48:
1081:
389:
families and others. Toba had forced one of his sons to abdicate in favor of the son of another consort; and after 1142, former
Emperor Sutoku harbored the expectation that his son would follow Emperor Konoe on the throne. Sutoku's hopes were frustrated by the elevation of another brother who would
494:
Then
Yoshitomo attacked Tametomo but he was also repulsed. Sutoku's samurai fought hard, and a fierce battle continued. Yoshitomo suggested that they set the enemy palace on fire. This was done and, fighting both the flames and Go-Shirakawa's forces, Sutoku's samurai fled, leaving Go-Shirakawa's
503:
The forces of the reigning
Emperor Go-Shirakawa went on to defeat the forces of the former Emperor Sutoku. This made way for Go-Shirakawa to abdicate while still continuing to exercise unfettered Imperial powers. Go-Shirakawa became the new cloistered emperor in 1158, and he would continue to
408:
After the death of the Toba, forces loyal to reigning
Emperor Go-Shirakawa and the forces supporting retired former Emperor Sutoku disputed the accession of Go-Shirakawa and his continued possession of the throne. The opposing groups were also contending over continuation of
476:(son of Minamoto no Tameyoshi and younger brother of Yoshitomo) suggested a night attack on an enemy palace, but Fujiwara no Yorinaga rejected this strategy. Meanwhile, their enemy Minamoto no Yoshitomo suggested the same, and followed through on it.
1653:
535:
Minamoto no
Yoshitomo became head of his clan after the death of his father and together with Taira no Kiyomori, succeeded in establishing the two samurai clans as major new political powers in
359:
s reign (近衛天皇14年), the emperor died; and despite an ensuing dispute over who should follow him as sovereign, contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (
532:; Fujiwara no Yorinaga was killed in battle, and Minamoto no Tameyoshi and Taira no Tadamasa were executed. Tametomo survived the battle and was forced to flee.
383:, a new phase of this multi-faceted power struggle began to unfold. A bitter dispute between two of Toba's sons was paralleled by divisions within the several
310:
clans would come to be established. It is considered the beginning in a chain of events which would produce the first of three samurai-led governments in the
191:
1046:
1068:
1034:
934:
1579:
961:
490:. Kiyomori attacked the West gate where Tametomo defended it. Tametomo repulsed Kiyomori's force with his outstanding archery units.
1628:
1145:
184:
1253:
1151:
839:
814:
1648:
1633:
1061:
1638:
1498:
1115:
988:
214:
177:
1399:
1350:
975:
953:
1181:
1387:
547:
The outcome of the Hōgen
Rebellion and the rivalry established between the Minamoto and Taira clans led to the
947:
1643:
1618:
1054:
1009:
330:
abdicated, each intended to continue to wield various kinds of power behind the throne during the reign of
1320:
1277:
1247:
487:
1259:
322:
A simmering power struggle in the
Imperial court was focused on three figures in 1155. After the former
306:
produced a series of unanticipated consequences. It created a foundation from which the dominance of the
1623:
1175:
984:
450:
442:
422:
145:
136:
128:
1199:
1004:
446:
149:
1467:
1411:
1405:
1271:
473:
430:
426:
380:
368:
141:
110:
92:
1235:
1229:
1109:
740:
1517:
1344:
1308:
457:, head of the Taira clan and nephew of Taira no Tadamasa, sided with Go-Shirakawa and Tadamichi.
1163:
924:
564:
is about the exploits of the samurai who participated in the Hōgen
Rebellion. Together with the
239:
1523:
1492:
1356:
1338:
1326:
1265:
1030:
957:
930:
871:
835:
810:
782:
757:
754:
685:
682:
648:
509:
454:
285:
132:
1542:
1461:
1381:
1223:
1205:
1187:
1157:
1139:
720:
591:
578:
559:
513:
311:
289:
219:
1486:
1417:
1393:
1289:
1169:
949:
Seeds in the Heart: Japanese
Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century.
