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306:. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone (they ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4). During these removals, bands of Ho-Chunk hid out in Wisconsin rather than be moved. In 1832, other bands of Ho-Chunk were moved to the Neutral Ground Reservation in eastern Iowa, where they faced hostile conditions between the warring
507:
trees. In addition, women learned to recognize and use a wide range of roots and leaves for medicinal and herbal purposes. The maple sap was used to make syrup and candy. Women also processed and cooked game, making dried meats combined with berries to sustain their families when traveling. Tanned hides were used to make clothing and storage bags. They used most parts of the game for tools, binding, clothing, and coverings for dwellings. They were responsible for the survival of the families, caring for the children as well as elders.
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523:
1296:
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710:. Historians have rated disease as the major reason for the losses in all Native American populations. Edmunds notes as a third cause of the population decline the following historic account: decimation by the Illinois Confederacy. The Ho-Chunk had been helped at one time by many of their enemies, in particular the Illinois Confederacy, during their time of suffering and
1389:
In 1994 the tribe established Ho-Chunk, Inc., an economic development corporation that now employs 1400 people. Its success has earned the tribe small business organization awards. It has initiated a strong housing construction program in collaboration with federal programs. Its leaders were featured
1385:
Since 1992 the
Winnebago tribe has owned and operated the WinnaVegas Casino on its lands in Iowa. The tribe legalized alcohol sales to keep liquor tax revenue, earmarked for supporting individuals and families affected by alcoholism. More than 60% of federally recognized tribes in the lower 48 states
514:
Besides having a guardian spirit, men would also try to acquire protection and powers from specific spirits, which was done by making offerings along with tobacco. For example, a man would not go on the warpath without first performing the "war-bundle feast", which contained two parts. The first part
498:
Before
Europeans ventured into Ho-Chunk territory, the Ho-Chunk were known to hunt, farm, and gather food from local sources, including nuts, berries, roots, and edible leaves. They knew what the forest and river's edge had to give and both genders had a role in making best use of resources. With the
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Ho-Chunk women were responsible for growing, gathering, and processing food for their families, including the cultivation of varieties of corn and squash, in order to have different types through the growing season; and gathering a wide variety of roots, nuts, and berries, as well as sap from maple
1406:
According to Gordon
Thunder (Wakąja), the Ho-Chunk have been systematically removed from their homelands, many now occupied by other tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, which at one time consisted primarily of tribal members spread over 13 counties of Wisconsin, have a historical territorial
726:
with neighboring tribes and some of the French traders and trappers. A count from 1736 gives a population of 700; in 1806, they numbered more than 2,900. A census in 1846 reported 4,400 people but by 1848, there were reportedly 2,500. Like other Native
American tribes, the Ho-Chunk suffered great
510:
The main role of the Ho-Chunk man was as a hunter—and a warrior when needed. Leaders among the men interfaced with other tribes. As hunters, they speared fish and clubbed them to death. The men also hunted game such as muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, and deer. Some men learned to create jewelry and
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kinship system in the 17th century before their major losses. At that time, the matriarchs of a clan would name its chief and they could reclaim the position if they disapproved of his actions. The Ho-Chunk may have shifted to the patrilineal system due to marriage into other tribes or under the
908:
Following the forced relocations, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially in
Wisconsin, despite the U.S. Army's repeated roundups and forced removals. But the federal government finally allowed the Winnebago to resettle and acquire land in their ancestral homeland in Wisconsin,
440:
He started, in the month of June of the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight, from the lake of the
Ouinipegouek, which is strictly only a large bay in lake Huron. It is called by others, the lake of the stinkards, not because it is salt like the water of the Sea—which the Savages call
361:
status to some of these parcels, but the Ho-Chunk nation does not have a contiguous reservation in the traditional sense. While related, the two tribes are distinct federally recognized sovereign nations and peoples, each with its own constitutionally formed government and completely separate
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The clans were associated with animal spirits representing the traditional responsibilities within the nation; each clan had a role in the survival of the people. Like other Native
Americans, the Ho-Chunk had rules generally requiring people to marry outside their clans. The
1343:
changed the course of the river, some of the reservation land was redefined as falling within the boundaries of Iowa. The tribe successfully argued that the land belonged to them under the terms of the deed prior to diversion of the river. This land has a postal address of
955:(see table). In pre-contact Ho-Chunk society, clans were typically associated with specific social roles; for instance, the Thunderbird Clan was the clan from which chiefs were appointed, while the Bear Clan enforced discipline within the community and oversaw prisoners.
356:
is considered a "non-reservation" tribe, as members historically had to acquire individual homesteads in order to regain title to ancestral territory; they hold land in more than 13 counties in
Wisconsin and have land in Illinois. The federal government has granted legal
511:
other body decorations out of silver and copper, for both men and women. To become men, boys would go through a rite of passage at puberty: they fasted for a period during which they were expected to acquire a guardian spirit; without it, their lives would be miserable.
694:. Even with such a serious loss of warriors, the historian R. David Edmunds notes that it was not enough to cause the near elimination of an entire people. He suggests two additional causes. The Winnebago apparently suffered from a widespread disease, perhaps an
1262:(BAAP), which was to be declared surplus under federal regulations. As part of their former traditional territory, the property holds historical, archeological, sacred, and cultural resources important to their people. It is a 1500-acre parcel in
1431:
774:. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government to steal land through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone. The Ho-Chunk often
245:
through
Wisconsin and surrounding states. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Ho-Chunk were the dominant tribe in its territory in the 16th century, with a population estimated at several thousand. They lived in permanent villages of
654:
Nicolet reported a gathering of approximately 5,000 warriors as the Ho-Chunk entertained him. Historians estimate that the population in 1634 may have ranged from 8,000 to more than 20,000. Between that time and the first return of
250:
and adopted cultivated corn, squash, and beans; they gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in
Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12
721:
returned to their homelands to the east. The Ho-Chunk were then relieved of that pressure on their territory and after 1741, most returned inland. From a low of perhaps less than 500, the population gradually recovered, aided by
741:
of 1832 was fought largely on Ho-Chunk land. In early 1832, White Cloud invited the Sauk band to live in the Rock River band's Illinois villages. About 1,200 Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, and others came, from locations such as
1154:
Of the 7,192 tribal members as of May 2011, 5,042 lived in Wisconsin. The tribes own 4,602 acres (18.625 km) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in
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trappers and traders in the late 1650s, the population was reduced drastically. Later reports were that the Ho-Chunk numbered only about 500. When numerous Algonquian tribes migrated west to escape the aggressive
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Ouinipeg, or stinking water—but because it is surrounded by sulphurous soil, whence issue several springs which convey into this lake the impurities absorbed by their waters in the places of their origin.
