627:, the Vietnamese didn't interfere in Laos for more than 200 years. However, Vietnamese influence had grown radically since the conquest, and played a major role in absorbing Laos into Vietnamese foreign policy. The Hmongs at the time had yet to be touched, owing to their neutrality to the Vietnamese and Laotians. The Hmongs maintained a degree of autonomy from the Imperial Vietnamese Government, and at the same time demonstrated their role in developing Laos in the aftermath of the disastrous war of 1470s with Vietnam. So while Vietnam kept interfering in Laotian affairs, the Hmongs were mostly left alone until the
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reports of sporadic attacks by these groups, but journalists who have visited their secret camps in recent times have described them as hungry, sick, and lacking weapons beyond
Vietnam War-era rifles. Although they pose no military threat, the Lao government continues to characterize these people as "bandits" and attack their positions, using rape as a weapon and often killing and injuring women and children. Most casualties occur while people are gathering food from the jungle, since any permanent settlement is impossible.
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attorneys involved in the case. "hile the tries to portray the 'conspiracy' as a dangerous and sophisticated military plan, it cannot refute the extensive evidence demonstrating otherwise – from the agent's informing the so-called conspirators that they would need an operational plan; to his providing a map of the region when they couldn't procure a useful one; to his explanation of what GPS was (including that it requires batteries); to the so-called conspirators' inability to finance the operation."
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961:-trained Hmong veteran soldiers who fought as American allies against Communist forces, which, during the insurgency were persecuted for their political beliefs. Fearing reprisals, retribution, retaliation and persecution, around half of the 300,000 Hmong in Laos were forced to flee, becoming refugees and settling in countries such as the United States.
886:(closely allied to China, and vehemently anti-Vietnamese and anti-Soviet) had also been funding and allotting supplies to the anti-communist Royalist insurgents for use in their insurgency against the government of Laos, while the majority of purported support would be divulged during the forever displaced regime's exile along the
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out and search for food without encountering soldiers. This has greatly threatened their survival and so has led to clashes between Hmong and the Lao military, leaving hundreds of Hmong dead or injured. ChaoFa
President Her urged the international community to send his people immediate humanitarian aid, but without any luck.
662:, an important Hmong leader, was decorated by the French administration for leading a combined French, Lao, and Hmong force to relieve the village of Xieng Khoung from a combined Communist force of Laotians and Vietnamese and saving the French representatives in the village. This action was part of the larger
602:. The Vietnamese communists continued to support the Pathet Lao after the end of the Laotian Civil War and the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. At least 100,000 Hmong civilians were killed as the result of Laotian governmental policies, in what has sometimes been referred to as the
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area, reportedly with the help of
Vietnamese forces. On 23 April, the military used a civilian helicopter to spray poison over Hmong territory. On 4 May, government forces attacked a Hmong village in Xaysomboun, killing two civilians. On 14 September, two Hmong men were taken away by Laos police from
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On 18 September 2009, the
Federal Government dropped all charges against Vang Pao, announcing in a release that the "continued prosecution of this defendant is no longer warranted," and that the federal government was permitted to consider "the probable sentence or other consequences if the person is
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became a province in
December 2013, the military in Laos continued to increase their presence in the area by creating more military bases and bringing more soldiers into the region. The increased density of military installations and bases in the region has made it more difficult for the Hmong to go
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Today, most Hmong people in Laos live peacefully in villages and cities, but small groups of Hmong people, many of them second or third generation descendants of former CIA soldiers, remain internally displaced in remote parts of Laos, in fear of government reprisals. As recently as 2003, there were
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While severely depleted, the remnants of an early 1980s-era, and 1990s-era, Royalist insurgency has been kept alive by an occasionally active guerrilla force of several thousand or so successors to that force. In June 2007, Vang Pao was arrested in the United States for an alleged plot to overthrow
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forces organized under the so-called Lao
National Liberation Front (LNLF) carried out their own insurgency in southern Laos; such of which had been initiated by a series of reasonably successful guerrilla warfare attacks upon its seizure of weapons from the militaries of Laos and Vietnam. In 1982,
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were named as the probable ringleaders of the purported coup plot. Vang Pao had reportedly built up a strong network of contacts within the U.S. government and corporate circles sympathetic to his cause. Some speculated that the proposed new government would be much more accepting of large foreign
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In 2008, according to a military official, the government ordered Laos troops to shoot to kill ethnic Hmong insurgents, including Hmong villagers hiding in the jungles. A cash reward is said to be given for every Hmong fighter killed. However, the government in Laos denied the authenticity of the
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Faced with continuing military operations against them by the government and a scarcity of food, some groups have begun coming out of hiding, while others have sought asylum in
Thailand and other countries. In December 2009 a group of 4,500 refugees were forcibly repatriated to Laos from camps in
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Of the Hmong who remained in Laos, over 30,000 were sent to re-education camps as political prisoners where they served indeterminate, sometimes life, sentences. Enduring hard physical labor and difficult conditions, many people died. Thousands more Hmong people, mainly former soldiers and their
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An insurgency politically correlative to the
Royalist insurgency led by the United Front for the Liberation of Laos (LPNLUF) and minor allied similar groups had also transpired around the same time period, and reportedly was equipped with a strength of 40,000, Chinese and Khmer Rouge funded and
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The defendants' lawyers argued that the case against all of their clients was spurious at best. "The case cannot proceed the process has been so corrupted by the government's misconduct that there can never be any confidence in the validity of the charge," said Mark
Reichel, one of the defense
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This insurgency has no reported standing in terms of force within Laos today. While its claims have never been verified nor widely accepted, the LPNLUF claims to have put some one-third of
Laotian territory under its provisional jurisdiction before it was put down by the Lao government.
