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As of
October 2023, the site is now planned to be preserved. After public support for the preservation of the horn antenna emerged—demonstrated in part by more than 8,000 signatures on a petition disseminated by community groups—the Holmdel Township Committee agreed to pay $ 5.5 million for 35 acres
565:
Except for the steel base frame, which a local steel company made, the
Holmdel Laboratory shops fabricated and assembled the antenna under the direction of Mr. H. W. Anderson, who also collaborated on the design. Assistance in the design was also given by Messrs. R. O'Regan and S. A. Darby.
527:
at the narrow apex end of the horn. The horn continues through this bearing into the equipment building or cab. The ability to locate receiver equipment at the horn apex, thus eliminating the noise contribution of a connecting line, is an important feature of the antenna. A
553:
inch (0.40 mm). The faces of the wheels are cone-shaped to minimize contact friction. A tangential force of 100 pounds (400 N) is sufficient to start the antenna rotating on the turntable. The antenna beam can be directed to any part of the sky using the turntable for
1612:
472:" theory of the creation of the universe. This helped change the science of cosmology, the study of the universe's history, from a field for unlimited theoretical speculation into a discipline of direct observation. In 1978 Penzias and Wilson received the
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in 1941. It was built by David C. Hogg. It consists of a flaring metal horn with a curved reflecting surface mounted in its mouth at a 45° angle to the long axis of the horn. The reflector is a segment of a parabolic reflector, so the antenna is a
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523:. The antenna's elevation wheel, which surrounds the midsection of the horn, is 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter and supports the structure's weight using rollers mounted on a base frame. All axial or thrust loads are taken by a large
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are so minimal that scarcely any thermal energy is received from the ground. Consequently, it is an ideal radio telescope for accurately measuring low levels of weak background radiation. The antenna has a
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roof, is located on the ground next to the antenna. This structure houses equipment and controls for the antenna and is included as a part of the designation as a
National Historic Landmark.
577:" and seek a position of minimum wind resistance. The antenna was designed to withstand winds of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), and the entire structure weighs 18 short tons (16 tonnes).
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ball bearing on a turntable track 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter. The track consists of stress-relieved, planed steel plates individually adjusted to produce a track that is flat to about
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to preserve the property as a park. Advocates felt that a better fate than the horn antenna or its site encountering destruction to make way for a planned real estate development.
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In 2021, the
Crawford Hill site was sold to a developer who was interested in building a residential development. In reaction, this triggered a "Save Holmdel's Horn Antenna"
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672:(14 ha) of land, including that which the antenna sits on. The town plans to turn the land into a public park.
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1075:"Horn Antenna and Adjacent Open Space Purchased by Holmdel for $ 5.5 million, Nokia Building Stays with Developer"
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that is fed off-axis. A Hogg horn combines several characteristics useful for radio astronomy. It is extremely
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The triangular base frame of the antenna is made from structural steel. It rotates on wheels about a center
473:
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117:
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Crawford, A.B., D.C. Hogg and L.E. Hunt. "Project Echo: A Horn-Reflector
Antenna for Space Communication,"
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demonstrated in the 1920s that the universe was expanding. It provided the evidence that confirmed
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1115:
Aaronson, Steve. "The Light of
Creation: An Interview with Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson."
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979:, filed November 26, 1941, granted Mar 4, 1947, Alfred C. Beck, Harold T. Friis on Google Patents
516:
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954:
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Penzias, A.A., and R. W. Wilson. "A Measurement of the Flux
Density of CAS A At 4080 Mc/s,"
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Sign put up on
Holmdel Road, urging that the Horn Antenna and its surrounding area be saved
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utility shed 10 by 20 feet (3.0 by 6.1 m) with two windows, a double door, and a
452:(CMBR) that permeates the universe. This was one of the most important discoveries in
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508:'s passive communications satellites, which used large aluminized plastic balloons (
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University and college buildings listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
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Construction of the antenna was completed under the direction of Arthur
Crawford.
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512:) as reflectors to bounce radio signals from one point on the Earth to another.
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Peebles, P. James E.; Jr, Lyman A. Page; Partridge, R. Bruce (March 26, 2009).
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at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, was constructed on
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Chown, Marcus (September 29, 1988). "A Cosmic Relic in Three Degrees".
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1703:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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In 1965, while using this antenna, Penzias and Wilson discovered the
906:. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc. pp. 98–99.
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National Register of Historic Places in Monmouth County, New Jersey
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991:"Holmdel Horn — Which Heard Evidence of the Big Bang — Is at Risk"
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in 1989 because of its association with the research work of two
810:"Project Echo: A Horn-Reflector Antenna for Space Communication"
33:
Penzias and Wilson standing on the Holmdel Horn Antenna in 1962.
