1421:
295:. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone (they ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4). During these removals, bands of Ho-Chunk hid out in Wisconsin rather than be moved. In 1832, other bands of Ho-Chunk were moved to the Neutral Ground Reservation in eastern Iowa, where they faced hostile conditions between the warring
496:
trees. In addition, women learned to recognize and use a wide range of roots and leaves for medicinal and herbal purposes. The maple sap was used to make syrup and candy. Women also processed and cooked game, making dried meats combined with berries to sustain their families when traveling. Tanned hides were used to make clothing and storage bags. They used most parts of the game for tools, binding, clothing, and coverings for dwellings. They were responsible for the survival of the families, caring for the children as well as elders.
774:
34:
512:
1285:
3739:
1429:
530:
368:
480:
699:. Historians have rated disease as the major reason for the losses in all Native American populations. Edmunds notes as a third cause of the population decline the following historic account: decimation by the Illinois Confederacy. The Ho-Chunk had been helped at one time by many of their enemies, in particular the Illinois Confederacy, during their time of suffering and
1378:
In 1994 the tribe established Ho-Chunk, Inc., an economic development corporation that now employs 1400 people. Its success has earned the tribe small business organization awards. It has initiated a strong housing construction program in collaboration with federal programs. Its leaders were featured
1374:
Since 1992 the
Winnebago tribe has owned and operated the WinnaVegas Casino on its lands in Iowa. The tribe legalized alcohol sales to keep liquor tax revenue, earmarked for supporting individuals and families affected by alcoholism. More than 60% of federally recognized tribes in the lower 48 states
503:
Besides having a guardian spirit, men would also try to acquire protection and powers from specific spirits, which was done by making offerings along with tobacco. For example, a man would not go on the warpath without first performing the "war-bundle feast", which contained two parts. The first part
487:
Before
Europeans ventured into Ho-Chunk territory, the Ho-Chunk were known to hunt, farm, and gather food from local sources, including nuts, berries, roots, and edible leaves. They knew what the forest and river's edge had to give and both genders had a role in making best use of resources. With the
495:
Ho-Chunk women were responsible for growing, gathering, and processing food for their families, including the cultivation of varieties of corn and squash, in order to have different types through the growing season; and gathering a wide variety of roots, nuts, and berries, as well as sap from maple
1395:
According to Gordon
Thunder (Wakąja), the Ho-Chunk have been systematically removed from their homelands, many now occupied by other tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, which at one time consisted primarily of tribal members spread over 13 counties of Wisconsin, have a historical territorial
715:
with neighboring tribes and some of the French traders and trappers. A count from 1736 gives a population of 700; in 1806, they numbered more than 2,900. A census in 1846 reported 4,400 people but by 1848, there were reportedly 2,500. Like other Native
American tribes, the Ho-Chunk suffered great
499:
The main role of the Ho-Chunk man was as a hunter—and a warrior when needed. Leaders among the men interfaced with other tribes. As hunters, they speared fish and clubbed them to death. The men also hunted game such as muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, and deer. Some men learned to create jewelry and
1077:
kinship system in the 17th century before their major losses. At that time, the matriarchs of a clan would name its chief and they could reclaim the position if they disapproved of his actions. The Ho-Chunk may have shifted to the patrilineal system due to marriage into other tribes or under the
897:
Following the forced relocations, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially in
Wisconsin, despite the U.S. Army's repeated roundups and forced removals. But the federal government finally allowed the Winnebago to resettle and acquire land in their ancestral homeland in Wisconsin,
429:
He started, in the month of June of the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight, from the lake of the
Ouinipegouek, which is strictly only a large bay in lake Huron. It is called by others, the lake of the stinkards, not because it is salt like the water of the Sea—which the Savages call
350:
status to some of these parcels, but the Ho-Chunk nation does not have a contiguous reservation in the traditional sense. While related, the two tribes are distinct federally recognized sovereign nations and peoples, each with its own constitutionally formed government and completely separate
1064:
The clans were associated with animal spirits representing the traditional responsibilities within the nation; each clan had a role in the survival of the people. Like other Native
Americans, the Ho-Chunk had rules generally requiring people to marry outside their clans. The
1332:
changed the course of the river, some of the reservation land was redefined as falling within the boundaries of Iowa. The tribe successfully argued that the land belonged to them under the terms of the deed prior to diversion of the river. This land has a postal address of
944:(see table). In pre-contact Ho-Chunk society, clans were typically associated with specific social roles; for instance, the Thunderbird Clan was the clan from which chiefs were appointed, while the Bear Clan enforced discipline within the community and oversaw prisoners.
345:
is considered a "non-reservation" tribe, as members historically had to acquire individual homesteads in order to regain title to ancestral territory; they hold land in more than 13 counties in
Wisconsin and have land in Illinois. The federal government has granted legal
500:
other body decorations out of silver and copper, for both men and women. To become men, boys would go through a rite of passage at puberty: they fasted for a period during which they were expected to acquire a guardian spirit; without it, their lives would be miserable.
683:. Even with such a serious loss of warriors, the historian R. David Edmunds notes that it was not enough to cause the near elimination of an entire people. He suggests two additional causes. The Winnebago apparently suffered from a widespread disease, perhaps an
1251:(BAAP), which was to be declared surplus under federal regulations. As part of their former traditional territory, the property holds historical, archeological, sacred, and cultural resources important to their people. It is a 1500-acre parcel in
1420:
763:. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government to steal land through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone. The Ho-Chunk often
234:
through
Wisconsin and surrounding states. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Ho-Chunk were the dominant tribe in its territory in the 16th century, with a population estimated at several thousand. They lived in permanent villages of
643:
Nicolet reported a gathering of approximately 5,000 warriors as the Ho-Chunk entertained him. Historians estimate that the population in 1634 may have ranged from 8,000 to more than 20,000. Between that time and the first return of
239:
and adopted cultivated corn, squash, and beans; they gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in
Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12
710:
returned to their homelands to the east. The Ho-Chunk were then relieved of that pressure on their territory and after 1741, most returned inland. From a low of perhaps less than 500, the population gradually recovered, aided by
730:
of 1832 was fought largely on Ho-Chunk land. In early 1832, White Cloud invited the Sauk band to live in the Rock River band's Illinois villages. About 1,200 Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, and others came, from locations such as
1143:
Of the 7,192 tribal members as of May 2011, 5,042 lived in Wisconsin. The tribes own 4,602 acres (18.625 km) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in
648:
trappers and traders in the late 1650s, the population was reduced drastically. Later reports were that the Ho-Chunk numbered only about 500. When numerous Algonquian tribes migrated west to escape the aggressive
2239:
2394:
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Ouinipeg, or stinking water—but because it is surrounded by sulphurous soil, whence issue several springs which convey into this lake the impurities absorbed by their waters in the places of their origin.
