Hookah - Knowledge (XXG)

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through the tobacco mixture where due to hot air convection and thermal conduction from the coal, the mainstream aerosol is produced. The vapor is passed down through the body tube that extends into the water in the jar. It bubbles up through the water, losing heat, and fills the top part of the jar, to which the hose is attached. When a user inhales from the hose, smoke passes into the lungs, and the change in pressure in the jar pulls more air through the charcoal, continuing the process. Vapour that has collected in the bowl above the waterline may be exhausted through a purge valve, if present. This one-way valve is opened by the positive pressure created from gently blowing into the hose.

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top of the hookah. Often the bowl is covered with perforated tin foil or a metal screen and coal placed on top. The foil or screen separates the coal and the tobacco, with the foil and the tobacco reaching maximum temperatures of 450 and 130 degrees Celsius (850 °F and 270 °F) respectively. These temperatures are too low to sustain combustion and considerably lower than the 900 degrees Celsius (1700 °F) found in cigarettes. A larger fraction of the smoke condensates of the hookah are produced by simple distillation rather than by pyrolysis and combustion, and as a result, would tend to carry considerably less of the pyrosynthesized compounds found in cigarette smoke.

1206: 912: 1703:), benzene, nitric oxide, heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, lead), and carbon monoxide (CO). Hookah smoking also increases the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in a person's body to eight times their normal level. Compared to smoking one cigarette, a single hookah session exposes users to more carbon monoxide and PAHs, similar levels of nicotine, and lower levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. By inhaling these chemicals, hookah smokers are at increased risk of many of the same health problems as cigarette smokers. An average hookah smoking session smokers inhale 100–200 times more smoke inhaled smoking a single cigarette. 1257: 328: 91: 1290: 1026: 1590: 1177: 763: 749: 1638:

period, according to the US CDC. According to a 2018 study, 1.1% of students with some college but no degree, an associate degree or an undergraduate degree reported waterpipe or pipe tobacco product use either every day or some days. As of November 2017, at least 2,082 college or university campuses in the U.S. have adopted 100% smokefree campus policies that attempt to eliminate smoking in indoor and outdoor areas across the entire campus, including residences.

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He presented Emperor Akbar with some tobacco leaves and a jewel-encrusted European style pope. Out of courtesy and curiosity, Akbar took a few puffs, but his personal physician was worried that tobacco smoke, a hitherto totally unknown substance, might be dangerous. So, he suggested that the smoke be purified by passing it through water, before being inhaled. Thus, the hookah, or water pipe, came into being.

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During a typical one-hour hookah session, a user expels into the air 2-10 times the amount of cancer-causing chemicals and other harmful chemicals compared to a cigarette smoker. No studies have examined the long-term health effects of exposure to secondhand hookah smoke, but short term effects may include experience respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough.

1142: 1007: 1339:(r. 1642–1666), use of the water pipe had become a national addiction. The shah (king) had his own private ḡalyān servants. Evidently the position of water pipe tender (ḡalyāndār) dates from this time. Also at this time, reservoirs were made of glass, pottery, or a type of gourd. Because of the unsatisfactory quality of indigenous glass, glass reservoirs were sometimes imported from 1130: 1659: 6836: 528:(шиша) refers to شیشه (šiše) meaning glass bottle in Persian. The pipes there often have one or two mouth pieces. The flavored tobacco, created by marinating cuts of tobacco in a multitude of flavored molasses, is placed above the water and covered by pierced foil with hot coals placed on top, and the smoke is drawn through cold water to cool and filter it. In 900: 344: 1194: 1411: 1824:. Many of the studies to date have methodological limitations, such as not measuring hookah use in a standardized way. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to learn more about the long-term health effects of hookah use and of exposure to hookah smoke. Oral health is also affected, notably dental and periodontal status. 1745:, which is an addictive chemical. A typical hookah smoking session delivers 1.7 times the nicotine dose of one cigarette and the nicotine absorption rate in daily waterpipe users is equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. Many hookah smokers, especially frequent users, have urges to smoke and show other 1301: 809:. It seems, therefore, that Abu’l-Fath Gilani should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, into India. There is, however, no evidence of the existence of the water pipe until the 1560s. Moreover, tobacco is believed to have arrived in India in the 17th century, until then 1666:

The jar at the bottom of the hookah is filled with water sufficient to submerge a few centimeters (an inch or two) of the body tube, which is sealed tightly to it. Deeper water will only increase the inhalation force needed to use it. Tobacco or tobacco-free molasses are placed inside the bowl at the

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rule. The hookah has since become less popular; however, it is once again garnering the attention of the masses, and cafés and restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use of hookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Rich and landed classes

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Etemadi, Arash; Blount, Benjamin C.; Calafat, Antonia M.; Chang, Cindy M.; De Jesus, Victor R.; Poustchi, Hossein; Wang, Lanqing; Pourshams, Akram; Shakeri, Ramin; Shiels, Meredith S.; Inoue-Choi, Maki; Ambrose, Bridget K.; Christensen, Carol H.; Wang, Baoguang; Ye, Xiaoyun; Murphy, Gwen; Feng, Jun;

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standards. The air in hookah bars also contains significant amounts of toxic chemicals, including aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and trace metals. The concentrations in the air of all these toxic substances are greater than for cigarettes (for the same number of smokers per hour).

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from hookahs contains significant amounts of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, PAHs, ultrafine particles, and respirable particulate matter (particles small enough to enter the lungs). Studies have found that concentrations of particulate matter in the air of hookah bars were in the unhealthy to hazardous

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During the 1960s and 1970s, hookahs were a popular tool for the consumption of various derivations of tobacco, among other things. At parties or small gatherings the hookah hose was passed around with users partaking as they saw fit. Typically, though, open flames were used instead of burning coals.

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Although it has been traditionally prevalent in rural areas for generations, smoking hookahs has become very popular in the cosmopolitan cities of Pakistan. One can see many cafés in Pakistan offering hookah smoking to its guests. Many households even have hookahs for smoking or decoration purposes.

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The hookah is of historical interest. Portuguese merchants introduced tobacco leaves and European style pipes into Bijapur, the glittering capital of the Adil Shahi kingdom. From here, Asad Beg, the Moghul ambassador in Bijapur, took a large quantity of tobacco leaves and pipes to the Mughal court.