728:
724:
596:
555:
548:
525:
521:
410:
335:
244:
1193:
716:
505:
1548:
1423:
1375:
1332:
1314:
1283:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1127:
1121:
1020:
999:
876:
633:
517:
399:
327:
116:
1014:
Paris: Royal
Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
1612:
1554:
1509:
1429:
712:
572:
565:
331:
943:
787:
764:
692:
364:
338:. However, when young Konoe died, the dynamics of the contending factions changed.
323:
297:
234:
229:
224:
202:
39:
1534:
1367:
1024:
1133:
169:
47:
486:): At night, Kiyomori and Yoshitomo led 600 cavalry and attacked Sutoku in the
17:
249:
1594:
1581:
524:. His influence only ceased with his death in 1192. Sutoku was banished to
1560:
1478:
1300:
281:
994:
979:
965:
938:
1038:
866:
653:
643:
434:
347:
1015:
27:
1156 Japanese clan conflict over Imperial succession and Court influence
882:
529:
307:
582:) describe the rise and fall of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans.
288:. The dispute was also about the degree of control exercised by the
293:
671:, which was a time period spanning the years from 1156 through 1159.
1080:
856:
659:
536:
469:
438:
80:
76:
449:, head of the Taira contingent, sided with Sutoku and Yorinaga.
385:
1050:
173:
1654:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
363:) was received by a younger brother, the 4th son of former-
433:
sided with Sutoku. Each rival side in turn beckoned the
504:
exercise power throughout the reigns of five emperors:
429:, sided with Go-Shirakawa while his younger brother
1533:
1508:
1477:
1452:
1443:
1366:
1299:
1100:
1089:
1026:Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.
894:period, which spanned the years 1159 through 1160.
421:Go-Shirakawa and Sutoku were rival sons of Toba.
970:Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida. (1975).
923:Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979).
809:. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 34–37.
404:): The former-Emperor Toba died at the age of 54.
273:
32:
267:
1062:
185:
8:
800:
798:
796:
284:fought in order to resolve a dispute about
1449:
1097:
1069:
1055:
1047:
929:Berkeley: University of California Press.
834:. Stanford University Press. p. 256.
776:
774:
772:
453:, first son of Minamoto no Tameyoshi, and
192:
178:
170:
46:
29:
95:; establishment of Minamoto-Taira rivalry
1077:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan
292:clan who had become hereditary Imperial
607:
371:is said to have acceded to the throne (
985:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon
495:allies victorious on the battlefield.
1029:New York: Columbia University Press.
7:
739:in the same year until the reign of
468:): Both forces faced each other in
993:Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
926:Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.
484:Hōgen 1, 11th day of the 7th month
466:Hōgen 1, 10th day of the 7th month
352:) : In the 14th year of Konoe
25:
703:p. 326; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).
445:, head of the Minamoto clan, and
1079:
567:Tale of the Disturbance in Heiji
561:Tale of the Disturbance in Hōgen
1146:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion
1011:Annales des empereurs du Japon.
807:The Samurai, A Military History
686:Annales des empereurs du japon,
379:When Go-Shirakawa ascended the
1152:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
903:Sidensticker, Edward. (1975).
890:Rebellion occurred during the
390:become known as Go-Shirakawa.
1:
38:Part of clan disputes of the
1260:Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion
990:The Imperial House of Japan.
715:; and all sovereigns except
350:2, 24th day of the 7th month
286:Japanese Imperial succession
278:, July 28 – August 16, 1156)
402:1, 2nd day of the 7th month
274:
1670:
1499:Hibiya incendiary incident
1254:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion
1116:Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion
832:A History of Japan to 1334
805:Turnbull, Stephen (1977).
