
798:.
786:^
769:.
763:.
706:11
704:.
683:.
664:^
646:.
606:.
600:.
527:,
523:,
389:,
341:.
176::
1201:"
1197:"
1172:.
1146:.
1136:7
1119:.
1107::
1080:.
1070:8
1000:.
973:.
960:"
956:"
944:.
932::
908:.
888::
864:.
826:.
806::
780:.
761:"
716:.
681:"
677:"
658:.
644:"
640:"
627:.
614::
575:)
571:(
511:–
480:(
377:(
311:(
82:)
62:)
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