205:
1625:
Marlett, Stephen A. 2007. Las relaciones entre las lenguas “hokanas” en México: ¿Cuál es la evidencia?. In
Cristina Buenrostro & others (eds.), Memorias del III Coloquio Internacional de Lingüística Mauricio Swadesh, 165–192. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto
1384:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
413:
The Hokan languages retained by
Kaufman (1988) due to regular sound correspondences and common core vocabulary are as follows. (The data on which these conclusions were drawn have not been published or evaluated by anyone else.) Apart from Shasta–Palaihnihan and Yuman, all branches are single
326:
to each other. But since about 1950, increased efforts to document Hokan languages and to establish sound correspondences in proposed lexical resemblance sets have added weight to the Hokan hypothesis, leading to its acceptance by many specialists in the languages of
California, Oregon, and
515:
Marlett (2008) reevaluated the evidence and concluded that the evidence for Seri and
Salinan has not been systematically or convincingly presented. The inclusion of the Tequistlatecan languages has also not received much support. The
1418:. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20–22, 2013. (Accessed 2021-10-07)
5254:
5244:
1596:, pp. 50–168. Eugene, Oregon: Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon. (University of Oregon Papers in Linguistics. Publications of the Center for Amerindian Linguistics and Ethnography 1.)
1673:. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20–22, 2013.
5249:
5193:
4219:
381:
and other peoples; archaeological evidence for this is summarized in Chase-Dunn & Mann (1998). These languages are spoken by Native
American communities around and east of
405:, between San Luis Obispo and Los Angeles, and other families, but the evidence is insubstantial, and most now restrict Hokan to some or all of the languages listed below.
4210:
5203:
4075:
5264:
5099:
1614:
5234:
2177:
5198:
1601:
1453:
1727:
5239:
365:. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
342:
was part of the Hokan family. This claim has not been accepted by historical linguists. Terrence
Kaufman wondered if Hokan might be related to
4203:
4223:
1586:
1480:
350:
3700:
3590:
3171:
5269:
5072:
2672:
5152:
3857:
4196:
1568:
1335:
3833:
1691:
5208:
3072:
1036:
4602:
5259:
4571:
2991:
2927:
2170:
3604:
3355:
2846:
3717:
2852:
4070:
2677:
2463:
2457:
2381:
1720:
3764:
3052:
4080:
4065:
3065:
2823:
2784:
374:
4920:
3839:
2697:
4060:
4054:
3112:
3030:
3003:
2707:
5157:
3626:
3084:
2742:
2702:
2692:
1592:
Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. "A Research
Program for Reconstructing Proto-Hokan: First Gropings." In Scott DeLancey, ed.
4538:
3287:
2882:
2712:
2398:
2163:
1852:
1836:
3845:
3821:
3796:
3769:
3752:
2660:
2231:
4038:
2762:
2717:
2687:
2186:
1760:
5018:
4246:
3517:
3349:
2404:
2220:
5229:
5167:
5000:
4663:
4085:
3892:
3529:
2411:
2099:
2038:
1713:
499:
362:
162:
4188:
528:
A lexicostatistical classification of the Hokan languages by
Zhivlov (2013) is roughly presented as follows.
3090:
3015:
2418:
2368:
2058:
617:
4994:
4952:
4761:
4727:
4445:
4104:
3952:
3747:
3742:
3523:
3476:
3106:
3023:
2682:
2666:
2474:
2375:
2238:
2214:
1847:
1842:
1552:
343:
335:
2440:
5162:
5108:
5027:
5005:
4646:
4528:
4150:
4048:
3737:
3540:
3330:
3319:
3281:
2888:
2862:
2767:
2757:
2356:
2207:
2052:
1955:
1825:
1820:
1785:
700:
448:
86:
5060:
5053:
3851:
3576:
4987:
4835:
4401:
4367:
4125:
4010:
3882:
3690:
3663:
3646:
3614:
3512:
3226:
3151:
3078:
2857:
2834:
2806:
2737:
2648:
2429:
2046:
1999:
493:
488:
322:. Initial follow-up research found little additional evidence that that these language families were
311:
156:
149:
5172:
5011:
4969:
4909:
4888:
4682:
4618:
4561:
4509:
4494:
4467:
4435:
4251:
3902:
3806:
3706:
3695:
3657:
3636:
3534:
3493:
3268:
3250:
3244:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3118:
3101:
2840:
2506:
2493:
2387:
2337:
2194:
2088:
1871:
1265:
992:
656:
505:
402:
167:
373:
The geographic distribution of the Hokan languages suggests that they became separated around the