1248:
1131:
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
1042:"The Holmdel Horn, a Cosmic Shrine in New Jersey, Stays Put"
1182:. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc., 1973.
1126:. 4th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1982.
519:
of 20 by 20 feet (6.1 by 6.1 m) and is constructed of
1138:
Three Degrees Above Zero: Bell Labs in the Information Age
841:"A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s"
1189:. New York : W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1978.
1133:. 2nd ed., New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1982.
711:
National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination
1759:
Buildings and structures in Monmouth County, New Jersey
1111:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 154.
1166:
The Red Limit: The Search for the Edge of the Universe
1015:
Overbye, Dennis; Masuike, Hiroko (September 4, 2023).
808:
Crawford, A. B.; Hogg, D. C.; Hunt, L. E (July 1961).
776:. National Park Service. June 23, 2008. Archived from
1175:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1975.
591:The antenna has not been used for several decades.
515:
The antenna is 50 feet (15 m) in length with a
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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1143:Chown, Marcus. "A Cosmic Relic in Three Degrees,"
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820:(4). USA: Bell Telephone Laboratories: 1095–1099.
558:adjustments and the elevation wheel to change the
1336:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1198:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1976.
1196:U.S. Observatories: A Directory and Travel Guide
953:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160.
573:drive is disengaged, allowing the structure to "
1728:National Register of Historic Places portal
1161:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.
1032:
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1017:"Back to New Jersey, Where the Universe Began"
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684:, location of another large Hogg horn antenna
506:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
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839:Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (July 1965).
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1217:"Astronomy and Astrophysics: Horn Antenna"
1140:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984.
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774:National Historic Landmark summary listing
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1769:National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
1276:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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700:
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657:On-site plaque commemorating the work of
221:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
16:Microwave horn antenna in New Jersey, US
1168:. 2nd ed., New York: Quill Press, 1978.
694:
569:When not in use, the turntable azimuth
262:Show map of Monmouth County, New Jersey
729:"National Register Information System"
633:of about 1.5° at 2.39 GHz and an
138:cosmic microwave background experiment
1223:from the original on August 16, 2004.
1147:, September 29, 1988, pp. 51–55.
1054:from the original on October 22, 2023
450:cosmic microwave background radiation
429:, United States. It was designated a
7:
989:Faltz, Lawrence (December 9, 2022).
734:National Register of Historic Places
488:Bell Labs' horn antenna, April 2007
1691:National Historic Preservation Act
826:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb01639.x
14:
1152:The Bell System Technical Journal
603:, invented by Alfred C. Beck and
599:This type of antenna is called a
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1180:The Evolution of Radio Astronomy
1154:, July 1961, pp. 1095–1099.
904:The Evolution of Radio Astronomy
377:
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194:Location of Holmdel Horn Antenna
184:
177:
1205:, May 1965, pp. 1149–1154.
1119:. January 1979, pp. 12–18.
1107:Astronomy Through the Telescope
705:Butowsky, Harry (May 1, 1989).
562:or altitude above the horizon.
532:for measuring the intensity of
230:U.S. National Historic Landmark
158:
1644:Federated States of Micronesia
1290:Architectural style categories
1079:TAPinto Holmdel and Colts Neck
922:Mission and Spacecraft Library
601:Hogg or horn-reflector antenna
339:
1:
1203:Astrophysical Journal Letters
853:American Astronomical Society
814:Bell System Technical Journal
312:Show map of the United States
1764:Holmdel Township, New Jersey
427:Holmdel Township, New Jersey
1124:Exploration of the Universe
419:Bell Telephone Laboratories
1800:
1696:Historic Preservation Fund
1675:American Legation, Morocco
431:National Historic Landmark
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1637:Lists by associated state
1219:. National Park Service.
1103:Learner, Richard (1981).
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338:NRHP reference
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163:20 ft (6.1 m)
26:
1618:Northern Mariana Islands
1117:Bell Laboratories Record
974:U. S. patent no. 2416675
629:of about 43.3 dBi and a
417:during the 1960s at the
383:Related media on Commons
1187:God and the Astronomers
536:is located in the cab.
474:Nobel Prize for Physics
411:satellite communication
1613:Minor Outlying Islands
1596:Lists by insular areas
1310:Keeper of the Register
924:. NASA. Archived from
770:"Holmdel Horn Antenna"
707:"Holmdel Horn Antenna"
661:
650:
489:
287:Show map of New Jersey
1315:National Park Service
1295:Contributing property
1242:at Wikimedia Commons
845:Astrophysical Journal
780:on February 25, 2009.