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The Ho-Chunk are continuing to pursue the case. Between 1998 and 2011, the Army spent millions of dollars in environmental assessments and cleanup to prepare the property for transfer. In 2012 the
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tribes referred to them by a term that evolved to Winnebago, which was later used as well as by the French and English. The Ho-Chunk Nation have always called themselves Ho-Chunk. The name
4541:
852:, recalled, "The Winnebagoes were supposed to be a neutral party between the Sioux and Chippewa, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sioux on a raid against the Chippewas."
714:, aggravated by the loss of their hunters. The Winnebago then attacked the Illinois Confederacy. Enraged, additional Illinois warriors retaliated and killed nearly all the Ho-Chunk.
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spirit. The blessings these spirits gave the men were embodied in objects that together made the war-bundle. These objects could include feathers, bones, skins, flutes, and paints.
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after contact with Europeans, and attacks by the Illinois Confederacy. The warriors were said to be lost on Lake Michigan after they had repulsed the first attack by invading the
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1975:
Green, William; Zimmerman, Larry J.; Lillie, Robin M.; Makes Strong Move, Dawn; Sly-Terpstra, Dawn (2001). "Effigy Mounds National Monument Cultural Affiliation Report Vol. I".
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Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
1834:
448:
was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to saltwater seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with freshwater lakes. An early
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disease, and competition for resources from migrating Algonquian tribes. By the early 1800s, their population had increased to 2,900, but they suffered further losses in the
766:
Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Minnesota,
841:
792:
The 1848 removal from Iowa was documented by a soldier in Morgan's Mounted Volunteers. About 2,500 people were forced to travel by wagon, on foot, and on horseback from
226:
being a definitive article) meaning "People of the Sacred Voice". Their name comes from oral traditions that state they are the originators of the many branches of the
3030:
572:
Culture. The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland cultures and the successor Oneota Culture. The tribe historically adopted
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The reasons historians give for the reduction in population vary, but they agree on three major causes: the loss of several hundred warriors in a storm on a lake,
2242:
2397:
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1423:. Some in the federal and state governments have undermined the Ho-Chunk land claims; however, repatriation activities document where many villages once stood.
283:. The Ho-Chunk suffered severe population loss in the 17th century to a low of perhaps 500 individuals. This has been attributed to casualties of a lake storm,
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4587:
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2752:, Ho-Chunk Nation website, accessed 31 August 2012. Note: The main page includes links to 2012 NCAI and Great Lakes Intertribal Council (GLITC) resolutions.
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peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. They had some friction with the tribes of the
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removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for the
2212:"Narrative of the march of Morgan's Mounted Volunteers from Fort Atkinson, Iowa, to Long Prairie, Minnesota guarding removal of the Winnebago Indians"
3716:
816:
journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850, the Ho-Chunk "had one of their main villages on the west bank of the
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1219:
The Ho-Chunk Nation established a written constitution and is governed by an elected council. As of 2023, the current president is John Greendeer.
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of 1757–58 and 1836. In the 19th-century epidemic, they lost nearly a quarter of their population. Today the Ho-Chunk population is about 12,000.
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1768:
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The Winnebago ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4.
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3724:
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686:. Another says the number was 600. Another claim is that the 500 were lost in a storm on Lake Winnebago during a failed campaign against the
171:
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Reservation. The Long Prairie Reservation, which was heavily wooded, was more suitable for logging than for farming. Writing in 1915,
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2710:
1281:(NCAI) passed a resolution in support of the Ho-Chunk and to encourage the BIA to accept surplus lands in trust on behalf of tribes.
889:, "The Knights of the Forest", which sent armed men to surround the Ho-Chunks' prime farmland. About 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at
706:
to the new diseases and suffered high rates of fatalities. Ho-Chunk accounts said the victims turned yellow, which is not a trait of
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1831:
859:, a very small faction of the Ho-Chunk led by Chief Little Priest joined forces with the uprising and its figurehead leader, Chief
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also have a reservation in Thurston County. Together, the Native American tribes occupy the entire land area of Thurston County.
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language and other elements of their culture. Among its recent innovations is the development of a Hocąk-language app for the
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pushed them out of their territories in eastern Wisconsin and Illinois, along with conflicts with the United States such as
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1126:, it changed its name to "Ho-Chunk Nation" to take back the traditional Siouan name. Ho-Chunk usually call themselves
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tribes, moved south and west because the reduced range made it difficult for such a large population to be sustained.
199:
191:
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2398:"The Ho-Chunk followed all the rules for Native Americans in the 19th century — and the government still exiled them"
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says they have always lived in their current homelands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois. Their
4429:
4292:
4256:
4012:
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2813:, Federal Indian Law Seminar, December 2010, p. 7, University of Nebraska College of Law, accessed 27 February 2012
2103:"Corn Moon Migrations:vHo-Chunk Belonging, Removal, and Return in the Early Nineteenth-Century Western Great Lakes"
1964:
Ahtone, Tristan (31 January 2016). "Wisconsin tribe fights city hall over sacred burial mounds". Aljazeera America.
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indicates common origin with other peoples of this language group. They say their ancestors built the thousands of
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epidemic of 1836. In 1990 they numbered 7,000; current estimates of total population of the two tribes are 12,000.
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changing seasons, Ho-Chunk families moved from area to area to find food. For example, many families returned to
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2003:
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1942:
1319:, Iowa. A small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acres (0.4725 km) is in southern Craig Township in
1271:
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784:
747:
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The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska has a written constitution and is governed by an elected nine-person council.
