406:), located on the headwaters of Tuttalloseehatchee (Fowltown Creek), about 20 miles west of Hitcheetoochee. Tuttallosee, with a population of about 50 circa 1800, had recently built its own square ground, possibly indicating that it was becoming a tribal town separate from Hitchiti. Cheauhoochee, about ten miles south of Hitchiti on Ihagi Creek west of the Chattahoochee River may also have been a satellite settlement of Hitchiti. Swanton also listed Hihaje as a satellite settlement of Hitchiti, but did not identify a location.
279:, and may have served as ceremonial centers. While some archaeologists believe that some sites along the Chattahoochee remained stable population centers, and became sites of later population expansion, other archaeologists believe that there were significant influxes of other people into the Chattahoochee Valley, changing the material culture of the area.
342:. Another map showed a town called "Echeetes" in the same area. "Ewches" may have been a mis-transcription of "Ochisi", "Yuchi", or "Echeetes", but "Echeetes" is understood to be "Hitchiti". Worth identifies "Ewches" with archaeological site 9Bi22, and "Echeetes" with the cluster of sites 9Bi7, 9Bi8, and 9Bi9, all in
386:
assigned to the
Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, visited the Hitchiti in 1799. Hawkins noted that the town of Hitchiti possessed "a narrow strip of good land" bordering on the river approximately four miles south of Chiaha (Chehaw). Hawkins reported that the people of Hitchiti were poor and "indolent",
390:
Hawkins found "Hitchetee" on the
Chattahoochee River between "Paláchoocle" (Apalachicola) to the south and "Ceauhau" (Chiahah) to the north with Oseoochee just to the north of it. Archaeological site 9Sw50 (in Stewart County, Georgia) is named "Hitchiti". It is "an extensive village midden" on the
358:
Hitchiti was one of the towns of the old
Apalachicola Province that returned to the Chattahoochee River after the Yemassee War. Diego Peña traveled to the towns on the Chattahoochee River in 1716 on a mission from the governor of Spanish Florida. He reported Achito (Hitchiti) to be located between
293:
areas in
Alabama may have moved into the Chattahoochee valley during the middle part of the 17th century. Folklore of the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy supports an interpretation of Muscogee-speaking immigrants joining a Hitchiti-speaking resident population, with the Chattahoochee River
475:
Cheauhoochee was associated with
Cheauhau (Chiaha) 1-1/2 miles west of Hitchiti on Auhegee creek, which was known as Hitchiti Creek at its juncture with the Chattahooche, and is now named Ihagee Creek. The Cottonton archaeological site (1Ru69) 0.9 west of that location might be associated with
414:
Records of the population of the
Hitchiti are scarce. Estimates provided by Swanton are that in 1738 there were 60 males in the tribal town; in 1750 only 15; 50 in 1760; 40 in 1761; and 90 in 1772. Sixty years later, in 1832, the entire population, males and females, was estimated at 381.
239:
The tribal town of
Hitchiti first appeared in Spanish reports (as Ahachito) in 1675 as part of the Apalachicola Province along the Chattahoochee River. In the first half of the 17th century, a number of towns were situated along 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the Chattahoochee River in
371:
of Achito (Hitchiti), together with the casiques of Coweto, Cussetta and
Apalachicola, traveled to St. Augustine to explore the revival of an alliance with the Spanish. The town of Hitchiti may have moved to different sites along the Chattahoochee River after 1715. Site 1Ru70, in
252:. Archaeological evidence indicates that the material culture of the 17th century lower Chattahoochee region had developed in place over several centuries. The ancestors of at least some of the people in the area may have been there as early as 12,000 years ago. A variant of the
391:
east side of the
Chattahoochee near the mouth of Hitchitee Creek, which has been identified as the site of Hitchiti in the later 18th century. Site 9Ce59 (in Chattahoochee County, Georgia) is a possible satellite settlement across Hitchitee Creek from the main Hitchiti site.
337:
Late in the 17th century all of the towns on the
Chattahoochee River moved to central Georgia, primarily to what the English then called Ochese Creek, now called the Ocmulgee River. One map from 1715 showed a town with the name "Ewches" near present-day
387:
but friendly to whites. He also reported that there had been no substantiated charges of horse-stealing made against them. On the other hand, Gatschet reported that the Hitchiti had a reputation of being honest and industrious.