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It has even drawn largely on English, and such words as daktar and platfarm, isteshan and tikat, trem-ghari and rel-ghari, registran karna and apil karna are as common as similar words are in Ceylon. To make up for it Hindustani has not only enriched the vocabulary of Anglo-Indian English with such

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imposed a ban on women smoking hookahs in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people." The ban was soon lifted later that year and women returned to smoking in popular venues

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The most highly-dressed and splendid hookah was prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like it. As after several trials I still found it disagreeable, I with much gravity requested to know whether it was indispensably necessary that I should become a smoker, which was answered with equal gravity,

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In cities with indoor smoking bans, hookah bars have been forced to close or switch to tobacco-free mixtures. In many cities, though, hookah lounges have been growing in popularity. From the year 2000 to 2004, over 200 new hookah cafés opened for business, most of them targeted at young adults and

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gentry. However, flavoured shisha was introduced in the early 2000s. Hookah lounges spread quite quickly between 2008 and 2011 in urban areas and became popular among young people as well as middle-aged people as a relaxation method. There have been allegations of a government crack-down on hookah

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Ever since the British went to India, many words from Indian languages have travelled in the reverse direction. The changing historical relationship between the two countries is shown in the different kinds of words that the English language borrowed at different periods, according to the Indian

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Tobacco smoke contains toxic chemicals, including carcinogens (chemicals that cause cancer). Water does not filter out many of these chemicals. The toxic chemicals come from the burning of the charcoal, tobacco, and flavorings. These chemicals can lead to cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and

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In the United States, the prevalence of hookah use has been noted in a 2019 article to be increasing, particularly among certain states with larger populations of Arab Americans. The use of hookah is more common in urban areas compared to rural areas, and this trend is influenced by factors like

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or cities with large Middle-Eastern communities. This activity continues to gain popularity within the post-secondary student demographic. Hookah use among high school students declined from 9.4% to 3.4% from 2014 to 2019 while cigarette smoking decreased from 9.2% to 5.8% during this same time

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populations, wherein it is smoked as a social pastime. However, hookah is seeing increasing popularity with South Africans, especially the youth. Bars that additionally provide hookahs are becoming more prominent, although smoking is normally done at home or in public spaces such as beaches and

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As a result of suction through the hose, a vacuum is created in the headspace of the water bowl sufficient to overcome the small static head of the water above the inlet pipe, causing the smoke to bubble into the bowl. At the same time, air is drawn over and heated by the coals. It then passes

876:. New technologies and modern design trends are changing the appearance of hookahs. Despite the obvious benefits of modern hookahs, because of high production cost and lack of modern equipment in traditional hookah manufacturing regions, most hookahs are still produced with older technologies. 2744:

Hookahs originated in India in the 15th century and then spread to the Near East countries. Hookahs spread first to Persia and underwent further changes to its original shape to the current known shape. In the middle of the 16th century, hookahs reached the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and other

828:, migrated to Hamarastan. He later became a physician in the Mughal court and raised health concerns after smoking tobacco became popular among Indian noblemen. He subsequently envisaged a system that allowed smoke to be passed through water in order to be 'purified'. Gilani introduced the 1232:

hookah, and sometimes even triple or quadruple hose hookahs are used at parties or small get-togethers. When the smoker is finished, they either place the hose back on the table, signifying that it is available, or hand it from one user to the next, folded back on itself so that the

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Nowadays, the cities of Kathmandu, Pokhara and Dharan have special hookah bars. Although hookahs have started becoming popular among younger people and tourists, the overall number of hookah smokers is likely dwindling owing to the widespread availability of cheaper cigarettes.

1441:), narghile had declined in popularity during most of the twentieth century and was used mostly by older men. Similar to other Middle Eastern countries, its use increased dramatically during the 1990s, particularly among youth and young adults. As of 2004, prior to the 1621:

Today, hookahs are readily available for sale at smoke shops and some gas stations across the United States, along with a variety of tobacco brands and accessories. In addition to private hookah smoking, hookah lounges or bars have opened in cities across the country.

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symptoms after not smoking for some time, and it can be difficult to quit. People who become addicted to hookah may be more likely to smoke alone. Hookah smokers who are addicted may find it easier to quit if they have help from a quit-smoking counseling program.

1335:(r. 1629–42) declared a complete ban on tobacco, but the income received from its use persuaded him to soon revoke the ban. The use of ḡalyāns became so widespread that a group of poor people became professional tinkers of crystal water pipes. During the time of 397:"Undoubtedly it is, for you might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion. Here everybody uses a hookah, and it is impossible to get on without ... have frequently heard men declare they would much rather be deprived of their dinner than their hookah." 3719:

According to tradition, it was here that he received the Jesuits of Goa, who brought him the leaves and seeds of tobacco; and it was at Futtehpore that Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani, one of Akbar's physicians, is supposed to have invented the hookah, the pipe of

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According to tradition, it was here that he received the Jesuits of Goa, who brought him the leaves and seeds of tobacco and it was a Futtehpore that Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani, one of Akbar's physicians, is supposed to have invented the hookah, the pipe of

1762:, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to organs including the brain. There are several case reports in the medical literature of hookah smokers needing treatment in hospital emergency rooms for symptoms of CO poisoning including 543:"Narguile" is the common word in Spain used to refer to the pipe, although "cachimba" is also used, along with "shisha" by Moroccan immigrants in Spain. The word "narguilé" is used in Portuguese. "Narguilé" is also used in French, along with "chicha". 299:(a pure and coarse form of unflavored tobacco leaves) and smoked by burning it directly with charcoal. While this method delivers a much higher content of tobacco and nicotine, it also incurs more adverse health effects compared to vaporizing hookahs. 1312:

is not known. However, the earliest known literary evidence of the hookah, anywhere, comes in a quatrain by Ahlī Shirazi (d. 1535), a Persian poet, referring to the use of the ḡalyān, thus dating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah

4112: 1629:. In some jurisdictions, hookah businesses can be exempted from the policies through special permits. Some permits, however, have requirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco. 992:

In big cities like Karachi and Lahore, cafes and restaurants offered Hookah and charged per hour. In 2013, it was banned by the Pakistan Supreme court. The cafe owners started offering shisha to minors, which was the major reason for the ban.

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Shihadeh, Alan; Azar, Sima; Antonios, Charbel; Haddad, Antoine; et al. (September 2004). "Towards a Topographical Model of Narghile Water-Pipe café Smoking: A Pilot Study in a High Socioeconomic Status Neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon".

2213:"WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) an advisory note Waterpipe tobacco smoking: dangerous health effects include risk to public safety if used by multiple users, research needs and recommended actions by regulators, 2005" 1807:

Current evidence indicates hookah causes numerous health problems. Hookah smoking is associated with increased risk of several cancers (lung, esophageal, and gastric), pulmonary diseases (impaired pulmonary function, chronic bronchitis, and

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Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional customs. Smoking tobacco-molasses is now becoming popular among the youth in India. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops in India offering a wider variety of

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was such an important Turkish custom that it even sparked a diplomatic crisis between France and the Ottoman Empire. Western Turkey is noted for its traditional pottery production where potters make earthenware objects, including

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In South Africa, the terminology of the various hookah components also differ from other countries. The clay "head/bowl" is known as a "clay pot". The hoses are called "pipes" and the air release valve is known as a "clutch".

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Hawari, FI; Obeidat, NA; Ayub, H; Ghonimat, I; Eissenberg, T; Dawahrah, S; Beano, H (August 2013). "The acute effects of waterpipe smoking on lung function and exercise capacity in a pilot study of healthy participants".

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Gundavarapu KC, Dicksit DD, Ramachandra SS. Characteristics of shisha smoking venues in a satellite township near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: an observational study. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2016;2(August):70.

4312: 6692:"Comparison of carcinogen, carbon monoxide, and ultrafine particle emissions from narghile waterpipe and cigarette smoking: Sidestream smoke measurements and assessment of second-hand smoke emission factors" 6320: 1515:

Although hookah use has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has recently started to become a youth pastime in Asia. Hookahs are most popular with college students, and

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control (which helps to control blood pressure) and cardiac autonomic functioning (which has many purposes, including control of heart rate) Hookah use also acutely harms vascular functioning, increases

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Dogar, O; Jawad, M; Shah, SK; Newell, JN; Kanaan, M; Khan, MA; Siddiqi, K (June 2014). "Effect of cessation interventions on hookah smoking: post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial".