739:National Park Service
715:National Park Service
682:Andover Earth Station
656:
648:
487:
476:for their discovery.
405:is a large microwave
96:40.39072°N 74.18483°W
1670:District of Columbia
1240:Holmdel Horn Antenna
1173:The Amazing Universe
1040:(October 20, 2023).
950:Finding the Big Bang
421:facility located on
403:Holmdel Horn Antenna
213:Holmdel Horn Antenna
134:Telescope style
22:Holmdel Horn Antenna
1171:Friedman, Herbert.
1159:The Hidden Universe
1136:Bernstein, Jeremy.
995:Sky & Telescope
977:Horn antenna system
861:1965ApJ...142..419P
741:. January 23, 2007.
635:aperture efficiency
618:aperture efficiency
500:in 1959 to support
409:that was used as a
364:Designated NHL
101:40.39072; -74.18483
92: /
23:
1774:Physical cosmology
1047:The New York Times
1021:The New York Times
662:
659:Arthur B. Crawford
651:
517:radiating aperture
490:
454:physical cosmology
1746:
1745:
1300:Historic district
1238:Media related to
1185:Jastrow, Robert.
1164:Ferris, Timothy.
1157:Disney, Michael.
1122:Abell, George O.
960:978-0-521-51982-3
888:. pp. 51–52.
616:, has calculable
610:parabolic antenna
510:satellite balloon
435:radio astronomers
399:
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367:December 20, 1989
359:December 20, 1989
351:Significant dates
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753:"NJ NHL list"
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498:Crawford Hill
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443:Robert Wilson
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356:Added to NRHP
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333:A.B. Crawford
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1542:South Dakota
1532:Rhode Island
1527:Pennsylvania
1507:North Dakota
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1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1045:
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1010:
1000:December 14,
998:. Retrieved
994:
984:
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949:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
921:
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885:
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848:
844:
834:
817:
813:
778:the original
773:
764:
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732:
723:
710:
670:
663:
641:Preservation
598:
590:
579:
568:
564:
538:
525:ball bearing
514:
502:Project Echo
494:horn antenna
491:
462:George Gamow
458:Edwin Hubble
447:
439:Arno Penzias
413:antenna and
407:horn antenna
402:
400:
142:horn antenna
18:
1663:Other areas
1623:Puerto Rico
1457:Mississippi
1372:Connecticut
1084:October 15,
1058:October 22,
932:February 6,
855:: 419–421.
586:sheet-metal
582:clapboarded
575:weathervane
480:Description
99: /
75:Coordinates
57:Location(s)
1753:Categories
1572:Washington
1492:New Mexico
1487:New Jersey
1362:California
1178:Hey, J.S.
689:References
622:side lobes
614:broad-band
580:A plastic
530:radiometer
122:1959
87:74°11′05″W
84:40°23′27″N
69:New Jersey
1582:Wisconsin
1547:Tennessee
1452:Minnesota
1427:Louisiana
1097:Footnotes
900:Hey, J.S.
631:beamwidth
595:Technical
330:Architect
1738:Category
1567:Virginia
1517:Oklahoma
1497:New York
1472:Nebraska
1462:Missouri
1447:Michigan
1437:Maryland
1422:Kentucky
1402:Illinois
1377:Delaware
1367:Colorado
1357:Arkansas
1221:Archived
1052:Archived
902:(1973).
676:See also
666:petition
637:of 76%.
571:sprocket
521:aluminum
470:Big Bang
345:89002457
160:Diameter
1684:Related
1587:Wyoming
1562:Vermont
1467:Montana
1407:Indiana
1387:Georgia
1382:Florida
1352:Arizona
1342:Alabama
857:Bibcode
556:azimuth
548:⁄
464:'s and
1522:Oregon
1477:Nevada
1417:Kansas
1392:Hawaii
1347:Alaska
1283:Topics
957:
541:pintle
504:, the
456:since
376:
148:
45:
1654:Palau
1552:Texas
1432:Maine
1397:Idaho
756:(PDF)
390:[
322:Built
1608:Guam
1557:Utah
1512:Ohio
1412:Iowa
1086:2023
1060:2023
1002:2022
955:ISBN
934:2010
627:gain
492:The
468:'s "
441:and
401:The
325:1959
865:doi
849:142
822:doi
425:in
340:No.
1755::
1077:.
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993:.
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818:40
816:.
812:.
786:^
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697:^
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867::
859::
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824::
758:.
717:.
546:1
394:]
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