836:
Steel, a private company, began teaching the Ho language on weekends to drop-out schoolgirls at a "camp school" in
Naomundi. As of November 2016, 100 girls were enrolled in the camp school. The company has also run private Ho language centres in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Seraikela-Kharsawan districts since 2011. Approximately 6000 people have undergone Ho language and Warang Chiti script training in these centres. In 2017 the government of Jharkhand announced it would soon begin teaching five- and six-year-old primary school students in their local language in order to help reduce the high drop-out rate. Among the Hos, 19.7% have completed schooling and 3.1% are graduates. The percentage of school-going children in the age group 5 тАУ14 years was 37.6.
751:
406:, and non-Sanskrit terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BC. They indicate ideas, institutions, products, and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. The people of this area spoke the proto-Munda language. Several terms in the Indo-Aryan languages that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, stick, etc. have been traced to the Munda languages by linguists. There are many Munda pockets in
39:
67:
387:
311:. The majority of the Ho are involved in agriculture, either as land owners or labourers, while others are engaged in mining. Compared to the rest of India, the Ho have a low literacy rate and a low rate of school enrolment. The government of Jharkhand has recently approved measures to help increase enrolment and literacy among children.
600:
is the most important agricultural festival, the date of which usually coincides with the nationwide festivities in the fall. It is a village wide celebration with music and dancing held in honour of the cattle used in cultivation. During the ceremonies, the cows are painted with a flour and dye mix,
725:
in Ho territory opened the way for the first iron ore mine in India at
Pansira Buru in 1901. Over the years iron ore mining spread out in the area. Many Hos are engaged in mining work but that does not add up to any sizeable percentage. However, small, well planned mining towns dotting the territory
704:
Houlton writes, "I do not want to give the impression, by mentioning occasional divergences from the straight and narrow path, that aboriginals are immoral. On the contrary, their standards of post-marital morality and fidelity are probably a good deal higher than in some races that claim to be more
615:
Dance is important to
Adivasi culture in general and for the Ho, it is more than simply a means of entertainment. Their songs are generally accompanied by dances which change with the seasons. Songs and distinctively choreographed dance are integral parts of Ho culture and art, as well as important
835:
In order to help increase the literacy rates, the government announced in 2016 that it had designed text books to teach Hindi and mathematics in Ho. In 2017 those textbooks were made available on the central government's e-library platform. In a 2016 effort to help promote tribal languages Tata
481:
and the houses of many thikedars, landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed. They also plundered, killed and destroyed villages Hindus. It compelled the
British to recognise the need for a thorough subjugation of the Hos. The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by
708:
There is a system of payment of bride-price amongst the Hos. The bride-price is often a status symbol and in modern times it remains not more than 101-1001 rupees. As a result, many Ho girls remain unmarried till advanced age. Among the total Ho population, females outnumber the males.
789:. The Singhbhum forests are best in the Kolhan area in the south-west of the district. The lives of Ho people have long been intertwined with sal forests and there is a strong resentment against the efforts of timber merchants to replace sal forests with teak plantations.
824:, in which thousands of people join. They beat their drums in a huge circle, and gradually close in over hills and across forests, driving the wild animals on to a central point, on to which lines of hunters converge until the animals are surrounded and slaughtered.
717:
Almost half the population is engaged in cultivation and another one third also work as land-less agricultural labourers. The Hos, along with
Santals, Oraons and Mundas, are comparatively more advanced, and have taken to settled cultivation as their mode of life.
667:
In the 2001 national census, 91% of the Hos declared that they professed "other religions and persuations", meaning that they do not consider themselves to belong to any of the major religious groups and follow their indigenous religious systems called "Sarna" or
761:(Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil there. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as
541:. All dialects are mutually intelligible with approximately 92% of all Ho speakers able to understand a narrative discourse in both Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects. The most divergent dialects are in the extreme south and east of Ho territory.
