735:, is being investigated for use as an appetite suppressant. However, in 2008, UK-based Unilever PLC, one of the largest packaged-food firms in the world, abandoned plans to use hoodia in a range of diet products. In a document on Unilever's website entitled "Sustainable Development 2008: An Overview", signed by Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever states: "During 2008, having invested 20 million in R&D, Unilever abandoned plans to use the slimming extract hoodia in a range of diet products. We stopped the project because our clinical studies revealed that products using hoodia would not meet our strict standards of safety and efficacy."
86:
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The flowers are extremely variable in size — from less than 1 cm, to almost 20 cm in diameter, depending on the species. Flowers appear in large numbers, always near the tops of the stems. Those of larger-flowered species (such as
356:) are often a papery pink-tan colour, plate-shaped, with an unpleasant smell to attract their fly pollinators. The smaller, darker flowers of some species have a far stronger and more unpleasant smell than the larger flowers.
715:, which marketed hoodia products as diet supplements. In 2003, the South African San Council entered into a benefit sharing agreement with CSIR in which they would receive from 6 to 8% of the revenue from the sale of
711:(CSIR) realized that the plant was marketable and patented its use as an appetite suppressant without recognizing the Sans' traditional claims to the knowledge of the plant and its uses. The patent was later sold to
960:
Maharaj, VJ, Senabe, JV, and Horak, RM. 2008. Hoodia, a case study at CSIR. Science real and relevant: 2nd CSIR Biennial
Conference, CSIR International Convention Centre Pretoria, 17&18 November 2008, pp 4
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811:
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valley. Typical habitat is rocky slopes and open stone plains. Plants usually germinate in the shelter of bushes or rocks, but survive in the open as adult plants.
708:
984:
Saskia
Vermeylen. 2007. Contextualizing 'Fair' and 'Equitable': The San's Reflections on the Hoodia Benefit-Sharing Agreement Local Environment Vol. 12, Iss. 4,
1293:
888:
Evolution of the stapeliads (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) - repeated major radiation across Africa in an Old World group. Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution.
684:
about survival in the harsh desert conditions. In 2006, the plant became internationally known, after a marketing campaign falsely claimed that its use as a
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Decaisne, Joseph. 1844 in
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (ed), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 664
297:, has achieved a degree of fame and controversy, after being investigated for use as a possible appetite suppressant.
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750:(CITES), which includes species not currently considered endangered but are at risk if trade is not controlled.
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Weight Loss
Customers Are Being Hoodia-Winked, Harriet Hall, Science-Based Medicine, 11-8-2011,
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products, money which would be deposited in a trust for all San peoples across
Southern Africa.
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showing that hoodia has actions as an appetite suppressant or is effective for weight loss.
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Inventing Hoodia: Vulnerabilities and
Epistemic Citizenship. 2011. CSW update APRIL
1350:
1183:
971:
Indigenous
Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing: Lessons from the San-Hoodia Case (
632:
630:. Marginally more distantly related is a sister branch of related genera including
620:, and the two groups are now synonymous. Phylogenetic studies have shown the genus
459:
389:
385:
373:
336:, described as "cactiform" because of their remarkable similarity to the unrelated
1194:
346:) can grow to the size of a tree — over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height.
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Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
19:
For the plant marketed as an appetite suppressant under the name "hoodia", see
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700:
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680:(Bushmen) of the Namib desert as an appetite suppressant as part of their
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family. They have a branching, shrub-like form, and the largest species (
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1067:""What You Need to Know About Hoodia Diet Pills" Website: About.com"
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to be monophyletic, and most closely related to the stapeliad genus
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64:
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Maharaj, V. J.; Senabe, J. V.; Horak, R. M. (November 2008).
939:. Science real and relevant: 2nd CSIR Biennial Conference.
245:
242:
236:
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is restricted to the arid regions in the western part of
975:, Doris Schroeder, Roger Chennells Springer, Dec 4, 2009
692:
for weight loss. As of 2018, there is no high-quality
239:
1152:
233:
230:
329:The group was first described as a genus in 1844.