1266:
The Ho-Chunk are continuing to pursue the case. Between 1998 and 2011, the Army spent millions of dollars in environmental assessments and cleanup to prepare the property for transfer. In 2012 the
2102:
2645:
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tribes referred to them by a term that evolved to Winnebago, which was later used as well as by the French and English. The Ho-Chunk Nation have always called themselves Ho-Chunk. The name
4530:
841:, recalled, "The Winnebagoes were supposed to be a neutral party between the Sioux and Chippewa, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sioux on a raid against the Chippewas."
703:, aggravated by the loss of their hunters. The Winnebago then attacked the Illinois Confederacy. Enraged, additional Illinois warriors retaliated and killed nearly all the Ho-Chunk.
3727:
508:
spirit. The blessings these spirits gave the men were embodied in objects that together made the war-bundle. These objects could include feathers, bones, skins, flutes, and paints.
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after contact with Europeans, and attacks by the Illinois Confederacy. The warriors were said to be lost on Lake Michigan after they had repulsed the first attack by invading the
3833:
1673:
1964:
Green, William; Zimmerman, Larry J.; Lillie, Robin M.; Makes Strong Move, Dawn; Sly-Terpstra, Dawn (2001). "Effigy Mounds National Monument Cultural Affiliation Report Vol. I".
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287:
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
1823:
437:
was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to saltwater seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with freshwater lakes. An early
280:
disease, and competition for resources from migrating Algonquian tribes. By the early 1800s, their population had increased to 2,900, but they suffered further losses in the
755:
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Minnesota,
830:
781:
The 1848 removal from Iowa was documented by a soldier in Morgan's Mounted Volunteers. About 2,500 people were forced to travel by wagon, on foot, and on horseback from
215:
being a definitive article) meaning "People of the Sacred Voice". Their name comes from oral traditions that state they are the originators of the many branches of the
3019:
561:
Culture. The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland cultures and the successor Oneota Culture. The tribe historically adopted
660:
The reasons historians give for the reduction in population vary, but they agree on three major causes: the loss of several hundred warriors in a storm on a lake,
2231:
2386:
4271:
1412:. Some in the federal and state governments have undermined the Ho-Chunk land claims; however, repatriation activities document where many villages once stood.
272:. The Ho-Chunk suffered severe population loss in the 17th century to a low of perhaps 500 individuals. This has been attributed to casualties of a lake storm,
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4576:
4566:
2741:, Ho-Chunk Nation website, accessed 31 August 2012. Note: The main page includes links to 2012 NCAI and Great Lakes Intertribal Council (GLITC) resolutions.
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peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. They had some friction with the tribes of the
3720:
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2091:
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removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for the
2201:"Narrative of the march of Morgan's Mounted Volunteers from Fort Atkinson, Iowa, to Long Prairie, Minnesota guarding removal of the Winnebago Indians"
3705:
805:
journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850, the Ho-Chunk "had one of their main villages on the west bank of the
2795:
1208:
The Ho-Chunk Nation established a written constitution and is governed by an elected council. As of 2023, the current president is John Greendeer.
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2637:
1256:
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of 1757–58 and 1836. In the 19th-century epidemic, they lost nearly a quarter of their population. Today the Ho-Chunk population is about 12,000.
2275:
1757:
1562:
1558:
770:
The Winnebago ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4.
4164:
2363:
3713:
3292:
2849:
2425:
2140:
1329:
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675:. Another says the number was 600. Another claim is that the 500 were lost in a storm on Lake Winnebago during a failed campaign against the
160:
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4296:
4378:
4276:
3571:
3012:
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Reservation. The Long Prairie Reservation, which was heavily wooded, was more suitable for logging than for farming. Writing in 1915,
2964:
2699:
1270:(NCAI) passed a resolution in support of the Ho-Chunk and to encourage the BIA to accept surplus lands in trust on behalf of tribes.
878:, "The Knights of the Forest", which sent armed men to surround the Ho-Chunks' prime farmland. About 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at
695:
to the new diseases and suffered high rates of fatalities. Ho-Chunk accounts said the victims turned yellow, which is not a trait of
4301:
3945:
3778:
3687:
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1901:
1820:
848:, a very small faction of the Ho-Chunk led by Chief Little Priest joined forces with the uprising and its figurehead leader, Chief
4353:
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also have a reservation in Thurston County. Together, the Native American tribes occupy the entire land area of Thurston County.
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2332:
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language and other elements of their culture. Among its recent innovations is the development of a Hocąk-language app for the
4266:
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pushed them out of their territories in eastern Wisconsin and Illinois, along with conflicts with the United States such as
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1115:, it changed its name to "Ho-Chunk Nation" to take back the traditional Siouan name. Ho-Chunk usually call themselves
1090:
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tribes, moved south and west because the reduced range made it difficult for such a large population to be sustained.
188:
180:
4499:
3576:
2753:
2387:"The Ho-Chunk followed all the rules for Native Americans in the 19th century — and the government still exiled them"
2208:
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says they have always lived in their current homelands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois. Their
4418:
4281:
4245:
4001:
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3631:
3626:
2802:, Federal Indian Law Seminar, December 2010, p. 7, University of Nebraska College of Law, accessed 27 February 2012
2092:"Corn Moon Migrations:vHo-Chunk Belonging, Removal, and Return in the Early Nineteenth-Century Western Great Lakes"
1953:
Ahtone, Tristan (31 January 2016). "Wisconsin tribe fights city hall over sacred burial mounds". Aljazeera America.
1341:
1177:
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indicates common origin with other peoples of this language group. They say their ancestors built the thousands of
284:
epidemic of 1836. In 1990 they numbered 7,000; current estimates of total population of the two tribes are 12,000.