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4190:
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The council has used revenues to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational support for its people.
951:
Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12
4572:
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1607:
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1412:
1168:
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913:. The Ho-Chunk in Nebraska have gained independent federal recognition as a tribe and have a reservation in
809:
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1274:(BIA) refused to accept the property. It was unwilling to conduct an environmental assessment due to cost.
4485:
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3617:
3516:
1312:
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1204:
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system was based in the family and gave structure to descent and inheritance rules. Although the tribe is
932:
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805:
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311:
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4210:
1483:, educational leader and co-founder of the Native American Educational Services (NAES) College in Chicago
398:(or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice", meaning
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2803:
1320:
1316:
902:
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governing and business interests. Since the late 20th century, both tribal councils have authorized the
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and Sauk peoples. They were removed from Iowa in 1848 into Minnesota, where they were moved twice from
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1408:
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reported a population of 2,588 people living on these lands. The largest community is the village of
940:
901:. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for an Omaha reservation in Nebraska. The
813:
723:
668:, they competed for game and resources with the Ho-Chunk, who had to yield to their greater numbers.
627:
577:
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256:
234:
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In February 2013, the Beloit Common Council sold land to the Ho-Chunk Nation for a proposed casino.
44:
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Since the late 20th century, the tribe operates six casinos in Wisconsin, in order to raise funds:
793:
461:
394:, which they believe was given to them by their creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker). Their native name is
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886:
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485:
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319:
203:
105:
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2581:, Documentation of Endangered Languages website (DOBES in German), 2006, accessed 31 August 2012
2243:"Peering at the Past Winnebago removal "the most spectacular sight ever witnessed in this area""
2336:""Extermination or Removal": The Knights of the Forest and Ethnic Cleansing in Early Minnesota"
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Language and Culture Division, which has developed materials to teach and restore use of the
366:. The Ho-Chunk Nation is working on language restoration and has developed a Hoocąk-language
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1458:
898:
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433:
414:
406:
391:
167:
142:
101:
2976:
Kindscher, K., and D. Hurlburt. 1998. "Huron Smith's 'Ethnobotany of the Hocak' (Winnebago)
1808:
1799:; Emma Helen Blair, Ed.; Arthur H. Clark Company; Cleveland; 1911; Vol. 1, p. 288, note 199
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2007:
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Kindscher, K., and D. Hurlburt. 1998. "Huron Smith's Ethnobotany of the Hocak (Winnebago)"
1815:
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1468:
1464:
1226:
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422:
227:
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1904:
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learned of the "sea" connection to the tribe's name, they were optimistic that it meant
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3159:
3123:
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2140:
1565:
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882:
828:. The Long Prairie Reservation was dissolved in 1855, and its residents were moved to
738:
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445:
383:
280:
1498:, All Big-Ten basketball player from University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2013 to 2017
1299:
Martha Gradolf, a contemporary weaver, is enrolled in the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.
778:
removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings.
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel - Milwaukee and Wisconsin breaking news and investigations
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refer to the Ho-Chunk by translations of their name into the their language, such as
399:
307:
276:
72:
568:, the practice of building effigy mounds abruptly ceased with the appearance of the
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299:
242:
122:
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1709:
1439:
2621:
1270:
had issued a letter to claim the land on behalf of the Ho-Chunk but in 2011, the
1136:– "people". They are the larger of the two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes.
717:
After peace was established between the French and Iroquois in 1701, many of the
4369:
4165:
4017:
3834:
3819:
3288:
3283:
3179:
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2077:
The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomi Indian Culture 1665–1965
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821:
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134:
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The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes
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3105:
3082:
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52:352–372, includes much about traditional culture and use of plant resources
2866:
2743:"Update: HCN Secures Support from Key Tribal Organizations on Badger Property"
909:
which eventually received recognition as an official Reservation known as the
856:
679:
622:. The oral history also indicates that in the mid-16th century, the influx of
490:
426:
323:
264:
2941:, Ho-Chunk Nation, extensive materials about language and restoration efforts
1866:
832:. While relating a May 1860 series of raids and revenge killings between the
606:. He wrote that the Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay of
4027:
3804:
3475:
3169:
3133:
2780:
1486:
1435:
Cpl. George Miner, a Winnebago, of the US Army of Occupation of Germany 1919
1416:
1348:, Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office.
801:
746:
on the Iowa reservation, where there was little food. The arrivals included
639:
634:-speaking peoples splitting from the Ho-Chunk. These groups, who became the
581:
288:
179:
175:
88:
76:
2571:
2181:"The Removal of the Winnebago Indians from Wisconsin to Nebraska in 1873-4"
1303:
The tribe has a reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa. The
494:
A Ho-Chunk woman stretching a deerhide as part of the tanning process, 1880
2761:
2211:
3799:
3784:
3758:
3749:
3394:
3183:
3164:
3077:
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1507:
863:. This had disastrous results for all the Ho-Chunk living in Minnesota.
771:
731:
728:
707:
695:
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619:
303:
292:
284:
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187:
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Ho-Chunk Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Wisconsin/Minnesota
580:
as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They cultivated
3977:
3774:
3072:
1420:
1077:
586:
247:
17:
1367:, Nebraska. In 2006 their enrolled population was estimated at 4,000.
1258:
In 1988, the Ho-Chunk Nation filed a timely claim for transfer of the
1132:
meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". They also call themselves
2000:
1148:
711:
656:
623:
569:
449:
260:
238:
2046:
1934:
2890:
Winnebago Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Nebraska/Iowa
1685:"Kansas-based Potawatomi tribe establishes reservation in Illinois"
1323:, Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km (176.78 sq mi).