890:2014. v. 77, no. 1, p. 251--263. ISSN 1055-7903.
838:"Tropicos | Name - Hoodia Sweet ex Decne"
709:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
616:("ghaap"), but have been moved into the genus
8:
810:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
791:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Gentianales"
1140:
746:is currently listed in Appendix II to the
38:
27:
1132:Germplasm Resources Information Network:
944:
608:Several of the small-flowered species of
789:Stevens PF (2001 onwards) (2007-06-03).
759:
1050:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1043:
803:
7:
612:were formerly in a separate genus,
503:- Botswana, Namibia, Cape Province
14:
863:"Search results — The Plant List"
384:. It is especially common in the
1119:
1092:"CITES Appendices I, II and III"
886:P. Bruyns, C. Klak, P. Hanacek:
226:
84:
793:. 8. Missouri Botanical Gardens
1325:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3425-1
742:species are protected plants.
1:
1394:Taxa named by Joseph Decaisne
727:Several species are grown as
676:is traditionally used by the
380:and as far north as southern
936:Hoodia, a case study at CSIR
772:www.biodiversityexplorer.org
1410:
1065:Wong, Cathy (2007-09-20).
18:
731:plants, and one species,
81:Scientific classification
79:
62:
53:
46:
37:
30:
16:Genus of flowering plants
1384:Flora of Southern Africa
543:- Namibia, Cape Province
372:, ranging from western
707:from South Africa's
663:
527:- Brandberg in Namibia
326:
314:
276:, under the subfamily
995:"Hot air over Hoodia"
659:
652:Uses and horticulture
320:
308:
1128:at Wikimedia Commons
867:www.theplantlist.org
690:appetite suppressant
682:indigenous knowledge
532:Hoodia mossamedensis
253:; known locally as
56:Conservation status
1379:Apocynaceae genera
686:dietary supplement
664:
556:Hoodia pedicellata
540:Hoodia officinalis
327:
315:
311:Hoodia officinalis
1361:
1360:
1307:Open Tree of Life
1146:Taxon identifiers
1124:Media related to
914:. Drugs.com. 2018
694:clinical research
585:Great Namaqualand
548:Hoodia parviflora
511:- tropical Africa
484:Hoodia husabensis
447:- tropical Africa
343:Hoodia parviflora
217:
216:
213:
74:
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1389:Succulent plants
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1094:. Archived from
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1069:. Archived from
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1026:. Archived from
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842:www.tropicos.org
834:
828:
822:
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809:
801:
799:
798:
786:
780:
779:
774:. Archived from
768:"Hoodia (Ghaap)"
764:
600:Hoodia triebneri
516:Hoodia macrantha
404:Hoodia albispina
323:Hoodia macrantha
267:flowering plants
259:"bobbejaanghaap"
252:
251:
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1021:"Archived copy"
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673:Hoodia gordonii
669:
661:Hoodia gordonii
654:
606:
595:- Cape Province
575:- Cape Province
564:Hoodia pilifera
508:Hoodia lugardii
476:Hoodia gordonii
444:Hoodia currorii
412:Hoodia alstonii
370:southern Africa
362:
353:Hoodia gordonii
334:stem succulents
303:
294:Hoodia gordonii
291:in particular,
287:One species of
282:Southern Africa
278:Asclepiadoideae
229:
225:
204:
180:Asclepiadoideae
83:
75:
58:
48:Hoodia gordonii
24:
21:Hoodia gordonii
17:
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1351:wfo-4000018218
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1114:External links
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986:
977:
973:Rachel Wynberg
964:
952:
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781:
778:on 2009-04-12.
