2966:
4337:
6356:
7532:
2980:
7006:
878:. However, due to ambiguities in the meaning of "Cantonese" in the English language, as it can refer to both the greater Yue dialect group or its prestige standard (Standard Cantonese), "Taishanese" and "Cantonese" are commonly used in mutually exclusive contexts, i.e. Taishanese is treated separately from "Cantonese". Despite the closeness of the two, they are hardly
7544:
889:, Taishanese pronunciation and vocabulary may sometimes differ greatly from Cantonese. Although Taishan stands only 60 miles (100 km) from the city of Guangzhou, they are separated by numerous rivers, and the dialect of Taishan is among the most linguistically distant Yue dialects from the Guangzhou dialect.
912:
is the standard language of the People's
Republic of China and the only legally allowed medium for teaching in schools throughout most of the country (except in minority areas), so residents of Taishan speak Mandarin as well. Although the Chinese government has been making great efforts to popularize
2164:
to the end of the mid, low, mid falling and low falling tones. The high endpoint of the changed tone often reaches an even higher pitch than the level high tone; this fact has led to the proposal of an expanded number of pitch levels for
Taishanese tones. The changed tone can change the meaning of a
3962:
are generally used in the literature. Each tone has two numbers, the first denotes the pitch level at the beginning of the tone, and the second denotes the pitch level at the end of the tone. Cheng modified the numerical range from 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest): high tone as 66, mid tone as 44, and low
3918:
Language in the USA - Page 217 Charles A. Ferguson, Shirley Brice Heath, David Hwang - 1981 "Even the kind of
Cantonese which the Chinese Americans speak causes difficulties, because most of them have come from the rural Seiyap districts southwest of Canton and speak dialects of that region rather
3908:
Phonology of
Cantonese - Page 192 Oi-kan Yue Hashimoto - 1972 "... affricates and aspirated stops into consonant clusters is for external comparative purposes, because the Cantonese aspirated stops correspond to /h/ and some of the Cantonese affricates correspond to stops in many Siyi (Seiyap)
2160:: mid rising, low rising, mid dipping and low dipping. These tones are called changed tones because they are the product of morphological processes (e.g. pluralization of pronouns) on four of the lexical tones. These tones have been analyzed as the addition of a high
805:
from the late-19th to mid-20th centuries. Taishanese was the predominant dialect spoken by the 19th-century
Chinese builders of railroads in North America. Approximately 1.3 million people are estimated to have origins in Taishan. Prior to the signing of the
769:
Taishanese originates from the
Taishan region, where it is spoken. Taishanese can also be seen as a group of very closely related, mutually intelligible dialects spoken in the various towns and villages in and around Siyi (the four counties of
2414:
The following chart compares the personal pronouns among
Taishanese, Cantonese, and Mandarin. In Taishanese, the plural forms of the pronouns are formed by changing the tone, whereas in Cantonese and Mandarin, a plural marker (地/哋/等 dei6 and
2368:, based on Mandarin, was codified as the new written standard. As Taishanese is primarily used in speech, characters needed specifically for writing Taishanese are not standardized and may vary. Commonly seen alternatives are shown below.
861:
by older generations of
Chinese immigrants and their children, but is today being supplanted by mainstream Cantonese and increasingly by Mandarin in both older and newer Chinese communities alike, across the continent.
1601:
The final consonant (or rime) occurs after the initial sound, which consists of a medial, a nucleus, and a coda. There are three medial (or glides) in
Taishanese that occur after the initial sound: null or no medial,
7063:
4749:
4740:
1342:‘I; me’, denasalization does not seem to take place. In syllable final position following the rounded vowel , /ŋ/ is usually modified by lip-rounding. Examples are: 東 /uŋ/ ‘east’ and 紅 /huŋ/ ‘red’.
913:
Mandarin by administrative means, most
Taishan residents do not speak Mandarin in their daily lives, but treat it as a second language, with Cantonese being the lingua franca of their region.
749:
prefecture; so whereas the term Sìyì has become an anachronism, the older term Sze Yup remains in current use in overseas Chinese communities where it is their ancestral home. The term
6481:
3859:
2364:
united and facilitated cross-dialect exchange in dynastic China, as opposed to the spoken dialects which were too different to be mutually intelligible. In the 20th century,
801:
A vast number of Taishanese immigrants journeyed worldwide through the Taishan diaspora. The Taishan region was a major source of Chinese immigrants through continental
4134:
4089:
7211:
885:
The phonology of Taishanese bears a lot of resemblance to Cantonese, since both of them are part of the same Yue branch. Like other Yue dialects, such as the
6364:
1977:: high, mid, low, mid falling, and low falling. In at least one Taishanese dialect, the two falling tones have merged into a low falling tone. There is no
7040:
4991:
811:
560:
2165:
word, and this distinguishes the changed tones from tone sandhi, which does not change a word's meaning. An example of a changed tone contrast is 刷
5070:
1314:). The velar nasal (ŋ) sound occurs in both syllable initial and syllable final positions. There is a tendency toward denasalization for initial
807:
6662:
5901:
3448:
6712:
3229:
Hoisan-wa reclaimed: Chinese American language maintenance and language ideology in historical and contemporary sociolinguistic perspective
2408:
2380:
1186:
1576:
1278:
6554:
4127:
3608:
1260:
1200:
1094:
4102:
3867:
3412:
3308:
3287:
3259:
3204:
4336:
2383:) is particularly challenging, as it has no standard romanization. The digraph "lh" used above to represent this sound is used in
7580:
7219:
7100:
6634:
4861:
3964:
2372:
1479:
1179:
934:
408:
5341:
4067:
7224:
7033:
4984:
4120:
3619:
3116:
1506:
592:
446:
342:
289:
761:), literally "five counties", refers to the modern administrative region, but this term is not used to refer to Taishanese.
3844:
in 1943, immigration from China was still limited to only 2% of the number of Chinese already living in the United States (
2395:, which are among several written representations in the languages that include the sound. The alternative "hl" is used in
607:). Xinning was renamed Taishan in 1914, and linguistic literature has since generally referred to the local dialect as the
6950:
6404:
1238:
600:
438:
273:
4866:
4522:
4086:
4083:
You can download the Defense Language Institute's 'Chinese-Cantonese (Toishan) Basic Course' audio and text material here
7108:
7009:
6920:
6444:
4919:
1227:
1193:
1087:
624:
4567:
4205:
7575:
6925:
6797:
6722:
6379:
4912:
4489:
1549:
1515:
1452:
1211:
6967:
6940:
6817:
6729:
6476:
6456:
3084:
2365:
1557:
1531:
1271:
1080:
1073:
628:
7026:
6519:
5217:
4977:
4812:
4259:
4180:
3181:
Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and China, 1882-1943
909:
632:
616:
525:
4309:
7404:
6893:
6878:
6868:
6582:
4893:
4496:
1568:
1463:
826:
418:
252:
246:
91:
4557:
5234:
3819:
7334:
6905:
5779:
5741:
5144:
4887:
4673:
1103:
474:
414:
4640:
6839:
6682:
5280:
4933:
4926:
4706:
4143:
2376:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2170:
2166:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2018:
2012:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1911:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1839:
1816:
1793:
1770:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1119:
1058:
1047:
1042:
509:
156:
95:
3749:
7349:
7085:
6834:
6757:
6471:
6449:
5204:
5037:
4876:
4826:
4382:
3837:
1252:
1009:
1002:
927:
879:
834:
115:
7548:
7163:
7153:
6288:
6278:
655:
is a term based on the local pronunciation, although it is not generally used in published literature.