1347:(r. 1694–1722), ḡalyāns became more elaborately embellished as their use increased. The wealthy owned gold and silver pipes. The masses spent more on ḡalyāns than they did on the necessities of life. 1484:

Hookah was virtually unknown in Southeast Asia before the latter 20th century, yet the popularity among contemporary younger people is now vastly growing. Southeast Asia's most cosmopolitan cities,

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was in the process of implementing general smoking bans in public places. This included shishas. Currently, hookah remains legal in the country, with some restaurants charging customers extra fees.

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Xia, Baoyun; Sosnoff, Connie S.; Boffetta, Paolo; Brennan, Paul; Bhandari, Deepak; Kamangar, Farin; Dawsey, Sanford M.; Abnet, Christian C.; Freedman, Neal D.; Malekzadeh, Reza (February 2019).

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written by Johan Neander and published in Dutch in 1622. It seems that over time water pipes acquired a Persian connotation as in eighteenth-century Egypt the most fashionable pipes were called

1225:, people smoke waterpipes as part of their culture and traditions. Local names of waterpipe in the Middle East are, argila, čelam/čelīm, ḡalyān or ghalyan, ḥoqqa, nafas, nargile, and shisha. 1445:, 17% of 18- to 29-year-olds, 10% of 30- to 45-year-olds, and 6% of 46- to 65-year-olds reported using narghile, and use was higher in men than women. More recent data is not available. 4073: 1695:

other health problems. The toxic chemicals include tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., benzopyrene and anthracene), volatile aldehydes (e.g.

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words as topi and pugre, oheerot and hookah, dhoby and sepoy, ghary and tamasha, durbar and bukshish, Kachcheri and Punkah, but has contributed to it words like jungle, bazar, loot.

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The hookah is called shisha in Kenya. They are officially banned in the country. Despite this, many clubs still continue to defy the law and hookah smoking goes on in urban areas.

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Tamim, H; Musharrafieh, U; El Roueiheb, Z; Yunis, K; Almawi, WY (2003). "Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its association with respiratory ailments".

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It is said that it was in the early years of their settlement at Hughly that the Portuguese introduced tobacco to the notice of the Emperor Akbar, and that the Indian pipe, the

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Arabic شيشة (šīšah), through Ottoman Turkish word شیشه (şîşe), itself a direct loanword from Persian شیشه (šīše) meaning "glass container", is the common term for the hookah in

4744: 4241: 805:(d. 1535), a Persian poet, refers to the use of the ḡalyān (Falsafī, II, p. 277; Semsār, 1963, p. 15), thus dating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah 5614: 836:, encouraged Akbar I to take up smoking. Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. 4796: 4598: 2246: 291:

when the hookah was first conceived, its use became increasingly popular among nobility and subsequently widely accepted. Burned tobacco is increasingly being replaced by

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Wang, TW; Gentzke, AS; Creamer, MR; et al. (6 December 2019). "Tobacco product and associated factors among middle and high school students--United States, 2019".

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Alarabi, A. B.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T.; Hernandez, Keziah R.; Lozano, Patricia A.; Montes Ramirez, Jean E.; Rivera, José O. (February 2020).

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Al-Kubati, M; Al-Kubati, AS; al'Absi, M; Fiser, B. (2006). "The short-term effect of water-pipe smoking on the baroreflex control of heart rate in normotensives".

1362:, had in his retinue an officer holding his ḡalyān, which he used while his carriage was in motion. We have no record indicating the use of ḡalyān at the court of 6276: 6383:"Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative" 5014: 4434: 4260: 2385:"Urinary Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Exposure among Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Users and Never Users of Tobacco in the Golestan Cohort Study" 2027: 2197: 5582: 2485: 6479:

Hakim, F; Hellou, E; Goldbart, A; Katz, R; Bentur, Y; Bentur, L (April 2011). "The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system".

3483: 2958: 319:, "casket, bottle, water pipe"). Outside its native region, hookah smoking has gained popularity throughout the world, especially among younger people. 6246: 3619: 4909: 6999: 2778:

It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu'l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.

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Ward, KD; Hammal, F; VanderWeg, MW; Eissenberg, T; Asfar, T; Rastam, S; Maziak, W (February 2005). "Are waterpipe users interested in quitting?".

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had become common on every level of the society, women included. In schools, both teachers and students had ḡalyāns while lessons continued. Shah

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expert Subba Roa. In the seventeenth century, it was trade that counted. The names of Indian places were used for particular materials, such as

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to Persia first where the mechanism was modified to its current shape and then to the Near East. Alternatively, it could have originated in the

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In the domain of philosophy, religion and fine arts, particularly music, the words come entirely from Hindi-Sanskrit. The commonest ones are

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became part of Turkish and Balkan culture from the 17th century. Back then, it became prominent in society and was used as a status symbol.

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was smoked in India, so that suggests another substance was probably smoked in Ahlī Shirazi's quatrain, perhaps through some other method.

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Maziak, W; Eissenberg, T; Ward, KD (January 2005). "Patterns of waterpipe use and dependence: implications for intervention development".

4867: 4682: 3434: 3277: 2242:"Short-Term Exposure to Waterpipe/Hookah Smoke Triggers a Hyperactive Platelet Activation State and Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis" 3836: 2791: 4638:

Ramachandra SS, Yaldrum A. Shisha smoking: An emerging trend in Southeast Asian nations. J Public Health Policy. 2015 Aug;36(3):304-17.

3095:"Hookah's new popularity among US college students: a pilot study of the characteristics of hookah smokers and their Facebook displays" 6859:'s "Advisory Note" report entitled: "Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators"" 4306: 4051: 3410: 3247: 1097:. Kirkpatrick's hookah servant is said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the 6904: 4740: 4656: 4096: 2322:

Patel, Mit P.; Khangoora, Vikramjit S.; Marik, Paul E. (October 2019). "A Review of the Pulmonary and Health Impacts of Hookah Use".

966:. Today these intricate hookahs are difficult to find outside Koyilandy and are becoming difficult even to find in Koyilandy itself. 4718: 4238: 4211: 4172: 4106: 4067: 3712: 3520: 3467: 3166: 2855: 2828: 2801: 2212: 1078: 5618: 5175:

Qasim, Hanan; Alarabi, Ahmed B.; Alzoubi, Karem H.; Karim, Zubair A.; Alshbool, Fatima Z.; Khasawneh, Fadi T. (14 September 2019).

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Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay

1205: 3796: 2143:(known there as "hookah") about a thousand years ago, when more often the shisha pipe was used to smoke opium rather than tobacco. 1244:

in the Middle East offer shishas. Cafés are widespread and are among the chief social gathering places in the Arab world (akin to

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Türkmen, S; Eryigit, U; Sahin, A; Yeniocak, S; Turedi, S (2011). "Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with water pipe smoking".

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Postmodern Chic and Postcolonial Cheek: A Map of Linguistic Resistance, Hybridity, and Pedagogy in Rushdie's Midnight's Children

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Daher, N; Saleh, R; Jaroudi, E; Sheheitli, H; Badr, T; Sepetdjian, E; Al Rashidi, M; Saliba, N; Shihadeh, A (1 January 2010).