707:p. 44; a distinct act of
667:Rebellion occurred during
164:Unknown, incl. 600 cavalry
1400:Military Academy incident
976:University of Tokyo Press
954:Columbia University Press
711:is unrecognized prior to
680:Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
268:
210:
155:
122:
103:
67:July 28 – August 16, 1156
59:
45:
37:
1388:League of Blood Incident
886:." In other words, the
663:." In other words, the
115:Forces loyal to retired
1629:12th-century rebellions
830:Sansom, George (1958).
367:. Shortly after that,
215:Thirty-Eight Years' War
911:editors). pp. xiv-xix.
860:Rebellion," the noun "
752:Keene, Donald. (1999)
637:Rebellion," the noun "
620:The Tale of the Heike,
488:Siege of Shirakawa-den
472:. On the Sutoku side,
425:, first son of regent
123:Commanders and leaders
1176:Shishigatani incident
972:The Tale of the Heike
905:The Tale of the Heike
576:, these war stories (
451:Minamoto no Yoshitomo
443:Minamoto no Tameyoshi
423:Fujiwara no Tadamichi
411:cloistered government
146:Minamoto no Tameyoshi
137:Minamoto no Yoshitomo
129:Fujiwara no Tadamichi
1595:35.0117°N 135.7680°E
1406:February 26 incident
1272:Shimonoseki Campaign
474:Minamoto no Tametomo
431:Fujiwara no Yorinaga
427:Fujiwara no Tadazane
381:Chrysanthemum Throne
369:Emperor Go-Shirakawa
142:Fujiwara no Yorinaga
111:Emperor Go-Shirakawa
93:Emperor Go-Shirakawa
1649:Rebellions in Japan
1634:Civil wars in Japan
1591: /
1321:Shinpūren Rebellion
1278:Tenchūgumi incident
1248:Shakushain's revolt
1236:Shimabara Rebellion
1212:Yamashiro Rebellion
1182:Siege of Hōjūjidono
1110:Kibi Clan Rebellion
790:; Kitagawa, p. 783.
758:Seeds in the Heart,
741:Emperor Go-Murakami
441:clans of samurai.
1351:Fukushima incident
1345:Takebashi incident
1309:Two Lords Incident
1005:Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
614:Kitagawa, Hiroshi
1639:Conflicts in 1156
1600:35.0117; 135.7680
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1493:Nagasaki incident
1439:
1438:
1357:Chichibu incident
1339:Satsuma Rebellion
1327:Akizuki Rebellion
1274: (1863–1864)
1266:Teradaya incident
1250: (1669–1672)
1238: (1637–1638)
1134:Jinshin Rebellion
1035:978-0-231-04940-5
935:978-0-520-03460-0
872:Japanese era name
649:Japanese era name
455:Taira no Kiyomori
447:Taira no Tadamasa
258:
257:
201:Conflicts of the
168:
167:
150:Taira no Tadamasa
133:Taira no Kiyomori
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
1661:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1543:Shibuya incident
1462:Kakitsu uprising
1450:
1430:Mishima incident
1382:October incident
1230:Rokugō Rebellion
1224:Kunohe Rebellion
1206:Kakitsu uprising
1188:Kennin Rebellion
1140:Hayato Rebellion
1098:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1021:Varley, H. Paul.
1000:Titsingh, Isaac.