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The Royalist insurgency gradually fell into disrepair and in terms of its 1970s and 1980s-era form, it has almost entirely vanished militarily as well as ideologically. A correlated movement of sporadic insurgents succeeded the LNLF and while divided into the congruent style of multiple
631:. Under French rule the Hmong mostly converted to Christianity, though large segments remained Buddhist, and allied with the French while maintaining their tie with Laos. This would put up the future conflict between Vietnam, the Laotian communists and Laotian insurgents.
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and Vietnamese troops. Others remained in hiding to avoid conflict. Initial military successes by these small bands led to military counter-attacks by government forces, including aerial bombing and heavy artillery, as well as the use of defoliants and chemical weapons.
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During this time, Laos was allied with the Soviet-backed communist Vietnamese government. The Lao government had referred to China's ruling clique as "the direct enemy of the Lao people" and further stated that relations could potentially be improved between itself and
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Lieutenant-Colonel Harrison Ulrich Jack, a retired California National Guard officer who reportedly served in covert operations during the Vietnam War (in Laos in co-ordination with the Hmong and other tribal groups) and former General
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Minority Policies and the Hmong in Laos(Published in Stuart-Fox, M. ed. Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics and Society of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (St.Lucia: Queensland University Press, 1982), pp. 199 –
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convicted.” That same year, Chong Lor Her became the leader of the ChaoFa party, which he still serves as today. On 2 October 2013, he claimed that the Laos military was using dogs to hunt down the Hmong.
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and loss of American support, the Pathet Lao was able to take control of the government. Hmong people, especially those who had participated in the military conflict were singled out for retribution.
658:, who wanted to hand the country back to the rule of imperial France. The Hmong people had, for over half a century, been closely allied with the French, who treated them as equals of the Lao people.
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and anti-terrorism officials allegedly uncovered a "conspiracy to murder thousands and thousands of people at one time" and violently overthrow the government of Laos. The alleged plot included ex-
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alongside the Khmer Rouge. During the early 1980s, the Khmer Rouge had largely abandoned (or perhaps halted) communist ideals and were instead focused primarily on exuding Cambodian
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or "liberation" government (speedily disbanded by the Lao military), this insurgency proved to be as by chance less effective than the lesser-trained Royalist-focused insurgency.
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On 21 September 2016, the Laos military fired rockets loaded with toxic gas into Hmong areas killing a Hmong baby. On 6 October, another Hmong baby died from chemical poisoning.
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the Laotian communist government. His arrest led to an end of various attempts to overthrow the Laotian Government by the Hmong people, the royalists, and right-wing rebellions.
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insurgents who placed their desire to expel Vietnamese political and military standing in Laos above any other goal. While the movement managed to proclaimed their own
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as well as with the United States, but gave no mention of a possibility for diplomatic amends with China. Despite allying itself formally in writing with
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surface-to-air missiles, anti-tank rockets and other arms and munitions smuggled from the U.S. via Thailand to "reduce government buildings in
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2169:– a documentary by Rebecca Sommer on the plight of the Hmong in Laos and problems faced by those facing repatriation from Thai refugee camps
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minimally-proportioned bands of insurgents, have been estimated to contain a strength nearing 2,000 to 3,000 men as of the early 1990s.
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like Laos, maintained rather hostile relations with Laos (largely due to Laos' staunch alignment with and unequivocal support for
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provinces. Individual units varied from as few as ten men to as many as 50, and all of these operated with little coordination.