5263:
7570:
7364:
7294:
7279:
7252:
7090:
6602:
6570:
6399:
6283:
6042:
5590:
5524:
5019:
4688:
4534:
4480:
3296:
2993:
1585:
1574:
1566:
1555:
1547:
1529:
1513:
1504:
1486:
1477:
1461:
1450:
846:
838:
552:
103:
6197:
5706:
7470:
7399:
7389:
7369:
7299:
6846:
6812:
6647:
6614:
6461:
6389:
6306:
6147:
6142:
5896:
5212:
4871:
4461:
4288:
4219:
3012:
2384:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
858:
123:
107:
6677:
6010:
7536:
7319:
7158:
7072:
6962:
6829:
6792:
6575:
6509:
6504:
6394:
6384:
5881:
5689:
5684:
5083:
4712:
4321:
4187:
3780:
3523:
Cantonese speakers have been shown to understand only about 31% of what they hear in Taishanese (
3392:
3156:
2388:
1974:
1970:
1022:
983:
955:
850:
830:
771:
648:
540:
502:
6233:
5988:
5602:
810:, which allowed new waves of Chinese immigrants, Taishanese was the dominant dialect spoken in
725:'four counties'). Sìyì or Sze Yup refers to a previous administrative division in the
7475:
7445:
7262:
7185:
7148:
7140:
7121:
6873:
6863:
6742:
6707:
6562:
6514:
6466:
6355:
6086:
6020:
5876:
5861:
5532:
5509:
5463:
5388:
5314:
5194:
5162:
5116:
5055:
5045:
5010:
4820:
4780:
4758:
4723:
4717:
4682:
4620:
4614:
4594:
4388:
4376:
4359:
4267:
4213:
4193:
3792:
3444:
3408:
3304:
3283:
3255:
3200:
3112:
2998:
2361:
1587:
1488:
1220:
970:
960:
842:
742:
726:
529:
422:
161:
111:
83:
31:
6238:
6228:
6213:
5627:
3623:
3126:
Him, Kam Tak (1980), "Semantic-Tonal Processes in Cantonese, Taishanese, Bobai and Siamese",
7344:
7309:
7247:
6979:
6499:
6374:
6159:
6081:
6032:
5993:
5942:
5856:
5808:
5792:
5672:
5632:
5566:
5554:
5514:
5468:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5393:
5222:
5167:
5152:
5028:
5000:
4841:
4801:
4771:
4745:
4695:
4653:
4562:
4539:
4432:
4419:
4412:
4369:
4294:
4157:
3384:
3375:
Yu, Alan (2007), "Understanding near mergers: The case of morphological tone in Cantonese",
3148:
2392:
1626:, and null or no vowel. There are nine main codas at the end of the final: null or no coda,
950:
945:
791:
754:
712:
568:
556:
404:
314:
166:
61:
6005:
5701:
5649:
5644:
5578:
4099:
3779:
Chan, Josie (2008). "Who Built the Canadian Pacific Railway? Chinese Workers from Hoisan".
7517:
7409:
7324:
7304:
7267:
7242:
6930:
6910:
6898:
6807:
6767:
6752:
6747:
6491:
6341:
6331:
6311:
6268:
6263:
6129:
6093:
6076:
6066:
5823:
5759:
5546:
5442:
5437:
5346:
5293:
5288:
5268:
5253:
5248:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5157:
5129:
5101:
5078:
4833:
4787:
4646:
4528:
4467:
4301:
4248:
4239:
4225:
4106:
4093:
3805:
3753:
3188:
3176:
2985:
1472:
996:
965:
897:
886:
783:
738:
296:
280:
148:
6935:
6223:
5639:
3963:
tone as 22. In this article Chao's tone letters are used, as they've been adopted by the
3227:
651:
pronunciation and are also frequently found in linguistic and non-linguistic literature.
551:(which includes Taishan). Thus, up to the mid-20th century, Taishanese was the dominant
7419:
7314:
7289:
7201:
6984:
6974:
6945:
6652:
6624:
6336:
6321:
6174:
6169:
6154:
6098:
6037:
5919:
5891:
5871:
5818:
5787:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5711:
5694:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5559:
5504:
5486:
5404:
5378:
5319:
5239:
5227:
5179:
5134:
5124:
5050:
4903:
4881:
4795:
4764:
4700:
4660:
4634:
4608:
4585:
4508:
4454:
4426:
4395:
4273:
4199:
2404:
2396:
1499:
1032:
5496:
3882:
3318:
238:
7585:
7564:
7512:
7450:
7424:
7272:
7191:
6785:
6597:
6592:
6164:
6108:
6103:
6071:
6058:
5934:
5886:
5813:
5769:
5659:
5419:
5258:
5106:
5093:
4627:
4549:
4315:
4280:
4232:
3956:
3784:
3440:
3238:
3192:
3033:
2400:
2161:
1433:
1172:
905:
822:
572:
564:
544:
119:
87:
65:
3396:
7465:
7429:
7414:
7394:
7379:
6657:
6607:
5983:
5866:
5839:
5383:
5373:
4601:
4517:
4473:
4402:
4071:
3959:
3841:
3098:
2971:
2157:
1990:
1110:
901:
680:
is most commonly used in academic literature, to about the same extent as the term
321:
7257:
7170:
6802:
6776:
6672:
6642:
6619:
6587:
6326:
6316:
6120:
6015:
6000:
5963:
5911:
5732:
5723:
5619:
5458:
5333:
5060:
4947:
4162:
3349:
Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, Assimilation, and Adhesive Identities
3072:
1978:
1445:
1428:
871:
790:; the names "Taishan, Kaiping, Enping and Xinhui", as above, are romanized from
498:
370:
171:
3407:, Language Information Sciences Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong,
3139:
Hom, Marlon Kau (1983), "Some Cantonese Folksongs on the American Experience",
2979:
7485:
7384:
7374:
7175:
6218:
5958:
5924:
5429:
5356:
3890:
Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
3388:
3326:
Proceedings of ALS2K, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
2961:
1524:
1438:
930:
99:
7502:
7455:
7359:
7234:
7080:
7059:
7049:
6667:
6418:
6409:
6137:
6027:
5679:
5667:
5478:
5309:
4962:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
4940:
4581:
4346:
4153:
3109:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
2360:
The writing system is Chinese. Historically, the common written language of
2179:
875:
818:
787:
692:
do appear in print literature, although they are used more on the internet.
533:
513:
478:
335:
231:
217:
205:
139:
3241:(1986), "Toishan Affixal Aspects", in McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.),
7507:
7460:
7284:
7180:
7116:
6989:
6957:
6543:
6184:
5365:
802:
746:
697:
464:
356:
176:
131:
17:
4112:
896:
in Guangdong province, and speakers of other Chinese varieties (such as
7495:
7490:
7354:
7329:
7134:
6856:
6536:
6423:
6252:
5848:
4442:
4035:
3160:
854:
775:
730:
703:
548:
517:
426:
135:
79:
7480:
6915:
6717:
4355:
4170:
795:
779:
734:
612:
521:
454:
127:
69:
3152:
660:
7018:
4969:
4051:
3437:
Chinese America: the untold story of America's oldest new community
3038:
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Philology (Academia Sinica)
908:) living in Guangdong may also speak Cantonese. On the other hand,
7339:
7128:
6428:
4351:
4166:
3823:
536:
57:
933:(or onsets) in Taishanese, which is shown in the chart below in
7022:
4973:
4116:
619:
pronunciation. Alternative names have also been used. The term
539:. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, most of the
3746:
3232:, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 1–237
1384:) is an allophone of the voiced fricative sibilant initial (
3342:, Champaign, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
3169:
Songs of Gold Mountain: Cantonese Rhymes from San Francisco
3096:
Don, Alexander (1882), "The Lin-nen variation of Chinese",
4019:
3595:
3252:
The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity
1302:) are allophones of the pre-nasalized voiced stop onsets (
3860:"Chinatown Decoded: What Language Is Everybody Speaking?"