4396: 6567: 5552: 2122: 5420:"Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives" 4892: 4374: 3850: 3774: 3744: 3589: 2765: 868:

and wire. New materials make modern hookahs more durable, eliminate odors while smoking and allow washing without risks of

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Arrazola, RA; et al. (17 April 2015). "Tobacco use among middle and high school students--United States, 2011-2014".

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writes that the physician of Akbar, Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani, then invented the hookah in India. However, a quatrain of

6792:"Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette" 3544: 2872: 2019: 6984: 6964: 4804: 4296: 2845: 238: 1820:, obstetrical and perinatal problems (low birth weight and pulmonary problems at birth), larynx and voice changes, and 38: 6949: 1568:

to English as an "ash-jacket". Also, making/preparing the "clay pot" is commonly referred to as "racking the hubbly".

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The windcover (which is considered optional for outside use) is known as an "As-jas", which directly translates from

3882:"Full text | Hookah smoking and cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in exclusive/ever hookah smokers" 6944: 5003: 4426: 3400: 1086: 379: 336: 327: 6012:

Maziak, Wasim; Jawad, Mohammed; Jawad, Sena; Ward, Kenneth D.; Eissenberg, Thomas; Asfar, Taghrid (31 July 2015).

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Martinasek, MP; Ward, KD; Calvanese, AV (2014). "Change in carbon monoxide exposure among waterpipe bar patrons".

4257: 962:, a small fishing town on the west coast of India, once made and exported hookahs extensively. These are known as 6989: 6974: 6959: 2333: 1860: 1680: 1317:. This suggests, the hookah was already in use in ancient Persia, and it made its way into India soon afterward. 206: 4917: 3931: 2018:

Qasim, Hanan; Alarabi, A. B.; Alzoubi, K. H.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T. (September 2019).

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As hookah resurges in India, there have been numerous raids and bans recently on hookah smoking, especially in

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Zeidan, RK; Rachidi, S; Awada, S; El Hajje, A; El Bawab, W; Salamé, J; Bejjany, R; Salameh, P (August 2014).

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Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulator

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Cavus, UY; Rehber, ZH; Ozeke, O; Ilkay, E (2010). "Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with narghile use".

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The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar

1813: 1293: 1082: 1051: 148: 63: 6640:"A review of air quality, biological indicators and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke exposure" 6250: 5469:"Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of waterpipe on oral health status: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3611: 3457: 5897: 4055: 1234: 985:

In Punjab, Pakhtunkhwa, and in northern Balochistan, the topmost part on which coals are placed is called

493: 292: 5128:"Smoke-Free and Tobacco-Free Policies in Colleges and Universities ― United States and Territories, 2017" 6954: 6934: 6924: 3347: 3321: 1779: 1642:

availability in public spaces such as cafés and restaurants, as well as cultural and social influences.

1553: 1289: 2696:"Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users" 295:

flavored tobacco. Still the original hookah is often used in rural South Asia, which continues to use

6703: 6524: 6288: 5188: 4715:"Use of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Among Students Aged 13-15 Years – Worldwide, 1999-2005" 4001: 3740: 2911: 2664: 2040: 1870: 1344: 1173:. Use of hookahs has been usually considered to symbolize an elite family status in Nepali history. 579: 5902: 1589: 1176: 6969: 6840: 5245:

Shihadeh, A (21 July 2002). "Investigation of mainstream smoke aerosol of the argileh water pipe".

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India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal

3643:

India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal

3299: 1817: 1729: 1094: 1025: 762: 748: 359: 303: 273: 230: 226: 210: 119: 5792:"Behavioral cessation treatment of waterpipe smoking: The first pilot randomized controlled trial" 3645:(Reprint — Asian Educational Services 2005 ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p. 290. 3373: 6772: 6620: 6548: 6363: 6312: 6227: 6094: 5958: 5347: 5270: 4981: 3936: 3831: 2444: 2410: 2361: 2295: 2084: 1920: 1336: 412: 371: 5841:"Comparative analysis of waterpipe and cigarette suppression of abstinence and craving symptoms" 4944: 3510: 90: 5740:"Waterpipe tobacco smoking: what is the evidence that it supports nicotine/tobacco dependence?" 4827: 3426: 3229: 6890: 6813: 6764: 6729: 6669: 6540: 6496: 6461: 6412: 6355: 6304: 6219: 6184: 6135: 6086: 6051: 6033: 5994: 5950: 5915: 5870: 5821: 5769: 5720: 5671: 5533: 5498: 5449: 5395: 5339: 5301: 5262: 5224: 5206: 5157: 5108: 4859: 4571: 4519: 4302: 4207: 4168: 4102: 4063: 3982: 3913: 3708: 3704: 3646: 3516: 3463: 3406: 3273: 3162: 3124: 2939: 2878: 2851: 2824: 2797: 2735: 2717: 2637: 2633: 2601: 2541: 2533: 2436: 2418: 2353: 2345: 2287: 2269: 2076: 2058: 1855: 1759: 1324: 1012: 680: 95: 84: 2959:"The Socio-Cognitive Dynamics of Hindi/Urdu Lexemes in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary" 2155: 6880: 6870: 6803: 6756: 6719: 6711: 6659: 6651: 6610: 6599:"Impact of waterpipe smoking on oral health of users: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6532: 6488: 6451: 6443: 6402: 6394: 6347: 6296: 6211: 6174: 6166: 6125: 6078: 6041: 6025: 5986: 5942: 5907: 5860: 5852: 5811: 5803: 5759: 5751: 5710: 5702: 5661: 5653: 5525: 5488: 5480: 5439: 5431: 5385: 5331: 5293: 5254: 5214: 5196: 5147: 5139: 5098: 5090: 4849: 4839: 4561: 4553: 4509: 4499: 3972: 3903: 3893: 3114: 3106: 2929: 2919: 2725: 2707: 2591: 2583: 2523: 2426: 2402: 2337: 2277: 2259: 2161: 2066: 2048: 1832: 1509: 1442: 1438: 1278: 1074: 1042: 783: 460: 181: 111: 99: 4620:

Crane, Howard (1988). "Traditional Pottery Making in the Sardis Region of Western Turkey".

3251: 6908: 6901: 4976: 4896: 4648: 4264: 4245: 2136: 1932: 1746: 873: 861: 853: 810: 798: 794: 708: 497: 444: 436: 347: 277: 191: 5177:"The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system" 4714: 2900:"The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system" 2020:"The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system" 1733:. Using personal disposable mouthpieces may reduce this risk, but does not eliminate it. 6707: 6528: 6292: 5192: 2915: 2044: 1477:, the hookah, where it is predominantly called shisha, was particularly used within the 6885: 6854: 6724: 6691: 6664: 6655: 6639: 6456: 6431: 6407: 6382: 6179: 6154: 6046: 6013: 5865: 5840: 5816: 5791: 5764: 5755: 5739: 5715: 5690: 5666: 5641: 5493: 5468: 5444: 5435: 5419: 5219: 5176: 5152: 5127: 5103: 5078: 4566: 4541: 3977: 3960: 3959:

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3908: 3881: 3804: 3182:(Kashmir). In the eighteenth century, though trade continued to bring in words such as 3119: 3094: 2934: 2899: 2898:

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2730: 2695: 2596: 2587: 2571: 2431: 2384: 2282: 2241: 2071: 2036: 1880: 1787: 1634: 1606: 1572: 1474: 1340: 1332: 1066: 1016: 932: 821: 791: 779: 671: 559: 265: 225:

that are not filtered out by the water, alongside those related to the transmission of