4174:
4408:
4169:
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4026:
3540:
3490:
3485:
3438:
3403:
3297:
1297:
1189:
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903:
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changing seasons, Ho-Chunk families moved from area to area to find food. For example, many families returned to
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4398:
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4159:
1992:
4373:
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4011:
3917:
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1931:
1308:, Iowa. A small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acres (0.4725 km) is in southern Craig Township in
1260:
1169:
1153:
773:
736:
2580:
1647:
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The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska has a written constitution and is governed by an elected nine-person council.
4484:
4179:
1244:
The council has used revenues to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational support for its people.
940:
Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12
4561:
4464:
3912:
3818:
3616:
3453:
3448:
3244:
2734:
1596:
1505:
1401:
1157:
1149:
964:
925:
902:. The Ho-Chunk in Nebraska have gained independent federal recognition as a tribe and have a reservation in
798:
505:
2954:
2667:
1263:(BIA) refused to accept the property. It was unwilling to conduct an environmental assessment due to cost.
4474:
4454:
4434:
4144:
3606:
3505:
1301:
1252:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1165:
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system was based in the family and gave structure to descent and inheritance rules. Although the tribe is
921:
838:
794:
672:
352:
300:
107:
4199:
1472:, educational leader and co-founder of the Native American Educational Services (NAES) College in Chicago
387:(or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice", meaning
4291:
4067:
3922:
3591:
2792:
1309:
1305:
891:
865:
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604:
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governing and business interests. Since the late 20th century, both tribal councils have authorized the
338:
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2943:
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and Sauk peoples. They were removed from Iowa in 1848 into Minnesota, where they were moved twice from
4514:
4332:
4128:
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4057:
3864:
3636:
3581:
3535:
3219:
3180:
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1397:
1344:
reported a population of 2,588 people living on these lands. The largest community is the village of
929:
890:. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for an Omaha reservation in Nebraska. The
802:
712:
657:, they competed for game and resources with the Ho-Chunk, who had to yield to their greater numbers.
616:
566:
554:
550:
245:
223:
4489:
4479:
4194:
2541:
1241:
In February 2013, the Beloit Common Council sold land to the Ho-Chunk Nation for a proposed casino.
33:
4444:
3693:
3672:
3662:
3358:
3312:
3282:
2417:
2355:
1529:
1345:
1211:
Since the late 20th century, the tribe operates six casinos in Wisconsin, in order to raise funds:
782:
450:
383:, which they believe was given to them by their creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker). Their native name is
4189:
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4230:
4209:
4123:
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3991:
3889:
3859:
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1219:
875:
814:
707:
692:
688:
661:
474:
347:
308:
192:
94:
4403:
3423:
2570:, Documentation of Endangered Languages website (DOBES in German), 2006, accessed 31 August 2012
2232:"Peering at the Past Winnebago removal "the most spectacular sight ever witnessed in this area""
2325:""Extermination or Removal": The Knights of the Forest and Ethnic Cleansing in Early Minnesota"
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806:
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334:
1132:
Language and Culture Division, which has developed materials to teach and restore use of the
355:. The Ho-Chunk Nation is working on language restoration and has developed a Hoocąk-language
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3398:
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2516:
2448:
1447:
887:
620:
422:
403:
395:
380:
156:
131:
90:
2965:
Kindscher, K., and D. Hurlburt. 1998. "Huron Smith's 'Ethnobotany of the Hocak' (Winnebago)
1797:
1788:; Emma Helen Blair, Ed.; Arthur H. Clark Company; Cleveland; 1911; Vol. 1, p. 288, note 199
4327:
4118:
4092:
4062:
3971:
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3586:
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3307:
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2523:
1996:
1827:
1821:
Kindscher, K., and D. Hurlburt. 1998. "Huron Smith's Ethnobotany of the Hocak (Winnebago)"
1804:
1533:
1457:
1453:
1215:
600:
542:
511:
411:
216:
2482:
1893:
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learned of the "sea" connection to the tribe's name, they were optimistic that it meant
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3112:
3028:
2129:
1554:
1538:
1523:
1484:
1469:
1325:
1284:
871:
817:. The Long Prairie Reservation was dissolved in 1855, and its residents were moved to
727:
538:
434:
372:
269:
1487:, All Big-Ten basketball player from University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2013 to 2017
1288:
Martha Gradolf, a contemporary weaver, is enrolled in the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.
767:
removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings.
4545:
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel - Milwaukee and Wisconsin breaking news and investigations
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refer to the Ho-Chunk by translations of their name into the their language, such as
388:
296:
265:
61:
557:, the practice of building effigy mounds abruptly ceased with the appearance of the
4368:
4363:
4087:
3879:
3869:
3803:
3755:
3076:
3043:
2324:
913:
756:
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592:
546:
446:
288:
231:
111:
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1698:
1428:
2610:
1259:
had issued a letter to claim the land on behalf of the Ho-Chunk but in 2011, the
1125:– "people". They are the larger of the two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes.
706:
After peace was established between the French and Iroquois in 1701, many of the
4358:
4154:
4006:
3823:
3808:
3277:
3272:
3168:
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2066:
The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomi Indian Culture 1665–1965
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879:
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319:
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127:
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The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes
529:
367:
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4204:
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3408:
3094:
3071:
2971:
52:352–372, includes much about traditional culture and use of plant resources
2855:
2732:"Update: HCN Secures Support from Key Tribal Organizations on Badger Property"
898:
which eventually received recognition as an official Reservation known as the
845:
668:
611:. The oral history also indicates that in the mid-16th century, the influx of
479:
415:
312:
253:
2930:, Ho-Chunk Nation, extensive materials about language and restoration efforts
1855:
821:. While relating a May 1860 series of raids and revenge killings between the
595:. He wrote that the Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay of
4016:
3793:
3464:
3158:
3122:
2769:
1475:
1424:
Cpl. George Miner, a Winnebago, of the US Army of Occupation of Germany 1919
1405:
1337:, Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office.