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The Royalists had also cooperated and were involved to a limited degree in the attempts to overthrow the Vietnamese-backed
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on 18 August 1982 earlier that year) in a collection of southern Lao provinces largely due to support and aid from the
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On 8 April 2016, the Laos military launched a military incursion into the territory of Hmong communities in the
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The insurgents of the LNLF were largely former Royalist government officials who had fled into exile after the
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595:, which the insurgency is an extension of itself. The North Vietnamese invaded Laos in 1958 and supported the
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Thayer, Carlyle A. (1983). "Laos in 1982: The Third Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party".
689:. They also rescued downed American pilots, and helped the US, from their base in the "secret city" of
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The conflict stems from three events prior to Laos independence: a failed coup attempt by the Red
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On 20 June 2020, a government soldier was shot and killed while on patrol inspecting for illegal
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Vietnam and Laos have a complicated past. After Vietnam invaded and destroyed Laos during the
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In 1946, with the end of the Japanese occupation, Prince Souphanouvong and his half-brothers
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the LNLF succeeded in briefly establishing the Royal Lao Democratic Government (proclaimed
821:, Xaysomboun. After the clash, the government sent troops to hunt down the escaped gunmen.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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business and may also lead to an explosion of the drugs trade as has been the case in
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Thailand despite the objections of, amongst others, the United Nations and the USA.
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Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992
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Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992
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1344:"The Forgotten Genocide: Hmong And Montagnards Face Violent Religious Persecution"
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941:. The LNLF proved successful in recruiting fair numbers of rural militiamen from
801:. Later, they were found beaten to death on 23 September by a Laotian fisherman.
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formed two separate independence governments, briefly overthrowing the Laos King
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Southern Laos (royalists and rightists); Central and Northern Laos (Hmong rebels)
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and other guns for hire. The plotters were accused of attempting to use rifles,
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In November 2017, the Laos government intensified its shelling of Hmong areas.
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border and perhaps to a lesser degree, in Thailand itself during the 1980s.
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1560:"438 former "Cob Fab" removed by helicopter after they came out of hiding"
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On 9 March 2021, one militant was killed in a clash with Laos soldiers in
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When the French withdrew from Indochina shortly after their defeat in the
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Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War
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1901:"Clash Between Lao Troops and Armed Group Leaves One Dead in Xaysomboun"
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North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation
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between the Laotian government on one side and former members of the
2000:
68:"Hmong genocide" redirects here. For the genocide committed by the
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2046:"The Vanishing Hmong: Forced Repatriation to an Uncertain Future"
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1868:"Hmong face military in Laos jungle in fallout from Vietnam war"
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1064:"The Thwarted Overthrow of Laos Government By American Hmong"
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families, escaped to remote mountain regions – particularly
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Yang, Kou (2003). "Hmong Diaspora of the Post-War Period".
736:. In June 2005 as part of "Operation Tarnished Eagle" U.S.
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~slhuynh/classweb/secret_war.html
49:. The reason given is: Updates needed past March 30, 2022.
1381:"The Hmong: An Introduction to their History and Culture"
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on the other. These groups have faced reprisals from the
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to rubble", said Bob Twiss, an assistant U.S. attorney.
693:, to coordinate bombing missions over Vietnam and Laos.
104:
2 December 1975 – Now (to a lesser extent since 2007)
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fervor and an increase in anti-Vietnamese rhetoric.
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878:; also communist) during the Third Congress of the
732:withdrew from Vietnam and Laos, ending its wars in
2893:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1723:Zoroya, Gregg; Leinwand, Donna (28 October 2004).
987:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
1836:"UNPO: Worsening Situation for the Hmong in Laos"
1642:"News - Hmong coup details unveiled - sacbee.com"
4471:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
4054:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
4646:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
4437:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
3853:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
1318:"Land Concessions and Postwar Conflict in Laos"
696:By 1975, with the collapse of the South in the
685:and their Vietnamese backers from toppling the
184:(alleged direct involvement & intervention)
83:
3644:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
2145:– information about the Hmong veterans of the
1841:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1291:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
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2831:
2200:
1980:
1978:
1895:
1893:
1812:"U.S. Drops Case Against Exiled Hmong Leader"
681:, Hmong forces with US support prevented the
430:
8:
3831:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
3826:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
3780:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
2173:The Hmong Crisis: The Secret Tragedy of Laos
1779:"Lao Troops Told Shoot to Kill Hmong Rebels"
1166:
1164:
3841:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
3773:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
2149:remaining in the jungles of Laos (requires
2076:. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 1.