275:. Some archaeologists state that only two population centers survived along the Chattahoochee in the late 16th century, situated on opposite sides of the river south of the falls at Columbus. Both sites had large
203:
The Spanish recorded the name of the town as "Achito", "Ahachito", "Euchitto", and, possibly, "Ayfitichi", while it was known to the English as "Echete", "Echeetes", and "Hitchiti". According to
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system for indexing archaeological sites, the first numeral indicates the state, in this case, Georgia, while the following two letters indicate the county, in this case, Chattahoochee County.
1560:
1635:
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was reported to no longer be maintaining a sacred fire. The former members of Hichiti became associated with the tribal town of Kasihta, which still maintained a square ground near
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A census of the towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, known as the Parsons and Abbott Roll, was taken in 1833. The towns of Hitchiti and Hihaje are listed in that census.
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the towns of Apalachicola and Okmulgue, and to have 54 "warriors". Two leaders from the town of Hitchiti were among the Muscogee Confederacy chiefs who met Georgia Governor
1640:
263:
A major change in ceramic types at sites along the Chattahoochee occurred between 1550 and 1650. There is also evidence of a large drop in the population in the area. The
187:). In 1715, most of the towns on Ochese Creek, including Hitchiti, moved back to the Chattahoochee River, where the town remained until its people were forced to move to
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chiefdom when the de Soto Expedition passed through the area. The Spanish referred to some of the people living in central Georgia as "Uchisi".
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219:. Hitchiti was only one of several tribal towns whose members primarily spoke the Hitchiti language. Other Hitchiti-speaking towns included
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John Worth placed the town of Hitchiti on the eastern (Georgia) side of the Chattahoochee River in the late 17th century, possibly at
1040:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Vol. 145 (Reprint ed.). Genealogical Publishing Company.
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1003:(Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Report of Investigations 42, Office of Archaeological Research, pp. 111–112
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in the 1540s did not enter the Chattahoochee Valley, but appears to have caused many deaths there due to epidemics of
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in 1715, almost all of the towns formerly from Apalachicola Province moved back to the Chattahoochee River.
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area including both Hitchiti- and Muscogee-speaking towns by the later 16th century. Speakers of the
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755:"An Overview of the Historical/Genealogical Records Concerning the Muskoke (Creek) Indians"
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to the south, developed in the towns along the Chattahoochee between 1300 and 1400.
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Walter F. George Lake Archeological Survey of Fee Owned Lands Alabama and Georgia
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At the end of the 18th century, Hitchiti had several satellite settlements (
272:
831:
Opler, William E. (1922). "The Creek Indian Towns of Oklahoma in 1937". In
754:
1220:
1210:
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1017:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
231:. The people of those towns were collectively referred to as "Hitchiti".
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103:
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891:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
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This article is about the tribal town. For the Hitchiti language, see
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1019:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 265–298.
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also settled in the Chattahoochee towns in the later 17th century.
463:
307:
1085:
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Knight, Vernon James Jr.; Mistovich, Tim S. (August 31, 1984),
398:), including Hitcheetoochee (Little Hitchiti), located on the
817:(Spring 1972). "The Creek Indian Towns of Oklahoma in 1937".
376:, may have been occupied by people of Hitchiti in the 1740s.
321:. That site was just south of the Muscogee-speaking towns of
133:
421:
In 1937, the tribal town of "Hichiti", located northeast of
933:. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton – via Internet Archive.
864:
Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1964). Bannon, John Francis (ed.).
142:
909:
Archaeology of the Lower Muskogee Creek Indians, 1715-1836
980:
Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818
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and Georgia, from the south of the falls at present-day
167:. It was one of several towns whose people spoke the
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982:(Hardback ed.). University of Nebraska Press.
839:. Independently Published. pp. 174, 176, 186.
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888:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World
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27:Indigenous people along the Chattahoochee River
1636:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
1097:
870:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 138.
8:
941:The Invention of the Creek Nation, 1670–1763
40:
175:, an association of tribal towns along the
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1090:
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961:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
759:State of Alabama Indian Affairs Commission
39:
1641:People from Chattahoochee County, Georgia
1067:Founding of Fort Gaines historical marker
367:in 1733. The next year, in 1734, Ysques,
1543:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
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689:
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930:A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians
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442:
1010:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History"
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1072:Village of Fowltown historical marker
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1077:Battle of Fowltown historical marker
1062:Battle of Hitchity historical marker
765:from the original on August 29, 2022
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171:. It was first known as part of the
56:Regions with significant populations
912:. The University of Alabama Press.