382:
361:
347:
3270:
Szeyap Data for a First Approximation of Proto-Cantonese
3015:(1978), "Tone features", in Fromkin, Victoria A. (ed.),
583:
The earliest linguistic studies refer to the dialect of
1983:
1369:) when the first vowel of the final consonant is high (
1357:) are allophones of the respective alveolar sibilants (
30:
This article is about the dialect. For the people, see
1419:
There are about seven different vowels in Taishanese:
658:
These terms have also been anglicized with the suffix
3058:
Cheng, Teresa M. (1973), "The Phonology of Taishan",
326:
508:
Even though they are related, Taishanese has little
7438:
7233:
7210:
7099:
7071:
6886:
6855:
6784:
6775:
6766:
6700:
6691:
6633:
6553:
6528:
6490:
6437:
6363:
6299:
6251:
6206:
6183:
6128:
6119:
6057:
5976:
5951:
5933:
5910:
5847:
5838:
5801:
5778:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5658:
5618:
5545:
5523:
5495:
5477:
5451:
5428:
5364:
5355:
5332:
5302:
5279:
5203:
5143:
5115:
5092:
5069:
5036:
5027:
5018:
4902:
4854:
4811:
4739:
4672:
4580:
4548:
4506:
4441:
4344:
4258:
4151:
3215:
Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics
376:
369:
355:
341:
334:
320:
313:
308:
288:
272:
263:
245:
229:
215:
203:
198:
145:
75:
53:
39:
3883:"Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"
3319:"Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects"
3250:Ma, Laurence; Cartier, Carolyn L., eds. (2003),
3147:(2), Western Folklore, Vol. 42, No. 2: 126–139,
3301:Middle Chinese: A Study in Historical Phonology
3282:, Princeton University Press, pp. 23–104,
1610:. There are five main vowels after the medial:
3245:, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, pp. 415–425
3171:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
817:As of 2015 Taishanese is still spoken in many
7034:
4985:
4128:
3977:
3051:Tone Sandhi: Patterns Across Chinese Dialects
2940:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2777:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2614:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2422:
2416:
2339:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2246:
2239:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
294:
278:
45:
8:
3729:
3727:
3091:, Washington, DC: Defense Language Institute
3024:Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997),
729:consisting of the four counties of Taishan,
4087:Chinese Character to Taishanese Lookup tool
3939:
3937:
3888:, in Allan, Keith; Henderson, John (eds.),
3506:
3504:
3502:
3360:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
3213:Lee, Gina (1987), "A Study of Toishan F0",
3073:"Chung: Chinese 'peasant' dialect redeemed"
3053:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
720:
7041:
7027:
7019:
7005:
6781:
6772:
6697:
6125:
5844:
5737:
5728:
5361:
5033:
5024:
4992:
4978:
4970:
4808:
4669:
4503:
4255:
4135:
4121:
4113:
3577:
3575:
3488:
3486:
3183:, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press
808:Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
561:Chinatowns in Canada and the United States
305:
36:
3435:Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic (2005).
3919:than the Standard Cantonese of the city"
3566:
3548:
3546:
3254:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 57,
3089:Chinese-Cantonese (Toishan) Basic Course
2429:
2175:
1660:
1421:
939:
528:), located on the western fringe of the
469:
3427:
874:branch of Chinese, which also includes
516:. Taishanese is also spoken throughout
419:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4109:. Alphabetical Dictionary and Lessons.
4002:
3928:
3801:
3790:
3692:
3405:The Dancun Dialect of Taishan 台山淡村方言研究
3111:. State University of New York Press.
260:
3766:
3734:
3666:
3653:
3524:
3511:
3369:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
3243:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies
3199:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 203,
1973:. There are five contrastive lexical
1573:) can be a labial-velar approximant (
1437:
1432:
942:
7:
7543:
3944:
3493:
3464:
3403:Yue-Hashimoto 余, Anne O. 霭芹 (2005),
2381:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
3990:
3845:
3840:was repealed by the signing of the
3718:
3705:
3679:
3640:
3582:
3537:
3477:
3226:Leung, Genevieve Yuek-Ling (2012),
3197:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3553:
1406:) can be a semivowel of the vowel
1395:) can be a semivowel of the vowel
892:Standard Cantonese functions as a
90:: historic Chinese communities in
25:
3338:Wong, Maurice Kuen-shing (1982),
1277:
1270:
1259:
1237:
1226:
1210:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1021:
1008:
1001:
7542:
7531:
7530:
7004:
6482:Literary and colloquial readings
6354:
4335:
3272:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
2978:
2964:
1554:) can be a palatal approximant (
4020:"Taishanese Language Resources"
3858:Lucas, Scott (April 21, 2015).
3596:Defense Language Institute 1964
870:Taishanese is a dialect of the
812:Chinatowns across North America
676:. Of the previous three terms,
383:
362:
348:
3620:University of Michigan Library
3351:, Penn State Press, p. 39
3128:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3060:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3019:, New York, NY: Academic Press
2941:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2778:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2615:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2423:
2417:
1402:The labial-velar approximant (
604:
596:
459:
450:
442:
327:
295:
279:
46:
1:
3747:Taishan (Hoisanese Sanctuary)
2867:
2803:
2704:
2640:
2541:
2477:
2427:men, respectively) is added.
2371:The sound represented by the
1290:The respective nasal onsets (
7010:List of varieties of Chinese
4030:Taishanese Resources Website
2899:
2891:
2827:
2736:
2728:
2664:
2573:
2565:
2501:
2124:
2095:
2062:
2033:
2007:
625:United States Postal Service
623:is a convention used by the
4036:"Toisanese Chop Suey 台山话杂碎"
3820:"Taishan International Web"
3028:, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
2929:
2847:
2766:
2684:
2603:
2521:
866:Relationship with Cantonese
741:. In 1983, a fifth county (
711:in Cantonese romanization;
7602:
6968:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3616:United States Census, 2000
3278:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987),
3085:Defense Language Institute
3036:(1951), "Taishan Yuliao",
3026:Modern Cantonese Phonology
2362:Classical Literary Chinese
1584:The rounding of the schwa
629:Defense Language Institute
29:
7526:
7057:
7002:
6352:
5007:
4957:
4333:
3978:Bauer & Benedict 1997
3389:10.1017/S0952675707001157
3303:, UBC Press, p. 31,
3049:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000),
3017:Tone: A Linguistic Survey
2437:
2434:
2432:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2126:low falling (yang shang)
1743:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1666:
1663:
1485:
1427:
1424:
1391:The palatal approximant (
1380:The palatal approximant (
1251:
1165:
1031:
995:
981:
969:
964:
959:
949:
944:
910:Standard Mandarin Chinese
758:
716:
633:2000 United States Census
617:Standard Mandarin Chinese
526:Standard Mandarin Chinese
394:
304:
268:
44:
7405:The Legend of Five Goats
4068:"Learn Taishanese (台山話)"
4062:Taishanese Language Blog
4046:Taishanese Language Blog
3756:from asianworld.pftq.com
3340:Tone Change in Cantonese
3167:Hom, Marlon Kau (1987),
3107:Grimes, John A. (1996).