957:In Laos there exists a large population of
587:-led, anti-communist military campaigns in
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4313:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
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4017:
3926:
3763:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3758:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
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1757:"CIA's Lao ally faces 'outrageous' charge"
933:' demise in 1975 in the conclusion of the
527:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts
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423:
415:
80:
4113:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
4028:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
3785:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1692:"US agents thwart planned Laos coup plot"
567:, Laotian royalists, and rebels from the
4432:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
4165:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
4108:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
3848:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
3605:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor
1023:
371:United Front for the Liberation of Laos
4213:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
3811:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
3341:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
1425:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1418:
1250:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
1218:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
1032:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
677:. Under the leadership of the General
4361:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
3900:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
3821:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3753:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
1810:McKinley, Jesse (19 September 2009).
1012:The Center for Public Policy Analysis
882:, allegations would surface that the
7:
4504:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
4292:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
1704:from the original on 8 February 2009
1668:"Nine Charged Over Laos 'Coup Plot'"
1629:from the original on 7 February 2009
1596:from the original on 26 October 2009
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1149:from the original on 16 January 2016
4897:Violence against indigenous peoples
4592:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
4425:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
3672:Dissident Irish republican campaign
3546:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
3018:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
2868:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2099:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
1558:Kinchen, David (17 November 2006).
1471:Arnold, Richard (19 January 2007).
1407:from the original on 1 January 2007
1125:O'Dowd, Edward C. (16 April 2007).
407:Over 100,000 Hmong civilians killed
27:Military conflict in Southeast Asia
4867:Hmong-American culture and history
4613:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
4582:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
4542:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
4492:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
4487:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
3858:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
3112:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
3090:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
2883:Central African Republic Civil War
1617:"Laos 'coup plot' uncovered in US"
1529:"Lao People's Democratic Republic"
953:Human rights and refugee situation
25:
4308:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
4129:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
3942:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
3461:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
3331:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
2922:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1874:. 5 December 2017. Archived from
1737:from the original on 12 July 2012
1725:"Opium threatens Afghan security"
1346:. 14 October 2021. Archived from
1106:from the original on 17 June 2010
4628:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
3978:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
3879:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
3795:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
3478:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
3471:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
3336:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2364:
2167:Clips from "Hunted like animals"
1440:Perrin, Andrew (28 April 2003).
997:2007 Laotian coup d'Ă©tat attempt
992:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
971:
880:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
537:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
384:
350:
337:
323:
310:
299:
270:
257:
243:
229:
211:
189:
175:
161:
151:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
144:
130:
36:
4780:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
4672:Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
4655:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
4070:Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
3816:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
3748:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
3309:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
3290:Internal conflict in Bangladesh
1963:from the original on 1 May 2016
1535:. 27 March 2007. Archived from
1483:from the original on 9 May 2007
1361:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1999).
288:Royal Lao Democratic Government
4857:History of Laos (1945–present)
4524:ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
4420:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
4160:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
4155:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
4049:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
3905:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
3351:Sectarian violence in Pakistan
3276:Islamic State–Taliban conflict
3045:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
2970:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
1177:University of Central Arkansas
1070:. 14 June 2007. Archived from
895:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1:
4044:Papua conflict (1969–present)
3600:Syrian–Turkish border clashes
3522:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
3304:Insurgency in Northeast India
3100:Religious violence in Nigeria
3080:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2044:Currie, L. Catherine (2008).
1697:The Christian Science Monitor
1002:Royal Lao Government in Exile
573:lowland Lao ethnic minorities
357:Party of Democratic Kampuchea
306:Royal Lao Government in Exile
283:Lao National Liberation Front
4746:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
4514:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
4186:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
3884:JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
3413:Conflicts in the Philippines
3023:Jihadist insurgency in Niger
825:Royalist-in-exile insurgency
4751:Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
4618:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
4564:Syrian arena (2012–present)
4547:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
4464:Syrian arena (2012–present)
4415:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
4001:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
3937:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
3790:Religious violence in India
3654:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3563:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
3558:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
3156:Jamaican political conflict
3107:Conflict in the Niger Delta
1943:Jongman, Albert J. (1988).
1503:"Rebecca Sommer Film Clips"
1094:"Laos' controversial exile"
4923:
4801:Operation Inherent Resolve
4623:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
4559:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
4552:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
4449:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
4410:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3639:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
3529:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3507:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3456:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
3314:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
3197:Ecuadorian security crisis
3129:Western Togoland Rebellion
3040:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
2111:10.1177/011719680301200302
1949:. Transaction Publishers.