620:, usually consisting of a cleared space of hard ground under a spreading tree. Dances are organised on a staggered basis in the villages so that other villagers can participate. Traditional Ho music incorporates native instruments including a
676:("religion of the holy woods"), this religion plays an important part in the life of adivasi. Their beliefs in gods, goddesses and spirits are ingrained in them from childhood. The religion of the Hos resembles, to a great extent that of
532:
is due to extensive language contact with the unrelated Indo-Aryan and
Dravidian languages. The phonology of Ho has also been influenced by the nearby unrelated languages. There are at least three dialects of Ho: Lohara,
482:
several hundred
British troops. While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the ringleaders surrendered. In 1857, the Raja of
410:, in which the remnants of Munda culture are strong. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained as much on the basis of the Dravidian influence as that of the Munda.
464:
for protection in 1767, but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the
British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in a fierce rebellion of 1831тАУ33, called the
605:
is the ceremonial first sowing. The date is set each year in the early spring by the deurior priest pahan who also officiates the three-day ceremony by praying and commencing his first sowing of the year.
1165:
832:
As per the 2011 census, the literacy rate for the Ho population was around 44.7% for all and 33.1% for women, much lower than the
Jharkhand averages of 66.4% for all and 55.4% for women.
1749:
705:
civilised. The status of women is high. Wives are partners and companions to their husbands. It is even whispered that hen-pecked husbands are not uncommon among the tribesmen."
1956:
1182:
413:
Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old
Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered
2247:
1587:
2378:
425:, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of the
1797:
1949:
1199:
2383:
19:
This article is about the Austroasiatic ethnic group of India. For the Tibeto-Burman people also known as Ho of China, Vietnam and Laos, see
1673:
726:
have brought the Ho people in close touch with the good and bad aspects of urbanisation. Some of the prominent mining towns in the area are
2413:
2403:
879:
247:
population respectively, as of 2011 . With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho are the fourth most numerous
1310:
582:
and marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. It is a week-long celebration held to honour Singbonga, the creator god. Other lesser
433:
to retain their independence. As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone. Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the
296:
was 1,040,000 as of 2001. Similar to other Austroasiatic groups in the area, the Ho report varying degrees of multilingualism, also using
2398:
486:
rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent who put an end to the disturbances by 1859.
2393:
1942:
1526:
340:
383:
about 4000тАУ3500 years ago. The Austroasiatic speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.
2240:
1965:
1400:
1320:
1139:
248:
244:
2388:
1052:
2408:
2373:
1292:
Sidwell, Paul, and Roger Blench. 2011. "The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis." Enfield, NJ (ed.)
1124:
1517:
Duary, Nabakumar (2000). "12. Change and continuity in Ho religion--an impact study in South Bihar". In Behera, M.C. (ed.).
426:
2363:
2233:
816:
were never numerous but they are there (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS).
1297:
323:, where "h┼Н" translates to "human". The name encompasses both their ethnic identity and language, closely linked to
1827:
1699:
616:
parts of their traditional festivals, especially Mage Parab. Most villages have a dedicated dancing ground, called
1894:
1078:
820:
are more common. The Hos are keen hunters and have practically exterminated game in Kolhan. They organise great
2368:
1610:
1166:"CM Raghubar das talks about 'New Jharkhand', Governor underlines several projects in Santhal Pargana region"
1763:
1714:
688:, and other tribal people in the region. All religious rituals are performed by a village priest known as a
505:
399:
372:
328:
1805:
995:
845:
229:
1422:
2342:
1722:
1441:
590:, the festival of flowers held in mid-spring, celebrates the yearly blossoming of the sacred Sal trees.
610:
is held in late fall before the first harvest is eaten to thank the spirits for a trouble-free harvest.
601:
anointed with oil and prayed over after a black chicken is sacrificed to an image of the cattle bonga.
544:
While fewer than five per cent of Ho speakers are literate in the language, Ho is typically written in
441:, who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.