233:
The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building
4297:
4251:
3854:
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3794:
3097:
2944:
2804:
James N. Hughes III, "Pine Ridge, Whiteclay and Indian Liquor Law"
1809:"Origins of the French and English Names for the Bay of Green Bay"
1438:
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952:
881:
In 1863, the Ho-Chunk were forced to leave Blue Earth County by a
783:
602:
European contact came in 1634 with the arrival of French explorer
573:
539:
489:
473:
377:
252:
2922:
2916:
2742:
917:. The Ho-Chunk Nation now has a constitution that reinforces its
2985:
1531:, World War II and Korean War hero, recipient of the Bronze Star
1151:. The Ho-Chunk have about 200 native speakers among its elders.
643:
183:
84:
3720:
3012:
2904:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
2686:
2516:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
2853:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
1395:
367:
2142:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1207:
counties in Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk Nation also owns land in
2079:, Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977, p. 37
1576:, one of the first Native American women elected to Congress
1332:
meaning "sacred voice people living on the Missouri River".
43:
939:, respectively, were named after the 19th-century Ho-Chunk
255:
with specific roles often assigned to clans. Wars with the
2938:
2932:
515:
honored the night-spirits and the second part honored the
2889:
2883:
456:
near the saltwater seas to the north. When the explorers
241:
culture; they say their ancestors built the thousands of
2518:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, pp. 40–41
1890:
Radin, Paul. "The Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian",
690:, while yet another says it was in a battle against the
2838:, PBS; 13, 20, and 27 April 2009, accessed 1 March 2012
352:
was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. The
3845:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
2771:, Martha Gradolf website, Retrieved 13 December 2011.
1853:
1851:
333:
in Mankato before being expelled from Minnesota into
2549:
1315:
counties in Nebraska, with an additional portion in
610:
in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to the
560:
through Wisconsin and surrounding states during the
402:, as in they originated the Siouan language family.
4534:
4438:
4352:
4326:
4308:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
4265:
4229:
4148:
4112:
4061:
3965:
3942:
3899:
3863:
3765:
3666:
3575:
3387:
3337:
3254:
3216:
3209:
3178:
3150:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3053:
3046:
2762:"Martha Gradolf, Winnebago: Contemporary Woven Art"
2649:"Ho-Chunk Gaming proud of past, present and future"
1886:
1884:
1084:today, anthropologists believe they may have had a
128:
111:
95:
66:
56:
2939:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division
2550:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division
2139:
2023:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1978, p. 5
905:was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865.
452:record says that the name refers to the origin of
174:people whose historic territory includes parts of
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
840:in which one Ho-Chunk warrior was also killed in
788:Winnebago 1846 Reservation, Nicollet's 1843 map.
2987:The Encyclopedia of Hočąk (Winnebago) Mythology
2872:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
921:abilities to negotiate with the US government.
438:
2906:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
1327:
1127:
4283:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
3732:
3024:
2087:
2085:
1525:(also known as Lillian St. Cyr), film actress
425:. The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the
190:. Today, Ho-Chunk people are enrolled in two
8:
2036:, Sheffield Publishing Co., Salem, WI, p. 66
1407:claim in an area encompassed by a line from
1335:The Iowa portion was originally west of the
1167:counties in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in
35:
4603:Native Americans in the American Revolution
2730:(Wisconsin), Brad Ziwick, 19 February. 2013
1977:State Archaeologist of Iowa Research Papers
1822:, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay Library
3739:
3725:
3717:
3213:
3050:
3031:
3017:
3009:
2559:, Ho-Chunk Nation, accessed 31 August 2012
1339:and within Nebraska boundaries. After the
1089:influence of the male-oriented fur trade.
34:
2567:
2565:
1568:(b. 1980), assumed office in 2019 as the
2185:Faculty Publications, Andrews University
1447:Jr., Korean War Medal of Honor recipient
957:
848:, George W. Sweet, a pioneer settler of
750:, who had been a leading warrior of the
521:
329:, about 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at
4542:Native American place names in Nebraska
2855:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2738:
2736:
1624:
1543:, an early 19th-century convert to the
1307:lies primarily in the northern part of
885:organized by local pioneer settlers in
472:. They hoped it indicated a passage to
2602:from the original on 26 September 2017
2538:National Congress of American Indians.
2279:"Ho-Chunk and Long Prairie, 1846–1855"
1935:"About The Ho-Chunk Nation Government"
27:Siouan-speaking Native American people
2408:from the original on 17 December 2022
2346:from the original on 17 December 2022
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:from the original on 17 December 2022
2222:from the original on 19 December 2022
2191:from the original on 17 December 2022
2174:
2172:
1915:from the original on 16 February 2017
1519:, Korean War Medal of Honor recipient
1341:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1279:National Congress of American Indians
476:via the great rivers of the Midwest.
7:
2726:'Additional land sold to Ho Chunk,'
2659:from the original on 6 December 2020
2470:from the original on 8 February 2024
2439:from the original on 4 December 2023
2377:from the original on 7 December 2022
2367:"Ho-Chunk and Blue Earth, 1855–1863"
2322:History of Stearns County, Minnesota
2309:History of Stearns County, Minnesota
2021:The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire
67:Regions with significant populations
4588:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
4578:Native American tribes in Minnesota
4506:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
4390:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
2647:Madden, Karen (15 September 2014).
2622:"Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls"
2324:, Chicago, Illinois. Pages 626-627.
2146:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1845:52:352–372, accessed 31 August 2012
1574:Kansas's 3rd congressional district
1510:, chief and leader during the 1827
4593:Native American tribes in Illinois
4583:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1892:American Archaeology and Ethnology
1859:"Ho-Chunk Nation :: About Us"
1771:from the original on 21 March 2016
1613:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1236:Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls,
1139:The Ho-Chunk have established the
893:in Mankato, and thence removed to
25:
4313:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
3957:Nebraska Indian Community College
3790:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
3699:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2945:Ho-Chunk Nation Online Dictionary
2396:Reicher, Matt (8 December 2015).
2289:from the original on 11 June 2020
2179:Onsager, Lawrence (1 June 1985).
2057:from the original on 11 June 2008
2034:Introduction to Wisconsin Indians
1634:"Current Ho-Chunk Population Map"
503:, to pick berries in the summer.