76: 4514: 4487: 2191: 71: 6918: 6624: 4456: 3961:"Sociodemographic Characteristics of Tobacco Consumers in a Rural Area of Bangladesh" 3698: 2365: 2299: 2186: 2088: 1711:

When people share a hookah, there is a risk of spreading infectious diseases such as

1584: 1351: 1229: 936: 375: 242: 234: 6776: 6552: 6367: 6316: 6231: 5962: 5351: 5274: 4139: 2448: 2341: 1684: 947: 378:(1858–1947), when large numbers of expatriate Britons first sampled the water pipe. 370:) is used and is the origin of the English word "hookah". The widespread use of the 6715: 6277:"Central and peripheral cardiovascular changes immediately after waterpipe smoking" 6098: 6029: 1885: 1821: 1796: 1716: 1696: 1601: 1594: 1399: 1371: 1245: 1109: 917: 802: 756: 587: 269: 250: 222: 6447: 5374:"The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review" 2512:"The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review" 2406: 2118: 1650: 935:. Once the province of the wealthy, it was tremendously popular especially during 629:). Persian qalyan is included in the earliest European compendium on tobacco, the 6536: 6398: 6351: 6300: 6215: 5911: 5856: 5839:

Rastam, S; Eissenberg, T; Ibrahim, I; Ward, KD; Khalil, R; Maziak, W (May 2011).

5807: 5657: 5642:"Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure" 5079:"Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults – United States, 2018" 1366:, although its use seems to have continued uninterrupted. There are portraits of 260:

The hookah or waterpipe was invented by Abul-Fath Gilani, a Persian physician of

202:. The smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation. 5418:

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5297: 4889: 4370: 4006: 3766: 3736: 3581: 3110: 2757: 2510:

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1712: 1626: 1426: 1422: 1327:

strongly condemned tobacco use, towards the end of his reign smoking ḡalyān and

1222: 1031: 921: 787: 697: 665: 218: 186: 4679:"E-cigarettes, shisha to be illegal from Feb 1 under amended Tobacco Act – CNA" 4360:

Herbette, tr. p. 7; Kasrawī, pp. 211–12; Semsār, 1963, pp. 18–19

3536: 3069: 2264: 1141: 1006: 956:. However, it can be bought or rented for personal usage or organized parties. 6808: 6791: 6170: 5946: 5706: 5484: 5335: 5258: 5201: 2924: 2157:

The cyclopaedia of India and of Jordan and eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2

2053: 1791: 1783: 1758:

Carbon monoxide (CO) in hookah smoke binds to hemoglobin in the blood to form

1549: 1497: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1273: 1218: 1113: 1062: 833: 712: 661: 638: 555: 420: 254: 169: 141: 6130: 6113: 6037: 5210: 2721: 2537: 2422: 2414: 2349: 2273: 2062: 6082: 1875: 1809: 1778:. This is sometimes called "hookah sickness". Hookah smoking can damage the 1724: 1720: 1565: 1521: 1501: 1493: 1430: 1314: 963: 959: 953: 869: 857: 806: 767: 701: 650: 128: 6894: 6875: 6817: 6768: 6733: 6673: 6544: 6500: 6465: 6416: 6359: 6308: 6223: 6188: 6139: 6090: 6055: 5998: 5954: 5919: 5874: 5825: 5773: 5724: 5691:"Waterpipe smoking and nicotine exposure: a review of the current evidence" 5675: 5537: 5502: 5453: 5399: 5372:

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The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Persian history, 1500-1900

3128: 2943: 2739: 2712: 2605: 2545: 2440: 2357: 2291: 2080: 1658: 6835: 6760: 6492: 6432:"Nicotine and carcinogen exposure after water pipe smoking in hookah bars" 6430:

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word "hookah" in the English language is a result of the colonization in

332: 214: 6615: 6598: 2201:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 670. 6796:

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4854: 1865: 1625:

Recently, certain cities, counties, and states have implemented indoor

1489: 1414: 1410: 1328: 1321: 1241: 970: 899: 865: 817: 733: 654: 642: 603: 599: 595: 591: 567: 533: 529: 482: 404: 195: 177: 173: 165: 17: 5617:. Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit. 30 October 2015. Archived from 4844: 4540:

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3217:(Volume II ed.). London: Hurst & Blackett. 1918. p. 136. 3093:

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Although perceived to be an important cultural feature of Syria (see

845: 825: 646: 618: 607: 563: 505: 501: 489: 452: 424: 416: 351: 307: 281: 246: 80: 6114:"Carbon monoxide poisoning in narghile (water pipe) tobacco smokers" 1193: 2377: 2375: 2235: 2233: 1300: 740:

bình shisha) and shisha is called "shisha tobacco" (thuốc shisha).

3641:

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2140: 1657: 1649: 1600: 1517: 1505: 1409: 1299: 1288: 1265: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1175: 1170: 1156: 849: 775: 761: 747: 700:, hookah is called "hitboo" and normally used in smoking flavored 637:

after the Persian ruler of the day. This is also the name used in

583: 571: 551: 547: 408: 342: 326: 288: 261: 199: 89: 70: 6597:

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Asfar, T; Al Ali, R; Rastam, S; Maziak, W; Ward, KD (June 2014).

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2139:, shisha has a long history. Many believe that it originated in 1850: 1478: 1379: 1309: 952:, including non-tobacco versions. Hookah was recently banned in 693:

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, hookah is called "Shisha".

575: 428: 3159:

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A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a

485:, suggesting that early hookahs were hewn from coconut shells. 5689:

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3348:"Diccionario de la lengua española – Vigésima segunda edición" 3322:"Diccionario de la lengua española – Vigésima segunda edición" 284:, from where it eventually spread to the Indian subcontinent. 233:

when hookahs are shared. Hookah and waterpipe use is a global

5126:

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4965:

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Men smoking shisha and playing cards in a Syrian restaurant,

213:, opium and other drugs through a hookah include exposure to 6638:

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Arabic أرجيلة ('arjīlah) is the name most commonly used in

4267:

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1073:

bars to prevent illicit drug usage. The hookah is also an

237:

concern, with high rates of use in the populations of the

6902:

Scientific Evidence of the Health Risks of Hookah Smoking

3230:"أرجيلة pronunciation: How to pronounce أرجيلة in Arabic" 2174:

HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking.