1631:Extinct languages of North America
1037:The Indian Tribes of North America
867:Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands
661:Peach State Archaeological Society
25:
1626:Native American tribes in Alabama
795:from the original on July 9, 2022
1570:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
944:. University of Nebraska Press.
736:, pp. 29 (map), 65–66, 96;
120:
1450:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
963:. University Press of Florida.
1352:College of the Muscogee Nation
499:, pp. 6, 9, 60, 87, 181;
211:, "Hitchiti" was derived from
1:
1575:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
1511:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
1455:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1216:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
906:Foster, H. Thomas II (2007).
354:Return to Chattahoochee River
319:Chattahoochee County, Georgia
269:European and African diseases
1595:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
1580:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1395:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
712:, pp. 29, 182–183, 191.
1561:Federally recognized tribes
1527:Treaty of Washington (1826)
710:Knight & Mistovich 1984
256:, with influences from the
89:Traditional tribal religion
1657:
1516:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1113:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
1034:Swanton, John R. (2003) .
285:-speaking people from the
29:
1506:Treaty of New York (1790)
927:Gatschet, Albert (1884).
885:Ethridge, Robbie (2003).
837:Creek Mvskoki Talwa Towns
785:"Parsons and Abbott Roll"
642:, pp. 149–150, 164;
462:Ichisi was a town in the
98:
88:
76:
60:
50:
1600:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
1522:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
938:Hahn, Steven C. (2004).
724:, pp. 47 (map), 57.
610:, pp. 8–9, 15, 107.
433:is named after Hichiti.
1590:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1008:Worth, John E. (2000).
978:Hill, James L. (2022).
374:Russell County, Alabama
250:Barbour County, Alabama
165:Southeast United States
1485:Creek National Capitol
1445:Kimbell-James Massacre
1404:Leon-Jefferson culture
959:Hann, John H. (2006).
819:Papers in Anthropology
302:, and people known as
254:Lamar regional culture
1490:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1393:Apalachicola Province
1368:Mississippian culture
1249:(Francis the Prophet)
451:Smithsonian trinomial
173:Apalachicola Province
94:Related ethnic groups
1585:Kialegee Tribal Town
1435:Battle of Burnt Corn
1337:Four Mothers Society
598:, pp. 273, 276.
344:Bibb County, Georgia
1342:Green Corn Ceremony
1278:William Weatherford
1015:. In McEwan (ed.).
626:, pp. 280–281.
586:, pp. 267–273.
566:, pp. 267–273.
550:, pp. 267–268.
503:, pp. 273–281.
423:Henryetta, Oklahoma
402:, and Tuttallosee (
315:archaeological site
258:Fort Walton culture
177:Chattahoochee River
163:in what is now the
42:
1532:Indian Removal Act
1470:Indian Removal Act
1460:Battle of Ocheesee
1440:Fort Mims Massacre
582:, pp. 79–80;
562:, pp. 79–80;
546:, p. 79, 86;
431:Hitchita, Oklahoma
427:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
271:introduced by the
265:de Soto expedition
51:Extinct as a tribe
1608:
1607:
1537:Treaty of Cusseta
1480:Creek War of 1836
1431:(Creek civil war)
1414:State of Muskogee
1316:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
1120:Four mother towns
1047:978-0-8063-1730-4
1026:9-780-8130-2086-0
970:978-0-8130-2982-5
919:978-0-8173-1239-8
829:
519:, pp. 7, 91.
283:Muscogee language
169:Hitchiti language
113:
112:
32:Mikasuki language
16:(Redirected from
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1621:Muskogean tribes
1499:Politics and law
1409:Battle of Taliwa
1253:William McIntosh
1182:(four locations)
1152:Groups and towns
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1258:Peter McQueen
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951:0-8032-2414-1
947:
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931:
925:
921:
915:
911:
910:
904:
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898:0-8078-2827-0
894:
890:
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883:
879:
877:0-8061-0612-3
873:
869:
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862:
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857:
848:
842:
838:
834:
824:
820:
816:
810:
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794:
790:
786:
780:
777:
764:
760:
756:
750:
747:
743:
740:, p. 9;
739:
735:
734:Ethridge 2003
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
695:
692:, p. 77.