1473:"Laos: Still a Secret War"
848:People's Republic of China
67:
4454:South Lebanon (1985–2000)
3973:Maritime border incidents
3517:Hezbollah–Israel conflict
3435:South Thailand insurgency
3401:Conflict in Rakhine State
3166:Salvadoran gang crackdown
3008:Insurgency in the Maghreb
2777:
2632:
2558:
2453:
2382:
2362:
1172:"37. Laos (1954-present)"
583:for their support of the
454:
406:
401:
122:
96:
88:
74:Hmong people § China
45:This article needs to be
4756:Civil War (2014–present)
4705:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
4394:Bahraini uprising (2011)
4090:Civil war (2021–present)
3095:Nigerian bandit conflict
2975:Insurgency in Mozambique
2943:Ethiopian civil conflict
2903:Western DR Congo clashes
2458:Administrative divisions
2141:11 February 2012 at the
1367:Indiana University Press
1200:"Statistics of Democide"
850:, which despite being a
4741:South Yemen (2009–2015)
4597:Lebanon conflict (2008)
4519:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
4334:Andijan massacre (2005)
4329:Fergana massacre (1989)
3874:JVP insurrection (1971)
3171:Honduran gang crackdown
3062:Western Saharan clashes
3057:Western Sahara conflict
3013:Insurgency in the Sahel
2847:Ongoing armed conflicts
1442:"Welcome to the Jungle"
1286:"UNPO: Timeline: Hmong"
829:Beginning in 1980, the
671:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
542:Thai–Laotian Border War
206:Lao Resistance Movement
4907:Wars involving Vietnam
4847:21st-century conflicts
4837:20th-century conflicts
4287:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
3493:Saudi–led intervention
3321:Insurgency in Pakistan
3202:Insurgency in Paraguay
2178:29 August 2021 at the
648:Prince Souvanna Phouma
625:Vietnamese–Laotian War
561:low-intensity conflict
507:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese
4248:Republican insurgency
3947:Tibetan unrest (2008)
3281:Republican insurgency
3085:Boko Haram insurgency
2296:Japanese puppet state
1533:Amnesty International
909:Right-wing insurgency
581:Vietnam People's Army
517:Cambodian–Thai border
402:Casualties and losses
182:Vietnam People's Army
4877:Insurgencies in Asia
4852:21st century in Laos
4842:20th century in Laos
4731:al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
4710:Turkey–ISIL conflict
4509:Iraq War (2003–2011)
3595:Russian intervention
3585:Inter-rebel conflict
3539:Western Iran clashes
3512:Gaza–Israel conflict
2432:World Heritage Sites
2159:, by Michael Johns,
868:Democratic Kampuchea
641:Prince Souphanouvong
635:Lao Hmong insurgency
394:(early to mid–1980s)
344:Democratic Kampuchea
4902:Wars involving Laos
4892:Third Indochina War
3910:Operation All Clear
3649:Russo-Ukrainian War
3346:Insurgency in Sindh
3326:Insurgency in Sindh
3003:Insurgency in Egypt
2948:Afar–Somali clashes
2331:Vietnamese invasion
2286:French protectorate
1946:Political Terrorism
1824:on 6 November 2015.
1648:on 17 December 2007
1570:on 22 February 2007
1387:on 12 October 2012.
1369:. pp. 337–460.
1298:on 27 November 2022
724:Some Hmong fled to
664:First Indochina War
491:Cambodian Civil War
263:Neo Hom (1981–2007)
91:Third Indochina War
4816:Colour revolutions
4736:Houthi (2004–2015)
4677:Regional spillover
4587:Lebanon War (2006)
4459:Lebanon War (2006)
3534:Iran–PJAK conflict
3396:Karen–Mon conflict
3192:Colombian conflict
2985:Operation Atalanta
2888:Insurgency in Chad
2596:Telecommunications
2346:History since 1945
2341:History until 1945
2163:, 23 October 1995.
2157:"Acts of Betrayal"
2073:Hmong in Minnesota
1913:on 11 January 2023
1878:on 11 January 2023
1848:on 27 October 2022
1817:The New York Times
1590:"Tragic Mountains"
1324:. 1 September 2023
1322:online.ucpress.edu
1255:Uppsala University
1223:Uppsala University
1037:Uppsala University
557:insurgency in Laos
512:Cambodian Conflict
84:Insurgency in Laos
4824:
4823:
4771:Inter-continental
4766:
4765:
4700:DHKP/C insurgency
4695:Maoist insurgency
4342:
4341:
4194:
4193:
4085:Rohingya conflict
4009:
4008:
3918:
3917:
3836:Kargil War (1999)
3768:Kargil War (1999)
3727:conflicts in Asia
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3634:Abkhazia conflict
3615:
3614:
3451:Abkhazia conflict
3406:Rohingya conflict
3376:Myanmar civil war
3255:Xinjiang conflict
3220:
3219:
3207:Peruvian conflict
3176:Gang war in Haiti
3137:
3136:
2873:Anglophone Crisis
2813:
2812:
2773:
2772:
2619:
2618:
2545:
2544:
2522:Political parties
2510:National Assembly
2478:General Secretary
2473:Foreign relations
2440:
2439:
2356:2007 coup attempt
2326:Laotian Civil War
2316:Ho Chi Minh trail
2291:Japanese invasion
2083:978-0-87351-598-6
2068:Vang, Chia Youyee
1509:on 5 January 2011
1206:on 19 April 2023.