790:
735:
on the Iowa reservation, where there was little food. The arrivals included
628:
623:-speaking peoples splitting from the Ho-Chunk. These groups, who became the
570:
277:
168:
164:
77:
65:
2560:
2170:"The Removal of the Winnebago Indians from Wisconsin to Nebraska in 1873-4"
1292:
The tribe has a reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa. The
483:
A Ho-Chunk woman stretching a deerhide as part of the tanning process, 1880
2750:
2200:
3788:
3773:
3747:
3738:
3383:
3172:
3153:
3066:
2997:
1496:
852:. This had disastrous results for all the Ho-Chunk living in Minnesota.
760:
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696:
684:
676:
664:
650:
608:
292:
281:
273:
257:
176:
69:
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Ho-Chunk Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Wisconsin/Minnesota
569:
as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They cultivated
3966:
3763:
3061:
1409:
1066:
575:
236:
1356:, Nebraska. In 2006 their enrolled population was estimated at 4,000.
1247:
In 1988, the Ho-Chunk Nation filed a timely claim for transfer of the
1121:
meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". They also call themselves
1989:
1137:
700:
645:
612:
558:
438:
249:
227:
2035:
1923:
2879:
Winnebago Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Nebraska/Iowa
1674:"Kansas-based Potawatomi tribe establishes reservation in Illinois"
1312:, Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km (176.78 sq mi).
222:
The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building
4286:
4240:
3843:
3838:
3783:
3086:
2933:
2793:
James N. Hughes III, "Pine Ridge, Whiteclay and Indian Liquor Law"
1798:"Origins of the French and English Names for the Bay of Green Bay"
1427:
1419:
1283:
941:
870:
In 1863, the Ho-Chunk were forced to leave Blue Earth County by a
772:
591:
European contact came in 1634 with the arrival of French explorer
562:
528:
478:
462:
366:
241:
2911:
2905:
2731:
906:. The Ho-Chunk Nation now has a constitution that reinforces its
2974:
1520:, World War II and Korean War hero, recipient of the Bronze Star
1140:. The Ho-Chunk have about 200 native speakers among its elders.
632:
172:
73:
3709:
3001:
2893:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
2675:
2505:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
2842:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
1384:
356:
2131:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1196:
counties in Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk Nation also owns land in
2068:, Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977, p. 37
1565:, one of the first Native American women elected to Congress
1321:
meaning "sacred voice people living on the Missouri River".
32:
928:, respectively, were named after the 19th-century Ho-Chunk
244:
with specific roles often assigned to clans. Wars with the
2927:
2921:
504:
honored the night-spirits and the second part honored the
2878:
2872:
445:
near the saltwater seas to the north. When the explorers
230:
culture; they say their ancestors built the thousands of
2507:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, pp. 40–41
1879:
Radin, Paul. "The Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian",
679:, while yet another says it was in a battle against the
2827:, PBS; 13, 20, and 27 April 2009, accessed 1 March 2012
341:
was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. The
3834:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
2760:, Martha Gradolf website, Retrieved 13 December 2011.
1842:
1840:
322:
in Mankato before being expelled from Minnesota into
2538:
1304:
counties in Nebraska, with an additional portion in
599:
in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to the
549:
through Wisconsin and surrounding states during the
391:, as in they originated the Siouan language family.
4523:
4427:
4341:
4315:
4297:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
4254:
4218:
4137:
4101:
4050:
3954:
3931:
3888:
3852:
3754:
3655:
3564:
3376:
3326:
3243:
3205:
3198:
3167:
3139:
3121:
3103:
3085:
3042:
3035:
2751:"Martha Gradolf, Winnebago: Contemporary Woven Art"
2638:"Ho-Chunk Gaming proud of past, present and future"
1875:
1873:
1073:today, anthropologists believe they may have had a
117:
100:
84:
55:
45:
2928:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division
2539:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division
2128:
2012:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1978, p. 5
894:was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865.
441:record says that the name refers to the origin of
163:people whose historic territory includes parts of
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
829:in which one Ho-Chunk warrior was also killed in
777:Winnebago 1846 Reservation, Nicollet's 1843 map.
2976:The Encyclopedia of Hočąk (Winnebago) Mythology
2861:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
910:abilities to negotiate with the US government.
427:
2895:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
1316:
1116:
4272:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
3721:
3013:
2076:
2074:
1514:(also known as Lillian St. Cyr), film actress
414:. The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the
179:. Today, Ho-Chunk people are enrolled in two
8:
2025:, Sheffield Publishing Co., Salem, WI, p. 66
1396:claim in an area encompassed by a line from
1324:The Iowa portion was originally west of the
1156:counties in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in
24:
4592:Native Americans in the American Revolution
2719:(Wisconsin), Brad Ziwick, 19 February. 2013
1966:State Archaeologist of Iowa Research Papers
1811:, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay Library
3728:
3714:
3706:
3202:
3039:
3020:
3006:
2998:
2548:, Ho-Chunk Nation, accessed 31 August 2012
1328:and within Nebraska boundaries. After the
1078:influence of the male-oriented fur trade.
23:
2556:
2554:
1557:(b. 1980), assumed office in 2019 as the
2174:Faculty Publications, Andrews University
1436:Jr., Korean War Medal of Honor recipient
946:
837:, George W. Sweet, a pioneer settler of
739:, who had been a leading warrior of the
510:
318:, about 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at
4531:Native American place names in Nebraska
2844:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2727:
2725:
1613:
1532:, an early 19th-century convert to the
1296:lies primarily in the northern part of
874:organized by local pioneer settlers in
461:. They hoped it indicated a passage to
2591:from the original on 26 September 2017
2527:National Congress of American Indians.
2268:"Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846–1855"
1924:"About The Ho-Chunk Nation Government"
16:Siouan-speaking Native American people
2397:from the original on 17 December 2022
2335:from the original on 17 December 2022
2261:
2259:
2257:
2242:from the original on 17 December 2022
2211:from the original on 19 December 2022
2180:from the original on 17 December 2022
2163:
2161:
1904:from the original on 16 February 2017
1508:, Korean War Medal of Honor recipient
1330:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1268:National Congress of American Indians
465:via the great rivers of the Midwest.
7:
2715:'Additional land sold to Ho Chunk,'
2648:from the original on 6 December 2020
2459:from the original on 8 February 2024
2428:from the original on 4 December 2023
2366:from the original on 7 December 2022
2356:"Ho-Chunk and Blue Earth, 1855–1863"
2311:History of Stearns County, Minnesota
2298:History of Stearns County, Minnesota
2010:The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire
56:Regions with significant populations
4577:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
4567:Native American tribes in Minnesota
4495:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
4379:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
2636:Madden, Karen (15 September 2014).