51:Ho-Chunk Congress Members in 1898
3748:
3694:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
3003:, American Philosophical Library
2990:, as told by Richard L. Dieterle
2628:from the original on 8 July 2018
2119:from the original on 25 May 2024
2110:University of Wisconsin, Madison
1945:from the original on 17 May 2020
1632:Steindorf, Shane (12 May 2020).
598:European contact and tribe split
468:were from or had lived near the
202:. Historically, the surrounding
4511:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
4395:Frank Parker Archeological Site
2340:Culminating Projects in History
2334:Coats, Catherine (1 May 2017).
1905:"Winnebago History and Culture"
1683:Vaisvilas, Frank (1 May 2024).
1461:, Major league baseball pitcher
1227:Ho-Chunk Gaming Wisconsin Dells
1118:This tribe is headquartered in
4598:Native American tribes in Iowa
4481:Farwell Archeological District
4278:Genoa Indian Industrial School
2429:"Thunderbird Clan Origin Myth"
2320:William Bell Mitchell (1915),
2311:, Chicago, Illinois. Page 627.
2307:William Bell Mitchell (1915),
1820:Wisconsin's French Connections
1386:have legalized alcohol sales.
590:spp.) and gathered sugar from
576:agriculture at the end of the
1:
4486:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
4430:Table Rock Archeological Site
4400:Sweetwater Archeological Site
4293:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
4257:Cunningham Archeological Site
4125:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
4120:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
4053:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
3562:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
2824:Native American Entrepreneurs
2528:"Tribal Governments by Area."
1392:Native American Entrepreneurs
429:, pronounced as "Winnipego".
4186:Fullerton Archeological Site
3952:Little Priest Tribal College
2794:, Retrieved 21 December 2009
2713:5 September 2013 at Wikiwix
2679:"Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg"
2241:Epps, Lee (6 October 2020).
2101:Tronnes, Libby Rose (2017).
1603:Badger Army Ammunition Plant
1326:They refer to themselves as
1305:Winnebago Indian Reservation
1260:Badger Army Ammunition Plant
1120:Black River Falls, Wisconsin
1114:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
1098:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
959:Hokiikarac – Ho-Chunk Clans
911:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
873:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
830:Blue Earth County, Minnesota
501:Black River Falls, Wisconsin
354:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
322:and tensions created by the
316:Blue Earth County, Minnesota
196:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
4425:Humphrey Archeological Site
4420:Schrader Archeological Site
4181:Schrader Archeological Site
3840:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
3767:Historic and present tribes
3653:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
3613:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
2971:Wisconsin Public Television
2960:Wisconsin Public Television
2917:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2892:United States Census Bureau
2886:United States Census Bureau
2792:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2708:"Wisconsin Indian Casinos."
2138:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
1789:Among them Nicolas Perrot,
1291:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1285:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1242:Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg,
1102:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
1094:federally recognized tribes
820:", and at the mouth of the
370:app and online dictionary.
237:cultures and the successor
200:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
192:federally recognized tribes
4619:
4521:Wiseman Archeological Site
4516:Schulte Archeological Site
4410:Ashland Archeological Site
4405:Burkett Archeological Site
4171:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
4013:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
3689:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
3643:Battle of Apple River Fort
3455:Stillman's Run Battle Site
1288:
1245:Ho-Chunk Gaming Tomah, and
1111:
870:
483:
4089:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
4038:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
3945:colleges and universities
3633:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2935:Ho-Chunk Nation Newspaper
2717:. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
2592:"Ho-Chunk Buys More Land"
2166:Tronnes, pages 13,14, 418
1814:30 September 2007 at the
1370:The federally recognized
1268:Secretary of the Interior
1124:Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe
1069:
846:Stearns County, Minnesota
762:Series of forced removals
133:
116:
100:
71:
61:
42:
4161:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
4023:Susan La Flesche Picotte
3623:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
3588:Battle of Stillman's Run
2809:16 December 2014 at the
2786:25 December 2009 at the
2748:9 September 2013 at the
2653:Wisconsin Rapids Tribune
2577:13 December 2012 at the
2210:Reed, William E (1988).
1272:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1248:Ho-Chunk Gaming Madison.
1239:Ho-Chunk Gaming Nekoosa,
1122:. Formerly known as the
1096:of Ho-Chunk people, the
804:to a new Reservation in
544:Winnebago family in 1852
526:Winnebago courting flute
335:Crow Creek, South Dakota
259:and later wars with the
4496:Kurz Omaha Village Site
4439:Other precontact places
4191:Oto Indian Village Site
3830:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
3638:Attack at Ament's Cabin
3628:Battle of Waddams Grove
2596:www.casinocitytimes.com
2540:Retrieved 21 June 2010.
2460:"Bear Clan Origin Myth"
2247:Fillmore County Journal
1739:Wisconsin First Nations
1554:Waun-kaun-tshaw-zee-kau
1517:Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr.
1427:Notable Ho-Chunk people
1328:
1128:
937:Winneshiek County, Iowa
810:Long Prairie, Minnesota
698:of one of the European
117:Traditional Hocak Way,
4476:Nehawka Flint Quarries
4466:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
4353:Precontact communities
4230:Historic sacred places
3618:Spafford Farm massacre
3040:Black Hawk War of 1832
1448:
1436:
1300:
1264:Sauk County, Wisconsin
867:Reservations formation
842:Maine Prairie Township
806:Todd County, Minnesota
789:
684:Door County, Wisconsin
545:
527:
495:
443:
387:
364:development of casinos
312:Todd County, Minnesota
119:Native American Church
48:
4303:Moses Merrill Mission
4266:Other historic places
4113:Historic reservations
4079:Battle of Mud Springs
3603:Indian Creek massacre
2830:15 April 2011 at the
2767:26 April 2012 at the
2555:23 April 2003 at the
2458:Dieterle, Richard L.
2427:Dieterle, Richard L.