1142:978-1-134-12268-4
1135:. pp. 186–.
1068:Global Politician
1044:on 12 August 2022
1007:Laotian Civil War
935:Laotian Civil War
797:their village of
742:U.S. Army Rangers
652:Prince Phetsarath
614:Insurgent history
593:Laotian Civil War
577:Lao People's Army
550:
549:
486:Laotian Civil War
413:
412:
409:300,000 displaced
118:
117:
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
4914:
4882:Politics of Laos
4726:Civil war (1994)
4351:
4282:1990 Osh clashes
4266:Ethnic conflicts
4203:
4180:
4173:
4018:
3983:2017–2018 crisis
3961:
3927:
3738:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3624:
3575:Daraa insurgency
3570:Syrian civil war
3500:Yemeni Civil war
3371:Myanmar conflict
3229:
3212:Mapuche conflict
3161:Mexican drug war
3146:
3035:Sinai insurgency
2980:Somali Civil War
2858:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2793:
2786:
2630:
2576:
2556:
2451:
2380:
2368:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2123:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1940:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1844:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:on 23 March 2021
1787:. Archived from
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:on 18 July 2012.
1763:. Archived from
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1638:
1636:
1634:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:on 10 April 2007
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1505:. Archived from
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1350:on 7 April 2024.
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1294:. Archived from
1282:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:on 8 August 2022
1226:. Archived from
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1185:
1184:on 7 April 2024.
1180:. Archived from
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:. 11 June 2007.
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:. Archived from
1028:
981:
976:
975:
819:Thathom district
532:Hmong insurgency
449:
439:
432:
425:
416:
390:
388:
387:
355:
354:
342:
341:
328:
327:
316:
314:
313:
304:
303:
302:
275:
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273:
262:
261:
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235:
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216:
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195:
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167:
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149:
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147:
136:
134:
133:
98:
97:
81:
61:
58:
52:
40:
39:
32:
21:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
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4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4784:
4772:
4762:
4714:
4683:
4660:
4634:
4601:
4570:
4530:
4475:
4398:
4382:
4338:
4317:
4296:
4270:
4254:
4218:Afghan conflict
4190:
4176:
4169:
4143:
4117:
4096:
4080:Kachin conflict
4058:
4032:
4005:
3989:
3968:Korean conflict
3959:
3957:
3951:
3914:
3888:
3862:
3799:
3729:
3720:
3690:
3681:
3660:
3611:
3590:Rojava conflict
3580:Desert campaign
3439:
3381:Kachin conflict
3363:
3357:
3271:Afghan conflict
3259:
3243:
3239:Korean conflict
3216:
3180:
3133:
3122:Azawad conflict
3068:
2991:
2926:
2849:
2844:
2814:
2809:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2769:
2760:Public holidays
2706:
2697:Sex trafficking
2615:
2574:
2541:
2500:Law enforcement
2436:
2417:Protected areas
2369:
2360:
2306:Kingdom of Laos
2222:
2213:
2180:Wayback Machine
2161:National Review
2143:Wayback Machine
2136:FactFinding.org
2132:
2127:
2126:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2001:10.2307/2644329
1984:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1906:Radio Free Asia
1899:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1784:Radio Free Asia
1777:
1776:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:. 6 June 2007.
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:on 6 July 2008.
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1625:. 5 June 2007.
1615:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
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1484:
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1455:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1401:"Archived copy"
1399:
1396:
1392:
1379:
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1283:
1270:
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1248:
1247:
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1233:
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1216:
1215:
1211:
1196:Rummel, Rudolph
1194:
1193:
1189:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
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1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
977:
970:
967:
955:
931:Kingdom of Laos
911:
852:communist state
827:
687:Kingdom of Laos
637:
629:French conquest
621:
616:
553:
552:
551:
546:
522:Sino-Vietnamese
450:
445:
443:
408:
397:
385:
383:
362:
349:
336:
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11:
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4920:
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4909:
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4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Indochina Wars
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
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4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4789:Related topics
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
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4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4743:
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4728:
4722:
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4716:
4715:
4713:
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4707:
4702:
4697:
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4689:
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4681:
4680:
4679:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4651:Qatif conflict
4642:
4640:
4636:
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4499:Iraqi conflict
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4476:
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4461:
4456:
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4442:Qatif conflict
4434:
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4417:
4406:
4404:
4400:
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4397:
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4119:
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4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Karen conflict
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4014:Southeast Asia
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3964:
3962:
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3800:
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3609:
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3577:
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3536:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3483:Qatif conflict
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3430:Papua conflict
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Karen conflict
3388:
3383:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3317:
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3311:
3306:
3300:
3299:
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3297:
3286:
3285:
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3283:
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3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3251:
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3241:
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3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
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3199:
3194:
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3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
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3158:
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3150:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
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3132:
3131:
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3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:Oromo conflict
2955:
2953:OLA insurgency
2950:
2940:
2938:ADF insurgency
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2898:Ituri conflict
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2811:
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2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:
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2787:
2779:
2778:
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2768:
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2762:
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2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:hybrid variant
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Stock exchange
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2537:Prime Minister
2534:
2532:Vice President
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
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2475:
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2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
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2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Indochina Wars
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Luang Phrabang
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2131:
2130:External links
2128:
2125:
2124:
2105:(3): 271–300.