5083:
5039:
4963:
4863:
4849:
4779:
4669:
4485:
4429:
4422:
4333:
4317:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3758:
3727:
3722:
3675:
3669:
3620:
3565:
3488:
3372:
3336:
3297:
3239:
3046:
3041:
2752:
2511:
2480:
2446:
2434:
2393:
2268:
2075:
2027:
2013:
1968:
1767:
1528:
1270:
936:
725:
545:
424:
378:
323:
93:
4306:
3913:
3876:
248:
language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken mainly in
5147:
5089:
4842:
4825:
4800:
4786:
4641:
4504:
4499:
4461:
4344:
3918:
3907:
3887:
3827:
3732:
3712:
3651:
3631:
3342:
3303:
3274:
3262:
3199:
3145:
3123:
3096:
3036:
3009:
2828:
2789:
2779:
2747:
2620:
2546:
2528:
2522:
2424:
2342:
2256:
2225:
2006:
1990:
1961:
1924:
1903:
1801:
1794:
1753:
1744:
1582:
1564:
1486:
1476:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1073:
1056:
1055:
Shaul (2019) notes the following similarities between Proto-Hokan (based on
Kaufman 2015) and
825:
577:
572:
563:
517:
442:
315:
299:
82:
5177:
5122:
5115:
5033:
4974:
4902:
4895:
4814:
4772:
4737:
4695:
4676:
4651:
4612:
4591:
4585:
4548:
4455:
4353:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4264:
4135:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3934:
3928:
3923:
3897:
3790:
3685:
3609:
3547:
3499:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3395:
3379:
3314:
3309:
3292:
3233:
3127:
3059:
2970:
2937:
2915:
2905:
2801:
2773:
2722:
2643:
2627:
2613:
2595:
2588:
2574:
2534:
2516:
2500:
2486:
2308:
2291:
2113:
2082:
1976:
1934:
1893:
1830:
1812:
1656:
1644:
1520:
1436:
1014:
709:
642:
637:
472:
467:
456:
222:
131:
124:
116:
4980:
4937:
4930:
4807:
4793:
4743:
4657:
4555:
4521:
4515:
4412:
4378:
4278:
4240:
4130:
4005:
3990:
3959:
3680:
3641:
3506:
3452:
3324:
3186:
2952:
2947:
2812:
2727:
2608:
2601:
2581:
2563:
2468:
2451:
2250:
1950:
1929:
1877:
1862:
1774:
733:
691:
622:
477:
358:
257:
136:
63:
57:
1619:
1606:
1458:
1387:
5046:
4878:
4856:
4709:
4688:
4580:
4474:
4394:
4387:
4326:
4271:
4140:
4000:
3969:
3940:
3571:
3457:
3440:
3390:
3385:
3256:
3193:
2963:
2957:
2877:
2872:
2818:
2795:
2540:
2362:
2319:
2302:
2296:
2274:
2262:
2146:
2124:
2107:
2020:
1908:
1508:
1167:
1005:
720:
660:
554:
462:
434:
398:
109:
76:
5223:
4750:
4716:
4702:
4360:
4257:
4024:
3964:
3946:
3462:
3446:
3400:
3157:
2977:
2942:
2932:
2910:
2867:
2732:
2313:
2245:
2130:
2119:
1898:
1557:
1540:
1369:
1237:
1196:
1027:
715:
608:
599:
483:
429:
354:
289:
142:
101:
17:
204:
2921:
2093:
1700:
672:
382:
319:
1669:
1414:
390:
328:
2568:
1640:
1630:
1490:
386:
249:
28:
1345:
520:
were once included, but that position has been almost universally abandoned.
2155:
1692:
Las relaciones entre las lenguas “hokanas” en México: ¿Cuál es la evidencia?
191:
177:
1660:
1559:
The Wintu and Their Neighbors: A Small World-System in Northern California
183:
1388:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
339:
284:
1545:
American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America
1290:
272:
is loosely based on the word for "two" in the various Hokan languages:
253:
1532:
1428:
1306:
4145:
4043:
1371:
Tlapaneko-Sutiaba, OtoMangean, and Hokan: where Greenberg went wrong
1330:(1st ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 504–510.
1524:
1440:
1705:
394:
1602:
A research program for reconstructing proto-Hokan: first gropings
1454:
A research program for reconstructing proto-Hokan: first gropings
4192:
4164:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2159:
1709:
1687:
1620:
Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
1607:
Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
1459:
Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
1511:(1956). "Glottochronologic counts of Hokaltecan materials".
353:
4) by Müller et al. (2013) found lexical similarities among
27:"Hokan" redirects here. For hōkan male geisha of Japan, see
231:
237:
209:
Hokan families of California, Arizona and Baja California
5255:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
5245:
Indigenous languages of the North American Great Basin
1594:
Papers from the 1988 Hokan–Penutian Languages Workshop
1291:"Relationship of the Indian languages of California."