2864:
2800:
2701:
2637:
2538:
2474:
2403:, while "ll" is used in
2366:standard written Chinese
1546:The closed front vowel (
1334:‘moon’. In words like 牙
290:Traditional Chinese
92:Chinatown, San Francisco
3881:Szeto, Cecilia (2001),
3347:Yang, Fenggang (1999),
3317:Szeto, Cecilia (2000),
2896:
2888:
2824:
2733:
2725:
2661:
2570:
2562:
2498:
1565:The closed back vowel (
1345:The palatal sibilants (
274:Simplified Chinese
7581:Languages of Guangdong
3280:The Languages of China
2916:
2844:
2753:
2681:
2590:
2518:
611:, a term based on the
563:. It was formerly the
510:mutual intelligibility
489:, in local dialect as
403:This article contains
96:San Francisco Bay Area
27:Dialect of Yue Chinese
7350:Cantonese nationalism
7194:and the Vereker Banks
4862:Central Tibeto-Burman
3870:on November 16, 2016.
3838:Chinese Exclusion Act
3367:The T'ai-Shan Dialect
3077:San Jose Mercury News
3071:Chung, L. A. (2007),
2004:Jyutping tone number
1410:when used as a glide.
1399:when used as a glide.
880:mutually intelligible
825:, including those of
695:Another term used is
116:Quincy, Massachusetts
94:, other parts of the
7486:Cantonese fried rice
7466:Roasted suckling pig
7375:Cantonese lion dance
7365:Lingnan Confucianism
7295:Cantonese embroidery
7280:Lingnan architecture
7253:Varieties of Chinese
3609:"Language code list"
3371:(Ph.D. Dissertation)
3274:(Ph.D. Dissertation)
3268:McCoy, John (1966),
3234:(Ph.D. Dissertation)
3013:Anderson, Stephen R.
2994:Varieties of Chinese
2156:Taishanese has four
62:overseas communities
7400:Cantonese folktales
7390:Cantonese merchants
7300:Teochew woodcarving
7220:Guangzhou Education
7113:Metropolitan areas
4920:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3365:Yiu, T'ung (1946),
3356:Yip, Moira (2002),
2409:Other written forms
926:There are 19 to 23
786:, transcribed from
745:) was added to the
593:traditional Chinese
447:traditional Chinese
124:Seattle, Washington
7576:Taishan, Guangdong
7225:Shenzhen Education
6963:Cantonese Bopomofo
6830:Chinese characters
6758:Written Sichuanese
5342:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
4913:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4855:Proposed groupings
4105:2019-11-09 at the
4092:2016-10-19 at the
4052:"Four Counties 四邑"
3752:2011-07-19 at the
3297:Pulleyblank, Edwin
922:Initial consonants
601:simplified Chinese
541:Chinese emigration
503:Taishan, Guangdong
501:dialect native to
439:simplified Chinese
7558:
7557:
7476:Seafood birdsnest
7446:Cantonese cuisine
7395:Red cotton flower
7186:Nanling Mountains
7149:Pearl River Delta
7141:Leizhou Peninsula
7122:Pearl River Delta
7016:
7015:
6998:
6997:
6825:
6824:
6743:Written Cantonese
6738:
6737:
6520:Classical grammar
6515:Cantonese grammar
6350:
6349:
6247:
6246:
6053:
6052:
5972:
5971:
5834:
5833:
5541:
5540:
5328:
5327:
5218:Chengdu–Chongqing
5011:Sinitic languages
4967:
4966:
4850:
4849:
4735:
4734:
4576:
4575:
4331:
4330:
3826:on June 10, 2008.
3800:Missing or empty
3450:978-1-56584-962-4
2999:Cantonese culture
2955:
2954:
2353:
2352:
2169:(to brush) and 刷
2154:
2153:
2009:high (yin shang)
1962:
1961:
1581:) as a semivowel.
1562:) as a semivowel.
1543:
1542:
1287:
1286:
792:Standard Mandarin
727:Pearl River Delta
723:
647:are all based on
530:Pearl River Delta
473:), alternatively
415:rendering support
411:phonetic symbols.
398:
397:
390:
389:
343:Yale Romanization
315:Standard Mandarin
259:
258:
112:Chinatown, Boston
84:Pearl River Delta
32:Taishanese people
16:(Redirected from
7593:
7546:
7545:
7534:
7533:
7471:Bird's nest soup
7345:Cantonese poetry
7310:Canton porcelain
7248:Cantonese people
7043:
7036:
7029:
7020:
7008:
7007:
6980:Taiwanese Hangul
6869:Mainland Chinese
6782:
6773:
6698:
6375:Standard Chinese
6358:
6126:
5845:
5738:
5729:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5362:
5034:
5025:
5001:Chinese language
4994:
4987:
4980:
4971:
4809:
4670:
4504:
4339:
4256:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4114:
4100:"Hoisanva Sites"
4082:
4080:
4079:
4070:. Archived from
4061:
4059:
4058:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3866:. Archived from
3855:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3822:. Archived from
3816:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3776:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3722:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3629:on June 2, 2008.
3628:
3622:. Archived from
3613:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3432:
3417:
3399:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3313:
3292:
3273:
3264:
3246:
3233:
3222:
3209:
3189:Ladefoged, Peter
3184:
3177:Hsu, Madeline Y.
3172:
3163:
3141:Western Folklore
3135:
3122:
3103:
3092:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3045:
3029:
3020:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2378:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:low (yang ping)
2055:
2046:
2040:
2020:
2014:
1984:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1841:
1818:
1795:
1772:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:Final consonants
1591:
1580:
1572:
1561:
1553:
1535:
1519:
1510:
1492:
1483:
1467:
1456:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1025:
1012:
1005:
991:
986:
979:
940:
760:
724:
721:
718:
615:romanization of
606:
598:
571:residing in the
569:overseas Chinese
557:Chinese language
547:originated from
524:romanization of
520:(or Siyi in the
471:
461:
452:
444:
421: instead of
386:
385:
365:
364:
351:
350:
330:
329:
306:
300:
299:
284:
283:
261:
255:
241:
225:
220:
208:
151:
64:particularly in
49:
48:
37:
21:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7522:
7518:Teochew cuisine
7434:
7410:Villain hitting
7335:Guangdong music
7325:Cantonese opera
7305:Lingnan penjing
7243:Lingnan culture
7229:
7206:
7095:
7067:
7053:
7047:
7017:
7012:
6994:
6931:Tongyong Pinyin
6911:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
6899:Dungan Cyrillic
6882:
6851:
6821:
6762:
6753:Written Hokkien
6734:
6693:
6687:
6663:Middle Mandarin
6629:
6549:
6524:
6486:
6433:
6366:
6359:
6346:
6295:
6243:
6202:
6179:
6115:
6049:
5968:
5947:
5929:
5906:
5830:
5797:
5774:
5718:
5654:
5614:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5537:
5519:
5491:
5473:
5447:
5424:
5351:
5324:
5298:
5275:
5199:
5139:
5111:
5088:
5065:
5014:
5003:
4998:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4904:Proto-languages
4898:
4846:
4813:Greater Siangic
4807:
4744:
4731:
4668:
4572:
4544:
4502:
4446:
4437:
4349:
4340:
4327:
4260:Greater Magaric
4254:
4181:West Himalayish
4161:
4147:
4141:
4107:Wayback Machine
4094:Wayback Machine
4077:
4075:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3835:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3799:
3789:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3754:Wayback Machine
3745:
3741:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3415:
3402:
3374:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3295:
3290:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3212:
3207:
3187:
3175:
3166:
3153:10.2307/1499969
3138:
3125:
3119:
3106:
3095:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3048:
3032:
3023:
3011:
3007:
2986:Language portal
2984:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2951:
2932:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2883:
2872:
2859:
2850:
2839:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2794:
2788:
2769:
2748:
2739:
2731:
2720:
2709:
2696:
2687:
2676:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2606:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2557:
2546:
2533:
2524:
2513:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2468:
2458:
2447:
2411:occur as well.