1710:"Ho-Chunk Dictionary"
1455:, artist and educator
1442:
1434:
1298:
903:Winnebago Reservation
877:Winnebago Reservation
808:, with its agency at
787:
776:nonviolently resisted
543:
525:
493:
390:The Ho-Chunk speak a
381:
350:Winnebago Reservation
342:nonviolently resisted
327:Knights of the Forest
129:Related ethnic groups
47:
4166:Skidi Pawnee Village
4149:Historic communities
4084:Battle of Rush Creek
4069:Battle of Ash Hollow
3901:Present reservations
3876:Omaha-Ponca language
3648:Sinsinawa Mound raid
3593:Buffalo Grove ambush
1894:16.7 (1920): 381–473
1837:18 June 2013 at the
1765:puffin.creighton.edu
1562:, Traditional doctor
1550:Chief Yellow Thunder
1537:, warrior and orator
1535:Chief Waukon Decorah
1477:, 18th-century chief
1475:Glory of the Morning
1311:and a small part of
1141:Hoocąk Waaziija Haci
1129:Hoocąk waaziija haci
1092:Today there are two
941:Chief Waukon Decorah
814:St. Cloud, Minnesota
628:Illinois Confederacy
578:Late Woodland period
566:Late Woodland Period
562:Late Woodland period
257:Illinois Confederacy
235:Late Woodland Period
210:comes from the word
4456:Walker Gilmore site
4211:Theodore Davis Site
3674:Black Hawk Purchase
3532:Hamilton's Diggings
3370:Joseph Throckmorton
3324:James W. Stephenson
3294:William S. Hamilton
3000:Winnebago Notebooks
2902:Loew, Patty, 2001.
2870:The Winnebago Tribe
2851:Pritzker, Barry M.
2836:American Experience
2689:on 10 December 2013
2533:7 July 2010 at the
2514:Loew, Patty, 2001.
2496:on 11 November 2012
2490:"Clans - Hokikarac"
2464:Hotcak Encyclopedia
2433:Hotcak Encyclopedia
2091:Edmunds, R.D., p. 5
2075:Clifton, James A.,
2019:Edmunds, R. David,
2010:from dickshovel.com
2006:6 July 2016 at the
1869:on 11 November 2013
1714:Ho-Chunk Dictionary
1570:U.S. representative
1541:Mountain Wolf Woman
960:
794:Fort Atkinson, Iowa
700:infectious diseases
462:Samuel de Champlain
436:of 1659–1660 said:
340:The Ho-Chunk often
39:
4568:Great Lakes tribes
4327:Precontact peoples
4003:Francis La Flesche
3608:St. Vrain massacre
3472:Michigan Territory
2969:Video produced by
2958:Video produced by
2925:, official website
2919:, official website
1863:ho-chunknation.com
1767:. 11 August 2014.
1598:Winnebago language
1593:Ho-Chunk mythology
1471:graduate, educator
1449:
1445:Mitchell Red Cloud
1437:
1301:
958:
931:, county seats of
826:Sartell, Minnesota
790:
748:Black Sparrow Hawk
727:losses during the
719:Algonquian peoples
673:infectious disease
650:Population decline
630:as well as fellow
564:. In the Terminal
546:
536:Ancestral Ho-Chunk
528:
496:
486:Ho-Chunk mythology
415:Iowa-Otoe language
388:
320:Dakota War of 1862
222:meaning "sacred",
49:
4550:
4549:
4471:Woodcliff Burials
4008:Joseph La Flesche
3864:Present languages
3810:Northern Cheyenne
3714:
3713:
3658:Battle of Bad Axe
3583:Minor engagements
3383:
3382:
3205:
3204:
2955:Ho-Chunk Language
2861:978-0-19-513877-1
2728:Beloit Daily News
2683:ho-chunknorth.com
2153:978-0-19-513877-1
2032:Mason, Carol I.,
1909:www.nanations.com
1735:"Ho-Chunk Nation"
1529:John Raymond Rice
1491:Rockton, Illinois
1359:, with others in
1329:Hoocąk nįšoc haci
1209:Lynwood, Illinois
1073:
1072:
818:Mississippi River
798:Winona, Minnesota
682:from what is now
348:in Nebraska; The
346:Omaha Reservation
218:meaning "voice",
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
4610:
4176:Cottonwood Creek
4156:Ton'wontongathon
4094:Grattan massacre
4048:James Young Deer
3998:Logan Fontenelle
3988:Joba Chamberlain
3966:Historic figures
3755:Native Americans
3753:
3752:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3684:Keokuk's Reserve
3537:Pecatonica River
3487:Blue Mounds Fort
3400:Apple River Fort
3360:Joseph M. Street
3355:Antoine LeClaire
3345:George Davenport
3329:Samuel Whiteside
3314:John H. Rountree
3279:Ebenezer Brigham
3269:Milton Alexander
3264:John Giles Adams
3214:
3051:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
2966:Ho-Chunk History
2839:
2820:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2778:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:. Archived from
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2588:
2582:
2569:
2560:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2112:. pp. 8–9.
2107:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2051:www.tolatsga.org
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:. Archived from
1855:
1846:
1829:
1823:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:. 16 August 2017
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:Winnebago Agency
1659:"Indian Affairs"
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1629:
1489:, co-founder of
1459:Joba Chamberlain
1331:
1131:
982:Wonąǧire Wąąkšik
961:
899:Dakota Territory
855:During the 1862
800:, and thence by
434:Jesuit Relations
154:, also known as
57:Total population
40:
21:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4530:
4526:Durflinger Site
4434:
4348:
4322:
4288:Indian agencies
4261:
4225:
4144:
4108:
4104:Indian Congress
4074:Massacre Canyon
4062:Historic events
4057:
3983:Chief Blackbird
3973:Antonine Barada
3961:
3944:
3938:
3895:
3859:
3761:
3747:
3745:
3715:
3710:
3679:Black Hawk Tree
3662:
3598:Plum River raid
3571:
3567:Wisconsin River
3547:Sinsinawa Mound
3522:Gratiot's Grove
3512:Fort Koshkonong
3435:Kellogg's Grove
3379:
3375:Satterlee Clark
3365:Felix St. Vrain
3333:
3319:Isaiah Stillman
3309:Alexander Posey
3304:Abraham Lincoln
3250:
3236:Jefferson Davis
3201:
3174:
3146:
3128:
3110:
3092:
3042:
3037:
2980:Economic Botany
2923:Ho-Chunk Nation
2913:
2899:
2897:Further reading
2848:
2843:
2842:
2832:Wayback Machine
2821:
2817:
2811:Wayback Machine
2802:
2798:
2788:Wayback Machine
2779:
2775:
2769:Wayback Machine
2760:
2756:
2750:Wayback Machine
2741:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2579:Wayback Machine
2572:Hocank Language
2570:
2563:
2557:Wayback Machine
2548:
2544:
2535:Wayback Machine
2526:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2365:Reicher, Matt.