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The concept of hookah is thought to have originated in

852:

and low-quality alloys, manufacturers increasingly use

519: 513: 42: 5615:"Waterpipe and Hookah Smoking – A Dangerous New Trend" 5467:

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1056: 5583:"Hookah Smoking – A Growing Threat to Public Health" 4828:"Hookah pipe smoking among health sciences students" 4203:

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(30 December 2012). 1979:for the heroine besides using exclamatory terms as 1169:(हुक़्क़ा), especially wooden ones, are popular in 669: 4888:"The Mysterious Origins of the Hookah (Narghile)" 4591:"Inhale the Pleasure of an Unhurried Ottoman Past" 4276:Falsafī, II, p. 277; Semsār, 1963, p. 15 2572:"Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking" 2247:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1520:, who may be underage and thus unable to purchase 724: 614:) is also used, but for pipes using pure tobacco. 134: 4427:"Saudi Arabia Bans Smoking in Most Public Places" 3692: 3690: 3688: 1975:, also makes deft employment of reverential term 1540:In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a 1093:(hookah servant/preparer) during his time in the 5004:"Tobacco Product Use Among High School Students" 2992:Indianisation of English Language and Literature 2390:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1955:Bhabani Bhattacharya, who uses Hindi words like 1951:Indianisation of English Language and Literature 287:Despite tobacco and drug use being considered a 6014:"Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation" 3190:, influences came from Indian culture, such as 2817:Sandra Alters; Wendy Schiff (28 January 2011). 2689: 2687: 1358:of France, on his way to the royal audience at 1228:Social smoking is done with a single or double 1061:) has been a traditional smoking instrument in 920:village men with hookah, on mountain path near 864:compounds are used for hookah hoses instead of 5413: 5411: 5409: 4062:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. 4060:Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone 3827:"Business at hookah-less cafes go up in smoke" 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 1828:Effects of secondhand exposure to hookah smoke 1304:Persian woman with hookah (qalyan), 1900, Iran 1260:Flower-ornamented hookah in a Palestinian shop 532:, the hookah is called "lula" or "lulava". In 476: 302:The word hookah is a derivative of "huqqa", a 6270: 6268: 3612:"Hút shisha hay thuốc lá để đảm bảo sức khỏe" 1386:(خانسار, presumably name of the origin city, 1308:The exact date of the first use of ḡalyān in 622: 524:(нагила) is used to refer to the pipe, while 164:is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for 8: 5640:Eissenberg, T; Shihadeh, A (December 2009). 5181:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 4397:"Saudi Arabia bans smoking in public places" 3965:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 3512:Countries and Their Cultures: Laos to Rwanda 2904:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2820:Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update 2028:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 1944: 1942: 311: 6685: 6683: 6159:International Journal of Emergency Medicine 6018:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5785: 5783: 5588:. American Lung Association. Archived from 5132:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 5083:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4301:. Princeton University Press. p. 139. 3405:. Princeton University Press. p. 124. 1903: 1901: 26: 6863:Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine 6572:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5557:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5290:The Chemistry of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke 5011:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4136:"Smoke on The Water: Hubby-bubbly .Hookah" 4098:North-East India: Land, People and Economy 3730: 3728: 3374:"تعريف و معنى شيشة في معجم المعاني الجامع" 1034:woman smoking a traditional bamboo hookah. 720: 624: 367: 123: 6884: 6874: 6807: 6723: 6663: 6614: 6455: 6406: 6178: 6129: 6045: 5901: 5864: 5815: 5763: 5738:Aboaziza, E; Eissenberg, T (March 2015). 5714: 5665: 5492: 5443: 5389: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5218: 5200: 5151: 5102: 4853: 4843: 4565: 4535: 4533: 4513: 4503: 4248:, Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent. 4101:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3976: 3907: 3897: 3515:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 1377. 3118: 2933: 2923: 2729: 2711: 2659: 2657: 2595: 2527: 2430: 2281: 2263: 2070: 2052: 790:of the country introduced tobacco to the 5473:Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2399:American Association for Cancer Research 1838:the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1588: 1255: 153: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5646:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5292:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1–20. 4826:van der Merwe, N.; et al. (2013). 4797:"Hubble-bubble as cafes go up in smoke" 4741:"Nairobians smoking shisha despite ban" 4351:Tavernier apud Semsār, 1963, p. 16 4038:Bangladesh: a fortnightly news bulletin 3071:The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary 2325:Annals of the American Thoracic Society 1897: 905:The intricate work on a Malabar hookah. 816:Following the European introduction of 28: 6118:Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 5935:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 5324:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 4767:"Has the ban on shisha really worked?" 4721:from the original on 12 September 2017 4371:"Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles" 4167:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 141. 3777:from the original on 16 September 2013 3703:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 3328:from the original on 15 September 2011 2119:"UK | Magazine | Pipe dream" 1928: 1918: 1112:before presenting himself in front of 147: 5378:International Journal of Epidemiology 5060:Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report 5041:Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report 4206:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 10. 4161:Shane Christensen (25 January 2011). 3735:Razpush, Shahnaz (15 December 2000). 3509:Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember (2001). 2516:International Journal of Epidemiology 1737:Addiction to and dependence on hookah 1378:that depict them smoking the ḡalyān. 1019:from the 18th century, smoking hukka. 782:, Roman Catholic missionaries of the 7: 4747:from the original on 30 January 2020 4407:from the original on 31 October 2014 4377:from the original on 27 January 2012 3747:from the original on 27 January 2012 3547:from the original on 4 February 2021 3280:from the original on 19 January 2012 3146:. York University. pp. 190–193. 2971:from the original on 10 October 2016 2768:from the original on 27 January 2012 1147:A man smoking tobacco in hookah (or 964:Malabar Hookhas or Koyilandy Hookahs 451:) is the name most commonly used in 83:, relaxing while smoking hookah, by 6578:from the original on 7 October 2021 3618:(in Vietnamese). 12 November 2018. 2994:. Bahri Publications/. p. 24. 2491:from the original on 7 January 2018 2135:Despite being a recent addition to 2125:from the original on 19 August 2017 1180:Huble Buble sign in Kathmandu. 1993 610:. In Yemen, the Arabic term مداعة ( 464: 448: 440: 312: 6656:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052038 6323:from the original on 26 March 2024 6153:Lim, BL; Lim, GH; Seow, E (2009). 5756:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051910 5551:CDCTobaccoFree (20 October 2023). 5436:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907 4908:Jillian Krotki (29 October 2008). 4777:from the original on 4 August 2020 4437:from the original on 2 August 2012 4200:Fritz Allhoff (23 February 2011). 3622:from the original on 9 August 2020 3354:from the original on 17 March 2011 3274:"Smoke like an Egyptian—Sri Lanka" 3068:Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884). 2790:Nichola Fletcher (1 August 2005). 