2375:symbol ⟨
2358:
2295:
2235:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2035:mid (yin ping)
1967:
1599:
1417:
1219:
1171:
1118:
1067:
1037:
989:
982:
977:
954:
924:
919:
887:Goulou dialects
868:
767:
682:Taishan dialect
609:Taishan dialect
581:
470:toi4 saan1 waa2
432:
431:
430:
413:Without proper
384:hoi˧ san˨ va˧˨˥
363:toi4 saan1 waa2
251:
237:
223:
216:
204:
194:
152:
149:Language family
147:
102:such as in the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7599:
7597:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7563:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7540:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:Teochew people
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7315:Lingnan School
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7290:Lingnan garden
7287:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7250:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7202:Shamian Island
7199:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7111:
7105:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6975:Taiwanese kana
6972:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6946:Lessing-Othmer
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Written Dungan
6745:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6704:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6653:Middle Chinese
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6620:Wubi (Wang Ma)
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6568:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6337:Xiangnan Tuhua
6334:
6329:
6324:
6322:Shaozhou Tuhua
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6134:
6132:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5235:Renshou–Fushun
5232:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5145:Central Plains
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4894:Tibeto-Kanauri
4891:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4864:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4755:
4753:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4588:
4586:Southeast Asia
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4523:Angami–Pochuri
4520:
4514:
4512:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4448:
4447:Burmese border
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4365:
4363:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4098:Gene M. Chin.
4096:
4084:
4063:
4047:
4031:
4013:
4012:External links
4010:
4008:
4007:
4005:, p. 104.
3995:
3982:
3969:
3949:
3933:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3873:
3850:
3829:
3811:
3771:
3758:
3739:
3723:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3671:
3658:
3645:
3632:
3600:
3587:
3571:
3558:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3498:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3449:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3400:
3383:(1): 187–214,
3372:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3314:
3309:
3293:
3288:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3247:
3239:Light, Timothy
3235:
3223:
3210:
3205:
3193:Maddieson, Ian
3185:
3173:
3164:
3136:
3123:
3117:
3104:
3093:
3081:
3079:, San Jose, CA
3068:
3055:
3046:
3034:Chao, Yuen-Ren
3030:
3021:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2975:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2379:⟩ (the
2357:
2356:Writing system
2354:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1969:Taishanese is
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1563:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1343:
1338:‘tooth’ and 我
1285:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1006:
999:
993:
992:
987:
980:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
948:
943:
923:
920:
918:
915:
867:
864:
766:
763:
580:
577:
417:, you may see
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
353:
352:
345:
339:
338:
336:Yue: Cantonese
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
311:
310:
309:Transcriptions
302:
301:
292:
286:
285:
276:
270:
269:
266:
265:
257:
256:
249:
243:
242:
235:
227:
226:
221:
213:
212:
209:
201:
200:
199:Language codes
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
155:
153:
146:
143:
142:
77:
73:
72:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7598:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7551:
7550:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Hakka cuisine
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7451:Beef chow fun
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7425:Zhuang people
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:Pratas Island
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:Cyrillization
6892:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6786:Script styles
6783:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6357:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:Proto-Karenic
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:Proto-Loloish
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:Tibeto-Burman
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4674:Burmo-Qiangic
4671:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4568:Jingpho–Luish
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4206:Baram–Thangmi
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4074:on 2014-12-17
4073:
4069:
4064:
4053:
4048:
4037:
4032:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:, p. 23.
3930:
3925:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3864:San Francisco
3861:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:Although the
3833:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:Anderson 1978
3562:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:The New Press
3438:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:962-442-279-6
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3310:0-7748-0192-1
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:0-691-06694-9
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3261:0-7425-1756-X
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3206:0-631-19815-6
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2931:
2928:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2768:
2765:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2605:
2602:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2428:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2162:floating tone
2159:
2158:changed tones
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:偷 (to steal)
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:Changed tone
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1344:
1330:‘fish’ and 月
1326:‘to drink’，魚
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
976:
975:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
938:
936:
932:
929:
921:
916:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:lingua franca
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
865:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:New York City
836:
832:
828:
827:San Francisco
824:
823:North America
820:
815:
813:
809:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
764:
762:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
594:
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
573:United States
570:
566:
565:lingua franca
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:North America
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
466:
462:
456:
448:
440:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
393:
381:
379:
375:
372:
368:
360:
358:
354:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
325:
323:
319:
316:
312:
307:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
233:
228:
222:
219:
214:
210:
207:
202:
197:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
154:
150:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:New York City
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:United States
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
66:United States
63:
59:
56:
52:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7547:
7535:
7430:Chu Hua Yuan
7415:Hakka people
7380:Wong Tai Sin
7370:Flowermarket
7196:
7190:
6916:Hanyu Pinyin
6906:Romanization
6813:Semi-cursive
6658:Old Mandarin
6615:Stroke count
6542:
6535:
6457:Old National
6300:Unclassified
6192:
5205:Southwestern
5038:Northeastern
5020:Major groups
5009:
4959:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4886:
4832:
4825:
4800:
4786:
4779:
4770:
4763:
4722:
4707:Lolo-Burmese
4705:
4681:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4527:
4495:
4488:
4479:
4472:
4460:
4453:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4375:
4368:
4320:
4314:
4300:
4293:
4279:
4272:
4247:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4212:
4198:
4186:
4179:
4144:Sino-Tibetan
4076:. Retrieved
4072:the original
4055:. Retrieved
4039:. Retrieved
4034:Stephen Li.
4023:. Retrieved
4018:Stephen Li.
3998:
3985:
3972:
3960:tone numbers
3952:
3924:
3914:
3904:
3893:, retrieved
3889:
3876:
3868:the original
3863:
3853:
3842:Magnuson Act
3832:
3824:the original
3814:
3774:
3761:
3742:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3624:the original
3615:
3603:
3590:
3561:
3532:
3519:
3472:
3459:
3436:
3430:
3404:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3329:, retrieved
3325:
3300:
3279:
3269:
3251:
3242:
3228:
3218:
3214:
3196:
3180:
3168:
3144:
3140:
3134:(2): 205–240
3131:
3127:
3108:
3099:China Review
3097:
3088:
3076:
3066:(2): 256–322
3063:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3016:
2972:China portal
2949:
2946:
2933:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2786:
2783:
2770:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2413:
2370:
2359:
2296:
2236:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2155:
2141:low dipping
2112:mid dipping
2097:mid falling
2001:Chao Number
1991:Tone contour
1968:
1600:
1592:is variable.