1715:"Demand to include the language 'Ho' spoken in Jharkhand, in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution"
890:
851:
786:
407:
1132:
Linguistic Identity and Language Preferences Among the Austro-Asiatic Language Speakers of Jharkhand
2256:
2019:
913:
529:
473:. The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the disposition of Mankis and extraction of taxes by
430:
403:
750:
2327:
1649:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"
1492:
971:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"
970:
857:
778:
525:
445:
414:
352:
344:
336:
1835:
1602:
1522:
1396:
1316:
1135:
812:
is still found (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS).
521:
449:
395:
941:
692:. However, he is not required to propitiate malevolent spirits or deities. The spirit doctor
1484:
509:
324:
301:
1848:
1735:
1454:
884:
477:(literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the
457:
236:
2214:
2039:
1648:
797:
731:
677:
646:
513:
453:
380:
421:
in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the
2357:
2322:
2317:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2199:
2174:
2144:
2114:
2064:
2049:
2034:
2024:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1768:рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди рдХреА рдЖрдард╡реАрдВ рдЕрдиреБрд╕реВрдЪреА рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдорд╛рдВрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ рдкрд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╢рди"
1496:
1472:
900:
863:
681:
579:
478:
434:
371:
Linguistic studies suggest that the Austroasiatic homeland was in Southeast Asia and
256:
252:
232:
199:
194:
184:
1910:
119:
80:
2332:
2312:
2292:
2159:
2124:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2059:
2029:
1863:"Hamare Padma: Dr Janum Singh Soy gets Padma Shri Award for preserving Ho language"
866:- Indian politician and the president of the Jharkhand unit of Bhartiya Janta Party
685:
549:
517:
470:
466:
260:
189:
179:
161:
1298:
http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/SR09/Sidwell%20Blench%20offprint.pdf
2267:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2109:
2069:
2054:
2014:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1828:
http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20140412/281706907663747
1248:
1024:
801:
635:
553:
538:
501:
495:
320:
293:
268:
218:
who although listed as a separate Scheduled Tribe, are another name for the Hos.
136:
108:
20:
2307:
2154:
2099:
1862:
1750:"Tribal girl Lipika Singh Darai from Odisha wins 4 National Awards in 7 years"
1262:
1234:
1213:
894:
875:
869:
782:
574:
557:
545:
348:
288:
276:
106:
93:
1606:
1488:
243:
and northern Odisha where they constitute around 10.7% and 7.3% of the total
1934:
1595:
Indian International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science Research
1542:
1276:
770:
461:
240:
82:
38:
1200:"Jharkhand Government to Introduce KG Education in 25,000 Primary Schools"
1097:
854:- Indian politician and a former member of the Bihar constituency assembly
1395:. 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184. National Book Trust, New Delhi.
793:
758:
739:
735:
722:
669:
662:
534:
438:
308:
156:
151:
1130:. In Hashnain, Imtiaz; Bagga-Gupta, Sangeeta; Mohan, Shailendra (eds.).
2164:
1870:
817:
483:
418:
2225:
1923:
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
800:(literally meaning seven hundred hills) and Porahat forests. Herds of
386:
2337:
2302:
2184:
2094:
2044:
2004:
805:
766:
727:
626:
592:
422:
376:
332:
264:
95:
1183:"Jharkhand: Central e-library to have textbooks in tribal languages"
520:. The Austroasiatic languages of India, including Ho, are inflected
339:
of the Ho tribe, such as Kol, Kolha, Kolah, Munda, and Mundari, are
1134:. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 286тАУ303.
2287:
2194:
1968:
813:
809:
774:
762:
749:
512:
and more distantly related to languages of Southeast Asia such as
385:
297:
280:
272:
121:
72:
1926:
1312:
Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches
1920:
2229:
1938:
1674:"Jharkhand: School dropout girls to get lessons in Ho language"
263:. Ho also inhabit adjacent areas in the neighbouring states of
363:, all signifying "human" and "human being" in their language.
1911:
Ho Language webpage, by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
903:- Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha
848:- Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha
1373:, 1949, pp. 132, 138тАУ139, 166тАУ169, Orient Longmans, Kolkata.
785:, harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus glomerata),
275:
bringing the total to 806,921 as of 2001. They also live in
235:
ethnic group of India. They are mostly concentrated in the
887:- Indian politician and a member of the Eleventh Lok Sabha.
524:
unlike their distant relatives in Southeast Asia which are
1473:"Homecoming: Ho Women, Work, and Land Rights in Jharkhand"
872:- Indian politician and member of Indian National Congress
1915:
942:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community"
792:
The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild
460:. The Raja of Singhbhum asked the British Resident at
398:
in his book India's Ancient Past mentioned that, many
343:
as distinct groups. Those names are derived from the
307:
Over 90% of the Ho practice the indigenous religion
170:
142:
130:
117:
104:
91:
78:
58:
48:
996:"Jharkhand: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes"
586:(spirits) are also honoured throughout the week.
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
1423:"(Re)inventing writing: stories and histories"
1079:"Journeying together with Ho tribes in Odisha"
965:
963:
2241:
1950:
1700:"Ho classes launched at Noamundi Camp School"
390:Dalton's painting of Ho man and woman in 1872
8:
1798:"Poll Power Trips Geeta Koda means business"
1636:History of The Indian Iron and Steel Company
1519:Tribal Religion : Change and Continuity
31:
1249:"Odisha State Tribal Museum | Mundari"
572:or festivals. The most important festival,
16:Ethnic group of India, Nepal and Bangladesh
2248:
2234:
2226:
1957:
1943:
1935:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1296:, 317-345. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1288:
1286:
578:, takes place in the late winter month of
568:Ho village life revolves around five main
292:, the total number of people speaking the
37:
30:
1791:
1789:
1466:
1464:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1341:
1339:
1263:"Odisha State Tribal Museum | Kolah"
1235:"Odisha State Tribal Museum | Munda"
1160:
1158:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
1882:Ethnicity mentioned between 2:10 to 2:15
1713:Balmuchu, Pradeep Kumar (31 May 2018).
1277:"Odisha State Tribal Museum | Kol"
1194:
1192:
1177:
1175:
1092:
1090:
1088:
924:
444:In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the
1931:] Ho language in RWAAI Digital Archive
1844:
1833:
1731:
1720:
1450:
1439:
1411:The Ho Tribe of Singhbhum by C.P.Singh
351:" or combinations of both exonyms and
1345:Ancient History by R.S Sharma, pp 1-4
552:, scripts. A native alphabet, called
43:Ho tribe woman in traditional attire.
7:
1214:"Odisha State Tribal Museum | Kolha"
860:- Indian filmmaker and film director
59:Regions with significant populations
1796:Thaker, Jayesh (28 November 2014).
1471:Hebbar, Ritambhara (January 2005).
1752:. Deccan Chronicle. 13 April 2017.
560:in the 20th century, also exists.
319:The term "Ho" originates from the
210:Odisha population figures include
14:
948:. Ministry of Home Affairs, India
2379:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
1547:Ho Cultural Preservation Website
1521:. New Delhi, India: Vedams Ltd.
65:
1916:Sinlung Sinlung - Indian tribes
1927:http://holanguageodishaedu.in/
1309:Schliesinger, Joachim (2016).
437:, neither the Mughals nor the
1:
2384:Social groups of West Bengal
1005:. Census Commission of India
777:. Other important trees are
212:Kolha, Mundari, Kolah, Munda
2414:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
2404:Social groups of Bangladesh
1774:(in Hindi). 3 December 2018
1588:"Sacred Grove in Jharkhand"
1294:Dynamics of Human Diversity
880:Chief Minister of Jharkhand
2430:
2399:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
1315:. Booksmango. p. 71.
1123:Mohan, Shailendra (2013).
660:
493:
446:British East India Company
18:
2394:Scheduled Tribes of India
2263:
1975:
1371:Bihar: The Heart of India
1098:"Ho: A Language of India"
208:
175:
147:
135:
63:
53:
36:
1830:– via PressReader.
1586:Pal, T (December 2016).