758:
757:
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721:
705:bioprospectors
668:
665:
653:
650:
645:Notechidnopsis
639:Richtersveldia
605:
604:
596:
592:Hoodia rustica
588:
580:Hoodia ruschii
576:
568:
567:- South Africa
560:
552:
551:- South Africa
544:
536:
528:
524:Hoodia montana
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
468:Hoodia gibbosa
464:
463:- South Africa
456:
455:- South Africa
448:
440:
439:- South Africa
432:
431:- South Africa
428:Hoodia barklyi
424:
423:- South Africa
420:Hoodia bainii
416:
415:- South Africa
408:
407:- South Africa
399:
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1127:
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1118:
1117:
1113:
1098:on 2007-02-03
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:on 2008-09-15
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1033:on 2014-04-30
1029:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1004:September 24,
1000:
999:www.grain.org
996:
990:
987:
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872:September 24,
868:
864:
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847:September 24,
843:
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749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
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702:
699:In a case of
697:
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687:
683:
679:
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541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:Hoodia langii
497:
494:
493:
492:Hoodia juttae
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:Hoodia dregei
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
437:
436:Hoodia burkei
433:
430:
429:
425:
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421:
417:
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111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
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87:
82:
78:
72:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1153:
1133:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1060:
1035:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
989:
980:
967:
955:
935:
928:
916:. Retrieved
906:
895:
887:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:
832:
820:
795:. Retrieved
784:
776:the original
771:
762:
743:
739:
737:
732:
726:
723:Horticulture
717:Ho. gordonii
716:
698:
671:
670:
660:
643:
637:
633:Larryleachia
631:
625:
621:
617:
614:Trichocaulon
613:
609:
607:
598:
590:
578:
572:Hoodia rosea
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
460:Hoodia flava
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
390:Orange River
386:Namib desert
374:South Africa
365:
363:
360:Distribution
351:
348:
341:
331:
328:
321:
309:
292:
288:
286:
280:, native to
258:
254:
220:
219:
218:
200:
199:
143:
130:
117:
104:
47:
31:
25:
1242:iNaturalist
1178:Wikispecies
918:23 February
733:H. gordonii
388:and in the
376:to central
332:Hoodia are
301:Description
274:Apocynaceae
190:Ceropegieae
176:Subfamily:
170:Apocynaceae
160:Gentianales
124:Angiosperms
67:Appendix II
1368:Categories
1102:2008-03-21
1077:2008-08-02
1037:2013-11-04
946:10204/2539
797:2008-03-21
754:References
678:San people
667:Supplement
603:- Namibia
587:in Namibia
559:- Namibia
519:- Namibia
495:- Namibia
487:- Namibia
479:- Namibia
471:- Namibia
364:The genus
701:biopiracy
94:Kingdom:
1338:40027401
1333:Tropicos
1163:Wikidata
1046:cite web
912:"Hoodia"
827:in Latin
806:cite web
713:Unilever
627:Lavrania
535:- Angola
261:) is a
166:Family:
150:Asterids
137:Eudicots
1273:1072963
1221:3230981
1208:5338102
1169:Q134234
688:was an
396:Species
378:Namibia
269:in the
255:"ghaap"
196:Genus:
186:Tribe:
156:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
1374:Hoodia
1299:197265
1286:893795
1260:3425-1
1247:186549
1195:191481
1192:APDB:
1184:Hoodia
1154:Hoodia
1134:Hoodia
1126:Hoodia
744:Hoodia
740:Hoodia
729:garden
622:Hoodia
618:Hoodia
610:Hoodia
382:Angola
366:Hoodia
338:cactus
289:Hoodia
271:family
221:Hoodia
211:Decne.
201:Hoodia
32:Hoodia
1312:26542
1268:IRMNG
1031:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
738:Many
263:genus
207:Sweet
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
71:CITES
65:CITES
1320:POWO
1294:NCBI
1281:ITIS
1255:IPNI
1234:5781
1229:GRIN
1216:GBIF
1052:link
1006:2019
920:2018
874:2019
849:2019
812:link
642:and
1346:WFO
1203:EoL
941:hdl
583:-
265:of
257:or
209:ex
1370::
1348::
1335::
1322::
1309::
1296::
1283::
1270::
1257::
1244::
1231::
1218::
1205::
1180::
1165::
1048:}}
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