2089:
2082:
2059:
2036:
2025:
2014:
1974:
1955:
1924:
1889:
1859:
1827:
1802:
1770:
1748:
1715:
1683:
1659:
1607:
1581:
1550:
1520:
1494:
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1432:
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1372:
1353:
1335:
1309:
1268:
1241:
1209:
1187:
1160:
1141:
1117:
1085:
1074:on 18 May 2008
1055:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
982:
966:
963:
954:
951:
910:
907:
831:anti-Communist
826:
823:
750:FIM-92 Stinger
636:
633:
620:
617:
615:
612:
604:Hmong genocide
548:
547:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
496:
495:
494:
493:
488:
473:
472:
464:
463:
455:
452:
451:
447:Indochina Wars
444:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
411:
410:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
395:
381:
375:
374:
373:
361:
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292:
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105:
102:
94:
93:
86:
85:
79:
78:
64:
63:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
18:Hmong Genocide
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
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4883:
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4834:
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4817:
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4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:War on terror
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4778:
4777:
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4752:
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4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
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4391:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:2016 conflict
4369:
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4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4335:
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4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:2001–2021 War
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
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4197:
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4019:
4016:
4012:
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3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3984:
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3728:
3725:
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3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3678:
3677:Loyalist feud
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
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3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
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3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:Yemeni crisis
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:Iraq conflict
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
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3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
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3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Kalay clashes
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3349:
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3256:
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3227:
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3208:
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3203:
3200:
3198:
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3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
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3162:
3159:
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3154:
3153:
3151:
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3118:
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3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:War in Darfur
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Libyan Crisis
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:War in Amhara
2961:
2959:
2956:
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2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:M23 offensive
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:Kivu conflict
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
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2886:
2884:
2881:
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2859:
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2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Dramatic arts
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2685:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Ethnic groups
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2612:
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2557:
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2552:
2548:
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2516:
2513:
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2508:
2506:
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2040:
2037:
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2026:
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2018:
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2010:
2006:
2002:
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1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1956:9781412815666
1952:
1948:
1947:
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1452:on 3 May 2007
1451:
1447:
1446:Time Magazine
1443:
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865:
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853:
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841:
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820:
815:
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813:
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675:Domino Theory
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653:
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634:
632:
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377:
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332:(until 1999)
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4199:Central Asia
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3551:2015–present
2687:Prostitution
2642:Demographics
2606:Trade unions
2568:Central bank
2483:Human rights
2463:Constitution
2350:
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2017:
1995:(1): 84–93.
1992:
1988:Asian Survey
1986:
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1945:
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1072:the original
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1035:
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912:
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608:
603:
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474:
468:
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363:
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320:(until 1988)
294:
293:
276:
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239:(until 1990)
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199:(until 1989)
197:Soviet Union
156:
155:
128:
123:Belligerents
89:Part of the
70:Qing dynasty
54:
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29:
4811:Arab Winter
4806:Arab Spring
4206:Afghanistan
4139:2006 crisis
4134:1999 crisis
2878:Cabinda War
2563:Agriculture
2488:LGBT rights
2281:Muang Phuan
2251:Tai peoples
2151:Adobe Flash
2056:: 325–370 .