1418:
925:
893:
891:
884:
869:
816:
800:
768:
750:
708:
702:
696:
694:
689:
685:
684:. The terms
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
657:
652:
644:
640:
636:
635:. The terms
620:
608:
588:
584:
582:
507:
494:
490:
486:
482:
468:
458:
434:
433:
402:
377:
322:Hanyu Pinyin
247:Linguasphere
230:
181:
157:Sino-Tibetan
7571:Yue Chinese
7258:Yue Chinese
7171:Pearl River
6985:Xiao'erjing
6847:Punctuation
6840:Traditional
6793:Oracle bone
6777:Logographic
6673:Proto-Hakka
6648:Eastern Han
6643:Old Chinese
6505:Classifiers
6472:Northern Wu
6400:Singaporean
5606: [
5594: [
5582: [
5570: [
5558: [
4948:Proto-Hakka
4877:Mahakiranti
4383:East Bodish
4163:Uttarakhand
4066:C.J. Chow.
4050:Aaron Lee.
4003:Ramsey 1987
3929:Ramsey 1987
3693:Grimes 1996
2334:(32 or 31)
2328:(32 or 31)
2316:(22 or 11)
2173:(a brush).
2109:皓 (bright)
2083:low rising
2074:(22 or 11)
2050:mid rising
1979:tone sandhi
1322:‘ear’, 飲/饮
1253:Approximant
835:Los Angeles
821:throughout
499:Yue Chinese
460:Táishān huà
429:characters.
349:Tòihsāan wá
328:Táishān huà
114:and nearby
7565:Categories
7385:Hung Shing
7181:West River
7176:East River
6936:Wade–Giles
6835:Simplified
6730:Vernacular
6723:in Vietnam
6576:Simplified
6563:Biaoxingma
6510:Honorifics
6445:Historical
6390:Philippine
6380:Sichuanese
6307:Badong Yao
6011:Shao–Jiang
5882:Philippine
5690:Xiangxiang
5685:Shuangfeng
5430:Taizhou Wu
5213:Sichuanese
4842:Idu–Taraon
4796:Miju–Meyor
4689:Gyalrongic
4535:Tangkhulic
4310:Raji–Raute
4078:2015-01-05
4057:2015-01-05
4041:2015-01-05
4025:2015-01-05
3909:dialects."
3802:|url=
3767:Chung 2007
3735:Leung 2012
3667:McCoy 1966
3654:Light 1986
3525:Szeto 2000
3512:Cheng 1973
3331:2008-09-06
3118:0791430677
3005:References
2907:keoi5 dei6
2454:Taishanese
2443:Taishanese
2138:厚 (thick)
2021:口 (mouth)
931:consonants
819:Chinatowns
678:Taishanese
670:Toishanese
666:Taishanese
559:spoken in
483:Toishanese
435:Taishanese
378:Taishanese
264:Taishanese
253:79-AAA-mbc
182:Taishanese
100:California
40:Taishanese
7503:Leung cha
7456:Chow mein
7360:Wing Chun
7263:Hailufeng
7212:Education
7197:(claimed)
7131:(Sam Yup)
7101:Geography
7060:Guangzhou
7050:Guangdong
6874:Taiwanese
6864:Cantonese
6708:Classical
6668:Proto-Min
6603:Microsoft
6462:Cantonese
6438:Phonology
6419:Cantonese
6410:Singdarin
6395:Malaysian
6385:Taiwanese
6289:Rongjiang
6279:Yongjiang
6275:Southern
6260:Northern
6234:Luo–Guang
6143:Hong Kong
6138:Guangzhou
6094:Taiwanese
6087:Changting
6021:Zhanjiang
5935:Zhongshan
5902:Malaysian
5897:Singapore
5862:Zhangzhou
5814:Zhongshan
5707:Yong–Quan
5603:Jing-Zhan
5533:Xuancheng
5510:Jiangshan
5389:Changzhou
5310:Junjiahua
5163:Guanzhong
5046:Changchun
4941:Proto-Min
4872:Macro-Bai
4750:Arunachal
4743:(possible
4558:Boro–Garo
4462:Kuki-Chin
4445:and Indo-
4360:Arunachal
4347:Himalayas
4322:Tandrange
4289:Chepangic
4220:Dhimalish
4154:Himalayas
3945:Wong 1982
3785:162063234
3494:Chen 2000
3465:Yang 1999
3377:Phonology
3102:: 236–247
2744:nei5 dei6
2581:ngo5 dei6
2462:Mandarin
2459:Cantonese
2457:Standard
2451:Mandarin
2448:Cantonese
2446:Standard
2435:Singular
2389:Chickasaw
2208:Departing
2180:Tone name
2171:/tʃat˨˩˥/
2080:頭 (head)
1473:Close-Mid
1173:voiceless
1167:Fricative
1120:aspirated
917:Phonology
876:Cantonese
847:Vancouver
788:Cantonese
690:Hoisan-wa
686:Hoisanese
674:Toisanese
649:Cantonese
534:Guangdong
514:Cantonese
495:Hoisan-wa
491:Hoisanese
487:Toisanese
479:Cantonese
475:romanized
407:text and
371:other Yue
232:Glottolog
218:ISO 639-6
206:ISO 639-3
140:Vancouver
18:Hoisanese
7537:Category
7508:Tong sui
7461:Char siu
7285:Tong lau
7145:Regions
7117:Chaoshan
7086:Politics
6958:Bopomofo
6887:Phonetic
6879:Two-cell
6808:Clerical
6718:in Japan
6713:Adoption
6701:Official
6692:Literary
6567:Boshiamy
6544:Xiehouyu
6500:Numerals
6477:Mandarin
6405:Standard
6365:Standard
6239:Qin–Lian
6229:Yong–Xun
6214:Gao–Yang
6160:Jiujiang
6148:Malaysia
6082:Tingzhou
6033:Wenchang
5994:Jianyang
5984:Northern
5943:Sanxiang
5857:Quanzhou
5840:Southern
5809:Manjiang
5673:Changsha
5633:Nanchang
5628:Chang–Du
5525:Xuanzhou
5515:Qingtian
5469:Wencheng
5415:Jiangyin
5410:Jinxiang
5400:Shaoxing
5394:Hangzhou
5374:Shanghai
5315:Qinjiang
5223:Minjiang
5195:Xinjiang
5153:Dongping
5117:Jiaoliao
5056:Shenyang
5029:Mandarin
4746:isolates
4713:Mondzish
4641:Cai–Long
4389:Tshangla
4345:Eastern
4188:Tamangic
4158:Himachal
4152:Western
4146:branches
4103:Archived
4090:Archived
3991:Yip 2002
3846:Hsu 2000
3793:cite web
3750:Archived
3719:Hsu 2000
3706:Him 1980
3680:Hom 1987
3641:Hom 1983
3583:Lee 1987
3538:Yiu 1946
3478:Don 1882
3397:18090490
3299:(1984),
3195:(1996),
3179:(2000),
3087:(1964),
2958:See also
2220:Entering
1995:Example
1664:Nucleus
1500:Open-Mid
1318:as in 耳
1038:prenasal
984:sibilant
956:Alveolar
928:initials
898:Chaozhou
859:Montreal
803:Americas
747:Jiangmen
631:and the
585:Llin-nen
465:Jyutping
357:Jyutping
239:tois1237
132:Montreal
104:San Jose
7549:Commons
7496:Yum cha
7491:Dim sum
7439:Cuisine
7355:Hung Ga
7330:Naamyam
7268:Teochew
7235:Culture
7164:Yuedong
7135:Sze Yup
7091:Economy
7081:History
7073:General