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:Reicher, Matt.
2276:
2275:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
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2027:
2018:
2014:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1939:Ho-Chunk Nation
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1857:
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1843:Economic Botany
1839:Wayback Machine
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1638:Ho-Chunk Nation
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1589:
1552:(also known as
1545:Peyote religion
1465:Henry Roe Cloud
1429:
1404:
1380:
1317:Woodbury County
1293:
1287:
1217:
1116:
1110:
1108:Ho-Chunk Nation
949:
915:Thurston County
879:
871:Main articles:
869:
824:in what is now
764:
652:
612:Wisconsin River
600:
554:Siouan language
538:
533:
488:
482:
423:Dakota language
392:Siouan language
376:
228:Siouan language
172:Native American
52:
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4616:
4614:
4606:
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4573:Siouan peoples
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4501:Patterson Site
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4334:Central Plains
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4315:
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4305:
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3667:Related topics
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3552:Soldiers Grove
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3450:Stillman Creek
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3415:Fort Armstrong
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3246:Zachary Taylor
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3241:Winfield Scott
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3226:Henry Atkinson
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3160:Billy Caldwell
3156:
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3129:
3127:
3126:
3124:Waukon Decorah
3120:
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1566:Sharice Davids
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1505:
1499:
1496:Bronson Koenig
1493:
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1481:Willard LaMere
1478:
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1379:
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1337:Missouri River
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1266:. In 1998 the
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1112:Main article:
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985:People of War
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947:Ho-Chunk clans
945:
883:secret society
868:
865:
838:Dakota peoples
770:, and finally
763:
760:
739:Black Hawk War
702:. They had no
664:tribes in the
651:
648:
599:
596:
537:
534:
532:
529:
481:
478:
446:Nicolas Perrot
384:Waukon Decorah
375:
372:
302:, and finally
281:Black Hawk War
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4461:Site JF00-072
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4247:Lalawakohtito
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4033:Standing Bear
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3502:Fort Hamilton
3500:
3498:
3497:Fort Defiance
3495:
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3492:Fort Crawford
3490:
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3482:Bad Axe River
3480:
3477:
3473:
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3460:Waddams Grove
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3405:Buffalo Grove
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3350:Henry Gratiot
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3047:Native people
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1025:Water-spirit
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558:effigy mounds
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407:Siouan tribes
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400:mother tongue
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308:Dakota people
305:
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277:Winnebago War
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73:United States
70:
65:
62:12,055 (2024)
60:
55:
46:
41:
30:
19:
4535:Other topics
4380:Signal Butte
4375:Schultz site
4344:Dismal River
4201:McClean Site
4196:Leshara Site
4099:Cheyenne War
3929:Santee Sioux
3891:Sac language
3881:Fox language
3855:Skidi Pawnee
3703:
3507:Fort Jackson
3465:Yellow Creek
3430:Indian Creek
3274:David Bailey
3115:
3088:Wabokieshiek
3055:British Band
2999:
2998:Paul Radin,
2986:
2979:
2964:
2953:
2903:
2869:
2852:
2835:
2823:
2818:
2799:
2791:
2776:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2682:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2545:
2537:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2432:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2370:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2282:
2255:. Retrieved
2246:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2216:WorldCat.org
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2162:
2141:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2109:
2096:
2076:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2050:
2047:"Potawatomi"
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1891:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1862:
1842:
1827:
1819:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1627:
1553:
1413:Long Prairie
1405:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1350:
1334:
1325:
1302:
1276:
1257:
1254:
1251:
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1218:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1091:
1074:
967:Translation
950:
923:
907:
880:
854:
791:
780:
768:South Dakota
765:
752:British Band
736:
716:
670:
653:
604:Jean Nicolet
601:
585:
550:oral history
547:
513:
509:
505:
497:
465:
458:Jean Nicolet
453:
444:
439:
431:
418:
410:
405:Neighboring
404:
395:
389:
339:
318:. After the
300:South Dakota
297:
273:Sauk peoples
232:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
123:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
4451:Indian Hill
4446:Indian Cave
4385:Site 25SM20
4242:Ahkawitakol
4221:Wright Site
4018:Petalesharo
3924:Sac and Fox
3576:Engagements
3289:Henry Dodge
3284:John Dement
3210:U.S. people
3068:Checokalako
2933:Hocak Worak
2867:Radin, Paul
2715:500 Nations
2412:17 December
2381:17 December
2350:17 December
2293:17 December
2257:17 December
2226:17 December
2195:17 December
2123:17 December
1608:Doty Island
1502:Truman Lowe
1402:Land claims
1394:in 2009 on
1353:2000 census
1321:Burt County
1086:matrilineal
1082:patrilineal
976:Thunderbird
891:Camp Porter
861:Little Crow
850:Sauk Rapids
822:Watab River
756:War of 1812
754:during the
666:Beaver Wars
614:and to the
592:sugar maple
517:Thunderbird
359:reservation
331:Camp Porter
4557:Categories
4415:Yutan Site
4365:Ash Hollow
4360:Leary Site
4216:Kelso Site
4043:Jim Thorpe
3517:Fort Union
3440:Plum River
3420:Fort Beggs
3231:Hugh Brady
3152:Potawatomi
3083:Towaunonne
3063:Black Hawk
2846:References
2781:"About Us"
2500:15 January
2474:8 February
2443:8 February
1378:Government
1215:Government
895:Crow Creek
857:Dakota War
680:Potawatomi
616:Rock River
484:See also:
427:Potawatomi
337:in 1863.