310:
The "Hokan hypothesis" was first proposed in 1913 by
240:
234:
5250:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
5186:
5140:
5098:
5071:
4951:
4919:
4877:
4824:
4760:
4726:
4631:
4601:
4570:
4537:
4484:
4444:
4411:
4377:
4343:
4316:
4230:
4118:
4095:
4023:
3867:
3589:
3557:
3475:
3364:
3170:
3137:
2990:
2898:
2642:
2556:
2333:
2284:
2193:
2067:
2037:
1989:
1943:
1917:
1886:
1861:
1811:
1784:
1743:
331:. However, some skepticism remains among scholars.
228:
225:
190:
176:
69:
56:
46:
36:
1556:
1473:Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory
1435:, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar., 1963), pp. 40–59.
1385:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
1649:Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris
1328:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
1289:Dixon, Roland R.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913a).
293:
4204:
2171:
1721:
1701:Vocabulary Words in the Hokan Language Family
1634:International Journal of American Linguistics
1615:Some hypotheses regarding proto-Hokan grammar
1305:Dixon, Roland R.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913b)
8:
4174:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1581:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5095:
4916:
4821:
4534:
4313:
4211:
4197:
4189:
4031:
3597:
3481:
3178:
2996:
2653:
2348:
2199:
2178:
2164:
2156:
1883:
1728:
1714:
1706:
1645:"Un dialecte Hoka Colombien: le Yurumangí"
1631:The Seri and Salinan connection revisited.
1326:. In Brown, E. K.; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
1063:
277:
4220:Indigenous language families and isolates
1307:"New linguistic families in California."
679:
671:Some Hokan lexical correspondences from
1563:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1282:
283:
33:
5265:Indigenous languages of North America
1670:The Hokan family and lexicostatistics
1415:The Hokan family and lexicostatistics
349:An automated computational analysis (
68:
7:
988:Similar forms for 'tongue' include:
5235:Indigenous languages of California
1547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25:
655:Zhivlov (2013) does not consider
393:on the California coast, and the
377:by the influx of later-arriving
334:Linguist Paul Rivet claimed the
221:
203:
414:languages or shallow families.
5240:Indigenous languages of Mexico
1626:Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas.
401:. Some linguists also include
1:
1051:Similarities with Uto-Aztecan
1097:*apu ‘father/parent/mother’
927:
891:
857:
813:
780:
746:
681:
375:Central Valley of California
318:, and further elaborated by
1629:Marlett, Stephen A (2008).
1579:California Indian Languages
1475:. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
1402:California Indian Languages
1368:Kaufmann, Terrence (1990).
1322:Kaufmann, Terrence (2009).
1310:American Anthropologist, 15
675:(1963) are provided below.
5286:
5270:Proposed language families
1612:Kaufman, Terrence. 2015b.
1599:Kaufman, Terrence. 2015a.
26:
4159:
4034:
3600:
3484:
3181:
2999:
2656:
2351:
2202:
2187:Primary language families
2140:
1451:Kaufman, Terrence. 2015.
202:
58:Linguistic classification
41:
3004:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1694:(prepublication version)
1667:Zhivlov, Mikhail. 2013.
1555:; Kelly M. Mann (1998).
1412:Zhivlov, Mikhail. 2013.
1210:*mukːV ‘die (singular)’
397:peoples along the lower
4171:have no living members.
2059:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
1577:Golla, Victor. (2011).
1553:Chase-Dunn, Christopher
1427:Haas, Mary R. (1963): "
1067:Gloss (for Proto-Hokan)
663:to be Hokan languages.
306:History of the proposal
294:
278:
5260:Mesoamerican languages
5204:Unclassified languages
4151:Unclassified languages
4105:list of sign languages
3073:Northeastern Tasmanian
1429:Shasta and Proto-hokan
4126:Constructed languages
1661:10.3406/jsa.1942.2334
1471:Shaul, David (2019).
1181:*mata ~ *mati ‘know’
1178:#mata ~ #matu ~ #mati
18:Hokan language family
2673:Binanderean–Goilalan
1175:know (through magic)
1108:*i ‘objective case’
1091:paternal grandfather
1086:*atë(N) ‘louse/nit’
346:of Central America.