1576:, pp. 13, 34, 179, 194.
1489:10.1177/0038022920050102
808:roam about the forests.
375:arrived on the coast of
2389:Social groups of Odisha
394:According to historian
373:Austroasiatic languages
251:in Jharkhand after the
54:1,658,104 (2011 census)
2409:Ethnic groups in Nepal
2374:Ethnic groups in India
1730:Cite journal requires
1653:www.censusindia.gov.in
1449:Cite journal requires
846:Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu
755:
506:Austroasiatic language
391:
329:Austroasiatic language
1572:Prasad, Hem Chandra,
1477:Sociological Bulletin
1391:Prasad, Hem Chandra.
893:- Indian scholar and
753:
528:. This difference in
389:
341:officially recognized
171:Related ethnic groups
1549:. keraientertainment
1003:Census of India 2001
852:Debendranath Champia
696:takes care of this.
500:Ho people speak the
408:Chota Nagpur Plateau
2364:Tribes of Jharkhand
2257:Tribes of Jharkhand
1966:Scheduled tribes of
1808:on 28 November 2014
1802:The Telegraph India
1369:Houlton, Sir John,
1104:. SIL International
1081:. 16 February 2015.
1053:"High hopes for Ho"
1025:"Scheduled Tribals"
914:Tribes of Jharkhand
645:The Ho people brew
508:closely related to
427:Chota Nagpur States
33:
1702:. 14 October 2016.
1678:The Indian Express
1634:Srinivasan, N.R.,
1616:on 10 October 2017
1057:The Times of India
858:Lipika Singh Darai
756:
526:analytic languages
522:fusional languages
392:
2351:
2350:
2223:
2222:
1843:Missing or empty
1680:. 15 October 2016
1168:. 15 August 2017.
721:The discovery of
700:Position of women
649:, called by them
469:, along with the
396:Ram Sharan Sharma
222:
221:
2421:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1804:. Archived from
1793:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1609:. Archived from
1592:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1374:
1367:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1000:
992:
975:
974:
967:
958:
957:
955:
953:
938:
672:. Also known as
556:and invented by
458:Orissa Provinces
120:
107:
94:
81:
71:
69:
68:
49:Total population
41:
34:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2369:Tribes of Assam
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2259:
2254:
2224:
2219:
1971:
1963:
1921:RWAAI | Projekt
1907:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
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1905:External links
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1895:"Ranchi diary"
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1772:Prabhat Khabar
1755:
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2020:Bodo-Kachari
1889:
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1876:18 September
1874:. Retrieved
1869:(in Hindi).
1866:
1857:
1845:|title=
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1801:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1765:
1758:
1744:
1723:cite journal
1708:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
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1635:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1598:
1594:
1581:
1573:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1543:"The Sohrai"
1537:
1518:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1483:(1): 18тАУ39.
1480:
1476:
1442:cite journal
1430:. Retrieved
1416:
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1392:
1370:
1328:20 September
1326:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1293:
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1217:. Retrieved
1208:
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1101:
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1002:
950:. Retrieved
945:
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674:sarna dhorom
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162:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
25:
2328:Mal Paharia
1812:11 November
638:), and the
554:Warang Citi
539:Thakurmunda
502:Ho language
496:Ho language
448:as part of
331:family. In
327:within the
321:Ho language
294:Ho language
269:West Bengal
137:Ho language
109:West Bengal
21:Hani people
2358:Categories
1620:10 October
1553:11 October
1502:11 October
1432:16 October
1108:14 October
1102:Ethnologue
952:15 October
920:References
895:Padma Shri
876:Madhu Koda
870:Geeta Koda
661:See also:
575:Mage Parab
558:Lako Bodra
546:Devanagari
431:Mayurbhanj
335:, certain
289:Ethnologue
277:Bangladesh
1607:2456-4389
1497:156749590
1147:9 October
878:- former
794:elephants
781:, kusum,
771:jackfruit
642:(flute).