7064:capital
6857:Braille
6818:Cursive
6768:Scripts
6635:History
6625:ZhengMa
6571:Cangjie
6537:Chengyu
6492:Grammar
6467:Hokkien
6424:Hokkien
6332:Waxiang
6312:Danzhou
6284:Guandao
6269:Younian
6264:Tongdao
6253:Pinghua
6193:Taishan
6109:Raoping
6077:Huizhou
6067:Meixian
6043:Banqiao
6016:Leizhou
6006:Pu–Xian
6001:Central
5989:Jian'ou
5964:Longyan
5912:Teochew
5849:Hokkien
5824:Nanlang
5780:Fu–Ning
5760:Changle
5742:Houguan
5733:Eastern
5680:Loushao
5668:Changyi
5650:Da–Tong
5645:Ying–Yi
5591:Yanzhou
5459:Wenzhou
5452:Oujiang
5443:Tiantai
5438:Taizhou
5347:Zhi–Yan
5294:Nantong
5289:Nanjing
5264:Gui–Liu
5254:Nanping
5249:Kunming
5175:Luoyang
5130:Qingdao
5102:Tianjin
5079:Beijing
5071:Beijing
4960:Italics
4821:Siangic
4802:Songlin
4781:Kho-Bwa
4759:Hrusish
4741:Dubious
4724:Loloish
4718:Burmish
4683:Qiangic
4654:Longjia
4621:Karenic
4615:Nungish
4595:Sinitic
4481:Hkongso
4443:Myanmar
4413:Gongduk
4377:Tibetic
4295:Chepang
4268:Magaric
4214:Kiranti
4194:Newaric
3554:Yu 2007
3221:: 16–30
3161:1499969
3044:: 25–76
2795:person
2632:person
2469:person
2438:Plural
2393:Choctaw
2385:Totonac
2167:/tʃat˧/
2024:(none)
1699:Medial
1434:Central
1425:
971:Glottal
961:Palatal
855:Chicago
851:Toronto
831:Oakland
780:Yanping
776:Hoiping
772:Toishan
765:History
755:Chinese
731:Kaiping
713:Chinese
704:Sze Yup
645:Toisaan
637:Toishan
621:Toishan
589:Xinning
567:of the
555:of the
553:variety
549:Sze Yup
518:Sze Yup
497:, is a
427:Unicode
423:Chinese
405:Chinese
167:Chinese
162:Sinitic
136:Toronto
110:areas,
108:Oakland
80:Sze Yup
7481:Shumai
7340:Gou Wu
7159:Yuebei
7137:(Siyi)
7109:Cities
7052:topics
6926:Postal
6921:MPS II
6798:Bronze
6678:Ba–Shu
6598:Google
6593:Pinyin
6529:Idioms
6342:Yeheni
6224:Wu–Hua
6219:Goulou
6198:Xinhui
6175:Dapeng
6170:Weitou
6155:Xiguan
6130:Yuehai
6099:Sixian
6038:Haikou
6028:Hainan
5959:Zhenan
5925:Haklau
5920:Swatow
5892:Penang
5877:Taiwan
5872:Chawan
5819:Longdu
5788:Ningde
5765:Gutian
5755:Fuqing
5750:Fuzhou
5712:Qiyang
5695:Wugang
5640:Yi–Liu
5567:Xiu-Yi
5555:Ji-She
5505:Quzhou
5497:Chu–Qu
5487:Jinhua
5479:Wuzhou
5464:Rui'an
5405:Ningbo
5379:Suzhou
5269:Wuming
5240:Zigong
5228:Leshan
5190:Lanyin
5185:Dungan
5180:Xuzhou
5158:Gangou
5135:Weihai
5125:Dalian
5084:Taiwan
5051:Harbin
4834:Milang
4788:Puroik
4772:Mijiic
4696:Ersuic
4647:Caijia
4563:Konyak
4529:Meitei
4433:Chamdo
4370:Bodish
4356:Bhutan
4302:Bhujel
4249:Lepcha
4240:Lhokpu
4226:Dhimal
4171:Sikkim
3957:Chao's
3783:
3447:
3411:
3395:
3307:
3286:
3258:
3203:
3159:
3115:
2874:𠳞/佉/劇
2865:𠳞/佉/劇
2332:˧˨or˧˩
2326:˧˨or˧˩
2196:Rising
2147:(215)
2118:(325)
1654:, and
1415:Vowels
1365:, and
1363:/t͡sʰ/
1353:, and
1351:/t͡ɕʰ/
1310:, and
1298:, and
1221:voiced
951:Dental
946:Labial
902:Minnan
857:, and
843:Boston
796:Pinyin
794:using
784:Sunwui
757::
743:Heshan
739:Xinhui
735:Enping
715::
709:Seiyap
672:, and
653:Hoisan
643:, and
641:Toisan
627:, the
613:pinyin
603::
595::
522:pinyin
467::
457::
455:pinyin
449::
441::
128:Canada
118:, and
82:, the
76:Region
70:Canada
7320:Music
7273:Hakka
7154:Yuexi
7129:Sanyi
6990:Nüshu
6694:forms
6608:Sogou
6555:Input
6429:Hakka
6367:forms
6207:Other
6165:Shiqi
6104:Hailu
6072:Wuhua
6059:Hakka
5977:Other
5952:Other
5887:Pedan
5802:Other
5793:Fu'an
5770:Matsu
5702:Ji–Xu
5660:Xiang
5610:]
5598:]
5586:]
5579:Qi-De
5574:]
5562:]
5420:Shadi
5366:Taihu
5320:Gyami
5303:Other
5259:Wuhan
5168:Xi'an
5107:Jinan
4765:Hruso
4661:Luren
4635:Kathu
4609:Tujia
4497:Taman
4468:Mruic
4455:Karbi
4396:Basum
4352:Tibet
4274:Magar
4200:Newar
4167:Nepal
3895:5 Jan
3886:(PDF)
3781:S2CID
3627:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3423:Notes
3393:S2CID
3322:(PDF)
3157:JSTOR
2947:tāmen
2930:tāmen
2892:keoi5
2877:kie̖k
2868:kie̖k
2835:keoi5
2828:keoi5
2784:nǐmen
2767:nǐmen
2714:nie̖k
2711:偌/逽/聶
2705:nie̖k
2702:偌/逽/聶
2621:wǒmen
2604:wǒmen
2551:ngo̖i
2548:哦/偔/呆
2542:ngo̖i
2539:哦/偔/呆
2405:Welsh
2397:Xhosa
2349:(21)
2322:(21)
2294:Lower
2268:(33)
2262:(55)
2256:(33)
2234:Upper
2199:shǎng
2184:Level
2136:hau˨˩
2132:(21)
2107:hau˧˩
2103:(31)
2089:(25)
2056:(35)
2041:(33)
2015:(55)
1987:Tone
1975:tones
1971:tonal
1965:Tones
1744:Coda
1678:-ɵ~ə-
1606:, or
1579:]
1575:[
1560:]
1556:[
1446:Close
1429:Front
1359:/t͡s/
1347:/t͡ɕ/
1340:/ŋoy/
1332:/ŋut/
1328:/ŋuy/
1324:/ŋim/
1068:plain
997:Nasal
990:plain
978:plain
966:Velar
906:Hakka
579:Names
537:China
512:with
58:China
7586:Siyi
6951:Yale
6941:EFEO
6803:Seal
6588:Dayi
6185:Siyi
5867:Amoy
5384:Wuxi
5281:Huai
5094:Jilu
4882:Rung
4827:Koro
4701:Naic
4628:Gong
4584:and
4582:East
4540:Zeme
4509:Naga
4427:Tani
4420:ʼOle
4316:Dura
4281:Kham
4233:Toto
3897:2014
3806:help
3445:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3358:Tone
3305:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3113:ISBN
2900:dei6
2737:dei6
2729:nei5
2672:nei5
2665:nei5
2574:dei6
2566:ngo5
2509:ngo5
2502:ngo5
2487:ngöi
2478:ngöi
2401:Zulu
2399:and
2391:and
2314:˨or˩
2297:yáng
2289:(3)
2274:(5)
2187:píng
2078:hau˨
2045:hau˧
2019:hau˥
1525:Open
1439:Back
1373:and
1336:/ŋa/
1320:/ŋi/
1312:/ᵑɡ/
1308:/ⁿd/
1304:/ᵐb/
1148:t͡ɕʰ
1141:t͡sʰ
1033:Stop
751:Wǔyì
737:and
722:lit.