5153:Algonquian–Wakashan
3955:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3858:Tequiraca–Canichana
3701:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2464:Northwest Caucasian
2458:Northeast Caucasian
2382:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1266:Chumashan languages
439:Shasta–Palaihnihan
336:Yurumanguí language
5141:Proposed groupings
4231:Language families
3577:Tarascan/Purépecha
3066:Northern Tasmanian
2824:South Bougainville
2785:North Bougainville
1271:Penutian languages
1141:*man ~ *ma ‘hand’
5217:
5216:
5199:Extinct languages
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
4947:
4946:
4873:
4872:
4627:
4626:
4603:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4186:
4185:
4136:Language isolates
4114:
4113:
4019:
4018:
3585:
3584:
3471:
3470:
3166:
3165:
3113:Western Tasmanian
3031:Eastern Tasmanian
2986:
2985:
2708:East Geelvink Bay
2638:
2637:
2329:
2328:
2153:
2152:
2147:extinct languages
1985:
1984:
1971:
1969:Havasupai dialect
1964:
1853:Southeastern Pomo
1837:Northeastern Pomo
1587:978-0-5202-6667-4
1482:978-3-86288-986-0
1255:
1254:
1074:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1057:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
984:
983:
940:
829:
743:
736:
712:
703:
694:
685:
518:Chumash languages
316:Alfred L. Kroeber
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
5277:
5209:Linguistic areas
5096:
4917:
4822:
4535:
4314:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4190:
4032:
3986:Huaorani/Waorani
3870:(extant in 2000)
3834:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3605:Andoque–Urequena
3598:
3482:
3288:Plateau Penutian
3179:
3154:(Northern Daly?)
2997:
2883:Northwest Papuan
2847:Trans–New Guinea
2713:East New Britain
2688:Central Solomons
2654:
2399:Great Andamanese
2349:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
1967:
1962:Hualapai dialect
1960:
1887:Delta–California
1884:
1761:New River Shasta
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1685:
1664:
1574:
1562:
1548:
1536:
1495:
1494:
1468:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1358:Paul Rivet, 1942
1356:
1350:
1349:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1221:*muts ‘vagina’
1204:(not quite) dead
1064:
934:
823:
739:
730:
706:
697:
688:
683:
680:
618:Highland Chontal
297:
287:
281:
276:in Proto-Yuman,
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
207:
186:
34:
21:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5230:Hokan languages
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5182:
5128:
5094:
5076:linguistic area
5075:
5067:
4956:linguistic area
4955:
4943:
4915:
4869:
4820:
4765:linguistic area
4764:
4756:
4730:linguistic area
4729:
4722:
4623:
4597:
4566:
4533:
4480:
4440:
4407:
4373:
4339:
4312:
4232:
4226:
4217:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4155:
4141:Mixed languages
4110:
4091:
4026:
4015:
3869:
3863:
3718:Katembri–Taruma
3592:
3581:
3553:
3467:
3360:
3173:
3162:
3133:
2982:
2894:
2853:Turama–Kikorian
2763:Lower Mamberamo
2718:East Strickland
2646:
2634:
2552:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2280:
2189:
2184:
2154:
2149:
2136:
2100:Western Jicaque
2063:
2033:
1981:
1939:
1913:
1882:
1857:
1807:
1780:
1739:
1737:Hokan languages
1734:
1697:
1683:
1680:
1639:
1571:
1551:
1539:
1509:Bright, William
1507:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1450:
1446:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1338:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1262:
1130:*lowa ‘vagina’
1053:
979:
977:
973:
972:
968:
967:
963:
962:
958:
956:
953:
951:
947:
945:
941:
932:
923:
921:
908:
907:
904:
902:
898:
896:
887:
882:
879:
875:
867:
863:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
830:
819:
809:
804:
790:
786:
776:
771:
755:
751:
741:
732:
708:
699:
690:
669:
653:
526:
513:
411:
371:
312:Roland B. Dixon
308:
285:[koːkx]
266:
258:Baja California
224:
220:
210:
182:
64:language family
48:
42:(controversial)
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:Classification
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5168:Macro-Chibchan
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5003:
5001:Tequistlatecan
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4664:Tequistlatecan
4661:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Indo-Pakistani
4063:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Piaroa–Saliban
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3530:Tequistlatecan
3527:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3053:Marrku–Wurrugu
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:Hurro-Urartian
2408:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:Tequistlatecan
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1679:
1678:External links
1676:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1549:
1541:Campbell, Lyle
1537:
1525:10.2307/410651
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1481:
1463:
1444:
1441:10.2307/410761
1420:
1405:
1393:
1377:
1360:
1351:
1336:
1314:
1298:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:*saLa ‘pitch’
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:objective case
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1003:
986:
985:
982:
981:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
942:
930:
926:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
905:
899:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:'neck (nape)'
856:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:
737:
728:
723:
718:
713:
704:
695:
686:
668:
665:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
640:
633:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
613:
611:
604:
602:
595:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
575:
568:
566:
559:
557:
550:
548:
541:
530:
525:
524:Zhivlov (2013)
522:
512:
511:
510:
509:
503:
500:Tequistlatecan
497:
491:
486:
481:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
453:
452:
446:
437:
432:
427:
416:
410:
407:
399:Colorado River
385:, others near
370:
367:
363:Tequistlatecan
307:
304:
265:
262:
212:
211:
208:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
165:
163:Tequistlatecan
160:
154:
146:
139:
134:
129:
121:
113:
106:
98:
90:
80:
71:
67:
66:
60:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5282:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:Calusa–Tunica
4918:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4224:North America
4221:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Original Thai
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3840:Hibito–Cholón
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3356:Yuman–Cochimí
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:Southern Daly
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:Darwin Region
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Demta–Sentani
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:Indo-European
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:Austroasiatic
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Southern Pomo
1846:
1844:
1843:Northern Pomo
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:74.3: 393–99.