691:
690:Gatschet 1884
687:
686:Ethridge 2003
682:
679:
666:
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658:
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483:
476:Cheauhoochee.
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436:
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235:Early history
234:
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75:
70:
67:
66:United States
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
19:
1548:
1541:
1518:(unratified)
1373:Pisgah phase
1185:
1165:Apalachicola
1036:
1016:
999:
979:
960:
940:
929:
908:
887:
866:
836:
828:reprinted in
822:
818:
809:
797:. Retrieved
788:
779:
767:. Retrieved
758:
749:
742:Swanton 2003
729:
717:
697:
681:
669:. Retrieved
660:
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631:
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591:
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555:
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532:Swanton 2003
508:
492:
471:
458:
445:
420:
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395:
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389:
384:Indian agent
378:
357:
348:Yemassee War
346:. After the
336:
312:
281:
262:
238:
221:Apalachicola
216:
212:
202:
115:
114:
37:Ethnic group
1347:Stomp dance
1231:Tribal town
1142:Tukabatchee
833:Miller, Jay
825:(1): 1–116.
799:January 10,
769:January 10,
722:Foster 2007
706:Foster 2007
702:Bolton 1964
636:Foster 2007
620:Foster 2007
576:Foster 2007
513:Foster 2007
400:Flint River
213:Atcik-ha′ta
161:tribal town
1615:Categories
1424:Red Sticks
1383:Moundville
1226:Tallapoosa
1191:Miccosukee
671:January 9,
657:"Hitchiti"
644:Worth 2000
624:Worth 2000
596:Worth 2000
584:Worth 2000
564:Worth 2000
548:Worth 2000
501:Worth 2000
484:References
449:Under the
410:Population
291:Tallapoosa
1301:Apalachee
1288:Languages
1268:Neamathla
1170:Coushatta
738:Hill 2022
640:Hahn 2004
608:Hann 2006
580:Hann 2006
560:Hann 2006
544:Hann 2006
517:Hann 2006
497:Hann 2006
273:Spaniards
217:Ahi′tcita
72:Languages
1332:Religion
1221:Sabacola
1211:Okfuskee
1201:Muscogee
1196:Muklassa
1186:Hitchiti
1180:Fowltown
793:Archived
791:. 2023.
763:Archived
665:Archived
663:. 2023.
404:Fowltown
365:Savannah
317:9Ce1 in
246:Columbus
229:Sabacola
205:Gatschet
159:) was a
116:Hitchiti
108:Seminole
104:Mikasuki
100:Muscogee
84:Religion
78:Hitchiti
41:Hitchiti
1361:History
1325:Culture
1311:Koasati
1296:Alabama
1273:Osceola
1240:Leaders
1175:Eufaula
1160:Alabama
1137:Kasihta
858:Sources
835:(ed.).
396:talofas
369:casique
327:Cusseta
242:Alabama
209:Swanton
181:Georgia
62:Georgia
1399:Chiaha
1378:Etowah
1263:Menawa
1206:Okchai
1132:Coweta
1127:Abihka
1044:
1023:
986:
967:
948:
916:
895:
874:
843:
323:Coweta
304:Chisca
225:Oconee
1013:(PDF)
464:Ocute
437:Notes
308:Yuchi
287:Coosa
1042:ISBN
1021:ISBN
984:ISBN
965:ISBN
946:ISBN
914:ISBN
893:ISBN
872:ISBN
841:ISBN
801:2023
771:2023
673:2023
289:and
207:and
199:Name
156:-tee
154:CHIH
152:hih-
363:in
306:or
248:to
215:or
1617::
823:13
821:.
787:.
761:.
757:.
659:.
524:^
429:.
325:,
298:,
223:,
195:.
134:tʃ
106:,
102:,
64:,
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
1050:.
1029:.
992:.
973:.
954:.
922:.
901:.
880:.
849:.
803:.
773:.
675:.
146:/
143:i
140:t
137:ɪ
131:ˈ
128:ɪ
125:h
122:/
118:(
34:.
20:)
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