2611:"Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls"
2313:, Chicago, Illinois. Pages 626-627.
2135:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1834:52:352–372, accessed 31 August 2012
1563:Kansas's 3rd congressional district
1499:, chief and leader during the 1827
4582:Native American tribes in Illinois
4572:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1881:American Archaeology and Ethnology
1848:"Ho-Chunk Nation :: About Us"
1760:from the original on 21 March 2016
1602:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1225:Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls,
1128:The Ho-Chunk have established the
882:in Mankato, and thence removed to
14:
4302:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
3946:Nebraska Indian Community College
3779:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
3688:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2934:Ho-Chunk Nation Online Dictionary
2385:Reicher, Matt (8 December 2015).
2278:from the original on 11 June 2020
2168:Onsager, Lawrence (1 June 1985).
2046:from the original on 11 June 2008
2023:Introduction to Wisconsin Indians
1623:"Current Ho-Chunk Population Map"
492:, to pick berries in the summer.
40:Ho-Chunk Congress Members in 1898
3737:
3683:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2992:, American Philosophical Library
2979:, as told by Richard L. Dieterle
2617:from the original on 8 July 2018
2108:from the original on 25 May 2024
2099:University of Wisconsin, Madison
1934:from the original on 17 May 2020
1621:Steindorf, Shane (12 May 2020).
587:European contact and tribe split
457:were from or had lived near the
191:. Historically, the surrounding
4500:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
4384:Frank Parker Archeological Site
2329:Culminating Projects in History
2323:Coats, Catherine (1 May 2017).
1894:"Winnebago History and Culture"
1672:Vaisvilas, Frank (1 May 2024).
1450:, Major league baseball pitcher
1216:Ho-Chunk Gaming Wisconsin Dells
1107:This tribe is headquartered in
4587:Native American tribes in Iowa
4470:Farwell Archeological District
4267:Genoa Indian Industrial School
2418:"Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth"
2309:William Bell Mitchell (1915),
2300:, Chicago, Illinois. Page 627.
2296:William Bell Mitchell (1915),
1809:Wisconsin's French Connections
1375:have legalized alcohol sales.
579:spp.) and gathered sugar from
565:agriculture at the end of the
1:
4475:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
4419:Table Rock Archeological Site
4389:Sweetwater Archeological Site
4282:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
4246:Cunningham Archeological Site
4114:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
4109:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
4042:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
3551:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
2813:Native American Entrepreneurs
2517:"Tribal Governments by Area."
1381:Native American Entrepreneurs
418:, pronounced as "Winnipego".
4175:Fullerton Archeological Site
3941:Little Priest Tribal College
2783:, Retrieved 21 December 2009
2702:5 September 2013 at Wikiwix
2668:"Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg"
2230:Epps, Lee (6 October 2020).
2090:Tronnes, Libby Rose (2017).
1592:Badger Army Ammunition Plant
1315:They refer to themselves as
1294:Winnebago Indian Reservation
1249:Badger Army Ammunition Plant
1109:Black River Falls, Wisconsin
1103:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
1087:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
948:Hokiikarac – Ho-Chunk Clans
900:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
862:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
819:Blue Earth County, Minnesota
490:Black River Falls, Wisconsin
343:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
311:and tensions created by the
305:Blue Earth County, Minnesota
185:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
4414:Humphrey Archeological Site
4409:Schrader Archeological Site
4170:Schrader Archeological Site
3829:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
3756:Historic and present tribes
3642:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
3602:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
2960:Wisconsin Public Television
2949:Wisconsin Public Television
2906:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2881:United States Census Bureau
2875:United States Census Bureau
2781:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2697:"Wisconsin Indian Casinos."
2127:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
1778:Among them Nicolas Perrot,
1280:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1274:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1231:Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg,
1091:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1083:federally recognized tribes
809:", and at the mouth of the
359:app and online dictionary.
226:cultures and the successor
189:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
181:federally recognized tribes
4610:
4510:Wiseman Archeological Site
4505:Schulte Archeological Site
4399:Ashland Archeological Site
4394:Burkett Archeological Site
4160:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
4002:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
3678:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
3632:Battle of Apple River Fort
3444:Stillman's Run Battle Site
1277:
1234:Ho-Chunk Gaming Tomah, and
1100:
859:
472:
4078:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
4027:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
3934:colleges and universities
3622:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2924:Ho-Chunk Nation Newspaper
2706:. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
2581:"Ho-Chunk Buys More Land"
2155:Tronnes, pages 13,14, 418
1803:30 September 2007 at the
1359:The federally recognized
1257:Secretary of the Interior
1113:Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe
1058:
835:Stearns County, Minnesota
751:Series of forced removals
122:
105:
89:
60:
50:
31:
4150:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
4012:Susan La Flesche Picotte
3612:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
3577:Battle of Stillman's Run
2798:16 December 2014 at the
2775:25 December 2009 at the
2737:9 September 2013 at the
2642:Wisconsin Rapids Tribune
2566:13 December 2012 at the
2199:Reed, William E (1988).
1261:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1237:Ho-Chunk Gaming Madison.
1228:Ho-Chunk Gaming Nekoosa,
1111:. Formerly known as the
1085:of Ho-Chunk people, the
793:to a new Reservation in
533:Winnebago family in 1852
515:Winnebago courting flute
324:Crow Creek, South Dakota
248:and later wars with the
4485:Kurz Omaha Village Site
4428:Other precontact places
4180:Oto Indian Village Site
3819:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
3627:Attack at Ament's Cabin
3617:Battle of Waddams Grove
2585:www.casinocitytimes.com
2529:Retrieved 21 June 2010.
2449:"Bear Clan Origin Myth"
2236:Fillmore County Journal
1728:Wisconsin First Nations
1543:Waun-kaun-tshaw-zee-kau
1506:Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr.