2636:: Orient Blackswan. pp. 4–5. 2588:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908 2098:from the original on 24 April 2021 1953:. Bahri Publications. p. 72. 1782:in several ways. Its use elevates 1237:is not pointing at the recipient. 1135:A hookah at a restaurant in Nepal. 1077:for a candidate used first in the 832:after Asad Beg, the ambassador of 366:(Devanagari: हुक़्क़ा, Nastaleeq: 241:as well as in young people in the 57: 6847:WHO Report on water pipe (hookah) 4803:. 14 October 2002. Archived from 4655:(in Vietnamese). 24 August 2020. 4258:"Edict lifted for female smokers" 4014:from the original on 2 April 2015 3592:from the original on 23 June 2011 3437:from the original on 8 March 2021 2823:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2256:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2117:Devichand, Mukul (25 June 2007). 1417:smoking a hookah, locally called 1101:. The man was waited upon by the 1079:1973 Bangladeshi general election 6834: 6566:CDCTobaccoFree (23 April 2021). 6436:Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5563:from the original on 1 June 2024 5020:from the original on 8 July 2020 4975:Quenqua, Douglas (30 May 2011). 4870:from the original on 1 June 2024 4659:from the original on 9 July 2021 4649:"Đánh giá về tác hại của shisha" 4601:from the original on 13 May 2017 4589:Kinzer, Stephen (10 June 1997). 4467:from the original on 1 June 2024 4315:from the original on 1 June 2024 4220:from the original on 1 June 2024 4181:from the original on 1 June 2024 4115:from the original on 1 June 2024 4076:from the original on 1 June 2024 3861:from the original on 8 July 2009 3773:. Iranica online. 20 July 2009. 3157:Cook, Vivian (9 December 2010). 2850:. Prakash C. Gupta. p. 33. 1575:as an African origin of hookah. 1140: 1128: 1024: 1005: 910: 898: 467:), which in turn comes from the 358:In the Indian subcontinent, the 7000:Urdu-language words and phrases 5979:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 5890:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 5695:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 5518:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4977:"Putting a Crimp in the Hookah" 4939:Harben, Victoria (2 May 2006). 4542:"The tobacco epidemic in Syria" 4239:Gaza ban on women smoking pipes 2628:Sivaramakrishnan, V. M (2001). 2342:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-129CME 1103:Prime Minister of Great Britain 725: 690:, hookah is called "Guduguda". 386:, India, in 1775, wrote in his 207:health risks of smoking tobacco 135: 6716:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.004 6030:10.1002/14651858.CD005549.pub3 4034:"Elections symbols prescribed" 3462:. Red Eye Press. p. 140. 3456:Robert Connell Clarke (1998). 1685:Mu‘assel § Health effects 1382:have a special tobacco called 98:man smoking through a hookah, 1: 6448:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0939 4832:South African Medical Journal 4342:Chardin, tr., II, p. 892 4333:Chardin, tr., II, p. 899 3835:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 3670:Blechynden, Kathleen (1905). 3582:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 3350:(in Spanish). Buscon.rae.es. 3324:(in Spanish). Buscon.rae.es. 3161:. Profile Books. p. 72. 2407:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743 1571:Some scientists point to the 1354:(r. 1722–32) to the court of 1065:, particularly among the old 824:, a province in the north of 683:, hookah is called "Jajeer". 621:, hookah is called "qalyān" ( 350:seated in his royal court in 272:; the hookah spread from the 6537:10.3109/08958378.2013.806613 6399:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.026 6352:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.03.007 6301:10.3109/08958378.2014.936572 6216:10.3109/15563650.2011.598160 5912:10.1080/14622200412331328402 5857:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.021 5808:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.012 5658:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.014 5247:Food and Chemical Toxicology 4943:. Cgnews.org. Archived from 4285:Falsafī, II, pp. 278–80 3570:. Rex Bookstore. p. 33. 3433:. Reverso-Softissimo. 2017. 382:, shortly after arriving in 239:Middle East and North Africa 6855:"A critique of the WHO Tob 5298:10.1007/978-1-4757-0462-4_1 4295:Rudolph P. Matthee (2005). 4138:. ECS Nepal. Archived from 3568:Adrian Rosit's Guide to THC 3399:Rudolph P. Matthee (2005). 3250:. mymerhaba. Archived from 3142:Dora-Laskey, Prathim-Maya. 3111:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001709 2218:. World Health Organization 1690:Exposure to toxic chemicals 1057: 946: 670: 520: 514: 7016: 6071:Emergency Medicine Journal 4056:"First Start in Diplomacy" 3672:Calcutta, Past and Present 3566:John Adrian Rosit (1969). 2265:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313435 1678: 1582: 1108:, and then dined with the 1087:James Achilles Kirkpatrick 337:National Museum, New Delhi 61: 6853:Chaouachi, Kamal (2006). 6809:10.2478/s13382-014-0246-z 6171:10.1007/s12245-009-0097-8 5947:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.10.026 5707:10.1080/14622200701591591 5485:10.18295/SQUMJ.6.2022.043 5430:(Supplement 1): i22–i30. 5336:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.005 5259:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.005 5202:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y 4052:Colebrooke, Thomas Edward 3697:Rousselet, Louis (1875). 3484:"My Teachers And Jajjeer" 3215:Memoirs of William Hickey 2925:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y 2844:Prakash C. Gupta (1992). 2796:. Macmillan. p. 10. 2334:American Thoracic Society 2054:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y 1861:Health effects of tobacco 1754:Short-term health effects 1681:Health effects of tobacco 1654:Hookah cross-section view 1046: 623: 477: 354:, using a Qaelyan (1755). 115: 6131:10.2310/8000.2011.110431 4895:20 December 2016 at the 4401:The National (Abu Dhabi) 4244:11 November 2020 at the 3803:. Medium. Archived from 3378:المعاني – معجم عربي عربي 3202:(native Indian soldier). 2700:Tobacco Induced Diseases 1803:Long-term health effects 1611:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1579:United States and Canada 1481:and Indian communities. 1277:like the cafe of Gaza's 1106:William Pitt the Younger 264:, in the Indian city of 39:latest accepted revision 6940:Hindi words and phrases 6696:Atmospheric Environment 6083:10.1136/emj.2009.077214 4704:doi:10.18332/tpc/64807. 4552:(Supplement 1): i24–9. 3276:. Lankanewspapers.com. 2198:Encyclopædia Britannica 1814:coronary artery disease 1548:, is popular among the 1294:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 1085:, it is mentioned that 1083:Mountstuart Elphinstone 64:Hookah (disambiguation) 6876:10.1186/1477-5751-5-17 6344:Autonomic Neuroscience 5144:10.15585/mmwr.mm6724a4 5095:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2 4558:10.1136/tc.2005.014860 4505:10.1186/1471-2458-4-32 3899:10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 3886:Harm Reduction Journal 2990:Pathak, R. S. (1994). 2957:Qadeer, Atlaf (2011). 2745:Mediterranean regions. 2713:10.1186/1617-9625-5-16 1949:Pathak, R. S. (1994). 1741:Hookah smokers inhale 1663: 1655: 1614: 1598: 1449:Turkey and the Balkans 1434: 1305: 1297: 1261: 1214: 1202: 1181: 1081:. In the biography of 771: 759: 711:, another language of 494:Bosnia and Herzegovina 355: 340: 103: 87: 6761:10.1081/jas-120019029 6749:The Journal of Asthma 6517:Inhalation Toxicology 6493:10.1378/chest.10-1833 3797:"An Oriental Delight" 3771:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3074:. London: W. H. Allen 2762:Encyclopaedia Iranica 2630:Tobacco and Areca Nut 1911:. 1916. p. 111. 1780:cardiovascular system 1679:Further information: 1661: 1653: 1604: 1592: 1413: 1303: 1292: 1259: 1208: 1196: 1179: 940:would smoke hookahs. 765: 751: 668:, a hookah is called 598:. It is used also in 346: 330: 310:origin (derived from 93: 74: 6907:10 July 2008 at the 6843:at Wikimedia Commons 6650:(Suppl 1): i54–i59. 5750:(Suppl 1): i44–i53. 5595:on 18 September 2017 4920:on 19 September 2012 4002:"Killer in disguise" 3932:"Sheesha ban smoked" 3801:What I learned today 3741:Encyclopedia Iranica 3300:"Nargile on the map" 2582:(Suppl 1): i31–i43. 