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:9780816518005
1566:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:9780080877754
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:*maka ‘give’
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1046:- < *ipari
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:< *ipariwa
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:< *ipariwa
1001:
997:
994:
991:
990:
989:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
943:
938:
931:
928:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
906:
900:
895:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:
827:
821:
817:
814:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
781:
774:
769:
766:
764:
761:
758:
754:
750:
747:
738:
735:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
682:
678:
677:
676:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
632:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
594:
593:
591:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
540:
539:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
529:
523:
521:
519:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
245:
219:
206:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
145:
144:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
78:
74:
73:
72:
65:
61:
59:
55:
52:North America
51:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5158:Aztec–Tanoan
5121:
5114:
5109:Guanahatabey
5107:
5100:Pre-Arawakan
5082:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5026:
5017:
5010:
4995:Oto-Manguean
4993:
4986:
4979:
4962:
4953:Mesoamerican
4936:
4929:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4762:Coahuiltecan
4749:
4742:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4675:
4668:
4656:
4632:
4611:
4590:
4572:Coast Oregon
4554:
4547:
4514:
4473:
4466:
4454:
4446:Macro-Siouan
4428:
4421:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4332:
4325:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4239:
4233:and isolates
4175:
4168:
4167:Families in
4102:
4053:
3951:
3939:
3789:
3757:
3748:Pano-Tacanan
3705:
3668:
3656:
3627:Arutani–Sape
3619:
3564:
3546:
3539:
3524:Oto-Manguean
3522:
3505:
3498:
3445:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3378:
3371:
3348:
3341:
3329:
3302:
3280:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3192:
3185:
3144:
3111:
3107:Western Daly
3085:Pama–Nyungan
3083:
3071:
3064:
3051:
3029:
3024:Eastern Daly
3022:
3014:
2969:
2845:
2833:
2811:
2794:
2772:
2743:Kaure–Kosare
2703:Doso–Turumsa
2693:Chimbu–Wahgi
2683:Bulaka River
2667:Austronesian
2665:
2626:
2619:
2600:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2475:Sino-Tibetan
2473:
2456:
2439:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2386:
2376:Austronesian
2374:
2367:
2355:
2301:
2239:Nilo-Saharan
2237:
2230:
2215:Austronesian
2213:
2206:
2142:
2129:
2112:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2053:Tequistlatec
2051:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1956:Upland Yuman
1870:
1835:
1826:Eastern Pomo
1821:Central Pomo
1800:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1736:
1698:(in English)
1684:(in Spanish)
1668:
1652:
1648:
1633:
1613:
1600:
1593:
1578:
1558:
1544:
1519:(1): 42–48.
1516:
1512:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1447:
1432:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1400:Golla (2011)
1396:
1386:
1380:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1233:
1192:
1163:
1127:#luwa, #lowa
1119:*ya- ‘come’
1054:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1008:
999:
995:
987:
777:*išamákʼaru
673:Mary R. Haas
670:
654:
533:
527:
514:
419:
412:
383:Mount Shasta
372:
369:Distribution