698:Sìyì
688:and
661:-ese
425:and
224:tisa
177:Siyi
138:and
106:and
68:and
6683:Gan
6583:CKC
6450:Old
6327:She
6317:Mai
6121:Yue
5724:Min
5620:Gan
5547:Hui
5396:(?)
5334:Jin
5061:Taz
4748:) (
4602:Bai
4550:Sal
4490:Pyu
4474:Mru
4403:Nam
3965:IPA
3385:doi
3149:doi
2904:佢 哋
2813:küi
2804:küi
2793:3rd
2741:你 哋
2630:2nd
2578:我 哋
2467:1st
2373:IPA
2237:yīn
2145:˨˩˥
2116:˧˨˥
2070:or
1693:-∅-
1688:-u-
1683:-i-
1673:-e-
1668:-a-
1656:/k/
1652:/t/
1648:/p/
1644:/ŋ/
1640:/n/
1636:/m/
1632:/u/
1628:/i/
1624:/u/
1620:/i/
1616:/e/
1612:/a/
1608:/u/
1604:/i/
1408:/u/
1404:/w/
1397:/i/
1393:/j/
1386:/ʒ/
1382:/j/
1375:/u/
1371:/i/
1367:/s/
1355:/ɕ/
1316:/ŋ/
1300:/ŋ/
1296:/n/
1292:/m/
1095:t͡ɕ
1088:t͡s
935:IPA
872:Yue
798:).
707:or
587:or
543:to
532:in
505:.
493:or
485:or
481:as
477:in
451:台山話
443:台山话
409:IPA
297:臺山話
281:台山话
172:Yue
98:of
47:台山話
7567::
5608:zh
5596:zh
5584:zh
5572:zh
5560:zh
5357:Wu
4518:Ao
4358:,
4354:,
4169:,
4165:,
3936:^
3862:.
3797::
3795:}}
3791:{{
3726:^
3618:.
3614:.
3574:^
3545:^
3501:^
3485:^
3443:.
3439:.
3391:,
3381:24
3379:,
3324:,
3219:36
3217:,
3191:;
3155:,
3145:42
3143:,
3130:,
3075:,
3062:,
3042:23
3040:,
2942:他們
2936:他们
2925:他們
2919:他们
2855:tā
2848:tā
2779:你們
2773:你们
2762:你們
2756:你们
2692:nǐ
2685:nǐ
2650:nï
2641:nï
2616:我們
2610:我们
2599:我們
2593:我们
2529:wǒ
2522:wǒ
2407:.
2387:,
2347:˨˩
2320:˨˩
2223:rù
2211:qù
2150:5
2130:˨˩
2121:6
2101:˧˩
2092:4
2087:˨˥
2059:1
2054:˧˥
2030:2
2027:-
1981:.
1938:-k
1912:-t
1889:-p
1863:-ŋ
1840:-n
1817:-m
1794:-u
1771:-i
1748:-∅
1738:∅-
1733:∅-
1728:∅-
1718:∅-
1713:u-
1708:i-
1703:∅-
1658:.
1650:,
1646:,
1642:,
1638:,
1634:,
1630:,
1622:,
1618:,
1614:,
1388:).
1377:).
1361:,
1349:,
1306:,
1294:,
1157:kʰ
1134:tʰ
1127:pʰ
1059:ᵑɡ
1048:ⁿd
1043:ᵐb
937::
904:,
900:,
882:.
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
829:,
814:.
782:,
778:,
774:,
759:五邑
733:,
719:;
717:四邑
668:,
664::
639:,
605:新宁
599:;
597:新寧
575:.
463:;
453:;
445:;
134:,
130::
126:;
122:,
86:;
60:,
7066:)
7062:(
7042:e
7035:t
7028:v
4993:e
4986:t
4979:v
4752:)
4511:"
4507:"
4406:?
4362:)
4350:(
4319:–
4173:)
4160:,
4156:(
4136:e
4129:t
4122:v
4081:.
4060:.
4044:.
4028:.
3993:)
3989:(
3980:)
3976:(
3967:.
3947:)
3943:(
3848:)
3808:)
3804:(
3787:.
3769:)
3765:(
3737:)
3733:(
3721:)
3717:(
3708:)
3704:(
3695:)
3691:(
3682:)
3678:(
3669:)
3665:(
3656:)
3652:(
3643:)
3639:(
3598:)
3594:(
3585:)
3581:(
3569:)
3565:(
3556:)
3552:(
3540:)
3536:(
3527:)
3514:)
3510:(
3496:)
3492:(
3480:)
3476:(
3467:)
3463:(
3453:.
3387::
3151::
3132:8
3121:.
3064:1
2939:/
2922:/
2897:哋
2889:佢
2852:他
2845:他
2832:佢
2825:佢
2810:佢
2801:佢
2776:/
2759:/
2734:哋
2726:你
2689:你
2682:你
2669:你
2662:你
2647:你
2638:你
2613:/
2596:/
2571:哋
2563:我
2526:我
2519:我
2506:我
2499:我
2484:我
2475:我
2424:們
2421:/
2418:们
2377:ɬ
2341:低
2308:高
2301:陽
2287:˧
2281:低
2272:˥
2266:˧
2260:˥
2254:˧
2248:高
2241:陰
2227:入
2215:去
2203:上
2191:平
2072:˩
2068:˨
2039:˧
2013:˥
1951:~
1925:~
1876:~
1723:∅
1590:/
1588:ə
1586:/
1577:w
1571:/
1569:u
1567:/
1558:j
1552:/
1550:i
1548:/
1534:/
1532:a
1530:/
1518:/
1516:ɔ
1514:/
1509:/
1507:ɛ
1505:/
1491:/
1489:ə
1487:/
1482:/
1480:e
1478:/
1466:/
1464:u
1462:/
1455:/
1453:i
1451:/
1279:w
1272:j
1261:l
1239:ʒ
1228:v
1212:h
1201:ɕ
1194:s
1187:ɬ
1180:f
1111:ʔ
1104:k
1081:t
1074:p
1023:ŋ
1010:n
1003:m
953:/
753:(
701:(
591:(
437:(
211:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.