1416:Notable Ho-Chunk people
1317:
1117:
926:Winneshiek County, Iowa
799:Long Prairie, Minnesota
687:of one of the European
106:Traditional Hocak Way,
4465:Nehawka Flint Quarries
4455:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
4342:Precontact communities
4219:Historic sacred places
3607:Spafford Farm massacre
3029:Black Hawk War of 1832
1437:
1425:
1289:
1253:Sauk County, Wisconsin
856:Reservations formation
831:Maine Prairie Township
795:Todd County, Minnesota
778:
673:Door County, Wisconsin
534:
516:
484:
432:
376:
353:development of casinos
301:Todd County, Minnesota
108:Native American Church
37:
4292:Moses Merrill Mission
4255:Other historic places
4102:Historic reservations
4068:Battle of Mud Springs
3592:Indian Creek massacre
2819:15 April 2011 at the
2756:26 April 2012 at the
2544:23 April 2003 at the
2447:Dieterle, Richard L.
2416:Dieterle, Richard L.
1699:"Ho-Chunk Dictionary"
1444:, artist and educator
1431:
1423:
1287:
892:Winnebago Reservation
866:Winnebago Reservation
797:, with its agency at
776:
765:nonviolently resisted
532:
514:
482:
379:The Ho-Chunk speak a
370:
339:Winnebago Reservation
331:nonviolently resisted
316:Knights of the Forest
118:Related ethnic groups
36:
4155:Skidi Pawnee Village
4138:Historic communities
4073:Battle of Rush Creek
4058:Battle of Ash Hollow
3890:Present reservations
3865:Omaha-Ponca language
3637:Sinsinawa Mound raid
3582:Buffalo Grove ambush
1883:16.7 (1920): 381–473
1826:18 June 2013 at the
1754:puffin.creighton.edu
1551:, Traditional doctor
1539:Chief Yellow Thunder
1526:, warrior and orator
1524:Chief Waukon Decorah
1466:, 18th-century chief
1464:Glory of the Morning
1300:and a small part of
1130:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci
1118:Hoocąk waaziija haci
1081:Today there are two
930:Chief Waukon Decorah
803:St. Cloud, Minnesota
617:Illinois Confederacy
567:Late Woodland period
555:Late Woodland Period
551:Late Woodland period
246:Illinois Confederacy
224:Late Woodland Period
199:comes from the word
4445:Walker Gilmore site
4200:Theodore Davis Site
3663:Black Hawk Purchase
3521:Hamilton's Diggings
3359:Joseph Throckmorton
3313:James W. Stephenson
3283:William S. Hamilton
2989:Winnebago Notebooks
2891:Loew, Patty, 2001.
2859:The Winnebago Tribe
2840:Pritzker, Barry M.
2825:American Experience
2678:on 10 December 2013
2522:7 July 2010 at the
2503:Loew, Patty, 2001.
2485:on 11 November 2012
2479:"Clans - Hokikarac"
2453:Hotcak Encyclopedia
2422:Hotcak Encyclopedia
2080:Edmunds, R.D., p. 5
2064:Clifton, James A.,
2008:Edmunds, R. David,
1999:from dickshovel.com
1995:6 July 2016 at the
1858:on 11 November 2013
1703:Ho-Chunk Dictionary
1559:U.S. representative
1530:Mountain Wolf Woman
949:
783:Fort Atkinson, Iowa
689:infectious diseases
451:Samuel de Champlain
425:of 1659–1660 said:
329:The Ho-Chunk often
28:
4557:Great Lakes tribes
4316:Precontact peoples
3992:Francis La Flesche
3597:St. Vrain massacre
3461:Michigan Territory
2958:Video produced by
2947:Video produced by
2914:, official website
2908:, official website
1852:ho-chunknation.com
1756:. 11 August 2014.
1587:Winnebago language
1582:Ho-Chunk mythology
1460:graduate, educator
1438:
1434:Mitchell Red Cloud
1426:
1290:
947:
920:, county seats of
815:Sartell, Minnesota
779:
737:Black Sparrow Hawk
716:losses during the
708:Algonquian peoples
662:infectious disease
639:Population decline
619:as well as fellow
553:. In the Terminal
535:
525:Ancestral Ho-Chunk
517:
485:
475:Ho-Chunk mythology
404:Iowa-Otoe language
377:
309:Dakota War of 1862
211:meaning "sacred",
38:
4539:
4538:
4460:Woodcliff Burials
3997:Joseph La Flesche
3853:Present languages
3799:Northern Cheyenne
3703:
3702:
3647:Battle of Bad Axe
3572:Minor engagements
3372:
3371:
3194:
3193:
2944:Ho-Chunk Language
2850:978-0-19-513877-1
2717:Beloit Daily News
2672:ho-chunknorth.com
2142:978-0-19-513877-1
2021:Mason, Carol I.,
1898:www.nanations.com
1724:"Ho-Chunk Nation"
1518:John Raymond Rice
1480:Rockton, Illinois
1348:, with others in
1318:Hoocąk nįšoc haci
1198:Lynwood, Illinois
1062:
1061:
807:Mississippi River
787:Winona, Minnesota
671:from what is now
337:in Nebraska; The
335:Omaha Reservation
207:meaning "voice",
137:
136:
4599:
4165:Cottonwood Creek
4145:Ton'wontongathon
4083:Grattan massacre
4037:James Young Deer
3987:Logan Fontenelle
3977:Joba Chamberlain
3955:Historic figures
3744:Native Americans
3742:
3741:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3673:Keokuk's Reserve
3526:Pecatonica River
3476:Blue Mounds Fort
3389:Apple River Fort
3349:Joseph M. Street
3344:Antoine LeClaire
3334:George Davenport
3318:Samuel Whiteside
3303:John H. Rountree
3268:Ebenezer Brigham
3258:Milton Alexander
3253:John Giles Adams
3203:
3040:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2955:Ho-Chunk History
2828:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2742:
2729:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2674:. Archived from
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2549:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2481:. Archived from
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2101:. pp. 8–9.