348:
333:
320:Edward Sapir
309:
282:(pronounced
273:
269:
267:
217:
215:
196:
148:
141:
123:
115:
108:
100:
92:
75:
70:Subdivisions
49:distribution
5163:Macro-Mayan
5028:Uto-Aztecan
5006:Totozoquean
4836:Coahuilteco
4647:Palaihnihan
4529:Tsimshianic
4061:Germanosign
3965:Mura-Pirahã
3846:Lule–Vilela
3822:Bora-Witoto
3797:Uru–Chipaya
3770:Ticuna–Yuri
3753:Peba–Yaguan
3738:Nambikwaran
3541:Uto-Aztecan
3477:Mesoamerica
3331:Uto-Aztecan
3320:Tsimshianic
3282:Palaihnihan
3152:Malak-Malak
2889:Papuan Gulf
2863:West Papuan
2768:Lower Sepik
2758:Lakes Plain
2661:Arai–Samaia
2649:the Pacific
2357:Afroasiatic
2232:Niger–Congo
2208:Afroasiatic
2047:Huamelultec
2000:Coahuilteco
1786:Palaihnihan
1641:Rivet, Paul
1294:Science, 37
1215:young woman
1195:- ‘woman’ (
1070:Proto-Hokan
1033:< *ipari
1024:< *ipari
810:*imačipasi
805:*imačipasí
775:*išamarukʼa
772:*išamákari
701:PALAIHNIHAN
489:Coahuilteco
449:Palaihnihan
344:Oto-Mangean
329:Mesoamerica
150:Coahuilteco
87:Palaihnihan
5224:Categories
5019:Mixe–Zoque
4988:Misumalpan
4910:Chitimacha
4402:Algonquian
4368:Athabaskan
4247:Yuki–Wappo
4055:Francosign
3903:Chiquitano
3883:Alacalufan
3691:Guaicuruan
3664:Chapacuran
3647:Cahuapanan
3615:Araucanian
3518:Mixe–Zoque
3513:Misumalpan
3227:Comecrudan
3079:Nyulnyulan
2858:Upper Yuat
2835:Torricelli
2807:Senu River
2738:Foja Range
2644:New Guinea
2569:Burushaski
2430:Kartvelian
2405:Hmong–Mien
2221:Khoe–Kwadi
1491:1132875180
1277:References
1186:be a woman
1166:‘mother’ (
1116:#iyu, #iya
1080:louse/flea
854:*imakʼari
808:*č-imapasi
785:*č-ímapasi
770:*išamárika
667:Vocabulary
659:(Tol) and
508:(Tolan, 2)
494:Comecrudan
387:Lake Tahoe
250:California
157:Comecrudan
94:Ch’imáriko
47:Geographic
29:Taikomochi
5173:Tolatecan
5073:Caribbean
5061:Alagüilac
5054:Purépecha
5040:Cuitlatec
5012:Totonacan
4970:Jicaquean
4889:Muskogean
4864:Mamulique
4850:Comecrudo
4780:Karankawa
4683:Jicaquean
4670:Chimariko
4619:Kalapuyan
4562:Sahaptian
4510:Yok-Utian
4495:Chinookan
4468:Iroquoian
4436:Chimakuan
4252:Chumashan
4086:Tanzanian
4027:languages
3924:Hodï/Joti
3868:Isolates
3807:Yanomaman
3743:Otomákoan
3707:Jirajaran
3696:Guajiboan
3658:Catacaoan
3637:Barbacoan
3566:Cuitlatec
3535:Totonacan
3494:Jicaquean
3373:Chimariko
3269:Muskogean
3251:Kalapuyan
3245:Iroquoian
3220:Chumashan
3213:Chinookan
3206:Chimakuan
3124:Yangmanic
3119:Worrorran
3102:Wagaydyic
2992:Australia
2841:Trans-Fly
2507:Yeniseian
2494:Tyrsenian
2388:Dravidian
2145:indicate
2131:Yana/Yahi
2089:Jicaquean
2076:Chimariko
2028:Mamulique
2014:Comecrudo
1768:Okwanuchu
1346:318247422
1312:, 647–655
1245:pitch/sap
1149:#ma ~ #mo
1138:#man, #ma
980:*ipariwa
937:Okwanuchu
929:'tongue'
888:*amipaki
852:*imarakʼi
726:Chimariko
657:Jicaquean
592:Southern
546:Chimariko
538:Northern
506:Jicaquean
430:Yana/Yahi
425:Chimariko
409:Languages
268:The name
264:Etymology
192:Glottolog
178:ISO 639-5
168:Jicaquean
62:Proposed
5084:Arawakan
4964:Chibchan
4843:Cotoname
4801:Quinigua
4787:Maratino
4486:Penutian
4430:Wakashan
4423:Salishan
4334:Eskimoan
4318:Eskaleut
4119:See also
4096:Isolates
4071:Japanese
4011:Yuracaré
3893:Candoshi
3852:Macro-Jê
3817:Zaparoan
3812:Zamucoan
3802:Witotoan
3785:Tucanoan
3780:Tiniguan
3775:Timotean
3759:Quechuan
3728:Matacoan
3723:Mascoian
3713:Jivaroan
3676:Chibchan
3670:Charruan
3621:Arawakan
3558:Isolates
3489:Chibchan
3365:Isolates
3337:Wakashan
3298:Salishan
3240:Eskaleut
3146:Giimbiyu
3138:Isolates
3047:Jarrakan
3042:Iwaidjan
2899:Isolates
2753:Kutubuan
2621:Sumerian
2557:Isolates
2512:Yukaghir
2481:Tungusic
2447:Mongolic
2435:Koreanic
2394:Eskaleut
2285:Isolates
2269:Ubangian
2007:Cotoname
1925:Maricopa
1904:Kumeyaay
1802:Atsugewi
1795:Achumawi
1754:Konomihu
1655:: 1–59.
1643:(1942).