1871:One-hitter (smoking) 1376:Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar 1345:Suleiman I of Persia 348:Karim Khan of Persia 62:For other uses, see 6985:Tobacco in Pakistan 6965:Smoking in Pakistan 6708:2010AtmEn..44....8D 6529:2013InhTx..25..492H 6293:2014InhTx..26..579A 6204:Clinical Toxicology 5845:Addictive Behaviors 5796:Addictive Behaviors 5193:2019EHPM...24...58Q 4890:The Sacred Narghile 4463:. 15 October 2019. 4263:6 June 2022 at the 4000:Ahmed Shatil Alam. 3743:. pp. 261–65. 3616:Binhshishagiare.com 3490:on 27 December 2016 2916:2019EHPM...24...58Q 2666:The Wealth of India 2045:2019EHPM...24...58Q 1836:range according to 1818:periodontal disease 1095:Indian subcontinent 753:Smoking the Hookah, 736:, hookah is called 323:Names and etymology 274:Indian subcontinent 231:pathogenic bacteria 227:infectious diseases 29:Page version status 6950:Iranian inventions 6387:Toxicology Letters 6346:. 126–127: 146–9. 5991:10.1093/ntr/ntt211 5530:10.1093/ntr/ntu041 5391:10.1093/ije/dyq002 4982:The New York Times 4947:on 17 October 2013 4914:Seminole Chronicle 4807:on 23 October 2012 4801:Independent Online 4595:The New York Times 3937:The Pakistan Today 3855:The Indian Express 3832:The Times of India 3807:on 16 January 2014 3431:Reverso Dictionary 2877:. JP Medical Ltd. 2529:10.1093/ije/dyq002 1790:. It also impairs 1664: 1656: 1615: 1599: 1597:(Manhattan), 1910. 1435: 1337:Abbas II of Persia 1306: 1298: 1262: 1215: 1203: 1182: 840:Modern development 786:arriving from the 772: 760: 455:. It derives from 356: 341: 104: 88: 59:Type of water pipe 35: 6945:Indian inventions 6839:Media related to 6616:10.5114/PS/157370 5307:978-1-4757-0462-4 5089:(45): 1013–1019. 4845:10.7196/SAMJ.7448 4492:BMC Public Health 3652:978-81-206-1887-9 2884:978-93-5090-081-9 2643:978-81-250-2013-4 1856:Electronic hookah 1760:carboxyhemoglobin 1343:. In the time of 1055: 770:smoking a hookah 145: 132: 85:Francesco Renaldi 16:(Redirected from 7007: 6990:Tobacco products 6975:Tobacco in India 6960:Smoking in India 6898: 6888: 6878: 6838: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6249:. 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Iranica.com. 4369: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4309: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4265:Wayback Machine 4256: 4252: 4246:Wayback Machine 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4214: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4164:Frommer's Dubai 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4142:on 24 July 2011 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4109: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4070: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3839:on 11 May 2013. 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3715: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3680:, was invented. 3669: 3668: 3664: 3653: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3537:"Duden: Shisha" 3535: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3062: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2771: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2644: 2627: 2626: 2613: 2576:Tobacco Control 2569: 2568: 2553: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2456: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2321: 2320: 2307: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2137:British culture 2128: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2022: 2017: 2016: 1997: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1927: 1917: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1847: 1830: 1805: 1756: 1739: 1709: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1648: 1587: 1581: 1538: 1530: 1471: 1451: 1408: 1396: 1350:An emissary of 1287: 1254: 1191: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1145: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1122: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1010: 999: 979: 929: 928: 927: 926: 925: 915: 907: 906: 903: 892: 887: 882: 874:bacterial decay 862:Silicone rubber 854:stainless steel 842: 799:Louis Rousselet 795:Akbar the Great 746: 738:hookah shisha ( 715:, it is called 554:and also other 536:, it is called 498:North Macedonia 331:Mughal emperor 325: 278:Safavid dynasty 215:toxic chemicals 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7013: 7011: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6899: 6850: 6844: 6830: 6829:External links 6827: 6824: 6823: 6782: 6739: 6679: 6630: 6609:(4): 322–332. 6603:Prosthodontics 6589: 6558: 6506: 6471: 6442:(6): 1055–66. 6422: 6373: 6334: 6264: 6237: 6210:(7): 697–698. 6194: 6165:(2): 121–122. 6145: 6104: 6061: 6004: 5968: 5925: 5880: 5831: 5802:(6): 1066–74. 5779: 5730: 5701:(10): 987–94. 5681: 5632: 5606: 5574: 5543: 5508: 5459: 5405: 5357: 5313: 5306: 5280: 5234: 5167: 5118: 5069: 5050: 5047:(14): 381–385. 5031: 4995: 4967: 4958: 4931: 4900: 4881: 4818: 4788: 4758: 4732: 4706: 4696: 4685:on 4 July 2019 4670: 4640: 4631: 4612: 4581: 4529: 4478: 4448: 4418: 4388: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4308:978-0691118550 4307: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4250: 4231: 4212: 4192: 4173: 4153: 4126: 4107: 4087: 4068: 4043: 4025: 3992: 3971:(4): 456–464. 3951: 3923: 3872: 3842: 3818: 3788: 3758: 3724: 3713: 3684: 3662: 3651: 3633: 3603: 3586:Dictionary.com 3573: 3558: 3528: 3521: 3501: 3475: 3468: 3448: 3418: 3412:978-0691118550 3411: 3391: 3365: 3339: 3313: 3291: 3265: 3254:on 27 May 2009 3239: 3220: 3206: 3167: 3149: 3134: 3105:(6): e001709. 3085: 3060: 2982: 2949: 2890: 2883: 2863: 2856: 2836: 2829: 2809: 2802: 2782: 2749: 2683: 2653: 2642: 2611: 2551: 2502: 2454: 2371: 2305: 2229: 2204: 2192:"Hookah" 2189:, ed. (1911). 2187:Chisholm, Hugh 2178: 2147: 2109: 2037:BioMed Central 1995: 1938: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1881:Chillum (pipe) 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1829: 1826: 1804: 1801: 1788:blood pressure 1755: 1752: 1738: 1735: 1708: 1705: 1691: 1688: 1676: 1675:Health effects 1673: 1662:A small hookah 1647: 1644: 1607:Harvard Square 1580: 1577: 1573:marijuana pipe 1557:picnic sites. 1537: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1496:(now banned), 1475:Southeast Asia 1470: 1469:Southeast Asia 1467: 1450: 1447: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1392: 1333:Safi of Persia 1296:smoking qalyan 1286: 1283: 1272:government of 1253: 1250: 1190: 1187: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1067:Bengali Muslim 1030: 1023: 1022: 1017:Bengali Muslim 1013:I'tisam-ud-Din 1011: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 995: 978: 975: 933:medieval India 916: 909: 908: 904: 897: 896: 895: 894: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 841: 838: 792:Mughal emperor 780:Fatehpur Sikri 755:a painting by 745: 742: 560:Arab Peninsula 401: 400: 399: 398: 380:William Hickey 324: 321: 266:Fatehpur Sikri 77:Bengali Muslim 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7012: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6802:(4): 571–82. 6801: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6590: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487:(4): 775–81. 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2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633:located near 1630: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1585:Hookah lounge 1578: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:hubbly bubbly 1535: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Sultan Husayn 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Shah ʿAbbās I 1323: 1320:Although the 1318: 1316: 1311: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1248:in Britain). 1247: 1246:public houses 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:hookah-bardar 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1053: 1044: 1033: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1008: 996: 994: 990: 988: 983: 976: 974: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 955: 950: 949: 941: 938: 934: 923: 919: 913: 901: 889: 884: 879: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 839: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 789: 788:southern part 785: 781: 777: 769: 764: 758: 754: 750: 743: 741: 739: 735: 730: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 674: 673: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 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