588:Baa Parab
475:thikadars
462:Midnapore
415:Singhbhum
404:Dravidian
357:Ho, Horo,
315:Etymology
241:Jharkhand
131:Languages
83:Jharkhand
1836:cite web
1778:12 April
1684:12 April
1063:23 April
908:See also
828:Literacy
818:Leopards
754:Sal tree
740:Kiriburu
736:Noamundi
723:iron ore
678:Santhals
670:Sarnaism
663:Sarnaism
657:Religion
624:(drum),
535:Chaibasa
530:typology
490:Language
439:Marathas
355:such as
353:endonyms
337:segments
309:Sarnaism
157:Hinduism
152:Sarnaism
143:Religion
2215:Tripuri
2165:Mudugar
2145:Mishing
2040:Chenchu
1871:DD News
1867:YouTube
1219:2 April
1037:30 June
1009:6 March
897:awardee
822:battues
798:Saranda
763:mangoes
746:Forests
713:Economy
598:Gaumara
564:Culture
510:Mundari
484:Porahat
423:Bhuiyas
419:Manbhum
367:History
325:Mundari
302:English
257:Kurukhs
253:Santals
200:Bhumijs
195:Santals
185:Kharias
100:705,618
87:928,289
2338:Santal
2318:Kurukh
2303:Kodaku
2283:Birhor
2278:Bhumij
2200:Santal
2185:Rabari
2115:Lepcha
2095:Khonds
2080:Irulas
2065:Hajong
2050:Dimasa
2045:Dhanka
2035:Chakma
2010:Birhor
2005:Bhutia
2000:Bhumij
1990:Bharia
1658:4 July
1605:
1525:
1495:
1399:
1319:
1138:
814:Tigers
806:chital
802:sambar
773:, and
728:Chiria
686:Mundas
682:Oraons
651:diyeng
647:handia
636:mandar
632:dumeng
627:dholak
593:Sohrai
479:Kurukh
471:Mundas
456:, and
450:Bengal
377:Odisha
361:Hodoko
345:exonym
333:Odisha
265:Odisha
261:Mundas
259:, and
214:&
190:Juangs
180:Mundas
113:23,483
96:Odisha
70:
2333:Munda
2323:Mahli
2313:Korwa
2288:Chero
2273:Baiga
2195:Reang
2190:Rabha
2175:Oraon
2160:Munda
2130:Mahli
2125:Lodha
2120:Limbu
2105:Korwa
2090:Khasi
2085:Karbi
2060:Gondi
2030:Bonda
2025:Boksa
1985:Baiga
1969:India
1614:(PDF)
1601:(I).
1591:(PDF)
1574:Bihar
1493:S2CID
1426:(PDF)
1393:Bihar
1128:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
810:Bison
783:tilai
779:mahua
767:jamun
694:deowa
690:deuri
618:akhra
584:bonga
580:Magha
570:parab
550:Latin
514:Khmer
504:, an
454:Bihar
417:from
379:from
298:Hindi
281:Nepal
273:Bihar
233:Munda
122:Bihar
73:India
2293:Gond
2268:Asur
2210:Toda
2205:Sora
2180:Pnar
2170:Naga
2150:Mizo
2140:Mech
2135:Mara
2110:Kuki
2070:Hmar
2055:Garo
2015:Bodo
1995:Bhil
1980:Asur
1878:2023
1849:help
1814:2017
1780:2021
1736:help
1686:2021
1660:2019
1622:2017
1603:ISSN
1555:2017
1523:ISBN
1504:2017
1455:help
1434:2017
1397:ISBN
1330:2019
1317:ISBN
1221:2021
1149:2017
1136:ISBN
1125:"20"
1110:2017
1065:2022
1039:2019
1011:2008
954:2017
804:and
787:asan
775:piar
738:and
640:rutu
622:dama
537:and
516:and
429:and
359:and
300:and
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271:and
224:The
2308:Kol
2155:Mog
2100:Kol
1485:doi
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759:Sal
732:Gua
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349:Kol
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956:.
634:(
347:"
23:.
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