1543:(1997).
1513:Language
1433:Language
1260:See also
1236:‘clan’ (
978:*ipawari
901:*yaw̃ari
897:*č-imari
886:*imapaki
883:*amipúki
866:*iwapaKi
849:*imakáli
847:*imalikí
826:Achomawi
815:'navel'
789:*iwapasi
782:'liver'
752:*ísamakʼ
578:Atsugewi
573:Achumawi
379:Penutian
340:Colombia
300:Achumawi
5148:Amerind
5123:Ciguayo
5116:Macorix
5090:Cariban
5064: ?
4923: ?
4903:Atakapa
4896:Natchez
4881: ?
4828: ?
4826:Pakawan
4815:Tonkawa
4773:Aranama
4728:Pueblo
4696:Salinan
4677:Esselen
4642:Shastan
4635: ?
4613:Takelma
4605: ?
4592:Siuslaw
4574: ?
4549:Klamath
4541: ?
4539:Plateau
4505:Maiduan
4500:Wintuan
4488: ?
4462:Caddoan
4448: ?
4415: ?
4354:Tlingit
4345:Na-Dene
4300:Waikuri
4293:Timucua
4286:Kutenai
4265:Beothuk
4169:italics
4146:Pidgins
4131:Creoles
4081:Swedish
4049:Chinese
3996:Urarina
3981:Puinave
3935:Itonama
3929:Irantxe
3898:Chimane
3828:Chimuan
3733:Nadahup
3652:Cariban
3632:Aymaran
3593:America
3435:Waikuri
3428:Tonkawa
3421:Timucua
3414:Takelma
3407:Siuslaw
3396:Kutenai
3380:Esselen
3343:Wintuan
3304:Shastan
3275:Na-Dene
3263:Maiduan
3200:Caddoan
3174:America
3128:Wagiman
3126:(incl.
3097:Tangkic
3037:Garawan
3010:Bunuban
2971:Tambora
2938:Maybrat
2906:Abinomn
2829:Teberan
2790:Pauwasi
2780:Mairasi
2748:Kiwaian
2628:Tambora
2614:Shompen
2596:Kusunda
2589:Kenaboi
2575:Elamite
2547:Siangic
2529:Kho-Bwa
2523:Hrusish
2441:Kra–Dai
2425:Japonic
2334:Eurasia
2309:Sandawe
2292:Bangime
2257:Songhay
2143:Italics
2114:Salinan
2083:Esselen
1991:Pakawan
1977:Yavapai
1935:Quechan
1894:Cocopah
1872:Cochimí
1831:Kashaya
1745:Shastan
1502:Sources
1324:"Hokan"
1168:Yoemian
1037:Chontal
1015:Salinan
993:Chumash
924:*irama
920:*yamari
909:*ilaw̃a
903:*iw̃ari
893:'nose'
862:*ímapka
818:*ímaraw
759:*išamál
756:*ísamaK
638:Salinan
473:Salinan
468:Esselen
443:Shastan
403:Chumash
324:related
302:, etc.
254:Arizona
170:(Tolan)
125:Salinan
117:Esselen
5178:Waroid
5034:Xincan
4975:Lencan
4938:Calusa
4931:Tunica
4808:Solano
4794:Naolan
4738:Tanoan
4652:Pomoan
4586:Coosan
4581:Alsean
4556:Molala
4516:Yokuts
4456:Siouan
4307:Pericú
4279:Cayuse
4044:BANZSL
4006:Yamana
3991:Trumai
3960:Movima
3914:Fulniô
3877:Aikanã
3791:Tupian
3686:Chonan
3610:Arauan
3548:Xincan
3500:Lencan
3453:Yokuts
3350:Yukian
3315:Tanoan
3310:Siouan
3293:Pomoan
3234:Coosan
3060:Mirndi
2953:Porome
2948:Pawaia
2802:Senagi
2774:Madang
2723:Eleman
2678:Border
2609:Nihali
2602:Minoan
2582:Hattic
2564:Basque
2535:Mijiic
2517:Digaro
2501:Uralic
2487:Turkic
2338:Europe
2195:Africa
1951:Paipai
1930:Mojave
1878:Kiliwa
1813:Pomoan
1775:Shasta
1585:
1567:
1533:410651
1531:
1489:
1479:
1344:
1334:
1189:#momo-
976:*ipari
971:*ipáli
957:bawal-
944:*ipali
922:*imari
762:malʔgu
748:'ear'
740:PROTO-
731:PROTO-
707:PROTO-
698:PROTO-
692:SHASTA
689:PROTO-
643:Pomoan
564:Shasta
457:Pomoan
389:, the
279:c-oocj
256:, and
132:Pomoan
83:Shasta
5187:Lists
5047:Huave
4981:Mayan
4857:Garza
4744:Keres