912:
901:
895:
864:" refers to the
852:
846:
845:
827:
821:
820:
802:
791:
778:
767:
750:
744:
695:; Brown, Delmer
678:
672:
641:" refers to the
629:
623:
612:
579:gunki monogatari
514:Emperor Takakura
358:
312:history of Japan
279:
277:
271:
270:
205:
194:
187:
180:
171:
109:Forces loyal to
61:
60:
50:
30:
21:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1529:
1504:
1487:Blood tax riots
1473:
1454:
1445:
1435:
1418:Matsue incident
1394:May 15 incident
1362:
1295:
1290:Kinmon incident
1200:Shōchō uprising
1194:Jōkyū Rebellion
1170:Heiji Rebellion
1164:Hōgen Rebellion
1160: (939–940)
1142: (720–721)
1102:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1044:
920:
915:
902:
898:
853:
849:
842:
829:
828:
824:
817:
804:
803:
794:
779:
770:
751:
747:
679:
675:
630:
626:
613:
609:
605:
597:Matsuyama tengu
588:
556:Kamakura period
549:Heiji Rebellion
545:
526:Sanuki Province
522:Emperor Go-Toba
501:
419:
356:
343:August 23, 1155
336:cloistered rule
326:and the former
320:
265:
263:Hōgen rebellion
259:
254:
245:Heiji Rebellion
240:Hōgen Rebellion
206:
200:
198:
83:
51:
33:Hōgen rebellion
28:
23:
22:
18:Hogen Rebellion
15:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Emperor Sutoku
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:1150s in Japan
1611:
1610:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:Bloody May Day
1546:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1524:Kantō Massacre
1521:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1468:Jōkyō uprising
1465:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:civil disorder
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1424:Sanmu incident
1421:
1415:
1412:Kyūjō incident
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1376:March incident
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1333:Hagi Rebellion
1330:
1324:
1318:
1315:Saga Rebellion
1312:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1284:Mito Rebellion
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1242:Keian Uprising
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1218:Kaga Rebellion
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1128:Isshi incident
1125:
1122:Iwai Rebellion
1119:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1018:
997:
982:
980:OCLC 262297615
968:
966:OCLC 246429887
941:
939:OCLC 251325323
919:
916:
914:
913:
896:
880:" and before "
847:
840:
822:
815:
792:
768:
745:
705:Jinnō Shōtōki,
673:
657:" and before "
624:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
594:
587:
584:
544:
541:
518:Emperor Antoku
510:Emperor Rokujō
500:
497:
492:
491:
477:
418:
415:
406:
405:
377:
376:
328:Emperor Sutoku
319:
316:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
208:
207:
199:
197:
196:
189:
182:
174:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
139:
125:
124:
120:
119:
117:Emperor Sutoku
113:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
89:
85:
84:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:Shinjuku riot
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:Tengyō no Ran
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:OCLC 59145842
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
991:
986:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
962:9780231114417
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
944:Keene, Donald
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
921:
917:
910:
906:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
858:
854:In the name "
851:
848:
843:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
786:, p. 616, at
785:
784:
777:
775:
773:
769:
766:
763:, p. 616, at
762:
761:
760:pp. 616–623.
756:
755:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Emperor Tenji
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:, p. 189, at
690:
689:
684:
683:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
655:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
635:
631:In the name "
628:
625:
621:
617:
611:
608:
602:
598:
595:
593:
592:Ōba Kagechika
590:
589:
585:
583:
581:
580:
575:
574:
573:Tale of Heike
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
552:
550:
542:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
489:
485:
481:
480:July 29, 1156
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:July 28, 1156
460:
459:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
403:
401:
396:
395:July 20, 1156
393:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
351:
349:
344:
341:
340:
339:
337:
333:
332:Emperor Konoe
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
276:
264:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Tengyō no Ran
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
195:
190:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:
172:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
114:
112:
108:
107:
102:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:battle screen
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1624:1156 in Asia
1576:
1563: (1970)
1557: (1968)
1551: (1952)
1545: (1946)
1526: (1923)
1520: (1918)
1501: (1905)
1495: (1886)
1489: (1873)
1470: (1686)
1464: (1441)
1432: (1970)
1426: (1961)
1420: (1945)
1414: (1945)
1408: (1936)
1402: (1934)
1396: (1932)
1390: (1932)
1384: (1931)
1378: (1931)
1359: (1884)
1353: (1882)
1347: (1878)
1341: (1877)
1335: (1876)
1329: (1876)
1323: (1876)
1317: (1874)
1311: (1868)
1292: (1864)
1286: (1864)
1280: (1863)
1268:(1862, 1866)
1262: (1837)
1256: (1789)
1244: (1651)
1232: (1603)
1208: (1441)
1202: (1428)
1196: (1221)
1190: (1201)
1184: (1184)
1178: (1177)
1172: (1160)
1166: (1156)
1043:
1025:
1016:OCLC 5850691
1010:
1003:
989:
971:
948:
925:
908:
904:
899:
891:
887:
881:
875:
865:
861:
855:
850:
831:
825:
806:
788:Google Books
781:
765:Google Books
759:
753:
748:
736:
732:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:Google Books
687:
681:
676:
668:
664:
658:
652:
642:
638:
632:
627:
619:
615:
610:
577:
571:
566:
560:
553:
546:
534:
506:Emperor Nijō
502:
493:
483:
479:
465:
461:
420:
407:
398:
394:
384:
378:
372:
365:Emperor Toba
360:
353:
346:
342:
324:Emperor Toba
321:
304:Hōgen no ran
303:
302:
298:Heian period
280:was a short
275:Hōgen no ran
262:
260:
235:Gosannen War
230:Zenkunen War
225:Toi invasion
203:Heian period
104:Belligerents
91:Victory for
53:Hōgen no ran
52:
40:Heian period
1598: /
1586:135°46′05″E
1220:(1487–1488)
1214:(1485–1493)
1154: (764)
1148: (740)
1136: (672)
1130: (645)
1124: (527)
1118: (479)
1112: (463)
995:OCLC 194887
296:during the
1613:Categories
1583:35°00′42″N
1518:Rice riots
1510:Taishō era
1453:Pre-Modern
1101:Pre-Modern
1094:rebellions
987:. (1959).
952:New York:
946:. (1999).
918:References
907:(Kitagawa
841:0804705232
816:0026205408
250:Genpei War
1561:Koza riot
1535:Shōwa era
1479:Meiji era
1444:Riots and
1368:Shōwa era
1301:Meiji era
1092:coups and
1090:Attempted
974:. Tokyo:
874:) after "
701:Gukanshō,
651:) after "
551:in 1159.
282:civil war
1023:(1980).
1002:(1834).
783:p. 616.
699:(1979).
688:p. 189.
618:(1975).
586:See also
570:and the
435:Minamoto
290:Fujiwara
156:Strength
72:Location
909:et al.,
883:Eiryaku
780:Keene,
729:Fushimi
725:Go-Toba
530:Shikoku
499:Outcome
318:Context
308:samurai
294:regents
161:Unknown
1226:(1591)
1033:
1008:; ou,
960:
933:
838:
813:
727:, and
697:et al.
622:p. 783
616:et al.
543:Legacy
520:, and
417:Battle
354:-tennō
88:Result
1455:Japan
1103:Japan
892:Heiji
888:Heiji
877:Hōgen
867:nengō
862:Heiji
857:Heiji
737:sokui
733:senso
731:have
721:Yōzei
709:senso
669:Hōgen
665:Hōgen
660:Heiji
654:Kyūju
644:nengō
639:Hōgen
634:Hōgen
603:Notes
558:epic
537:Kyoto
470:Kyōto
439:Taira
400:Hōgen
373:sokui
361:senso
357:'
348:Kyūju
81:Japan
77:Kyōto
1031:ISBN
958:ISBN
931:ISBN
836:ISBN
811:ISBN
735:and
717:Jitō
554:The
437:and
386:kuge
269:保元の乱
261:The
64:Date
528:of
334:in
1615::
1037:;
978:.
964:;
956:.
937:;
795:^
771:^
723:,
719:,
539:.
516:,
512:,
508:,
413:.
375:).
314:.
300:.
272:,
148:,
144:,
135:,
131:,
79:,
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
870:(
844:.
819:.
743:.
647:(
482:(
464:(
397:(
345:(
266:(
193:e
186:t
179:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