2096:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2040:www.tolatsga.org
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1844:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:. 16 August 2017
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:Winnebago Agency
1648:"Indian Affairs"
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1478:, co-founder of
1448:Joba Chamberlain
1320:
1120:
971:Wonąǧire Wąąkšik
950:
888:Dakota Territory
844:During the 1862
789:, and thence by
423:Jesuit Relations
143:, also known as
46:Total population
29:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4519:
4515:Durflinger Site
4423:
4337:
4311:
4277:Indian agencies
4250:
4214:
4133:
4097:
4093:Indian Congress
4063:Massacre Canyon
4051:Historic events
4046:
3972:Chief Blackbird
3962:Antonine Barada
3950:
3933:
3927:
3884:
3848:
3750:
3736:
3734:
3704:
3699:
3668:Black Hawk Tree
3651:
3587:Plum River raid
3560:
3556:Wisconsin River
3536:Sinsinawa Mound
3511:Gratiot's Grove
3501:Fort Koshkonong
3424:Kellogg's Grove
3368:
3364:Satterlee Clark
3354:Felix St. Vrain
3322:
3308:Isaiah Stillman
3298:Alexander Posey
3293:Abraham Lincoln
3239:
3225:Jefferson Davis
3190:
3163:
3135:
3117:
3099:
3081:
3031:
3026:
2969:Economic Botany
2912:Ho-Chunk Nation
2902:
2888:
2886:Further reading
2837:
2832:
2831:
2821:Wayback Machine
2810:
2806:
2800:Wayback Machine
2791:
2787:
2777:Wayback Machine
2768:
2764:
2758:Wayback Machine
2749:
2745:
2739:Wayback Machine
2730:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2568:Wayback Machine
2561:Hocank Language
2559:
2552:
2546:Wayback Machine
2537:
2533:
2524:Wayback Machine
2515:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:Reicher, Matt.
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2266:Reicher, Matt.
2265:
2264:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2166:
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1997:Wayback Machine
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1958:
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1951:
1947:
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1928:Ho-Chunk Nation
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1620:
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1578:
1541:(also known as
1534:Peyote religion
1454:Henry Roe Cloud
1418:
1393:
1369:
1306:Woodbury County
1282:
1276:
1206:
1105:
1099:
1097:Ho-Chunk Nation
938:
904:Thurston County
868:
860:Main articles:
858:
813:in what is now
753:
641:
601:Wisconsin River
589:
543:Siouan language
527:
522:
477:
471:
412:Dakota language
381:Siouan language
365:
217:Siouan language
161:Native American
41:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4323:Central Plains
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3656:Related topics
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3439:Stillman Creek
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3404:Fort Armstrong
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3235:Zachary Taylor
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3230:Winfield Scott
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3215:Henry Atkinson
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3149:Billy Caldwell
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3113:Waukon Decorah
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1485:Bronson Koenig
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1326:Missouri River
1278:Main article:
1275:
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1255:. In 1998 the
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974:People of War
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936:Ho-Chunk clans
934:
872:secret society
857:
854:
827:Dakota peoples
759:, and finally
752:
749:
728:Black Hawk War
691:. They had no
653:tribes in the
640:
637:
588:
585:
526:
523:
521:
518:
470:
467:
435:Nicolas Perrot
373:Waukon Decorah
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291:, and finally
270:Black Hawk War
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4236:Lalawakohtito
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3486:Fort Defiance
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3481:Fort Crawford
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3471:Bad Axe River
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547:effigy mounds
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396:Siouan tribes
392:
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389:mother tongue
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297:Dakota people
294:
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266:Winnebago War
263:
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232:effigy mounds
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62:United States
59:
54:
51:12,055 (2024)
49:
44:
35:
30:
19:
4524:Other topics
4369:Signal Butte
4364:Schultz site
4333:Dismal River
4190:McClean Site
4185:Leshara Site
4088:Cheyenne War
3918:Santee Sioux
3880:Sac language
3870:Fox language
3844:Skidi Pawnee
3692:
3496:Fort Jackson
3454:Yellow Creek
3419:Indian Creek
3263:David Bailey
3104:
3077:Wabokieshiek
3044:British Band
2988:
2987:Paul Radin,
2975:
2968:
2953:
2942:
2892:
2858:
2841:
2824:
2812:
2807:
2788:
2780:
2765:
2746:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2671:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2641:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2534:
2526:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2421:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2328:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2271:
2244:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2205:WorldCat.org
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2151:
2130:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2098:
2085:
2065:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2039:
2036:"Potawatomi"
2030:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1880:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1851:
1831:
1816:
1808:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1542:
1402:Long Prairie
1394:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1339:
1323:
1314:
1291:
1265:
1246:
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1240:
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1207:
1142:
1133:
1129:
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1122:
1112:
1106:
1080:
1063:
956:Translation
939:
912:
896:
869:
843:
780:
769:
757:South Dakota
754:
741:British Band
725:
705:
659:
642:
593:Jean Nicolet
590:
574:
539:oral history
536:
502:
498:
494:
486:
454:
447:Jean Nicolet
442:
433:
428:
420:
407:
399:
394:Neighboring
393:
384:
378:
328:
307:. After the
289:South Dakota
286:
262:Sauk peoples
221:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
112:Christianity
21:Ethnic group
18:
4440:Indian Hill
4435:Indian Cave
4374:Site 25SM20
4231:Ahkawitakol
4210:Wright Site
4007:Petalesharo
3913:Sac and Fox
3565:Engagements
3278:Henry Dodge
3273:John Dement
3199:U.S. people
3057:Checokalako
2922:Hocak Worak
2856:Radin, Paul
2704:500 Nations
2401:17 December
2370:17 December
2339:17 December
2282:17 December
2246:17 December
2215:17 December
2184:17 December
2112:17 December
1597:Doty Island
1491:Truman Lowe
1391:Land claims
1383:in 2009 on
1342:2000 census
1310:Burt County
1075:matrilineal
1071:patrilineal
965:Thunderbird
880:Camp Porter
850:Little Crow
839:Sauk Rapids
811:Watab River
745:War of 1812
743:during the
655:Beaver Wars
603:and to the
581:sugar maple
506:Thunderbird
348:reservation
320:Camp Porter
4546:Categories
4404:Yutan Site
4354:Ash Hollow
4349:Leary Site
4205:Kelso Site
4032:Jim Thorpe
3506:Fort Union
3429:Plum River
3409:Fort Beggs
3220:Hugh Brady
3141:Potawatomi
3072:Towaunonne
3052:Black Hawk
2835:References
2770:"About Us"
2489:15 January
2463:8 February
2432:8 February
1367:Government
1204:Government
884:Crow Creek
846:Dakota War
669:Potawatomi
605:Rock River
473:See also:
416:Potawatomi
326:in 1863.