324:hate group
289:infectious
265:Potawatomi
170:-speaking
4028:Red Cloud
3934:Winnebago
3805:Missouria
3476:Wisconsin
3170:Waubonsie
3134:Menominee
2001:Winnebago
1487:Hononegah
1417:St. Louis
1409:Green Bay
1357:Winnebago
1185:La Crosse
933:Allamakee
919:sovereign
802:steamboat
732:epidemics
676:epidemics
640:Missouria
582:wild rice
548:Ho-Chunk
466:Les Puans
374:Etymology
285:epidemics
204:Algonquin
180:Minnesota
176:Wisconsin
164:Winnebago
143:Missouria
96:Languages
89:Minnesota
77:Wisconsin
4563:Ho-Chunk
4339:Woodland
4140:Niobrara
3800:Meskwaki
3785:Comanche
3759:Nebraska
3445:Saukenuk
3395:Illinois
3184:Meskwaki
3165:Shabbona
3116:Ho-Chunk
3078:Pamisseu
2828:Archived
2807:Archived
2784:Archived
2765:Archived
2746:Archived
2711:Archived
2693:25 April
2657:Archived
2626:Archived
2606:25 April
2600:Archived
2575:Archived
2553:Archived
2531:Archived
2468:Archived
2437:Archived
2406:Archived
2402:MinnPost
2375:Archived
2371:MNopedia
2344:Archived
2287:Archived
2283:MNopedia
2251:Archived
2220:Archived
2189:Archived
2114:Archived
2061:25 April
2055:Archived
2004:Archived
1943:Archived
1919:25 April
1913:Archived
1873:25 April
1835:Archived
1812:Archived
1775:25 April
1769:Archived
1587:See also
1582:, author
1523:Red Wing
1508:Red Bird
1504:, artist
1365:Thurston
1309:Thurston
1189:Marathon
1173:Crawford
1100:and the
1049:Buffalo
834:Chippewa
772:Nebraska
744:Saukenuk
729:smallpox
708:smallpox
704:immunity
696:epidemic
688:Meskwaki
662:Iroquois
620:Illinois
454:Le Puans
419:Hotháŋka
396:Ho-Chunk
304:Nebraska
293:smallpox
269:Meskwaki
212:Hocaagra
208:Ho-Chunk
198:and the
188:Illinois
160:Hoocągra
152:Ho-Chunk
112:Religion
81:Nebraska
38:Hoocągra
36:Ho-Chunk
3978:Big Elk
3780:Arikara
3775:Arapaho
3705:Warrior
3557:Victory
3542:Roxbury
3256:Militia
3197:Wapello
3142:Oshkosh
3106:Wapasha
3073:Neapope
1745:23 June
1719:23 June
1694:23 June
1668:23 June
1643:23 June
1421:Chicago
1361:Emerson
1231:Baraboo
1201:Shawano
1157:Jackson
1134:wąąkšik
1078:kinship
1022:Wakjexi
1001:Pigeon
929:Decorah
887:Mankato
632:Chiwere
594:trees.
587:Zizania
531:History
480:Culture
421:in the
413:in the
386:in 1825
248:wigwams
102:English
18:Hochunk
4370:Coufal
4135:Pawnee
3825:Pawnee
3527:Helena
3425:Galena
3388:Places
3338:Others
3192:Keokuk
3098:Dakota
2876:
2859:
2663:8 July
2632:8 July
2150:
1949:19 May
1761:"home"
1203:, and
1181:Juneau
1165:Monroe
1163:, and
1149:iPhone
1065:Snake
1014:Šųkjąk
993:Eagle
990:Caxšep
972:Wakąja
925:Waukon
712:famine
657:French
642:, and
624:Ojibwe
570:Oneota
450:Jesuit
411:Hotúŋe
382:Chief
271:, and
261:Ojibwe
239:Oneota
194:, the
186:, and
168:Siouan
166:are a
141:, and
87:, and
4298:Nanza
4252:Pahuk
4237:Pahur
3919:Ponca
3914:Omaha
3909:Ioway
3871:Hocak
3850:Sioux
3815:Omaha
3795:Kiowa
2117:(PDF)
2106:(PDF)
1791:et al
1619:Notes
1572:from
1443:Cpl.
1372:Omaha
1346:Sloan
1313:Dixon
1169:Adams
1161:Clark
1145:Hocąk
1057:Fish
1046:Cexjį
1038:Hųųwą
1033:Deer
1017:Wolf
1009:Bear
998:Rucge
964:Name
953:clans
474:China
417:) or
253:clans
162:, or
156:Hocąk
106:Hocąk
3820:Otoe
3218:Army
3182:and
3180:Sauk
2874:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2695:2018
2665:2018
2634:2018
2608:2018
2502:2014
2476:2024
2445:2024
2414:2022
2383:2022
2352:2022
2295:2022
2259:2022
2228:2022
2197:2022
2148:ISBN
2125:2022
2063:2018
1983:(3).
1951:2020
1921:2018
1875:2018
1777:2018
1747:2024
1721:2024
1696:2024
1670:2024
1645:2024
1469:Yale
1363:and
1351:The
1205:Wood
1197:Sauk
1193:Rock
1177:Dane
1062:Waką
1041:Elk
935:and
927:and
875:and
836:and
737:The
692:Sauk
644:Otoe
636:Iowa
574:corn
460:and
432:The
279:and
184:Iowa
150:The
139:Otoe
135:Iowa
85:Iowa
4130:Oto
3835:Sac
3757:in
2978:",
1419:to
1415:to
1411:to
1396:PBS
1390:on
1229:in
1006:Hųc
796:to
618:in
368:iOS
314:to
287:of
220:cąk
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2171:^
2108:.
2084:^
2053:.
2049:.
1989:^
1981:26
1979:.
1941:.
1937:.
1911:.
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1883:^
1861:.
1850:^
1841:,
1818:,
1793:;
1763:.
1737:.
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1661:.
1636:.
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1191:,
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