1564:Hmong Today
1411:21 December
1153:11 November
979:Asia portal
939:Vietnam War
920:provisional
899:nationalist
884:Khmer Rouge
876:Khmer Rouge
767:Afghanistan
698:Vietnam War
591:during the
565:Secret Army
359:(1981–1990)
330:Khmer Rouge
4887:Proxy wars
4831:Categories
4376:Second War
4354:Azerbaijan
4322:Uzbekistan
4301:Tajikistan
4275:Kyrgyzstan
4259:Kazakhstan
4222:Civil War
4122:East Timor
3960:and South)
3734:South Asia
2750:Literature
2575:(currency)
2397:Ecoregions
2351:Insurgency
2336:Neutrality
2321:Pathet Lao
2301:Lao Issara
2246:Lao people
2241:Khun Borom
2147:Secret War
1761:Asia Times
1673:Al Jazeera
1477:Worldpress
1328:9 December
1018:References
947:Savannaket
943:Champassak
916:right-wing
874:under the
799:Lat Houang
786:Xaisomboun
728:after the
726:California
710:Pathet Lao
691:Long Tieng
683:Pathet Lao
619:Background
600:Pathet Lao
365:Rightists:
277:Royalists:
220:insurgents
4606:Palestine
4366:First War
4236:1996–2001
4231:1992–1996
4226:1989–1992
4037:Indonesia
3923:East Asia
3867:Sri Lanka
3418:Communist
2740:Festivals
2647:Education
2611:Transport
2527:President
2515:President
2468:Elections
2375:Geography
2276:Champasak
2271:Vientiane
2119:154862522
1730:USA Today
1652:7 October
1633:7 October
1133:Routledge
754:Vientiane
744:, former
734:Indochina
597:communist
460:Masterdom
4773:conflict
4101:Thailand
4021:Cambodia
3804:Pakistan
3724:Cold War
3423:Drug war
3142:Americas
3117:Mali War
2800:Category
2692:Religion
2682:Language
2667:COVID-19
2505:Military
2446:Politics
2427:Wildlife
2407:Phou Bia
2261:Vat Phou
2256:Lan Xang
2236:Peopling
2220:articles
2176:Archived
2139:Archived
2070:(2008).
1967:20 March
1961:Archived
1735:Archived
1708:20 March
1702:Archived
1627:Archived
1622:BBC News
1600:20 March
1594:Archived
1574:22 March
1543:27 April
1513:20 March
1487:27 April
1481:Archived
1456:27 April
1421:cite web
1405:Archived
1261:8 August
1234:8 August
1147:Archived
1104:Archived
1099:BBC News
1048:8 August
965:See also
914:trained
872:Cambodia
864:Thailand
840:in exile
835:Royalist
794:Phou Bia
762:Vang Pao
706:Phou Bia
679:Vang Pao
392:Thailand
237:Thailand
109:Location
4575:Lebanon
4387:Bahrain
4063:Myanmar
3248:Central
2861:Central
2784:Outline
2725:Cuisine
2712:Culture
2625:Society
2601:Tourism
2586:Fishing
2551:Economy
2387:Borders
2228:History
2009:2644329
1917:12 June
1882:13 June
1852:13 June
1795:13 June
1302:13 June
1110:18 June
856:Vietnam
844:Bangkok
777:order.
169:Vietnam
138:Lao PDR
47:updated
4688:Turkey
4535:Israel
4148:Others
3994:Taiwan
3958:(North
3956:Korea
3893:Others
3620:Europe
3362:South-
2854:Africa
2805:Portal
2765:Sports
2735:Emblem
2720:Anthem
2657:Health
2581:Energy
2412:Rivers
2402:Mekong
2218:
2117:
2080:
2007:
1953:
1639:, and
1139:
1078:16 May
833:, pro-
784:After
477:Second
389:
315:
290:(1982)
248:
234:
194:
166:
135:
72:, see
4862:Hmong
4719:Yemen
4665:Syria
3930:China
3741:India
3722:Post–
3295:Drugs
3264:South
3185:South
3149:North
2996:North
2791:Index
2755:Music
2702:Women
2671:Delta
2637:Crime
2422:Towns
2115:S2CID
2005:JSTOR
1741:4 May
812:poppy
569:Hmong
559:is a
500:Third
469:First
318:China
218:Hmong
4480:Iraq
4403:Iran
4178:Moro
3665:West
3627:East
3444:West
3364:east
3232:East
3225:Asia
3073:West
2931:East
2745:Flag
2674:cron
2669:and
2573:Kip
2216:Laos
2078:ISBN
1969:2015
1951:ISBN
1919:2022
1884:2022
1854:2022
1797:2022
1743:2010
1710:2015
1654:2007
1635:2007
1614:See
1602:2015
1576:2007
1545:2007
1515:2015
1489:2007
1458:2007
1427:link
1413:2006
1398:219)
1330:2023
1304:2022
1263:2022
1236:2022
1155:2015
1137:ISBN
1112:2010
1080:2019
1050:2022
945:and
937:and
888:Thai
858:.).
650:and
589:Laos
579:and
571:and
555:The
101:Date
4171:NPA
2662:HIV
2495:Law
2107:doi
1997:doi
1872:RFI
959:CIA
842:in
738:FBI
4833::
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