313:hate group
278:infectious
254:Potawatomi
159:-speaking
4017:Red Cloud
3923:Winnebago
3794:Missouria
3465:Wisconsin
3159:Waubonsie
3123:Menominee
1990:Winnebago
1476:Hononegah
1406:St. Louis
1398:Green Bay
1346:Winnebago
1174:La Crosse
922:Allamakee
908:sovereign
791:steamboat
721:epidemics
665:epidemics
629:Missouria
571:wild rice
537:Ho-Chunk
455:Les Puans
363:Etymology
274:epidemics
193:Algonquin
169:Minnesota
165:Wisconsin
153:Winnebago
132:Missouria
85:Languages
78:Minnesota
66:Wisconsin
4552:Ho-Chunk
4328:Woodland
4129:Niobrara
3789:Meskwaki
3774:Comanche
3748:Nebraska
3434:Saukenuk
3384:Illinois
3173:Meskwaki
3154:Shabbona
3105:Ho-Chunk
3067:Pamisseu
2817:Archived
2796:Archived
2773:Archived
2754:Archived
2735:Archived
2700:Archived
2682:25 April
2646:Archived
2615:Archived
2595:25 April
2589:Archived
2564:Archived
2542:Archived
2520:Archived
2457:Archived
2426:Archived
2395:Archived
2391:MinnPost
2364:Archived
2360:MNopedia
2333:Archived
2276:Archived
2272:MNopedia
2240:Archived
2209:Archived
2178:Archived
2103:Archived
2050:25 April
2044:Archived
1993:Archived
1932:Archived
1908:25 April
1902:Archived
1862:25 April
1824:Archived
1801:Archived
1764:25 April
1758:Archived
1576:See also
1571:, author
1512:Red Wing
1497:Red Bird
1493:, artist
1354:Thurston
1298:Thurston
1178:Marathon
1162:Crawford
1089:and the
1038:Buffalo
823:Chippewa
761:Nebraska
733:Saukenuk
718:smallpox
697:smallpox
693:immunity
685:epidemic
677:Meskwaki
651:Iroquois
609:Illinois
443:Le Puans
408:Hotháŋka
385:Ho-Chunk
293:Nebraska
282:smallpox
258:Meskwaki
201:Hocaagra
197:Ho-Chunk
187:and the
177:Illinois
149:Hoocągra
141:Ho-Chunk
101:Religion
70:Nebraska
27:Hoocągra
25:Ho-Chunk
3967:Big Elk
3769:Arikara
3764:Arapaho
3694:Warrior
3546:Victory
3531:Roxbury
3245:Militia
3186:Wapello
3131:Oshkosh
3095:Wapasha
3062:Neapope
1734:23 June
1708:23 June
1683:23 June
1657:23 June
1632:23 June
1410:Chicago
1350:Emerson
1220:Baraboo
1190:Shawano
1146:Jackson
1123:wąąkšik
1067:kinship
1011:Wakjexi
990:Pigeon
918:Decorah
876:Mankato
621:Chiwere
583:trees.
576:Zizania
520:History
469:Culture
410:in the
402:in the
375:in 1825
237:wigwams
91:English
4359:Coufal
4124:Pawnee
3814:Pawnee
3516:Helena
3414:Galena
3377:Places
3327:Others
3181:Keokuk
3087:Dakota
2865:
2848:
2652:8 July
2621:8 July
2139:
1938:19 May
1750:"home"
1192:, and
1170:Juneau
1154:Monroe
1152:, and
1138:iPhone
1054:Snake
1003:Šųkjąk
982:Eagle
979:Caxšep
961:Wakąja
914:Waukon
701:famine
646:French
631:, and
613:Ojibwe
559:Oneota
439:Jesuit
400:Hotúŋe
371:Chief
260:, and
250:Ojibwe
228:Oneota
183:, the
175:, and
157:Siouan
155:are a
130:, and
76:, and
4287:Nanza
4241:Pahuk
4226:Pahur
3908:Ponca
3903:Omaha
3898:Ioway
3860:Hocak
3839:Sioux
3804:Omaha
3784:Kiowa
2106:(PDF)
2095:(PDF)
1780:et al
1608:Notes
1561:from
1432:Cpl.
1361:Omaha
1335:Sloan
1302:Dixon
1158:Adams
1150:Clark
1134:Hocąk
1046:Fish
1035:Cexjį
1027:Hųųwą
1022:Deer
1006:Wolf
998:Bear
987:Rucge
953:Name
942:clans
463:China
406:) or
242:clans
151:, or
145:Hocąk
95:Hocąk
3809:Otoe
3207:Army
3171:and
3169:Sauk
2863:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2684:2018
2654:2018
2623:2018
2597:2018
2491:2014
2465:2024
2434:2024
2403:2022
2372:2022
2341:2022
2284:2022
2248:2022
2217:2022
2186:2022
2137:ISBN
2114:2022
2052:2018
1972:(3).
1940:2020
1910:2018
1864:2018
1766:2018
1736:2024
1710:2024
1685:2024
1659:2024
1634:2024
1458:Yale
1352:and
1340:The
1194:Wood
1186:Sauk
1182:Rock
1166:Dane
1051:Waką
1030:Elk
924:and
916:and
864:and
825:and
726:The
681:Sauk
633:Otoe
625:Iowa
563:corn
449:and
421:The
268:and
173:Iowa
139:The
128:Otoe
124:Iowa
74:Iowa
4119:Oto
3824:Sac
3746:in
2967:",
1408:to
1404:to
1400:to
1385:PBS
1379:on
1218:in
995:Hųc
785:to
607:in
357:iOS
303:to
276:of
209:cąk
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2553:^
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2234:.
2207:.
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2160:^
2097:.
2073:^
2042:.
2038:.
1978:^
1970:26
1968:.
1930:.
1926:.
1900:.
1896:.
1872:^
1850:.
1839:^
1830:,
1807:,
1782:;
1752:.
1726:.
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1676:.
1650:.
1625:.
1387:.
1200:.
1188:,
1184:,
1180:,
1176:,
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1043:Ho
1019:Ca
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213:ra
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80:)
64:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
