1127:
1141:
90:
at the time. Concurrently, Yves
Bertrais, a Roman Catholic missionary in Kiu Katiam, Luang Prabang, was undertaking a similar project with Chong Yeng Yang and Chue Her Thao. The two working groups met in 1952 and reconciled any differences by 1953 to produce a version of the script.
1238:
Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong-English
Dictionary . 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.
58:
advisers, it has gone on to become the most widespread system for writing the Hmong language in the West. It is also used in
Southeast Asia and China alongside other writing systems, most notably
78:, Protestant missionary G. Linwood Barney began working on the writing system with speakers of Green Mong (Mong Leng), Geu Yang and Tua Xiong, among others. He consulted with
954:. Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous.
1361:
1206:
1210:
1293:
1309:
1356:
1341:
107:) dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in
115:(denoted with ⁂) are color-coded respectively. Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for
1346:
1093:
1071:
1050:
1031:
1012:
996:
977:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
673:
664:
652:
643:
634:
625:
615:
603:
594:
585:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
489:
479:
470:
461:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
395:
386:
374:
365:
356:
347:
337:
325:
316:
307:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
87:
59:
1351:
1262:
75:
947:
1126:
1277:
79:
1326:
1289:
116:
686:
is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an
1154:
1146:
943:
939:
1282:
691:
51:
1335:
1088:
83:
1066:
683:
63:
55:
47:
1214:
1132:
1140:
1122:
687:
938:
RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable, similarly to
99:
The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA:
1284:
Mother of
Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script
17:
1268:, in Féry, Caroline; Green, Antony Dubach; van de Vijver, Ruben (eds.),
1256:, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 29, pp. 46–61
54:. Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and
951:
119:, White Hmong was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant.
1114:
represents a phrase-final low-rising variant of the creaky tone
1321:
1315:
699:
Fricative consonants in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet
128:
Occlusive consonants in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet
946:, rather than with diacritics like those used in the
1207:"Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology"
1281:
958:Tone representation in Romanized Popular Alphabet
1318:– includes lessons on writing Mong Leng with RPA
1272:, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, pp. 40–57
1254:Diexis and anaphora and prelinguistic universals
1202:
1185:
1173:
8:
1198:
1280:; Vang, Chia Koua; Yang, Gnia Yee (1990).
793:Vowels in the Romanized Popular Alphabet
1288:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
956:
791:
697:
126:
1362:Writing systems introduced in the 1950s
1166:
103:) and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA:
27:Romanization system for Hmong languages
1327:Father Yves Bertrais papers, 1950-2007
1226:
1205::48–51). See also: Mortensen, David.
7:
1261:Golston, Chris; Yang, Phong (2001),
25:
1139:
1125:
50:for the various dialects of the
1203:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1186:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1174:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1:
1098:
1076:
1055:
1036:
1017:
1001:
982:
924:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:
668:
659:
647:
638:
629:
620:
610:
598:
589:
580:
559:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
503:
494:
484:
474:
465:
456:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
401:
390:
381:
369:
360:
351:
342:
332:
320:
311:
302:
284:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
197:
82:, a missionary studying the
1378:
1263:"Hmong loanword phonology"
32:Romanized Popular Alphabet
1199:Golston & Yang (2001)
1197:Phonology adapted from:
1086:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1008:
992:
973:
968:
965:
962:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
806:
803:
800:
797:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
145:
141:
138:
135:
132:
1322:http://www.hmongrpa.org/
1252:Clark, Marybeth (2000),
690:, which thus acts as a
1357:West Hmongic languages
969:Orthographic Spelling
88:Luang Prabang Province
60:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
44:Roman Popular Alphabet
1270:Proceedings of HILP 5
123:Consonants and vowels
402:Preceding/Following
111:(denoted with †) or
76:Xiangkhoang Province
1278:Smalley, William A.
959:
948:Vietnamese alphabet
794:
700:
129:
1342:Phonetic alphabets
1310:Hmong Language FAQ
957:
792:
698:
127:
80:William A. Smalley
46:), is a system of
1312:, David Mortensen
1112:⟨d⟩
1108:
1107:
931:
930:
790:
789:
679:
678:
565:⟨h⟩
561:⟨n⟩
404:⟨h⟩
287:⟨n⟩
16:(Redirected from
1369:
1299:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1095:
1073:
1052:
1033:
1014:
998:
979:
960:
927:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
795:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
701:
675:
666:
654:
645:
636:
627:
617:
605:
596:
587:
566:
562:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
491:
481:
472:
463:
454:
444:
434:
424:
414:
405:
397:
388:
376:
367:
358:
349:
339:
327:
318:
309:
288:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
130:
114:
110:
21:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1347:Latin alphabets
1332:
1331:
1306:
1296:
1276:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:) Unpublished,
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1155:Standard Zhuang
1147:Language portal
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1111:
940:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
936:
672:
663:
651:
642:
633:
624:
614:
602:
593:
584:
564:
560:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
488:
478:
469:
460:
451:
441:
431:
421:
411:
403:
394:
385:
373:
364:
355:
346:
336:
324:
315:
306:
286:
142:
125:
112:
108:
97:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1304:External links
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:978-0226762876
1294:
1274:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:'grandmother'
1091:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
981:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
935:
932:
929:
928:
923:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
799:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
696:
695:
692:zero consonant
677:
676:
667:
658:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
609:
606:
597:
588:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
557:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
483:
473:
464:
455:
446:
436:
426:
416:
406:
399:
398:
389:
380:
377:
368:
359:
350:
341:
331:
328:
319:
310:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
124:
121:
96:
93:
71:
68:
52:Hmong language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1374:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:Mong Literacy
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1028:High falling
1026:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1004:
995:
991:
988:
987:
976:
972:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
854:
810:
796:
745:
719:
702:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
671:
662:
656:
650:
641:
632:
623:
613:
607:
601:
592:
583:
577:
574:
571:
568:
558:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
506:
497:
487:
477:
468:
459:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
393:
384:
378:
372:
363:
354:
345:
335:
329:
323:
314:
305:
299:
296:
293:
290:
283:
196:
149:
131:
122:
120:
118:
106:
102:
94:
92:
89:
85:
84:Khmu language
81:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1352:Romanization
1283:
1269:
1253:
1246:Bibliography
1234:
1222:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1101:
1099:
1087:Low falling
1079:
1077:
1058:
1056:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1018:
1002:
985:
983:
937:
801:Monophthongs
684:glottal stop
669:
660:
648:
639:
630:
621:
611:
599:
590:
581:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
504:
495:
485:
475:
466:
457:
448:
438:
428:
418:
408:
391:
382:
370:
361:
352:
343:
333:
321:
312:
303:
104:
100:
98:
73:
64:Pahawh Hmong
48:romanization
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
1227:Clark (2000
1215:UC Berkeley
1133:Asia portal
1053:'to throw'
1047:Mid rising
807:Diphthongs
146:Affricates
109:White Hmong
95:Orthography
1336:Categories
704:Fricatives
688:apostrophe
285:Preceding
198:Unmodified
133:Occlusives
113:Green Mong
101:Hmoob Dawb
1188::151–154)
1176::151–154)
1074:'to see'
1034:'female'
999:'spleen'
804:Nasalized
105:Moob Leeg
40:Hmong RPA
18:Hmong RPA
1119:See also
1015:'thorn'
966:Example
716:Glottal
117:Albanian
1217:. 2004.
1211:Archive
1089:breathy
980:'ball'
710:Coronal
70:History
1292:
1067:Creaky
952:Pinyin
944:Zhuang
798:Vowels
713:Dorsal
707:Labial
674:/ᶯʈʂʰ/
665:/ⁿtsʰ/
657:
608:
578:
575:
572:
569:
379:
330:
300:
297:
294:
291:
136:Nasals
42:(also
1266:(PDF)
1161:Notes
1094:/pɔ̤/
1072:/pɔ̰/
1051:/pɔ̌/
1032:/pɔ̂/
1013:/pɔ̀/
978:/pɔ́/
974:High
963:Tone
934:Tones
653:/ᶰqʰ/
644:/ᵑkʰ/
635:/ᶮcʰ/
626:/ᶯʈʰ/
604:/ⁿtʰ/
586:/ᵐpʰ/
554:/ʈʂʰ/
545:/tsʰ/
396:/ᶯɖʐ/
387:/ⁿdz/
338:/ⁿdˡ/
317:/ᵐbˡ/
139:Stops
56:Hmong
38:) or
1290:ISBN
1229::47)
1201:and
1009:Low
997:/pɔ/
993:Mid
926:/uə/
920:/iə/
915:/au/
910:/aɨ/
905:/ai/
900:/ɔ̃/
848:ia†
833:aa⁂
682:The
670:ntsh
661:ntxh
616:/ⁿt/
612:ndlh
595:/ᵐp/
591:nplh
563:and
527:/qʰ/
518:/kʰ/
509:/cʰ/
500:/ʈʰ/
480:/dʱ/
471:/tʰ/
453:/pʰ/
443:/m̥/
433:/m̥/
423:/n̥/
413:/ɲ̥/
375:/ᶰɢ/
366:/ᵑɡ/
357:/ᶮɟ/
348:/ᶯɖ/
326:/ⁿd/
308:/ᵐb/
279:/ʈʂ/
274:/ts/
243:/tˡ/
227:/pˡ/
217:/mˡ/
175:dl⁂
62:and
30:The
950:or
942:or
894:/ã/
889:/ẽ/
884:/ɨ/
879:/u/
874:/ɔ/
869:/a/
864:/e/
859:/i/
851:ua
845:au
842:aw
839:ai
836:oo
830:ee
785:/h/
780:/ʝ/
775:/ç/
770:/ʐ/
765:/ʂ/
760:/s/
755:/v/
750:/f/
736:xy
649:nqh
640:nkh
631:nch
622:nrh
600:nth
582:nph
550:tsh
541:txh
536:/ɬ/
490:/t/
486:dlh
462:/p/
458:plh
439:hml
409:hny
392:nts
383:ntx
334:ndl
313:npl
269:/l/
264:/q/
259:/k/
254:/c/
249:/ʈ/
237:/d/
232:/t/
222:/p/
212:/m/
207:/n/
202:/ɲ/
193:ts
190:tx
172:d†
166:pl
160:ml
151:ny
86:in
74:In
36:RPA
1338::
1100:po
1078:po
1057:po
1038:po
1019:po
1003:po
984:po
827:w
824:u
821:o
818:a
815:e
812:i
742:h
739:y
733:z
730:s
727:x
724:v
721:f
532:hl
523:qh
514:kh
505:ch
496:rh
476:dh
467:th
449:ph
429:hm
419:hn
371:nq
362:nk
353:nc
344:nr
322:nt
304:np
187:q
184:k
181:c
178:r
169:t
163:p
157:m
154:n
66:.
1298:.
1209:(
1102:g
1080:m
1059:v
1040:j
1021:s
986:b
922:†
896:⁂
694:.
618:⁂
492:⁂
482:†
445:†
435:†
425:†
415:†
340:⁂
245:⁂
239:†
143:l
34:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