4710:Washo
4689:Karuk
4658:Yuman
4633:Hokan
4522:Utian
4475:Yuchi
4413:Mosan
4395:Yurok
4388:Wiyot
4379:Algic
4327:Aleut
4272:Bidai
4241:Haida
4001:Warao
3970:Nukak
3941:Kunza
3919:Guató
3908:Cofán
3888:Camsá
3681:Choco
3642:Boran
3591:South
3572:Huave
3507:Mayan
3458:Yuchi
3441:Washo
3391:Karuk
3386:Haida
3325:Utian
3257:Keres
3194:Alsea
3187:Algic
3172:North
2964:Taiap
2958:Sulka
2813:Sepik
2728:Engan
2469:Ongan
2452:Nivkh
2320:Shabo
2303:Jalaa
2297:Hadza
2251:Mande
2125:Washo
2108:Karuk
2068:Other
2021:Garza
1918:River
1909:Tipai
1863:Yuman
1529:JSTOR
1296:, 225
1248:#sala
1226:child
1218:#mus-
1164:maːla
1160:#mari
1157:woman
1006:Washo
996:elʔew
961:ápri-
950:*ipál
933:ipwá
843:-napu
839:ʔárup
835:lakʼi
798:váfiš
742:HOKAN
721:Karok
684:GLOSS
661:Washo
623:Yuman
555:Karuk
534:Hokan
478:Yuman
463:Washo
435:Karuk
420:Hokan
395:Yuman
359:Yuman
288:) in
274:*xwak
270:Hokan
218:Hokan
137:Yuman
110:Washo
77:Karuk
37:Hokan
4879:Gulf
4751:Zuni
4717:Yana
4703:Seri
4361:Eyak
4258:Adai
4176:bold
4103:See
4039:Arab
4025:Sign
3976:Páez
3953:Maku
3947:Leco
3463:Zuni
3447:Yana
3401:Seri
3158:Tiwi
2978:Wiru
2943:Mpur
2933:Kuot
2916:Anêm
2911:Abun
2878:Yuat
2873:Yawa
2819:Skou
2796:Ramu
2647:and
2541:Miju
2363:Ainu
2343:Asia
2341:and
2314:Laal
2275:Kadu
2263:Ijaw
2226:Kx'a
2120:Seri
1899:Ipai
1583:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1342:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1238:Hopi
1234:ŋyam
1229:#ŋam
1207:#mu-
1197:Hopi
1193:momo
1146:give
1135:hand
1124:wife
1113:come
1094:#apu
1083:#ači
1040:pala
1028:Seri
1022:ipaL
1018:épal
1000:elew
966:-pen
878:-kki
874:vúˑp
822:alu
767:-sam
734:YUMA
716:Yana
710:POMO
609:Seri
600:Yana
484:Seri
480:(12)
391:Pomo
361:and
355:Seri
351:ASJP
314:and
295:ha'k
290:Seri
216:The
197:None
143:Seri
102:Yana
4222:of
2928:Kol
2922:Ata
2868:Yam
2733:Fas
2246:Tuu
2094:Tol
1944:Pai
1688:PDF
1657:doi
1521:doi
1437:doi
1431:."
1105:#-i
1044:peɬ
1031:apɬ
1009:alŋ
801:-ši
795:ima
502:(3)
496:(3)
459:(7)
451:(2)
445:(4)
338:of
298:in
184:hok
5226::
3130:)?
1690:)
1653:34
1651:.
1647:.
1618:.
1605:.
1527:.
1517:32
1515:.
1485:.
1457:.
1340:.
1240:)
1199:)
1170:)
1059:.
1042:,
1020:,
998:,
952:__
946:__
357:,
292:,
260:.
252:,
232:oʊ
4212:e
4205:t
4198:v
4178:.
4088:?
3972:?
3931:?
3910:?
3879:?
3860:?
3854:?
3848:?
3842:?
3836:?
3830:?
3824:?
3093:?
3056:?
3019:?
3006:?
2973:?
2966:?
2960:?
2924:?
2918:?
2891:?
2885:?
2630:?
2616:?
2604:?
2591:?
2549:?
2543:?
2537:?
2531:?
2525:?
2519:?
2345:)
2336:(
2322:?
2316:?
2277:?
2271:?
2265:?
2259:?
2253:?
2242:?
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1686:(
1663:.
1659::
1622:.
1609:.
1589:.
1573:.
1535:.
1523::
1493:.
1461:.
1439::
1391:.
1374:.
1348:.
1232:-
939:)
935:(
828:)
824:(
244:/
241:n
238:æ
235:k
229:h
226:ˈ
223:/
159:†
153:†
128:†
120:†
105:†
97:†
89:†
85:-
31:.
20:)
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